NHBC 2019 PDF

Licensed copy from CIS: UNIGREENWICH, UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH, 16/01/2019, Uncontrolled Copy.
2019
NHBC
Standards
Effective from 1 January 2019

STANDARDS
Welcome to the
NHBC Standards 2019
This edition will be effective for every new home registered with NHBC where foundations
are begun on or after 1 January 2019.
Working with the industry to raise the standard of new homes remains at the core of NHBC’s
activities. Our aim is to ensure that our approach to technical risk management adapts to new
challenges and leads the way in defining best practice for our sector.
I am delighted that this Standards edition introduces the first major update to Chapter 6.10 ‘Light
steel framing’ since it was first published in 2005. At that time, the chapter defined what was
considered to be best practice with this, then innovative, building method.
A renewed interest, particularly from the off-site sector, coupled with advancements made by the
light steel frame industry, has driven our review and focused our attention on areas where helpful
and informative guidance for the appropriate use of this technology is needed.
We have also taken the opportunity to make a number of other amendments to the Standards,
including introducing an alternative approach to the timber frame certification process and refining
our guidance for hot water flow rates.
As house builders look to a range of technologies to deliver future homes, I hope that this edition
of NHBC Standards will continue to serve as a useful reference point, helping to ensure that
the next generation of homes are of a high quality and meet the reasonable expectations of
homeowners.
If you have any questions or suggestions regarding these Standards, please liaise with your
normal NHBC contact; otherwise, I trust you find them helpful in supporting the improvement in
quality of new home building.
Steve Wood
Chief Executive Officer
Contents 2019
Contents
Welcome – Part 1
Contents
Contact us
What’s changed
Introduction – Part 2
2.1 The Standards and Technical Requirements
General – Part 3
3.1 Concrete and its reinforcement
3.2 Cold weather working
3.3 Timber preservation (natural solid timber)
Foundations – Part 4
4.1 Land quality – managing ground conditions
4.2 Building near trees
4.3 Strip and trench fill foundations
4.4 Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations
4.5 Vibratory ground improvement techniques
Substructure, ground floors, drainage and basements – Part 5
5.1 Substructure and ground bearing floors
5.2 Suspended ground floors
5.3 Drainage below ground
5.4 Waterproofing of basements and other below ground structures
Superstructure (excluding roofs) – Part 6
6.1 External masonry walls
6.2 External timber framed walls
6.3 Internal walls
6.4 Timber and concrete upper floors
6.5 Steelwork
6.6 Staircases
6.7 Doors, windows and glazing
6.8 Fireplaces, chimneys and flues
6.9 Curtain walling and cladding
6.10 Light steel framing
6.11 Render
Roofs – Part 7
7.1 Flat roofs and balconies
7.2 Pitched roofs
Services – Part 8
8.1 Internal services
8.2 Low or zero carbon technologies
8.3 Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery
Finishes – Part 9
9.1 A consistent approach to finishes
9.2 Wall and ceiling finishes
9.3 Floor finishes
9.4 Finishes and fitments
9.5 Painting and decorating
External works – Part 10
10.1 Garages
10.2 Drives, paths and landscaping
Contact us 2019
How we can help you

Useful contact information is shown below, should you need to contact us for:

more copies of the printed book

advice and guidance from our technical helpline

support for Standards Plus.
Contact information
More copies For more copies of NHBC Standards,
Call: 0344 633 1000 and ask for ‘Shop’
Email: shop@nhbc.co.uk, or
Visit: www.nhbc.co.uk/Builders/Shop/TechnicalStandards
Technical helpline For technical help and advice,

Call: 0344 633 1000 and ask for ‘Technical’, or
Email: technical@nhbc.co.uk
Standards Plus The online version of the NHBC Standards 2019 – Standards Plus – is freely
available to all visitors to the NHBC website. Complete with supplementary technical
content and further guidance notes, supporting links to external sites and 3D animations,
Standards Plus expands and optimises the NHBC Standards 2019 for use on desktop
and mobile devices.
Visit: www.nhbc.co.uk/Standardsplus2019
For any questions or comments regarding Standards Plus,
Email: standardsplus@nhbc.co.uk
Contact us If there is anything else you would like to talk to us about.
Call: 0344 633 1000
Visit our contact us tool: www.nhbc.co.uk/contact us, or
Write to:
Milton Keynes Office
NHBC, NHBC House, Davy Avenue, Knowlhill, Milton Keynes, Bucks MK5 8FP
Edinburgh Office
NHBC Scotland, Suite 4, 5 New Mart Place, Edinburgh EH14 1RW
Belfast Office
NHBC, Northern Ireland and Isle of Man, Holyrood Court, 59 Malone Road, Belfast
BT9 6SA
MMC Hub Further guidance on Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) can be found at
www.nhbc.co.uk/MMCHub
What’s changed? 2019
What’s changed?
Major technical changes
The following major technical changes have been made to this edition of the Standards:

Chapter 6.10 ‘Light steel framing’ has been revised Chapter 6.2 ‘External timber framed walls’ now refers to the
Chapter 8.1 ‘Internal services’ has revised guidance for flow
STA Assure scheme as an alternative approach to timber
rates from combination boilers frame certification.
Minor technical changes

Minor technical changes have been made to the following clauses:

5.4.7b – amended to clarify maximum permissible crack
7.2.19 – amended to recognise that plastic roof clips are
widths in structural concrete waterproofing acceptable to NHBC
6.4.9 – updated to reflect the guidance in BS EN 1995-1-1

7.2.19a – amended to align with BS 5534 where smaller hip
for deflection and vibration limits tiles do not require mechanical fixing

6.11.7c – amended to clarify where weepholes should be 7.2.19a – reference made to BS 8612 ‘Dry fixed ridge, hip,

incorporated in rendered walls and verge systems for slating and tiling. Specification’
10.2.6a Table 1 – updated guidance for acceptable path
widths.
We have taken the opportunity to make a number of editorial changes throughout the document. This includes updating
references to British Standards.
Guidance for light steel internal partitions has been moved to chapter 6.3 ‘Internal walls’.
3D models
3D models can be accessed directly within Standards Plus, the online version of the Standards, by clicking on the embedded
icons. They can also be viewed on the NHBC 3D Viewer app, which hosts a library of the 3D models to view on iOS and
Android devices.
The Standards and
Technical Requirements
CHAPTER 2.1
This chapter introduces the NHBC Standards and
contains the Technical Requirements.
1
The Standards and Technical Requirements 2019
CHAPTER 2.1
Application of the Standards

The NHBC Standards contain the Technical Requirements, performance standards and guidance for the design and construction
2.1
of homes acceptable to NHBC. The home is defined in NHBC Rules for builders and developers registered with NHBC.
The Standards come into effect for every NHBC registered home whose foundations are begun on or after 1 January 2019,
and they apply throughout the UK, unless otherwise stated.
Composition of the Standards

The Standards are divided into 10 Parts, each covering a particular element and subdivided into chapters which, in principle,
follow the normal build sequence (the list of chapters is shown in the Contents section of Part 1). The front cover of each chapter
contains its scope, together with a list of its contents.
The Technical Requirements are shown in red text in this chapter, and must be met by the builder.
Performance standards
The performance standards support the Technical Requirements and are shown in bold black text backed with a shaded box.
Where the performance standards are followed, the Technical Requirements for that particular item of work will be met.
Alternative standards of performance will be acceptable only if, in the opinion of NHBC, the Technical Requirements for that
particular item of work are met and the standard achieved is not lower than the stated performance standard.
Guidance
Guidance on how the performance standard may be met is shown in black text and is based on normal construction procedures
and recommended practices which have been shown to be satisfactory and acceptable over time. NHBC will consider alternative
methods to meet specific requirements, subject to prior consultation and evaluation.
Guidance is also contained in illustrations and digital 3D models.
Guidance is provided to demonstrate specific technical principles, and should not be used as working construction details.
Limitations on use
The Technical Requirements, performance standards and guidance form acceptable technical benchmarks for a particular item
of work, but do not form a complete specification and should not be used as such in contracts. Individual chapters cover, as far
as practical, the requirements for particular elements of construction. To avoid repetition, some cross-referencing is made
between chapters.
The NHBC Standards do not apply to:
health and safety matters relating to building operations
planning matters except where specifically referred to in

these Standards.
Such matters are covered by statutory requirements.
Interpretation
Where a difference exists in how to interpret the Technical Requirements, performance standards and guidance, this would
generally be resolved by further consultation, failing which, NHBC will exercise its right to decide in accordance with the NHBC
Rules.
Testing
Where required, samples of materials, products and systems shall be tested in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 and
the NHBC Rules.
The Standards and Technical Requirements 2019 2
CHAPTER 2.1
Standards and codes of practice

Where NHBC Standards refer to authoritative documents such as British Standards, the documents shall be the editions current
2.1
at the time of Building Regulation approval, unless other recommendations are agreed by NHBC in writing.
The standards referred to in the NHBC Standards comprise specifications, codes of practice and published documents that are
published by BSI, the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO).
Tolerances
All work shall be within acceptable tolerances. Where applicable, account should be taken of Chapter 9.1 ‘A consistent approach
to finishes’. In other situations, tolerances will be those currently acceptable in the house-building industry.
Acknowledgements
NHBC is indebted to members of the Standards Committee, the Standards Review Group, the Scottish Technical Subcommittee
and the Northern Ireland Technical Subcommittee for their work in developing and maintaining the NHBC Standards.
NHBC also wishes to acknowledge the help given by consultants, authoritative organisations, individuals and staff.
The Builder shall ensure that the work complies with the Technical Requirements.
R1 Statutory requirements
Work shall comply with all relevant Building Regulations and other statutory requirements relating to the completed
construction work.
NHBC will generally accept work that accords with relevant Building Regulations/Building Standards and supporting documents.
Exceptions would be where NHBC has a higher standard.
R2 Design requirement
Design and specification shall provide satisfactory performance.
Account shall be taken of:
he land quality, including:
a) T
i)
climate
ii)
topography
iii)
geology and ground conditions
iv)
contamination
v)
workings below ground
vi)
previous use of the site
vii) any other aspect, on or adjacent to the site, which could affect the design.
Where appropriate, the land quality will have to be determined by a person acceptable to NHBC.
b) The structural adequacy of the works. The design, with appropriate factors of safety, shall satisfactorily allow for loads during
and after construction and for their transfer to the supporting structure, or foundation, without undue movement, including:
i) weight
self
ii)
all imposed loads, including wind loads
iii)
construction loads.
he geographical location of the site, including:
c) T
i)
exposure to wind and rain
ii)
topography.
d) The position of the dwelling on the site, especially with reference to the dwelling’s exposure to the weather, including at early
stages in the development of a site, even if it is eventually protected by structures built later.
he position of building elements within the construction works, including the interrelationship of materials and constructions.
e) T
he security of the dwellings.
f) T
3
The Standards and Technical Requirements 2019
CHAPTER 2.1
R3 Materials requirement
All materials, products and building systems shall be suitable for their intended purpose.
2.1
The structure of the home shall, unless specifically agreed otherwise in writing with NHBC, have a life of at least 60 years.
Individual components and assemblies, not integral to the structure, may have a lesser durability and need planned
maintenance, repair or replacement during that period.

