Report For The Final Exam/first Semester of The Academic Year 2019/2020 For English Language Module/ 4 Year
Report For The Final Exam/first Semester of The Academic Year 2019/2020 For English Language Module/ 4 Year
Report For The Final Exam/first Semester of The Academic Year 2019/2020 For English Language Module/ 4 Year
Education
جامعة المثنى
and Scientific Research
Al-Muthanna University كلية الهندسة
College of Engineering قسم الهندسة الكيمياوية
Chemical Engineering
Department
Prepared by:
Submitted to:
Salwan Alturki
September 2020
INTRODUCTION
Ahmed Hassan Zewail (Arabic: )أحمد حسن زويلFebruary 26, 1946 – August 2,
2016) was an Egyptian chemist, known as the "father of femtochemistry". He
was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on
femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian to win a Nobel Prize in a
scientific field. He was the Linus Pauling Chair Professor of Chemistry,
Professor of Physics, and the director of the Physical Biology Center for
Ultrafast Science and Technology at the California Institute of Technology.
Chemical reactions in which molecules held together by atoms meet and
reorganize into new compounds are one of nature's most fundamental processes.
This transition from one constellation to another happens very quickly. The
process is possible because the atoms inside a molecule vibrate. The time
between these vibrations is very short - 10-100 femtoseconds. In the late 1980s
Ahmed Zewail developed methods for studying chemical reactions in detail. By
using laser technology to produce flashes of light just a few femtoseconds long,
reactions can be mapped.
►Personal Life
Zewail married Dema Faham in 1989. He had four children: two daughters,
Maha and Amani, from his first marriage, and with Faham two sons, Nabeel and
Hani.
►Early life and education
Ahmed Hassan Zewail was born on February 26, 1946, in Damanhur, Egypt,
and was raised in Desouk. He received a Bachelor of Science and Master of
Science degrees in Chemistry from Alexandria University before moving to the
United States to complete his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania supervised
by Robin M. Hochstrasser.
After the death of de Gennes, Ahmed Zewail was chosen to be his successor as
president of the Awards Committee, and from 2000 onwards he carried out his
work (alongside de Duve) with energy and imagination. Some 200 or so high-
profile nominations are submitted and their cases are scrutinized by a group of
initial evaluators, who, in due course, meet in Paris alongside representatives of
L'Oréal and UNESCO to make the final choice of laureates.
In 1999, Zewail became the first Egyptian and the first Arab to receive a science
Nobel Prize when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Zewail gave
his Nobel Lecture on "Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the
Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers". In 1999, he received Egypt's highest
state honor, the Grand Collar of the Nile. In October 2006, Zewail received the
Albert Einstein World Award of Science for "his pioneering development of the
new field of femtoscience and for his seminal contributions to the revolutionary
discipline of physical biology, creating new ways for better understanding the
functional behavior of biological systems by directly visualizing them in the
four dimensions of space and time.
Other international awards include the King Faisal International Prize (1989),
Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1993) awarded to him by the Wolf Foundation, the
Tolman Award (1997), the Robert A. Welch Award (1997), the Golden Plate
Award of the American Academy of Achievement (2000), the Othmer Gold
Medal (2009), the Priestley Medal (2011) from the American Chemical Society
and the Davy Medal (2011) from the Royal Society.
Zewail was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (Formers) in 2001.
He was awarded an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2002.
He was awarded an honorary doctorate by Lund University in Sweden in May
2003 and was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences. Cambridge University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Science in
2006. In May 2008, Zewail received an honorary doctorate from Completeness
University of Madrid. In February 2009, Zewail was awarded an honorary
doctorate in arts and sciences by the University of Jordan. In May 2010, he gave
the commencement address at Southwestern University. On 3 October 2011 he
was awarded an honorary doctorate in science from the University of Glasgow.
On 19 May 2014, he was awarded an honorary degree from Yale University.
The Zewail city of science and technology, established in 2000 and revived in
2011, is named in his honor.
Zewail died aged 70 on the morning of August 2, 2016. He was recovering from
cancer, however, the exact cause of his death is unknown. A military funeral
was held for Zewail on August 7, 2016, at the El-Mosheer Tantawy mosque in
Cairo, Egypt. Those attending included President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, Prime
Minister Sherif Ismail, al-Azhar Grand Imam Ahmed el-Tayeb, Defence
Minister Sedki Sobhi, former President Adly Mansour, former Prime Minister
Ibrahim Mahlab and heart surgeon Magdi Yacoub. The funeral prayers were led
by Ali Gomaa, former Grand Mufti of Egypt.
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