Experiment No 1

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EXPERIMENT NO 1

Name of experiment
Density and specific gravity of crude oil and its derivatives

the objective of experiment


To measure the density and specific gravity of crude oil and its
derivatives and the classification of the type of oil

*​ ​Density:​ mass of a unit volume of a material substance. The


formula for density is d = M/V, where d is density, M is mass, and
V is volume. Density is commonly (experimentally ) expressed in
units of grams per cubic centimeter. For example, the density of
water is 1 gram per cubic centimeter​.

It is calculated according to the following formula

p = m/V where m : mass of liquid


v : volume of liquid
*​ ​The specific gravity:​ is the ratio between the density of an
object, and a reference substance Usually our reference
substance is water which always has a density of 1 gram per
milliliter or 1 gram per cubic centimeter.

It is calculated according to the following formula


*​ ​The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or (API)​ : It is a
measure of the classification of crude oil into heavy, medium and
light based on specific gravity and density

It can be calculated by the formula

API= (141.5/SP)-131.5

where (SP) : specific gravity for oil

if (API) more than 29 it is mean that light crude oil

if (API) value between 20 to 29 it is mean that medium crude oil

if (API) value less than 20 it is mean that heavy crude oil

● We will using two methods to measure density :

1 – Hydrometer

2- pycnometer

First method
Hydrometer

Hydrometer :an instrument for determining the specific gravity of


a liquid, commonly consisting of a graduated tube weighted to
float upright in the liquid whose specific gravity is being
measured.
Tools

1 – Hydrometer 2- cylinder

Procedure

To measure the density by hydrometer method , we fill the


cylinder with a liquid then the hydrometer must immersion in
petroleum product directly at a certain temperature , the density
read when corresponding liquid face with included measure at
eye level record the density

Second method
Pycnometer a container Glass used for determining the density of
a liquid or powder, having a specific volume.

Tools

1 – pycnometer 2 - Digital balance


Procedure

1 – weight the clean dry pycnometer on the leading balance to


record the pycnometer weight only .(W1)

2 – fill pycnometer with liquid and record it (W2)

3 – calculate the density according to the formula :

P = (W1 _ W2 ) /V

Discussion

1- What are the compounds of crude oil and what are the
impurities present ?

2- Compare between the methods (hydrometer and pycnometer )

3- what are the causes error in hydrometer experiment ?


Q /Classify the crude oil and its derivatives by the
following data :
1-Mass = 20 gm , vol = 30 ml
2-Mass = 14 gm ,vol = 20 ml
3-Mass = 61 , vol = 92 ml
4-Mass = 43 , vol = 57

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