Account shall be taken of the use and location of materials, products and building systems in relation to:
durability of both the structure and individual components
position on the site

and assemblies position within the structure.

geographical location

Materials, products and building systems will normally be acceptable if they comply with the following:
a) MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS USED FOR CRITICAL FUNCTIONS
Functions critical to performance are: structure, fire resistance, weatherproofing, durability, thermal and sound insulation,
services including heating appliances and flues. Any of the following are acceptable:
i)
performance in accordance with standards set by NHBC, or
ii)
where no NHBC standard is set, compliance with the relevant British Standard or equivalent European Technical
Specification approved by a Committee for Standardisation, provided they are used in accordance with the relevant Code
of Practice, or
iii)
compliance with standards not lower than those defined in a relevant British Standard specification or equivalent,
provided their use is accepted by NHBC, or

iv) satisfactory assessment by an appropriate independent technical approvals authority accepted by NHBC, or
se of materials and products in accordance with well established satisfactory custom and practice, provided that such
v) u
custom and practice is acceptable to NHBC, or

vi) acceptance, in writing, by NHBC that the quality and use is satisfactory.
b) MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS USED FOR NON-CRITICAL FUNCTIONS
Compliance with the above acceptance criteria for critical functions or strictly in accordance with manufacturers’
recommendations for the specific use.
c) RECLAIMED MATERIALS
Reclaimed materials may only be reused with the prior agreement of NHBC. Independent certification of suitability may
be required.
d) PROPRIETARY BUILDING SYSTEMS
Reference should be made to R3a iv.
e) TIMBER DURABILITY
Reference should be made to Chapter 3.3 ‘Timber preservation (natural solid timber)’.
f) RECOVERED AGGREGATES
Aggregates derived from recovered inert waste, e.g. recycled aggregate, should only be used where it can be demonstrated
that the inert waste material has been fully recovered, has ceased to be a waste as defined by the Waste Framework
Directive 2008 and has become a product. To this end, recovered aggregates produced by a supplier complying with a
recognised defined quality management scheme such as the WRAP Quality Protocol and meeting end-of-waste criteria, will
be acceptable to NHBC.
Notes
Equivalents to British Standards or technical approvals authority shall be those accepted in the UK.
Further guidance on Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) can be found at www.nhbc.co.uk/MMCHub
R4 Workmanship requirement
All work shall be carried out in a proper, neat and workmanlike manner.
The Builder shall ensure that:
a) the conditions of the materials, products and the completed work are satisfactory
b) appropriate precautions are taken to prevent damage
c) account is taken of the following:
i) requirements of the design
the
ii)
suitable methods of unloading and handling

iii) proper protection during storage
of correct installation methods
iv) use

v) protection against weather during construction (including excessive heat, cold, wetting or drying)

vi) protection against damage by following trades.
The Standards and Technical Requirements 2019 4
CHAPTER 2.1
R5 Structural design requirement

Structural design shall be carried out by suitably qualified persons in accordance with British Standards and
2.1
Codes of Practice.
The following shall be designed by Chartered Civil or Structural Engineers whose status (including professional indemnity
insurance) is accepted by NHBC:

a) foundations on hazardous ground where the hazard makes special consideration necessary. (Note: This would not apply to
matters for which NHBC sets standards, such as building near trees, except where specified to the contrary)
b) foundations and superstructure of every building over three storeys in height
c) c ertain types of foundations and retaining walls, as required in the individual chapters of the NHBC Standards
ny structural element which is not based on specific design criteria as laid down in the chapters of the NHBC Standards
d) a
ny dwelling not constructed in accordance with UK traditional practice.
e) a
Note
Other structural elements may be designed by a Chartered Civil or Structural Engineer or others whose status
(including professional indemnity insurance) is accepted by NHBC.
The structural design shall take account of the durability requirement in Technical Requirement R3 Materials.
In England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, structural design may be undertaken by the Builder’s own Engineer or
a Consulting Engineer employed by the Builder. Where specialist subcontractors undertake the design, it must be separately
appraised by the Builder’s own Engineer or by a Consulting Engineer employed by the Builder to ensure that the site
investigation, choice of foundations, siting and construction of dwellings are properly taken into account and that the design is
appropriate for the loading and conditions.
In Scotland, the Engineer shall be independent of the Builder and specialist subcontractor.
Account shall be taken of all parts of the following British Standards:
Eurocodes and their respective National Annexes.
BS EN 1993. Eurocode 3: ‘Design of steel structures’.

BS EN 1990. Eurocode 0: ‘Basis of structural design’.
BS EN 1995. Eurocode 5: ‘Design of timber structures’.

BS EN 1991. Eurocode 1: ‘Actions on structures’.
BS EN 1996. Eurocode 6: ‘Design of masonry structures’.

BS EN 1992. Eurocode 2: ‘Design of concrete structures’.
BS EN 1997. Eurocode 7: ‘Geotechnical design’.

Alternatively, designs in accordance with BS 8103 ‘Structural design of low rise buildings’ will be acceptable.
The Builder shall:
require the Engineer to issue clear instructions for
require the Engineer or his representative to carry out such

site personnel inspections as may be required by NHBC to ensure the
not permit departure from the design without the
adequacy of the design and construction.
Engineer’s written consent
The Builder shall ensure that the Engineer visits the site during construction:
when the foundations have been designed under this
when specifically required by NHBC in these Standards.

Technical Requirement, or
The Engineer shall satisfy himself that the design is suitable for the conditions encountered on the site of each dwelling.
When requested by NHBC, the Builder shall:
produce such design documents, calculations and
arrange for NHBC staff to have access to places where

prescribed forms of certification as NHBC requires for off-site fabrication is taking place.
scrutiny
provide design documents and assembly instructions,

solely for the use of NHBC staff
Concrete and its reinforcement
CHAPTER 3.1
This chapter gives guidance on meeting
the Technical Requirements for concrete
and its reinforcement.
3.1.1 Compliance 01
3.1.2 Provision of information 01
3.1.3 Storage of materials 01
3.1.4 Site-mixed concrete 01
3.1.5 Ready-mixed concrete 03
3.1.6 Concrete specification 03
3.1.7 Admixtures 06
3.1.8 Special types of concrete 07
3.1.9 Design of reinforced concrete 07
3.1.10 Installation of reinforcement 08
3.1.11 Blinding concrete 09
3.1.12 Formwork 09
3.1.13 Before concreting 09
3.1.14 Casting 09
3.1.15 Curing 10
3.1.16 Testing 10
3.1.17 Glossary 11
1
Concrete and its reinforcement 2019
CHAPTER 3.1
Introduction
Concrete design and specification should comply with the relevant British Standards. Mix design should take account
of strength and durability, and follow recognised standards and practices. Alternatively, mixes in accordance with the
guidance in this chapter will be acceptable. This applies to plain and reinforced concrete, whether precast or in-situ.
3.1.1
Compliance Also see: Chapter 2.1, BS 8500 and BS EN 206
Concrete and its reinforcement shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
3.1
Concrete and its reinforcement that complies with the guidance in this chapter, which covers plain and reinforced concrete,
precast or in-situ, will generally be acceptable.
Mix design should take account of strength and durability, and comply with the relevant British Standards.
3.1.2
Provision of information
Designs and specifications shall be produced in a clearly understandable format, include all relevant
information and be distributed to appropriate personnel.
Design and specification information should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers,
and include the following information:
Ground aggressivity Design sulfate class (DS class).
Aggressive chemical environment for

concrete class (ACEC Class).
Strength and durability Strength.
Air content (where required).

Maximum free water/cement ratio and/or
Aggregate size.

minimum cement content. Colour.

Consistence class (e.g. slump).

Mix design and additional Specification of mix designs
Details of any Additional

protective measures (APM) (concrete strength class). Protective Measures.
Reinforcement and Cover to reinforcement.
Reinforcement around openings.

movement joints Reinforcement, plans, sections and
Drawings and bending schedules should

bending schedules. be prepared in accordance with BS 8666.
Reinforcement details at supporting edges.
Movement joints.
Camber in beams and slabs, where appropriate.

Formwork Formwork materials and features.
Mould release agents.
Joints.
Holes for services.
Finishing treatments Concrete to be left untouched or with minimum finishing may require detailed formwork

drawings indicating the position and detail of joints between shutters, corners and other critical
junctions.
Testing Number and frequency of samples to be taken.
Recording of results.

Test laboratory details.

Curing and protection Requirements for curing and striking formwork.
Minimum period for striking/removal of

formwork, curing and protection.
3.1.3
Storage of materials Also see: Chapter 3.2
Materials shall be properly stored to avoid impairing the performance of the finished concrete.
Where materials need to be stored, the following precautions should be taken:
Follow manufacturer’s recommendations on maximum
Store different sizes of aggregate in separate bays.

storage time. Keep sand and aggregate clean and dry (allowance should

Store cement in a dry place and keep each type separate.
be made in the concrete batching for moisture in the sand
and aggregate).
3.1.4
Site-mixed concrete
Site-mixed concrete shall be designed and mixed to ensure sufficient strength and durability.
Concrete should be mixed using an appropriate method to achieve the required strength and durability. Except for very small
quantities, a mechanical mixer should be used. Where hand mixing, add an extra 10% of cement to the quantities shown in
Tables 2 and 3.
Concrete and its reinforcement 2019 2
CHAPTER 3.1
Table 1: Guidance for site-mixed concrete

Material Guidance
Cement or BS 8500-2 including Annex A.

cementitious material
Air-entraining admixtures Should not be used in standardised prescribed concrete mixes.

Admixtures, other than BS EN 934-2.

air-entraining admixtures
Water Mains supply water, or in accordance with BS EN 1008.

Aggregates Compliant with BS EN 12620 ‘Aggregates
Checked and precautions taken when
for concrete’. shrinkable aggregates, aggregates
3.1
Mixed, and precautions taken, as described in
susceptible to alkali attack or excessive
BRE Digest 357. moisture movement, or unfamiliar materials
Fine and/or of coarse proportions mixed as
are used.
specified. Within the limits of the aggregate carbon

Proportioned to ensure a reasonable
range (ACR), when subject to aggressive
consistency, when supplied as a mixture. sulfate ground conditions.
Assessed in accordance with Technical

Requirement R3 where materials are
recovered or proprietary.
The information below applies to cement strength class 32.5 and 20mm maximum aggregate size. Where cement strength class
42.5 or higher is used, the cement weight should be decreased by 10%.
Table 2: Mix proportions by weight
Standardised prescribed Consistence class (slump in mm) Cement (kg) Fine aggregate (kg) Coarse aggregate (kg)
mix
ST1 S1 (10-40) 230 770 1155
ST2 S2 (50-90) 265 760 1135
ST2 S3 (100-150) 285 735 1105
ST2 S4 (160-210) 300 815 990
ST3 S2 (50-90) 295 745 1120
ST4 S2 (50-90) 330 735* 1100
ST5 S2 (50-90) 375 720* 1080
* Fine aggregate grading to be grades CP or MP only of BS EN 12620.
Table 3: Mix proportions by volume using a maximum 20mm aggregate size

Cement strength Standardised Consistence class Number of (25 kg) Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
class prescribed mix (slump in mm) bags of cement (litres) (litres)
32.5 ST1 S1 (10-40) 1 60 85
ST2 S2 (50-90) 1 50 75
ST2 S3 (100-150) 1 45 70
ST2 S4 (160-210) 1 50 60
ST3 S2 (50-90) 1 45 65
42.5 or higher ST1 S1 (10-40) 1 65 95
ST2 S2 (50-90) 1 55 80
ST2 S3 (100-150) 1 50 75
ST2 S4 (160-210) 1 55 65
ST3 S2 (50-90) 1 50 75
3
CHAPTER 3.1
3.1.5
Ready-mixed concrete
Ready-mixed concrete shall be from a supplier operating under a quality control system acceptable to
NHBC and be of sufficient strength and durability.
Ready-mixed concrete is acceptable from suppliers who operate under a full quality control scheme such as:
the Quality Scheme for Ready-Mixed Concrete (QSRMC),

the BSI Kitemark scheme.

or
Other suppliers may be suitable if they operate to an equivalent quality standard acceptable to NHBC.
Ready-mixed concrete should be ordered to a detailed specification conforming to BS 8500 and BS EN 206.
3.1
When designated mixes are used, the ready-mix supplier will only require the mix designation, and consistence class.
Ready-mixed concrete should be:
GEN mix
RC mix.

FND mix, or

Delivery information should be checked to ensure that the concrete meets the requirements given in the design.
3.1.6
Concrete specification Also see: BRE Digest 357, BRE Special Digest 1, BS 8500, BS 8500-1 and BS EN 206
Concrete shall be specified correctly to ensure adequate strength and durability. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) concrete in non-hazardous conditions e) effects of chlorides
b) exposure to climatic and atmospheric conditions f) effects of alkali-silica reaction
c) exposure to aggressive ground conditions g) aggregates.
d) exposure to sulfates and acids in groundwater
Concrete mixes should be suitable for particular end uses and specified in accordance with BS 8500-1 as either:
designated mix, which is supplied ready mixed, or
standardised prescribed mix for site mixing.

Designated mixes should conform to Table 6 of BS 8500-2:2015. Standardised prescribed mixes should conform to Tables 2 and
3 in this chapter.
Mixes should also be designed for the expected conditions of the geographical location of the site and the location of the
concrete element in the structure. Higher grade concrete has greater resistance to chemical and mechanical damage and should
be specified accordingly.
In addition to the issues in this section, durability is reliant on:
correct control of the water:cement ratio
good curing.

full compaction of the placed concrete

Concrete in non-hazardous conditions
Table 4: Minimum specifications for general purpose concrete mixes

Location and use BS 8500 and BS EN 206
Ready-mixed Site-mixed concrete Consistence
concrete (standardised class
(designated mix) prescribed mix)
Substructure and ground floors GEN1 ST2 S3
Rough blinding (non-structural).
Infill.
Unreinforced oversite concrete below timber floors.
Structural blinding and over break.
GEN1 ST2 S3/S4(1)
Strip foundations.

Trench fill.

Other mass concrete foundations.

Fill to wall cavity.

Solid filling under steps.

House floors not designed as suspended and not reinforced:

Permanent finish to be added, e.g. screed or floating floor.
– GEN1 ST2 S2
– No permanent finish to be added, e.g. carpet. GEN2 ST3 S2
CHAPTER 3.1
Table 4 (continued): Minimum specifications for general purpose concrete mixes

Location and use BS 8500 and BS EN 206
Ready-mixed Site-mixed concrete Consistence
concrete (standardised class
(designated mix) prescribed mix)
Garage floors not designed as suspended and not reinforced.

GEN3 ST4 S2
House and garage ground floor slabs:
RC35 ST5(2) S2
– Fully
or nominally reinforced, either ground bearing, suspended
or over sub-floor voids.
Superstructure
3.1
General reinforced concrete exposure class(3) to BS8500-1:

– Nominal cover to reinforcement of 35mm (which is the minimum
cover of 25mm plus an allowance in design for deviation of 10mm). RC30 (4)
S2
– XC1
(dry) and XC2 (wet, rarely dry). RC40 – S2
– XC3
(moderate humidity), XC4 (cyclic wet and dry) and XF1
(freeze/thaw attack and no de-icing agent).
– Nominal
cover to reinforcement of 40mm (which is the minimum
cover of 30mm plus an allowance in design for deviation of RC35 (5)
S2
10mm).
– Any
exposure class (XC1-4 and XF1).
In-situ external concrete
Drives and paths.
PAV1 ST5(6) S2
Foundations for precast concrete paving slabs.
GEN1 ST1 S1
Notes
1
Consistence class S3 should be used for strip foundation concrete and consistence class S4 should be used for trench fill foundation concrete.
2 ST4 mix for house and garage floors may only be used in conjunction with Chapter 5.2 ‘Suspended ground floors’. In all other cases, the designated mix should
be used.
3 Exposure classes (XC1-4 and XF1) are defined in BS 8500-1 Table A.1.
4 In this situation, ST4 mix may be used only for small quantities of concrete. In all other cases, the appropriate designated mix should be used.
5 In this situation, an ST5 mix may be used only for small quantities of concrete. In all other cases, the appropriate designated mix should be used.
6
Not suitable in areas of severe exposure to frost attack. This is equivalent to exposure class XC4 above.
Exposure to climatic and atmospheric conditions

Any concrete mix should be designed for the conditions expected at the geographical location of the site and at the location of
the element in the structure.
Table 5: Exposure classes and examples of where they may occur, based on Table 1 of BS EN 206
Exposure class Environment Exposure conditions
XC1 Dry or permanently wet Concrete inside buildings with low air humidity.
Concrete permanently submerged in water.
XC2 Wet, rarely dry Concrete surfaces subject to long-term water contact. Many foundations.
XC3 Moderate humidity Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air humidity.
External concrete sheltered from rain.
XC4 Cyclic wet and dry Concrete surfaces subject to water contact, not within exposure class XC2.
XF1 Moderate water saturation, Vertical concrete surfaces exposed to rain and freezing.
without de-icing agent
5
CHAPTER 3.1
Concrete in aggressive ground

Mixes should conform to BS 8500. The information in this section describes minimum specifications for lower range
‘chemical aggressiveness’. Specialist advice should be sought for more aggressive conditions.
Table 6: Aggressive chemical environment for concrete (ACEC) site classification(1) and applies to concrete exposed to ground
with a pH value greater than 2.5

Sulfate and magnesium Natural soil Brownfield(3) ACEC class for
site
Design sulfate 2:1 water/ Ground Total potential Static Mobile Static Mobile
class for site soil extract water sulfate(2) water water water water
3.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
SO4 Mg SO4 Mg SO4 pH pH pH (5)
pH (5)
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l %

DS-1 <500 All Mg <400 All Mg <0.24 >2.5 >2.5 AC-1s
values values >5.5(6) >6.5 AC-1
2.5 -5.5 5.5-6.5 AC-2z
4.5-5.5 AC-3z
2.5-4.5 AC-4z
DS-2 500-1500 All Mg 400-1400 All Mg 0.24- >3.5 >5.5 AC-1s
values values 0.6 >5.5 >6.5 AC-2
2.5-3.5 2.5-5.5 AC-2s
2.5-5.5 5.5-6.5 AC-3z
4.5-5.5 AC-4z
<4.5 AC-5z
Notes
1
For concrete quality and APM for ACEC classes above AC-2z, follow specialist advice. For the full list of ACEC classes, refer to Table A.2 of BS 8500-1 or
BRE Special Digest Part C Table C1 for natural ground locations, and Table C2 for brownfield locations.
2 Applies only to sites where concrete will be exposed to sulfate ions (SO4), which may result from the oxidation of sulfides such as pyrite, following ground
disturbance.
3 Applies to locations on sites that comprise either undisturbed ground that is in its natural state or clean fill derived from such ground.
4 ‘Brownfield’ is defined as sites which may contain chemical residues remaining from previous industrial use or from imported wastes.
5 An additional account is taken of hydrochloric and nitric acids by adjustment to sulfate content.
6 For flowing water that is potentially aggressive to concrete owing to high purity or an aggressive carbon dioxide level greater than 15mg/l, increase the ACEC
class to AC-2z.
Explanation of suffix symbols to ACEC class number:

Suffix ‘s’ indicates that, as the water has been classified
Concrete placed in ACEC classes which include the

as static, no additional protective measures are suffix ‘z’ have primarily to resist acid conditions and may be
generally necessary. made with any of the cements or combinations listed in
Table D2 of BRE Special Digest 1.
This table is based on Tables C1 and C2 of BRE Special Digest 1.
The information in Table 7 provides guidance on selecting mixes for concrete elements in aggressive ground.
Table 7: Design guide for concrete elements in the ground
Concrete element ACEC class(1) Designated mix
Strip or trench fill foundation, raft foundation, pile and ground beams.
(3)
AC-1, C1s As Table 4
AC-2, C2s FND2(2)
AC-2z FND2z(2)
Notes

1
For all other ACEC classes, follow specialist advice.
2
Portland limestone cement may only be used where the design sulfate class (see Table 5) of the site does not exceed DS-1.
3
Applies to cast-in-situ piles only – for other types of pile refer to BRE Special Digest 1 or follow specialist advice.
CHAPTER 3.1
Exposure to sulfates and acids in groundwater

Sulfates, chemicals and high acidity can cause expansion, cracking and damage to concrete. Where ground water is highly
mobile, or where concrete is at risk from chemical attack, the level of sulfate and other chemicals should be determined
according to the ACEC class (aggressive chemical environment for concrete class) and BRE Special Digest 1.
For higher ACEC classes, specialist advice should determine the design chemical class (DC class) and appropriate
additional protective measures (APM) where required. Table A.7 of BS 8500-1 should be used to select the mix specification.
For lower ACEC classes (AC-1,AC-1s, AC-2, AC-2s and AC-2z), information in Tables 6 and 7 should be used to select the
mix specification.
3.1
Effects of chlorides
Chlorides, which are contained in all concrete materials, increase the risk of corrosion in metal and can reduce the chemical
resistance of concrete, therefore chloride content of fresh concrete should be limited in accordance with BS EN 206 Table 15.
Cured concrete can be damaged by chlorides in the ground, sea spray, or products used for de-icing highways, and specialist
guidance should be followed.
Effects of alkali-silica reaction

Alkalis can cause expansion, cracking and damage to concrete. Damage can occur when all the following conditions are present:
a source of alkali
where the aggregate is alkali reactive.

a high moisture content

Alkali content calculated in accordance with BRE Digest 330 or Concrete Society Technical Report 30 should not exceed 3kg/m3.
Where unfamiliar aggregate materials are used, special precautions may be required.
Standardised prescribed mixes should conform to BS 8500.
Aggregates
Aggregates should be of a grade which ensures adequate durability of the concrete. Certain types of aggregate are shrinkable
and require special precautions in mixing. Certain types of aggregate may be susceptible to alkali attack or excessive
moisture movement.
Proprietary and recovered aggregates should only be specified where they have been assessed in accordance with Technical
Requirement R3.
3.1.7
Admixtures
Admixtures shall only be used to enhance the performance and durability of concrete.
Issues that should be taken into account include:
improved workability
accelerated strength

waterproofing
retardation

foaming agents
chlorides.

Admixtures should comply with BS EN 934-2 Admixtures for concrete mortar and grout - Concrete admixtures - Definitions,
requirements, conformity, marking and labelling, should be used in accordance with BS EN 206 should be:
specified only with full knowledge of their limitations
added to the mix water to ensure complete dispersal

and effects dosed correctly

used only where permitted in the specification
used strictly in accordance with the

tested in trial mixes, where necessary
manufacturer’s instructions.
Accelerators produce early setting of the concrete, and plasticisers can improve concrete cohesion and the bond with
reinforcement.
Air-entraining agents should not be used as an anti-freeze for fresh concrete. Though they can increase the frost resistance of
cured concrete and are recommended for paths, drives and pavements which are likely to be exposed to freezing conditions.
Retarding agents can increase the risk of frost damage.
Admixtures containing chlorides can cause metal corrosion and should not be used in reinforced concrete.
7
CHAPTER 3.1
3.1.8
Special types of concrete
Special types of concrete shall be appropriate for their use.
Proprietary concrete, no-fines or lightweight concrete should be of a quality and density appropriate for the conditions and use.
Where no-fines concrete is used, a render, cover coat or cladding should be applied to the finished structure.
Proprietary methods of reinforcement, e.g. glass fibre, should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
Structural design should be in accordance with Technical Requirement R5 and the mix properly detailed.
3.1.9
Design of reinforced concrete
3.1
Also see: BS EN 1992-1-2

Reinforced concrete shall be suitable for its intended use. Issues to take into account include:
a) compliance with appropriate standards d) fire resistance
b) end restraint e) carbonation.
c) concrete cover
Reinforced concrete should be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5. BS 8103-1 can be used
for the design of suspended ground floors in homes and garages.
Compliance with appropriate standards

The steel specification should indicate the steel type, grade and size. Drawings and bending schedules should be prepared in
accordance with BS 8666 and include all necessary dimensions for completion of the sitework. Reinforcement should comply
with the standards listed below.
BS EN 1992-1 ‘Design of concrete structures’.
BS 4449 ‘Steel for the reinforcement of concrete’. Specification
BS 4482 ‘Steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete products’. Specification
BS 4483 ‘Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete’. Specification
BS 6744 ‘Stainless steel bars. Reinforcement of concrete’. Requirements and test methods
BS 8103-1 ‘Structural design of low-rise buildings’. Code of practice for stability, site investigation, foundations,
precast concrete floors and ground floor slabs for housing
End restraint
Where the ends of slabs are cast monolithically with concrete members, surface cracking may develop over the supports.
Reinforcement should therefore be provided in accordance with BS EN 1992-1-1.
Concrete cover
There should be adequate cover to the reinforcement,
especially where it is exposed or in contact with the ground.
Cover should be adequate for all reinforcement, including
main bars and stirrups. No ties or clips should protrude into the
concrete cover. cover measured
between links
For concrete not designed by an engineer, the minimum cover and formwork
for reinforcement should be in accordance with Table 8.
Table 8: Minimum cover for reinforcement for concrete not designed by an engineer
Position of the concrete Minimum cover (mm)
In contact with the ground. 75
External conditions. 50
Cast against a DPM on sand blinding. 40
Against adequate blinding concrete. 40
Protected or internal conditions. 25
CHAPTER 3.1
Fire resistance
Concrete cover to reinforcement should be adequate to resist fire. Requirements for fire resistance are given in BS EN 1992-1-2.
Cover required by BS EN 1992-1-1 will normally provide up to one hour of fire resistance for columns, simply supported beams
and floors.
Carbonation
Carbonation reduces the corrosion protection of the reinforcement by increasing porosity and decreasing alkalinity. Such
corrosion can be reduced by providing as much concrete cover as possible, and by ensuring that the wet concrete is of good
quality and properly compacted to reduce the rate of carbonation.
3.1
3.1.10
Installation of reinforcement Also see: Chapter 5.2
Reinforcement shall be installed in accordance with the design. Issues to take into account include:
a) shape, placing and condition of reinforcement bars c) support for reinforcement.
b) lapping bars and mesh
Shape, placing and condition of reinforcement bars
Main reinforcing Should be parallel to the span, or as

bars detailed in the design.
Slab reinforcement Should be located near the bottom of the
slab, with the main reinforcing bars placed span
first and the secondary bars on top.
Beams Should have the main reinforcing bars
placed inside the links.
main bars secondary bars
Reinforcement should be:

bent using appropriate equipment and placed in
clean and free from loose rust and contaminants,

accordance with the design especially shutter-releasing agents and oil.
Lapping bars and mesh

Reinforcing bars or mesh should be lapped according to type and size as indicated by the designer to ensure that loads are fully
transferred across the lap. Any additional laps require the designer’s approval.
Support for reinforcement

Spacers should be either concrete blocks (no more than 50 x 50mm) or ready-made of steel or plastic. Supports should be
placed no more than one metre apart, or closer where necessary.
Spacers for parallel bars should be staggered to avoid creating a plane of weakness in the concrete. Supports for top steel
should be chairs, or other proprietary products.
mild steel
chair
supporting
top layer
spacers staggered to avoid planes of weakness

9
CHAPTER 3.1
3.1.11
Blinding concrete
Blinding concrete shall be used where required to aid construction.
Blinding concrete should only be used:
to protect the bottom of the trench/excavation where there
to provide sufficient support to ensure cover to

is a delay in pouring structural concrete reinforcement is maintained, or

where the foundation has been slightly overdug
where localised soft spots have been removed.

3.1.12
Formwork
3.1
Formwork shall be structurally adequate and constructed in a workmanlike manner.

Formwork should be accurately set out in relation to relevant reference lines and benchmarks. Accuracy is essential to ensure
that the correct cover to the reinforcement is maintained.
Formwork and its supports should be rigid enough to maintain the correct position and to withstand extra loads and accidental
knocks likely to occur during placement and compacting. Wedges, inserts and boxes should be firmly secured to avoid
displacement during vibration.
For concrete which is to be left untreated, or with minimum finishing, formwork joints should be tight to avoid grout loss and
ragged edges. Joints between shutters should be constructed for easy stripping. Any holes for bolts or spacers should be drilled
with care to avoid disfiguring or splintering the formwork surface and giving a poor finish.
Formwork should be capable of being struck without damage to the concrete. Formwork should be dismantled without shock,
disturbance or damage to the concrete. Support for load-bearing elements should not be removed until the concrete has
achieved sufficient strength, as detailed by the designer. Props under suspended floors or beams should be released from the
centre, outwards, to avoid overloading.
3.1.13
Before concreting
Installations and final preparations shall be completed before concreting starts.
Before concreting starts:
all services, ducts, inserts, etc. to be embedded in the
formwork should be cleaned out and checked for fallen

concrete should be securely installed in the correct position debris, especially nails and wire clippings.
and, where appropriate, tested
completed reinforcement should be checked and,

where necessary, approved by the designer or their
representative
3.1.14
Casting Also see: Chapter 3.2
Concrete shall be cast so as to achieve the required design strength and durability.
The temperature of the concrete at the point of use should not be less than 5°C (41°F). Fresh concrete is susceptible to frost
damage, and freezing can cause internal damage that is not immediately obvious.
Concrete should not be placed in or under water, unless it has been specially designed for that use.
Sufficient concrete should be mixed or ordered, so that it can be placed in a continuous process.
Concrete should be deposited as close as possible to its final location. Transportation on site should be as fast and efficient as
possible in order to avoid segregation and to ensure full compaction of the placed concrete.
Site-mixed concrete should be placed within 30 minutes, and ready-mixed concrete within two hours, of water being added to
the cement. Additional water should not be added to ready-mixed concrete unless under the supervision and approval of the
supplier.
Concreting should, wherever possible, be carried out in one operation, taking account of:
weather conditions
time to allow for surface finishing.

available daylight

Concrete cast in one operation (i.e. without construction joints) should always be as square in shape as possible and not
greater than:
reinforced concrete 60m2
unreinforced concrete 16m2.

CHAPTER 3.1
Construction joints should be formed only where unavoidable and in consultation with the engineer. These should not be
positioned next to a return in the foundation. Before work continues beyond the joint, shuttering used to form the joint should
be removed.
Reinforced concrete should be fully compacted using poker vibration unless the design states otherwise. Poker vibration should
be carried out by experienced operators to ensure complete coverage and to avoid honeycombing. Vibrating beams or hand
tamping may be used to consolidate slabs up to 150mm thick, unless the design details otherwise. Excessive use of vibration
can cause segregation and prevent concrete reaching an adequate strength.
3.1.15
Curing Also see: Chapter 3.2
3.1
Concrete shall be adequately cured to achieve full design strength.
Concrete performance relies on the curing process. The design should clearly indicate where there are any special requirements
for curing concrete.
Freshly poured concrete should be kept moist by covering as soon as the surface is hard enough to resist damage. This is
particularly important in hot, windy or cold weather to to prevent the surface drying out too rapidly, or freezing. Damp hessian,
damp sharp sand or an impervious sheet (such as polyethylene) are acceptable as surface coverings. Alternatively, a curing
agent can be applied to the surface.
No load should be applied to the work until the concrete has cured sufficiently. It is recommended that plain unreinforced
concrete made with ordinary Portland cement is left for at least four days to cure.
It is possible to proceed with substructure masonry above strip or trench fill foundations on unreinforced ordinary Portland
cement concrete at an early stage, provided that care is taken to protect the surface from damage.
Reinforced concrete or concrete containing cement replacements, such as PFA, will require a longer curing period. This will
normally take seven days, during which the concrete structure should not be loaded.
Any curing agents should comply with Technical Requirement R3 and should be applied strictly in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions. Curing agents should never be used on floors which are to receive either a topping or a screed, as it
could affect the future bond. Curing periods may be extended at low temperatures.
3.1.16
Testing
Testing shall be carried out to the full satisfaction of NHBC.
Testing, where required, shall be conducted to BS EN 12390 by UKAS approved laboratories. Test cubes should be prepared as
requested by the engineer. These should be marked, cured and stored safely until testing.
Proof of testing, with reports, certificates and allied documentation, should be kept for reference and made available to NHBC
upon request.
Ready-mixed concrete supplier should prepare test cubes in accordance with quality assurance procedures.
11
CHAPTER 3.1
3.1.17
Glossary
Aggressive chemical A system for the classification of aggressive ground conditions that are derived from
environment for concrete design sulfate class. It takes into account the site (natural or brownfield) and the mobility and
classification (ACEC class) pH of ground water. Brownfield, ‘mobile’ water and low pH (acidic) conditions may have adverse
effects on buried concrete and hence result in a more severe ACEC class.
Additional protective These are defined as the extra measures that could be taken to protect concrete where the basic
measures (APM) concrete specification might not give adequate resistance to chemical attack.
Design chemical class This defines the qualities of concrete that are required to resist chemical attack. The DC class
(DC class) is derived from the ACEC class of the ground and other factors, including the type of concrete
element and its required structural performance.
3.1
Design sulfate class A site classification based on the determined sulfate (including potential sulfate) contents of
(DS class) the ground and/or ground water. It is also dependent on the type of site, presence or absence
of magnesium ions, pyrite, and for pH less than 5.5, chloride and nitrate ions. Five levels of
classification are given that are equivalent to those given in BRE Digest 363 (now superseded).
Enhanced concrete quality An incremental step in concrete quality that could be used as an Additional Protective Measure
(APM). Each increment in concrete quality is counted as an extra APM.
Mobile ground water Sites where water is free to flow into an excavation to give a standing water level are affected
by mobile ground water. The threshold ground permeability is greater than 10-6 m/s (i.e. 86 mm/
day).
Static ground water The sites where the free flow of water is confined due to either permanently dry conditions or the
soil is relatively impermeable (of permeability less than 10-6 m/s).
Total potential sulfate (TPS) The total potential sulfate content is the result of the combination of sulfates already present in
the ground and that which may be added due to the oxidation of pyrite in the ground.
Cold weather working
CHAPTER 3.2
This chapter gives guidance on meeting the
Technical Requirements for cold weather working.
3.2.1 Compliance 01
3.2.2 External conditions 01
3.2.3 Materials 01
3.2.4 Concreting 01
3.2.5 Masonry 02
3.2.6 Rendering, plastering and screeding 02
3.2.7 Admixtures 03
3.2.8 Painting 03
1
Cold weather working 2019
CHAPTER 3.2
3.2.1
Compliance Also see: Chapter 2.1
Cold weather working shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Sitework which complies with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
3.2.2
External conditions Also see: Meteorological Office
Allowance shall be made for cold weather conditions during construction.
Work should be planned in advance, and account taken of site and climatic conditions either by:
3.2
stopping work, or
taking adequate precautions.

The following conditions should be considered when scheduling work:
Wind (this can create a cooling effect which can reduce
Shade (in particular high trees or adjacent buildings can

temperatures further, i.e. affecting the curing of concrete block low winter sun and reduce temperatures further).
and mortar). Valleys (sites in valleys are susceptible to increased

risk of frost).
Where air temperature is below, or likely to fall below, 2°C, work should not proceed unless the precautions detailed in this
chapter are adopted.
A thermometer should be sited in the shade and used to indicate if temperatures are rising or falling.
3.2.3
Materials
Materials shall be adequately protected against cold weather.
Materials should:
not be used if frozen

be protected using appropriate covers to prevent damage by

snow, ice, frost or damp.
Appropriate covers should be provided for bricks and blocks,
sand, aggregates and cement, to prevent them from becoming
saturated and damaged by frost.
Where it is necessary to continue building during longer
periods of colder weather, heaters should be used to protect
materials.
3.2.4
Concreting Also see: BS EN 13670 Table 4 Curing class 2 and Table F1 Curing class 2
Concrete shall not be placed in cold weather unless suitable precautions are taken.
The minimum temperature of ready-mixed concrete when
delivered should be 5°C, in accordance with BS EN 206.
When concreting is undertaken during colder weather,
curing periods should be adjusted according to
environmental conditions. Concrete should:
be covered to maintain the temperature above freezing,

and heated if necessary
not be placed where the ground, oversite or the surfaces that

will be in contact with the concrete are frozen
be placed with caution where small quantities of fresh

concrete are against a large volume of hardened concrete
which is at a lower temperature.
Where slight overnight frosts are expected, 50mm of insulation held down firmly at the edges should be used to help protect
oversite concrete. Where very severe frosts are expected, insulation alone is inadequate and heating should be provided.
Cold weather working 2019 2
CHAPTER 3.2
Site-mixed concrete
If the air temperature drops to 2°C, concrete work should not proceed unless:
the ground into which the concrete is to be placed is
the water for mixing is heated, but not above 60°C

not frozen (cement should not be heated)
the aggregate temperature is above 2°C
the cast concrete can be properly protected, taking account

the aggregate is free of frost and snow

of the cross-sectional area and location.
In prolonged or very severe cold weather:

covers will not stop severe frost penetrating the aggregate
heating the mixing water cannot be relied upon to thaw

where work is to continue, it may be necessary to steam
frozen aggregates, and very cold aggregate can still
3.2
heat aggregates or to use hot air blowers below covers remain frozen.
3.2.5
Masonry
Masonry shall not be laid in cold weather unless suitable precautions are taken.
When laying masonry in cold weather:
and temperatures are below, or are likely to fall below,

2°C (temperatures should be checked throughout the day on
a thermometer), masonry should not be laid unless heating is
provided and newly laid masonry protected
materials which have been damaged by frost or are frozen

should not be used
additional covers and insulation will be necessary at very

low temperatures
polyethylene covers should be used to provide protection and

prevent work from becoming saturated (an air gap between
the masonry and the covers will enable new masonry to cure)
where very severe frosts are expected, heaters may

be required
protection against frost may be required for up to six days,

depending on the severity of the conditions.
3.2.6
Rendering, plastering and screeding Also see: Chapter 6.11
Rendering, plastering and screeding shall not be carried out in cold weather unless suitable precautions
are taken.
Rendering, plastering and screeding should not be carried out if there is frost on the structure.
Where warm air heaters are used to warm the structure before screeding and plastering takes place, they should:
keep the temperature of the structure above freezing
be used for longer following a prolonged cold period

during the curing period (as ground floors and walls near to floor level may be
not produce water vapour (the building should be ventilated
slow to respond)
to disperse moisture) continue heating for at least 48 hours after completion

be placed in the room a day before plastering is to start
of the work but not be excessive (to avoid damage to
screeds, plaster finishes and woodwork).
Render should not be applied if:
the temperature is below, or likely to fall below,
backgrounds are saturated or frozen, or

2°C (temperatures should be checked throughout the day there is a possibility that new work will be subjected to frost

on a thermometer) before it has set.
3
Cold weather working 2019
CHAPTER 3.2
3.2.7
Admixtures
Admixtures shall be used correctly and in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
When using admixtures:
accelerators may assist the mortar or concrete to set
in cold weather, retarding agents should not be used as

before temperatures fall (admixtures do not prevent frost they can increase the setting times of cement
damage to uncured concrete or mortar) in cold weather, bonding agents may be ineffective

plasticisers can entrain air during mixing to provide frost
those containing calcium chloride should be avoided.

resistance to mature mortar and concrete
3.2
3.2.8
Painting
Painting shall not be carried out when there is a risk of damage due to cold weather.
Paint should not be applied:
on surfaces affected by damp, frost or condensation
when condensation, snow or rain is likely to affect

where the air temperature is below, or likely to fall
paintwork before it is dry.
below 2°C
Timber preservation
(natural solid timber)
CHAPTER 3.3
Technical Requirements for the protection of natural
solid timber against fungal decay when exposed to
damp conditions and against insect attack.
3.3.1 Compliance 01
3.3.2 Durability 01
3.3.3 Sitework 03
3.3.4 Protection and storage 03
3.3.5 Treatment of cut surfaces 03
3.3.6 Compatibility with metal 03
3.3.7 Further information 03
1
Timber preservation (natural solid timber) 2019
CHAPTER 3.3
Introduction
This chapter gives acceptable treatment schedules for the treatment of natural solid timber but does not cover:
products such as plywood and wood particle boards

the condition before the treatment

treatment process techniques, which is the responsibility of the organisation carrying out the operation.

3.3.1
Timber preservative treatments and processes shall comply with the Technical Requirements and
3.3
reasonably ensure that the timber is safely and satisfactorily protected against fungal decay and insect
attack.
Timber preservative treatments that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable. Timber and external
joinery should either be:
naturally durable and resistant to insect attack, or
treated with preservative in accordance with this chapter.

It is important that treatment of timber and joinery is carried out to appropriate standards which are both suitable and safe.
Treatments in accordance with procedures set out in British Standards, Codes of Practice, or which have been satisfactorily
assessed by an independent authority in accordance with Technical Requirement R3, will generally be acceptable. The
specification should state the specific treatment and standard required.
All preservatives should meet the requirements of the Control of Pesticides Regulations (1986) administered by the Health and
Safety Executive. The safety instructions published by the manufacturers should be followed.
3.3.2
Durability
Timber and joinery used in the construction of homes shall either have adequate natural durability or,
where treatment is undertaken, receive a satisfactory preservative treatment against fungal decay and
insect attack.
Timber component groups and preservative treatment required are shown in Table 1 below (based on BS 8417), which provides
information to establish the appropriate type of treatment according to the particular element and conditions of use. Table 2
provides information on the timber species and durability.
Table 1: Timber component groups and preservative treatment
Component Examples Use Desired Preservative type required Preservative treatment
group class service not required
life Copper Water- Organic Boron(2)
organic(1) based solvent or
organic(1) microemul-
sion(1)
Internal joinery, Architraves, internal doors, 1 60 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Unless a specific request

intermediate intermediate floor joists for treatment against insect
floor joists attack has been made.
Roof timbers (dry) Pitched roofs: rafters, purlins, 1 60 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Unless a specific request
joists, wall plates for treatment against insect
attack has been made.
Roof timbers (dry) As above 1 60 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Where timber used is:
in areas with house
softwood – heartwood
longhorn beetle only(3) and of durability
class 1 – 3(4) or

hardwood.
Roof timbers Flat roofs joists, sarking, 2 60 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Where timber used is:
(risk of wetting) tiling battens, valley boards, heartwood only(3) and of
timbers exposed to risk of durability class 1 – 2(4)
condensation, porch posts –
coated and held clear of the
ground and standing water, in
a free draining shoe made from
suitably durable material such
as galvanized or stainless
steel.
Roof timbers (risk As above 2 60 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Where timber used is heart-
of wetting) in wood only(3) and of durability
areas with house class 1 – 2(4).
longhorn beetle
Timber preservation (natural solid timber) 2019 2
CHAPTER 3.3
Table 1 (continued): Timber component groups and preservative treatment

Component Examples Use Desired Preservative type required Preservative treatment
group class service not required
life Copper Water- Organic Boron(2)
organic(1) based solvent or
organic(1) microemul-
sion(1)
External walls/ Timber frames, 2 60 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Where timber used is

ground floors ground floor joists, heartwood only(3) and of
l-beam studwork durability class 1 – 2(4).
Sole plates(5) 2 60 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Where timber used is
3.3
heartwood only(3) and of
durability class 1 – 2(4).
External joinery, Window frames, door frames, 3 30 (7) (7)
✓ ✓ Where timber used is
coated (not in doors, cladding (coated), heartwood only(3) and of
ground contact)(6) soffits, fascias, barge boards durability class 1 – 2(4).
Uncoated external Decking (where the deck is up 3 15 ✓ ✓ ✗ ✗ Where timber used is
timbers (not in to 600mm from ground level) heartwood only(3) and of
ground contact) (8)
, cladding (uncoated) durability class 1 – 2(4).
Timber in contact Decking timber in ground 4 15 ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ Where timber used is
with the ground contact (where the deck heartwood only(3) and of
is up to 600mm from durability class 1 – 2(4).
ground level)(8)
Timber in contact Timber retaining walls up to 4 15 ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ Where timber used is
with the ground 1m high and within heartwood only(3) and of
garden areas(7) durability class 1 – 2(4).
Timber in contact Timber retaining walls greater 4 30 ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ Where timber used is
with the ground than 1m high and within heartwood only(3) and of
garden areas(7) durability class 1(4).
Timber in contact Timber retaining walls up 4 30 ✓ ✗ ✗ ✗ Where timber used is
with the ground to 600mm high and in a heartwood only(3) and of
boundary situation(9) durability class 1(4).
Notes
1. Preservative treatment of timber should be in accordance with the recommendations of BS 8417:2011+A1:2014, Table 4.
2. Preservative treatment of timber should be in accordance with the recommendations of BS 8417:2011+A1:2014, Table 5.
3. Almost always, packs of timber contain sapwood. It should be assumed that timber is sapwood and preservative treated accordingly unless the timber has been
specifically selected as heartwood only.
4. Natural durability classes are given in Table 2.
5. Sole plates should be positioned above DPC. Preservatives used should be resistant to leaching or, for boron, treatment should be to full cross-section retention
standard. Treatment should be carried out in accordance with BS 8417.
6. The hardwoods known as Meranti, Seraya or Lauan should be treated in the same way as European redwood / Scots Pine when used for joinery.
7. The pressure treatment process used for these types of preservative will cause timber to swell, so these treatments are generally not used for window or door
frames and other uses where dimensional precision is required.
8. Decking that is more than 600mm in height should have a desired service life of 60 years. Reference should be made to Chapters 7.1 ‘Flat roofs and balconies’
and 10.2 ‘Drives, paths and landscaping’.
9. Where timber structures more than 600mm high are used for retaining ground in boundary situations, they should be designed with a desired service life of 60
years. Reference should be made to Chapter 10.2 ‘Drives, paths and landscaping’.
Table 2: Natural durability of building timbers (heartwood only)

Durability 1. Very 2. Durable 3. Moderately 4. Slightly 5. Not
class durable durable durable durable
Kapur (Sabah, Burma)
Hardwoods Oak (American
Keruing Oak (American red)
Birch

Padauk (white, Andaman)
white, (Sabah, Elm (Dutch, English,
(silver,
Teak (Malaysian)
European) Malaysian) white, rock, wych) European,
Opepe
Mahogany
Oak
Beech (silver)
paper,
(American) (Tasmanian, yellow)
Afromosia

Chestnut
Turkey) Chestnut

Greenheart
(European
(sweet) Mahogany

Guarea
(African) horse)
Louro (red)

Iroko
Beech

Basralocus

Jarrah
(European)
Ekki

Okan
Sycamore

Karri

Pyinkado
Alder

Kempas

Peroba
Lime

3
Timber preservation (natural solid timber) 2019
CHAPTER 3.3
Table 2 (continued): Natural durability of building timbers (heartwood only)

Durability 1. Very 2. Durable 3. Moderately 4. Slightly 5. Not
class durable durable durable durable
Softwoods None Cedar
Larch (European,
Pine (Canadian red,
None
(imported hybrid, Japanese, Corsican, jack, parana,
western red) tamarack, western, ponderosa, radiata, Scots,

maritime) southern, western white,
Fir (North
yellow, lodgepole)
American Douglas, Spruce (Eastern Canadian,
UK Douglas) Engelmann, European
Pine
whitewood, Sitka,
3.3
(Caribbean pitch, western white)

American pitch) Fir (noble, silver, balsam,

Cedar
grand)
(UK western red) Hem-fir (USA and Canada)

Redwood (European)

3.3.3
Sitework
Sitework shall follow established good practice and workmanship.
Checks should ensure that, when timber is delivered to site, timber and joinery products have received the specified treatment.
This should be stated on the delivery note.
3.3.4
Protection and storage
Timber and joinery shall be stored and protected to ensure it is in a suitable condition for use.
It is important when timber and joinery products are stored that they are:
protected from damage immediately upon delivery
stored to limit the risk of distortion

protected from the weather
stored to allow air to circulate.

stored off the ground

3.3.5
Treatment of cut surfaces
Timber which has been preservative treated and cut shall be retreated on the cut surfaces.
Timber should not be cut after treatment, but where this is unavoidable, all such surfaces should be retreated with a suitable
colour tinted preservative, to enable confirmation that re-treatment has occurred. Only in situations where colour tinting will affect
the appearance of the timber fixed to the home will clear preservatives be acceptable.
Applied preservatives should be compatible with the original treatment.
3.3.6
Compatibility with metal
Measures shall be taken to prevent adverse effects from incompatibility between metal components and
treated timber.
Copper-containing treatments can cause corrosion between mild steel and aluminium. Where moisture is expected, the following
fittings should be used when in contact with timber treated with copper-containing preservatives:
Occasional dampness – galvanised fittings
Likely wetting – austenitic stainless steel fittings.

Timber treated with copper containing preservatives should be re-dried to a moisture content of 20% for at least seven days
before being in contact with metal fittings.
3.3.7
Further information

BS 8417 ‘Preservation of wood. Code of practice’
Part 1: ‘Specification according to hazard class.

BS EN 599 – Part 1 ‘Durability of wood and wood-based Industrial Wood Preservation – Specification and Practice’
products – Efficacy of preventive wood preservatives as (‘WPA Manual’) (2008)
determined by biological tests. Specification according to
The Wood Protection Association, 5C Flemming Court,
use class’ Castleford, West Yorkshire, WF10 5HW, UK,
Tel: 01977 558274, Email: info@wood-protection.org
Land quality
– managing ground conditions
CHAPTER 4.1
Technical Requirements for assessing and
managing land quality.
4.1.1 Compliance 01
4.1.2 Initial Assessment – desk study
(all sites) 03
4.1.3 Initial Assessment – walkover survey
(all sites) 04
4.1.4 Initial Assessment – results 04
4.1.5 Basic Investigation
(sites where hazards are not
identified or suspected) 05
4.1.6 Detailed Investigation
(sites where hazards are identified
or suspected) 05
4.1.7 Managing the risks
(sites where hazards are found) 06
4.1.8 Unforeseen hazards 07
4.1.9 Documentation and verification 07
4.1.10 Guidance for investigations 07
1
Land quality – managing ground conditions 2019
CHAPTER 4.1
Introduction
This chapter provides a framework for managing geotechnical and contamination risks, with the objective of
ensuring that:
all sites are properly assessed and investigated for potential geotechnical and contamination hazards
foundations and substructure designs are suitable for the ground conditions
sites are properly remediated where necessary or appropriate, and design precautions are taken
appropriate documentation and verification is provided to NHBC.
4.1.1
Assessment of the site and the surrounding area shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Items to be taken into account include:
a) suitability of persons for the level of investigation
b) geotechnical and contamination issues
c) investigation procedures
d) notification in writing to NHBC of hazardous ground conditions.
4.1
Ground investigations and management of risk that complies with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Suitable persons for the level of investigation

The following skills and knowledge are required from the person responsible for the Initial Assessment, Basic Investigation and
documentation and verification. They should:
understand the hazards that can affect the development
collect information relating to such hazards on and

and where they originate adjacent to the site
recognise the signs of potential hazards
report the findings in a clear and concise manner

conduct a desk study and walkover survey
determine when specialist advice and detailed testing

is required.
The following criteria should be used as guidance for the appointment of a consultant or specialist responsible for Detailed
Investigation, management of hazards, documentation and verification:
Experience Similar types of site and development.
Appropriate discipline(s) Understanding of all relevant skills required on the project and access to other disciplines,
including geologists, hydrogeologists, toxicologists and environmental chemists.
Legislation Understanding of legislation and liabilities associated with the site.
Professional indemnity insurance Appropriate cover for the work being carried out.
Health and safety Awareness of occupational hygiene issues and Health and Safety legislation.
Quality assurance Use of a quality management system, including appropriately accredited laboratories.
Project management Ability to manage a project team consisting of the appropriate disciplines.
Site investigation Ability to design site investigation programmes, including soil sampling, testing and
laboratory analysis.
Risk management Ability to conduct risk assessments as required by the risk management process.
Reporting and communication Ability to prepare comprehensive and well presented reports. Effective communication
within their organisation and with the client, statutory authorities and the general public.
Engineering design Understanding of effective risk reduction techniques, e.g. engineered foundations and
substructure details of suitable remediation.
Geotechnical and contamination issues

Assessment should be carried out by direct investigation and examination of the ground, supplemented by laboratory testing
where necessary, in order to determine the geotechnical and contamination characteristics of the site.
Specifically, where contamination is suspected or found, the site should be assessed using the Source-Pathway-Receptor
framework (known as the pollutant linkage).
For land contamination to occur, a source, pathway and receptor must all exist. A written or diagrammatic representation of the
land contamination (known as a Conceptual Model), should be produced to show the possible relationships between each.
Land quality – managing ground conditions 2019 2
CHAPTER 4.1
Procedure
The process to assess and manage the ground conditions Initial Assessment:
■ desk study
is as follows: ■ walkover study
■ results.
Initial Assessment
NHBC requires all sites to be assessed by a desk study and Hazards known
or suspected?
a walkover survey. The results should be used to determine
No Yes
whether or not hazards are known or suspected. Basic Investigation Detailed Investigation
Basic Investigation
Required to support the results of the Initial Assessment where Further Assessment:
geotechnical and
hazards are not suspected. contamination risks
acceptable?
Detailed Investigation Yes No
Required where hazards are known or suspected. Further Investigation
required? Yes
Further Assessment No
Required after the Basic or Detailed Investigation has been
4.1
Manage risks
conducted, to confirm that all objectives have been met. Where
results are inconclusive, further investigation will be required.
Provide documentation
Hazards and verification
Where hazards are identified, design precautions or
remediation will be required to minimise their effects. Start construction phase
If any unforeseen hazards are found during the course of

Unforeseen hazards
construction, further investigation may be required. Yes
Documentation and verification No

Finish construction
NHBC requires documentation and verification to show that: phase
the site has been properly assessed and investigated

where necessary, suitable precautions are incorporated

into the design
all necessary remediation has been carried out.

Notification of potential hazards and associated risks
If a site (defined in the Rules as an area of land that is covered by a single detailed planning consent or series of consents
relating to continuous development) is classed as ‘hazardous’, NHBC must be notified in writing a minimum of eight weeks
before work starts. Failure to provide such information may delay the registration process, the construction work and the issuing
of NHBC warranty.
3
CHAPTER 4.1
Table 1: Potential hazards and associated risks

Potential hazard Associated risk
High water table or low-lying land flooding

the effects from toxic or noxious materials which could be concentrated or

transported by ground water.
Mining (past, present and proposed) ground movement as a result of the type of mining and materials extracted

ground gasses, including methane and carbon dioxide.

Trees shrinkage and heave of clay soils

physical damage caused by roots.

Peat acid attack

changes in volume due to variations in moisture content

production of methane and carbon dioxide.

Infill and made ground, including tipping
release of gases which may be explosive or asphyxiating
low bearing capacity causing excessive total and/or differential settlements

consolidation characteristics which may result in subsidence, settlement and/or

excessive tilt
localised ground variability (laterally and with depth) which may result in

4.1
subsidence, settlement and/or excessive tilt

collapse compression or inundation settlement of non-cohesive fills which may

result in subsidence, settlement and/or excessive tilt.
Low bearing capacity ground settlement of foundations and substructures.

Former buildings or structures underground obstructions producing variations in bearing capacity and

settlement characteristics.
Adjacent buildings effect on stability of both new and existing buildings.

Drains, including land drains contamination, flooding, waterlogging and interruption of land drainage systems.

Sulfates in ground or ground water expansive reaction

chemical attack on concrete, mortar and bricks or blocks made with cement.

Contamination from substances which may be carcinogenic, toxic, asphyxiating, corrosive,

phytotoxic, combustive, explosive or radioactive.
Solution features in chalk and limestone,
underground cavities.
including swallow holes
Unstable ground subject to landslip ground movement.

Seas, lakes and rivers adjacent to land erosion.

4.1.2
Initial Assessment – desk study (all sites)
A desk study of the site and the surrounding area, that covers key and existing site information, shall be
undertaken by a suitable person and include investigation of soils, geology, surface water, ground water,
current and historical uses.
A desk study is the collection and examination of existing information obtained from a wide variety of sources. It should indicate
potential hazards at an early stage and provide a basis for the investigation. Potential problems should be assessed according to
the current and historical uses of the site and surrounding area, including those which may have been left by:
industrial, commercial and agricultural uses,
quarrying

including storage landfilling and tipping.

mining

Key information sources include:
the Environment Agency or its equivalent – for example,
utility companies

coastal erosion, landfill sites, details of water abstraction county records offices, libraries, museums and

the local authority – for example planning and
local history sources
environmental health soil survey maps

British Geological Survey, maps and information
the site vendor

Ordnance Survey, current and previous editions of plans
in-house information

and aerial photographs ongoing monitoring.

Coal Authority, mining reports – past, present and

proposed mining
CHAPTER 4.1
4.1.3
Initial Assessment – walkover survey (all sites)
To assess ground conditions, a walkover survey of the site and the surrounding area shall be undertaken
by a suitable person.
A walkover survey is a direct inspection of the site and the surrounding area carried out in conjunction with the desk study.
Indications of any potential hazards should provide a basis for the investigation. A photographic record of the site can help in the
reporting of the walkover survey.
Table 2: Potential hazards
Source of information Items to be taken into account
Topography abrupt changes in slope

valley bottoms or depressions which may be soft or filled

evidence of overburden on slopes

excavations at the base of the slope

signs of landslip, e.g. tilting trees, posts or walls

signs of subsidence

evidence of imported soil including local surface depressions, tipped material or rubbish,

4.1
particularly if it is hot or has an odour.
Soils and rocks the basic ground type

evidence of peat, silt or other highly compressible material at or below the surface

cracking or stickiness of the surface which may indicate a shrinkable sub-soil

sudden changes in conditions, e.g. clay to chalk or soil to rock.

Surface water a high water table indicated, e.g. by waterlogged ground

and vegetation signs of flooding

reeds or water-loving plants

springs, ponds, wells, ditches or streams

the source of any discoloured water.

Vegetation vegetation which may indicate the nature of the soils

sparse dead or dying vegetation

type and condition of vegetation on land adjoining the site

species, height and condition of the trees

species, height, spread and condition of hedges and scrub on clay

evidence of former trees, hedges or scrub on clay.

Structural information damage to structures, e.g. cracking in buildings, on or around the site

other evidence of movement, e.g. tilting or distortion

any structures or services below ground.

Local information local knowledge of the site, e.g. mining, refuse tipping or flooding

local industrial history records indicating past and present uses of the site

place names and street names that may give clues to previous site usage,

e.g. Brickfield Cottage, Water Lane.
4.1.4
Initial Assessment – results
The results of the desk study and walkover survey shall be recorded and evaluated by a suitable person.
Initial results should be evaluated for suspected hazards and the results recorded, and include the following as appropriate:
site plans, including dates, previous and current uses,
photographs, including aerial photographs, showing points

and proposed site layout of interest or concern (e.g. areas of ground instability),
geology of the site, including geological maps, previous
interpretation of aerial photographs, and dates
site investigations and laboratory test results of photographs
list of sources of information consulted and copies of the

information obtained.
5
CHAPTER 4.1
4.1.5
Basic Investigation (sites where hazards are not identified or suspected) Also see: BS EN 1997-2
Where hazards are not suspected, a Basic Investigation of the site, including geotechnical and
contamination investigations, shall be carried out by a suitable person and recorded to the satisfaction of
NHBC.
The Basic Investigation aims to provide assurance for all sites, regardless of how free of hazards they may appear, and forms
the minimum requirement for a site investigation.
The number and depth of trial pits should be located so they are representative of the site and will depend upon the:
proposed development
inconsistency of the soil and geology across the site.

nature of the site

Trial pits should be located outside the proposed foundation area, and generally be a minimum of 3m deep. The distance from
the edge of the foundation should not be less than the depth of the trial pit. Where trial pits do not provide sufficient information,
boreholes will be necessary.
Basic geotechnical and contamination investigations should be conducted and include:
physical tests, such as plasticity index tests, to support the
a basic contamination investigation based on sampling and

4.1
results of the Initial Assessment testing of soil taken from trial pits during the
geotechnical investigation.
During the excavation of the trial pits, the use of sight and smell may help to identify certain contaminants.
If the Basic Investigation reveals the presence of geotechnical and/or contamination hazards, or has not addressed all of the
original objectives, or where there is any doubt about the condition of the ground, further Detailed Investigation should be
conducted.
4.1.6
Detailed Investigation (sites where hazards are identified or suspected)
Where hazards are identified or suspected, a Detailed Investigation of the site shall be conducted under
the supervision of a consultant or specialist acceptable to NHBC to determine and report on the nature and
extent of the conditions.
A Detailed Investigation should be carried out where hazards are identified or suspected:
from the outset
from the Basic Investigation.

from the initial results of the desktop study and walkover

survey, or
A consultant or specialist acceptable to NHBC should be appointed to:

design and supervise the Detailed Investigation
present all the factual data obtained from the

Detailed Investigation.
In addition to the Basic Investigation, the Detailed Investigation should adopt a clearly defined, structured approach,
gathering information which considers the:
immediate site and the adjacent area
presence of soil gas (if there is any possibility a full gas

possibility of future development in the vicinity of the site
investigation should be carried out and include
nature of the development
flow measurements)
complexity of the ground conditions
surface water and ground water conditions, soils and

extent of influence of the proposed foundations
geology, and site history.
The problems and liabilities which have to be managed in order to develop the site should be clearly communicated in the
Detailed Investigation report.
Further investigation should be conducted if the Detailed Investigation has not satisfactorily addressed all of the
original objectives.
CHAPTER 4.1
4.1.7
Managing the risks (sites where hazards are found)
Hazardous ground conditions shall be satisfactorily managed under the supervision of a consultant or
specialist acceptable to NHBC. Items to be taken into account include:
a) design precautions c) a method statement and report.
b) remediation techniques
The consultant or specialist should:

identify any results which show that design precautions
make recommendations for appropriate design precautions

and/or remediation may be necessary as necessary, including all underground services on the
conduct a risk assessment to determine appropriate design
site and any ground improvement techniques
precautions and/or remedial treatment ensure the works are appropriately supervised

specify the options for remediating any contamination
produce a remediation report.

that may be present and provide a remediation method
statement
The proposed solutions for dealing with geotechnical and/or contamination hazards should make due allowance for any
constraints that apply, for example:
4.1
factors associated with the site and surrounding area
local and statutory requirements should be met to avoid

which could restrict the design precautions or remediation abortive works
techniques should be identified time constraints may influence the choice of solution, but

do not alter the requirement for effective remediation.
Design precautions
Solutions for dealing with geotechnical hazards include:
specialist foundations such as rafts, piling and ground beams
ground improvement techniques such as vibro,

dynamic compaction and surcharging.
Remediation techniques
Solutions for dealing with contamination hazards include:
risk avoidance by changing the pathway or isolating the
process-based treatment to remove, modify, stabilise or

target, by adjusting the layout and/or by building protective destroy contaminants by physical, biological,
measures into the construction chemical or thermal means.
engineering-based treatments that remove or isolate

contaminants or modify the pathway by excavation,
providing ground barriers or covering and capping
Remediation method statement and report
The remediation method statement should detail the strategy for the site and include the:
original risk assessment, identification of the remediation
working method for implementing remediation

objectives and outline information for the method chosen waste classification and methods for control and disposal

remediation objectives for ground, ground water and
proposed supervision and monitoring of remediation

soil gas validation sampling and testing to be implemented.

The report should include the following information:
photographic records, especially for work which will be
details of soil movements and waste transfer notes

buried (e.g. membranes) results of post-remediation sampling (laboratory certificates

site diaries or drawings, environmental supervisor’s site diary
should be provided in appendices)
and independent witness statements where appropriate validation test results

accurate surveys of the levels and position of all
results of monitoring

remediated areas details of all consultations and meetings with

a description of any remedial materials used
statutory authorities.
7
CHAPTER 4.1
4.1.8
Unforeseen hazards
Where additional or unforeseen hazards arise during construction, the builder shall ensure investigation
and management satisfactory to NHBC.
Where additional or unforeseen hazards arise, specialist advice is required so that the hazard is properly investigated,
managed and verified.
4.1.9
Documentation and verification
Documentation and verification shall be provided to the satisfaction of NHBC to demonstrate that the site
is suitable for the proposed development. All relevant information, designs, specifications and reports shall
be produced in a clearly understandable format and distributed to appropriate personnel.
Where the site is within an area susceptible to radon, it will be necessary to follow appropriate guidance in the building
regulations and associated documents. The information detailed in Table 3 should be provided to NHBC.
Table 3: Information required by NHBC
Geotechnical hazards present: Yes No Yes No
4.1
Contamination hazards present: Yes Yes No No

Initial Assessment, Further Assessment and Basic Investigation ■ ■ ■ ■
Detailed Investigation ■ ■ ■
Proposals to manage geotechnical risks ■ ■
Proposals to manage contamination risks ■ ■
Verification evidence ■ ■ ■ ■
Note
Evidence may still be required by NHBC to substantiate that contamination and hazards are not present on the site.
4.1.10
Guidance for investigations Also see: BS EN 1997-2
Site investigations shall be undertaken in accordance with BS EN 1997-2 and recognised practice. Items to
be taken into account include:
a) investigation technique
b) sampling
c) testing.
Investigation technique
A site investigation normally comprises techniques which are classed as either indirect or direct.
Indirect investigations use geophysical techniques, including electromagnetic, resistivity, seismic, gravity and ground radar,
to interpret ground conditions. Conducted from the surface, they measure variations in properties of the ground, both horizontally
and vertically, to define subsurface conditions. Geophysical methods rely on contrasts in the physical properties, for example,
between sand and gravel and rockhead. Contrast may also be provided by faulting, underground cables and pipelines or by
cavities.
Direct investigation techniques involve intrusive activities to enable the retrieval and examination of the ground using trial pits,
trenches, boreholes or probes.
Trial pits allow the detailed inspection, logging, sampling and in-situ testing of large volumes of natural soil or fill and the
assessment of ground water conditions. Trenches are extended trial pits, or linked trial pits, which are excavated where greater
exposure of the ground conditions is required. Trial pits and trenches should be positioned where they will not affect future
foundations.
Boreholes are typically formed using the following techniques:
Light cable percussion drilling A shell and auger rig – typically used in the UK to drill boreholes in soils and weak rocks.
Continuous flight auger Exploratory boreholes may be drilled in soils by mechanical continuous flight augers of
various sizes. Hollow stem methods are typically employed where sample retrieval is required.
Rotary drilling Either open-hole drilling or rotary coring, is used to investigate rock and sometimes stiff soils,
such as boulder clay.
Probing techniques Used to analyse the relative density of soils and for environmental sampling and monitoring
(such as chemical and physical testing of gases, liquids and solids).
CHAPTER 4.1
Sampling
The number and type of samples taken should be:
appropriate for the results of the desk study, the walkover
taken, stored and transported so that they avoid

survey and the site investigation cross-contamination.
appropriate for the range of ground materials encountered

and the proposed development
Samples are used to enable soil and rock descriptions to be made and to provide material for physical and chemical testing.
‘Undisturbed’ soil and rock samples undergo minimal disturbance, so provide a more reliable indication of the physical soil
properties than ‘disturbed’ samples.
Ground water should be collected from appropriately designed monitoring wells which should be screened and sealed to ensure
that the relevant stratum is being monitored.
Gas sampling should be carried out from appropriately designed monitoring wells, boreholes or window sampling holes are
typically used. Identification of the probable source and the measurement of gas flow are important for risk assessments.
Testing
4.1
Testing may be undertaken in-situ, or in a laboratory.
A wide variety of in-situ tests can be used to support the results of direct testing. These range from basic tests undertaken by
geologists or engineers using simple hand-held devices or portable test kits to methods that require specialist personnel
and equipment.
Testing laboratories should participate in quality assurance programmes and be accredited for relevant tests by bodies such as
UKAS and MCERTS. Physical tests on soil and rock materials are carried out to provide the following information on ground:
strength
settlement

relative density
consolidation characteristics

deformation
permeability.

Chemical tests on soils, rocks, ground water and gases can be carried out to provide an indication of potential contamination
on the site.
4.1.11
Further information

BRE: Report BR211 – ‘Radon: Guidance on protective
Special publications 101 – 112 – ‘Remedial treatment for
measures for new dwellings’ contaminated land’

Report BR212 – ‘Construction of new buildings on
DCLG and its predecessor departments
gas-contaminated land’
Approved Documents A and C – ‘Structures and site

Report BR376 – ‘Radon: guidance on protective measures preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture’
for new dwellings in Scotland’ Report BR413 –
DEFRA and its predecessor departments
‘Radon: guidance on protective measures for new
CLAN 02/05 ‘Soil guideline values and the determination of
dwellings in Northern Ireland’ land as contaminated land under Part 2A’

Report BR414 – ‘Protective measures for housing on gas
Environmental Protection Act 1990:Part 2A Contaminated
contaminated land’ Land Statutory Guidance - April 2012

Digest 383 – ‘Site investigation for low-rise buildings:
Department of the Environment Industry Profiles –
Soil description’ ‘Information on the processes, materials and wastes

BS 10175 – ‘Investigation of potentially contaminated sites’ associated with individual industries’

BS EN ISO 14688 – ‘Geotechnical investigation and
Department of the Environment – Waste Management
testing. Identification and classification of soil: Part 1. Paper No 27 – ‘Landfill Gas: A technical memorandum on
Identification and description. Part 2. Principles for a the monitoring and control of landfill gas’
classification’
CLR11 ‘Model procedures for the management of

BS EN ISO 22476 – ‘Geotechnical investigation and land contamination’
testing. Field testing’
CLEA (Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment)

BS 8485 – ‘Code of practice for the design of protective guidance and software Science Reports SR 1,2,3 and 7
measures for methane and carbon dioxide ground gases
‘Guidance for the safe development of housing on land
for new buildings.’ affected by contamination’.

C665 – ‘Assessing risks posed by hazardous ground
gasses to buildings’
Building near trees
CHAPTER 4.2
Technical Requirements when building near trees,
hedgerows and shrubs, particularly in shrinkable soils.
4.2.1 Compliance 01
4.2.3 Building near trees 02
4.2.4 The effects of trees on shrinkable soils 03
4.2.5 Foundations in all soil types 06
4.2.6 Excavation of foundations 06
4.2.7 Foundations in shrinkable soils 06
4.2.8 Design and construction of
foundations in shrinkable soils 08
4.2.9 Foundation depths for specific conditions
in shrinkable soils 09
4.2.10 Heave precautions 10
4.2.11 New drainage 13
4.2.12 Foundation depth charts 13
4.2.13 Foundation depth tables 16
4.2.14 Example 22
1
Building near trees 2019
CHAPTER 4.2
Introduction
The combination of shrinkable soils and trees, hedgerows or shrubs represents a hazard to structures that requires
special consideration. Trees, hedgerows and shrubs take moisture from the ground and, in cohesive soils such as clay,
this can cause significant volume changes resulting in ground movement. This has the potential to affect foundations
and damage the supported structure. In order to minimise this risk, foundations should be designed to accommodate
the movement or be taken to a depth where the likelihood of damaging movement is low.
This chapter gives guidance for common foundation types to deal with the hazard and includes suitable foundation
depths which have been established from field data, research, NHBC data and practical experience. The depths are
not those at which root activity, desiccation and ground movement are non-existent, but they are intended to provide
an acceptable level of risk. However, if significant quantities of roots are unexpectedly encountered in the base of the
trench, the excavation may need to be deepened.
The interaction between trees, soil and buildings is dependent on many factors and is inherently complex. The
relationship becomes less predictable as factors combine to produce extreme conditions. These are signified by the
need for deeper foundations. Depths greater than 2.5m indicate that conditions exist where prescriptive guidance is
less reliable.
The services of a specialist arboriculturalist may be helpful for the identification of the type and condition of trees that
may affect building work. This includes trees both on and adjacent to the site.
4.2
Consideration has been given to the potential effects of climate change in the guidance provided.
The following situations are beyond the scope of the guidance in this chapter and will require a site-specific
assessment by an engineer (see Technical Requirement R5):
Foundations deeper than 2.5m within the influence of trees.
Ground with a slope of greater than 1 in 7 (approximately 8°) and man-made slopes such as embankments and
cuttings.
Underpinning.
4.2.1
When building near trees, hedgerows or shrubs, all foundations shall comply with the Technical
Requirements.
Foundations near trees, hedgerows or shrubs that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
4.2.2
The site plan should show the trees and hedgerows that affect the ground and works, as well as the type, depth and dimensions
of the foundations that fall within their influence. Where trees or hedgerows are either not shown or are in different positions and
shrinkable soil is identified, it may be necessary to adjust the foundation depths on site.
All necessary dimensions and levels should be indicated and relate to at least one benchmark and reference points on the site.
Details should be provided with respect to:
technical method statements
original and final ground levels

critical sequences of construction
planting schedules

site layout
dimensions, type and depth of foundations

site investigation
locations and detailing of steps in foundations,

soil volume change potential
movement and construction joints, ducts and services
survey, including location and height of trees and
passing through the foundations
hedgerows affecting the site location of services

tree species (including existing, removed and proposed)
design of drainage systems.

using English names
Building near trees 2019 2
CHAPTER 4.2
4.2.3
Building near trees Also see: Technical Requirements R5 and BS 5837
When building near trees, hedgerows or shrubs, the designs shall take account of:
a) physical growth of young trees
b) protection of remaining trees and hedgerows
c) removal of existing trees and hedgerows.

Before the site is cleared, a survey is required to record the location, heights and species of trees, hedgerows and shrubs on and
adjacent to the site, which may affect the proposed development.
If the location of previously removed vegetation is not known, local enquiries and reference to aerial photographs should be
carried out. Alternatively, the design should assume the worst conditions, or an engineer consulted to undertake a site-specific
design based on all relevant information and in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
Where root growth is noted within shrinkable soil and where records are not available, an engineer should be consulted to
assess whether volume change is likely.
Physical growth of young trees

Damage to foundations resulting from the growth of trees and roots should be avoided by locating structures and services at a
4.2
safe distance. Where this cannot be achieved, precautions which allow for future growth should be taken which include:
reinforcing foundations to resist lateral forces
laying paving and other surfaces on a flexible base to allow

bridging walls or structural slabs over the roots, allowing
for some movement.
sufficient clearance or reinforcing to avoid cracking
Protection of remaining trees and hedgerows

Roots often extend to distances in excess of the height of the tree, the majority are within 600mm of the surface and project
radially. All parts of the system are easily susceptible to damage which may not regenerate and which can affect the stability of
the tree.
This can be caused by:
stripping topsoil too close to trees
the compaction of soil around trees by heavy plant

excavating trenches for foundations and services too close
the storage of heavy materials around trees

to trees covering the rooting area with impervious surfaces.

raising soil levels adjacent to trees, particularly where

non-granular materials are used
Trees should be protected from damage by:

a fence or barrier. The fence or barrier should extend
ensuring services are not routed close to trees or, where

around a single trunk equivalent to a circle of radius 12 this is impractical, are installed in such a way as to
times the trunk diameter measured 1.5m above ground minimise root damage.
level.
The shape of this area may change depending on specific
factors such as local drainage, soil type, age and species
of the tree. An arboriculturist may be required to assess
these factors
Removal of existing trees and hedgerows

Statutory Requirements, planning conditions, conservation area restrictions or tree preservation orders may result in protected
trees and hedgerows being retained. The local planning authority should be consulted.
Dead trees and hedgerows should be removed. Unstable trees should be made steady or felled. If necessary, specialist advice
should be obtained from a registered arboriculturalist.
3
CHAPTER 4.2
4.2.4 Also see: Arboricultural Advisory and Information Service, Arboricultural

The effects of trees on shrinkable soils Association, BRE Digest 240 and local geological survey maps
Foundations shall be designed to make allowance for the effect of trees, hedgerows and shrubs on
shrinkable soils. Items to be taken into account include:
a) soil classification, shrinkage and heave
b) water demand, tree heights and zone of influence of trees

c) climate.
Soil classification, shrinkage and heave

Shrinkable soils, that are widely distributed throughout the UK, often change volume as moisture content fluctuates seasonally
and as a result of factors, including the action of tree roots. The resulting shrinkage or swelling can cause subsidence or heave
damage to foundations, the structures they support and services.
The following definitions are used to classify soil properties:
Shrinkable soils Over 35% fine particles and a Modified Plasticity Index of 10% or greater.
Fine particles Nominal diameter less than 60μm, i.e. clay and silt particles.
Plasticity Index (Ip) A measure of volume change potential determined by Atterberg Limits tests. These tests are carried
4.2
out on the fine particles and any medium and fine sand particles. Soil particles with a nominal
diameter greater than 425μm are removed by sieving beforehand and the smaller particles analysed.
This is a requirement of BS 1377 which specifies the test procedure.
Modified Plasticity Defined as the Ip of the soil multiplied by the percentage of particles less than 425μm.
Index (I’p) I’p = Ip x % less than 425μm
100%
Table 1: Modified Plasticity Index related to volume change potential

Modified Plasticity Index Volume change potential
40% and greater High
20% to less than 40% Medium
10% to less than 20% Low
Alternatively, the Plasticity Index may be used without modification. For pure clays and other soils with 100% of particles less
than 425μm, the result will be the same. However, for mixed soils such as glacial tills, use of the Modified Plasticity Index may
result in a more economic design.
The volume change potential should be established from site investigation and reliable local knowledge of the geology.
Sufficient samples should be taken to provide confidence that the results are representative. High volume change potential
should be assumed if the volume change potential is unknown.
Water demand, tree heights and lateral zone of tree influence

Water demand varies according to tree species and size. Water demand categories of common tree species are given in the
table below.
Where the species of a tree has not been identified, high water demand should be assumed.
Where the species of a tree has been identified but is not listed, the assumptions about water demand as listed in Table 2 may
be made for broad-leafed trees:
Table 2: Water demand of broad-leaf trees by species
Tree species Water demand
All elms, eucalyptus, hawthorn, oaks, poplars and willows High water demand
All others Moderate water demand
Table 3 shows the water demand categories and the average mature heights to which healthy trees of the species may be
expected to grow in favourable ground and environmental conditions. This information:
should be used for trees that are to remain or are
may be used even when actual heights are greater.

scheduled to be planted
CHAPTER 4.2
Table 3: Water demand of tree species in relation to their height

High water Mature height (m) Moderate water Mature height (m) Low water Mature height (m)
demand species demand species demand species
Broad-leafed trees:
English elm 24 Acacia (False) 18 Birch 14
Wheatley elm 22 Alder 18 Elder 10

Wych elm 18 Apple 10 Fig 8
Eucalyptus 18 Ash 23 Hazel 8
Hawthorn 10 Bay laurel 10 Holly 12
English oak 20 Beech 20 Honey locust 14
Holm oak 16 Blackthorn 8 Hornbeam 17
Red oak 24 Japanese cherry 9 Laburnum 12
Turkey oak 24 Laurel cherry 8 Magnolia 9
Hybrid black poplar 28 Orchard cherry 12 Mulberry 9
Lombardy poplar 25 Wild cherry 17 Tulip tree 20
White poplar 15 Horse chestnut 20
4.2
Crack willow 24 Sweet chestnut 24
Weeping willow 16 Lime 22
White willow 24 Japanese maple 8
Norway maple 18
Mountain ash 11
Pear 12
Plane 26
Plum 10
Sycamore 22
Tree of heaven 20
Walnut 18
Whitebeam 12
Coniferous trees:
Lawson’s cypress 18 Cedar 20
Leyland cypress 20 Douglas fir 20
Monterey cypress 20 Larch 20
Monkey puzzle 18
Pine 20
Spruce 18
Wellingtonia 30
Yew 12
Tree identification can be assisted by reference to a tree recognition book. Information may be obtained from suitable alternative
authoritative sources for trees not listed in this chapter.
When the species is known but the subspecies is not, the greatest height listed for the species should be assumed.
Where hedgerows contain trees, their effect should be assessed separately and the height of the species likely to have the
greatest effect should be used.
5
CHAPTER 4.2
Table 3a: Guidance for factors affecting the mature height and water demand of trees
Influencing factor Guidance
Heavy crown reduction The mature height should be used, or a registered arboricuturalist should be consulted to undertake
or pollarding (previously a site-specific assessment.
or planned)
Removal of trees The water demand of a semi-mature tree may be equal to that of a mature tree, though for a sapling
(previously or planned) or young tree will be significantly less.
mature height Height H should be determined in accordance
with this diagram when:
in this range use deriving foundation depths when trees have
H = mature height been removed, based on tree height at the
as listed in Table 3
time of removal
50%
checking the appropriate level from which
depths should be measured when trees
remain and the ground level is increased,
in this range use
H = actual height based on tree height at time of construction
relative to original ground level, or
determining if heave precautions are to
4.2
be provided, based on tree height at time

of construction.
Table 3b: Zone of influence (lateral extent) of trees.

Water demand Zone of influence
High 1.25 x mature height
Moderate 0.75 x mature height
Low 0.5 x mature height
Climate
High rainfall reduces moisture deficits caused by trees
and hedgerows, while cool, damp weather reduces the
rate of water loss from trees thus reducing the risk of Thurso 0.50m (500mm)
soil movement.
Wick
The driest and hottest areas in the UK generally exist in 0.45m (450mm)
southeast England; therefore, the greatest risk occurs in that Dingwall
area and diminishes with distance north and west. A 50mm Inverness Peterhead
Aberdeen 0.40m (400mm)
decrease can be made to the foundation depth Fort William
determined in accordance with this chapter for every Pitlochry
Montrose
50 miles distance north and west of London. Where it Oban Perth 0.35m (350mm)
is unclear which zone applies, the lower reduction value

Dunbar
should be used. Glasgow Edinburgh Berwick Upon Tweed 0.30m (300mm)
Ayr
Londonderry Dumfries 0.25m (250mm)

Newcastle Tynemouth
Carlisle
Belfast Darlington Middlesbrough
Enniskillen Scarborough 0.20m (200mm)
Barrow-in-Furness
Douglas Lancaster York
Blackpool Leeds Hull
0.15m (150mm)
Manchester
Holyhead Grimsby
Liverpool Lincoln
Conwy Chester
Skegness
Stoke on Trent Derby 0.10m (100mm)
Shrewsbury Stafford Norwich

Aberystwyth Kings Lynn Yarmouth
Leicester Lowestoft
Cardigan Worcester Birmingham Cambridge 0.05m (50mm)
Brecon Banbury
Cheltenham Colchester Ipswich
Pembroke Swansea
Newport Oxford
Cardiff Chelmsford
Swindon
Ilfracombe Bristol Reading London Margate
Salisbury Winchester
Barnstaple Dover
Taunton Southampton Brighton
Exeter Poole
Portsmouth Hastings
St. Austell Plymouth Weymouth
Penzance
CHAPTER 4.2
4.2.5
Foundations in all soil types
Foundations in all soil types shall be appropriately designed and constructed to transmit loads to the
ground safely and without excessive movement.
Different foundation types should not be used to support the same structure unless the foundation and superstructure design are
undertaken by an engineer.
Freestanding masonry walls should be constructed on foundations in accordance with this chapter or designed to accommodate
potential ground movement, for example, by careful use of movement joints and reinforcement.
4.2.6
Excavation of foundations Also see: Chapter 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 and Technical Requirement R5
Excavation of foundations shall take account of the design and be suitable to receive concrete.
Where trench bottoms become excessively dried or softened due to rain or ground water, the excavation should be re-bottomed
prior to concreting.
Foundation depths should be measured on the centre line of the excavation and from ground level determined from
4.2
Clause 4.2.9.
Some root activity may be expected below the depths determined in accordance with this guidance. However, if significant
quantities of roots are unexpectedly encountered in the base of the trench, an engineer should be consulted to determine if the
excavation should be deepened.
4.2.7
Foundations in shrinkable soils Also see: NHBC Foundation Depth Calculator App. www.nhbc.co.uk/apps
Foundations shall be capable of accommodating the effects of trees, shrubs and hedgerows on shrinkable
soils without excessive movement. Items to be taken into account include:
a) foundation type
b) distance between tree and foundation
c) method of assessment of foundation depths
d) foundation depths related to the zone of influence of new tree planting
e) foundation depths related to new shrub planting.
Landscape and foundation designs should be compatible, and planting schedules produced by a qualified landscape architect or
other suitably qualified person and agreed with the local planning authority before work commences on site.
Foundation type
Foundations to all permanent structures, including garages, porches and conservatories, should take account of the effects of
soil desiccation. Foundation types that are acceptable in shrinkable soils include strip, trench fill, pier and beam, pile and beam,
and raft, providing they:
are capable of supporting the applied loads without
include suitable heave precautions.

undue settlement
Variations to the foundation depths derived from this chapter may be permitted where:
it is necessary to take account of local ground conditions
designed in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.

other foundation depths are traditionally acceptable

Root barriers are not an acceptable alternative to the guidance given.
Distance between tree and foundation

The distance (D) between the centre of the trunk and the nearest face of the foundation should be used to derive the
foundation depths.
D = 2m where trees which have been, or are to be, removed from within 2m of the face of the proposed foundation are less
than 50% of the mature height as given in Table 3. This is to avoid a situation where, for example, a ‘sapling’ removed from the
foundation line would otherwise require an unnecessarily deep foundation since the D/H value would always be zero, regardless
of the height H of the tree.
7
CHAPTER 4.2
Method of assessment of foundation depths

Foundation depths should be determined according to the
guidance provided in this document. If in doubt, assume the
worst conditions or consult an engineer. Foundations deeper
than 2.5m should be designed by an engineer in accordance
with Technical Requirement R5.

One of the following methods may be used to assess the
foundation depth where foundations are in the zone of
influence of existing or proposed trees.
Foundation Depth Calculator App.

www.nhbc.co.uk/apps
Method Taking account of Comments

Design in accordance site investigation
The most onerous conditions should
4.2
with this chapter to a soil volume change potential

be assumed in the absence of
depth derived from the water demand of the tree
derived information.
charts in Clause 4.2.12, appropriate tree height (H)

tables in Clause 4.2.13
or the Foundation Depth distance (D) of the tree(s) from the foundations

Calculator App geographical location of the site north and west of London

appropriate heave precautions.

Design by an engineer in the recommendations of this chapter When this method is used and it
accordance with Technical
site investigation results in foundation depths or other
Requirement R5 advice, when necessary, from a registered arboriculturalist
details less onerous than those
or other competent person whose qualifications are derived from this chapter, the design
acceptable to NHBC. should be submitted to NHBC prior
to work commencing on site.
Foundation depths related to the zone of influence of new tree planting

Foundation depths relating to the zone of influence of proposed tree planting should be in accordance with any of the following:
Foundation depth charts in Clause 4.2.12.
The Foundation Depth Calculator App.

Tables in Clause 4.2.13.

Minimum foundation depths outside of the zone of influence of trees can be determined from Tables 4 and 5.
Table 4: Minimum foundation depths
Volume change A) Minimum foundation depth (m) (allowing for B) Minimum foundation depth (m) (where planting
potential restricted new planting) is outside the zone of influence of trees)
High 1.50 1.0
Medium 1.25 0.9
Low 1.0 0.75
Table 5: Where foundation depths are in accordance with column A or column B in Table 4, tree planting should be restricted to:
Water demand No tree planting zone for column A in Table 4 No tree planting zone / zone of influence for
column B in Table 4
High 1.0 x mature height 1.25 x mature height
Moderate 0.5 x mature height 0.75 x mature height
Low 0.2 x mature height 0.50 x mature height
Foundation depths related to new shrub planting

Shrubs have considerable potential to cause changes in soil moisture content. The foundation design should consider shrub
planting in accordance with Table 6.
CHAPTER 4.2
Table 6: Shrub planting

Volume change potential A) Minimum foundation depth (m) B) Minimum foundation depth (m)
High 1.50 1.0
Medium 1.25 0.9
Low 1.0 0.75
The foundation design should consider shrub planting as follows:

Shrubs that have a maximum Use foundation depth from column B.
mature height of 1.8m
Climbing shrubs which require Use foundation depth from column B.
wall support and have a
maximum mature height of 5.0m
Pyracantha and cotoneaster Use foundation depth from column B and plant at least 1.0 x mature height from foundation,
whose mature height or use foundation depth from column A and plant at least 0.5 x mature height from
exceeds 1.8m foundation.
All others Use foundation depth from column B and plant at least 0.75 x mature height from
foundation, or use foundation depth from column A with no restriction on minimum distance
4.2
from foundation.
4.2.8 Also see: Chapters 4.3, 4.4 and

Design and construction of foundations in shrinkable soils Technical Requirement R5
Foundations in shrinkable soils shall be appropriately designed and constructed.
Reference should be made to Clause 4.2.10 to establish the precautions necessary to cater for potential heave.
The following will only be acceptable if they are designed by an engineer and account for all potential movement of the soil on
the foundations and substructure:
Trench fill foundations deeper than 2.5m. Pile and beam foundations.
Pier and beam foundations. Rafts.
Trench fill foundations

If trench fill foundations are deeper than 2.5m:
the instability of the trench sides can lead to serious
concrete overspill or overbreak in excavations should be

construction difficulties avoided in order to reduce the possibility of additional
the design should take account of soil desiccation and the
vertical forces being transmitted to the foundation
associated arboricultural advice compressible material should be correctly placed to avoid

additional heave precautions may be necessary to cater for
excessive heave forces being applied to the foundations
lateral and shear forces acting on large vertical areas construction joints need to be detailed to account for

of foundation increased lateral forces.
Pier and beam foundations
Pier depths not exceeding 2.5m depth may be derived from Clause 4.2.7. Pier depths greater than 2.5m require site
specific assessment.
Pile and beam foundations
When selecting and designing pile and ground beam foundations, piles should be:
designed with an adequate factor of safety to resist uplift
reinforced for the length of the member governed by the

forces on the shaft due to heave. heave design.
Sufficient anchorage should be provided below the depth of desiccated soil. Slip liners may be used to reduce uplift but the
amount of reduction is small, as friction between materials cannot be eliminated.
Bored, cast-in-place piles are well suited to counteracting heave. Most types have a straight-sided shaft, while some are
produced with a contoured shaft to increase load capacity. The design should allow for the enhanced tensile forces in these
piles.
Driven piles are less well suited to counteracting heave and are difficult to install in stiff desiccated clay without excessive noise
and vibration. The joint design of these piles should be capable of transmitting tensile heave forces.
Ground beams should be designed to account for the upward forces acting on their underside and transmitted from the
compressible material or void former prior to collapse, and in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
9
CHAPTER 4.2
Raft foundations
Raft foundations in shrinkable soils will only be acceptable where all of the following apply:
design is by an engineer in accordance with
the raft is generally rectangular in plan with a side ratio of

Technical Requirement R5 not more than 2:1
NHBC is satisfied that the raft is sufficiently stiff to resist
foundation depth is derived in accordance with Clause

differential movements 4.2.7, and is less than 2.5m.

NHBC is satisfied that the raft is founded on granular infill

placed and fully compacted in layers and in accordance
with the engineer’s specification. Where required by
NHBC, site inspections are to be undertaken by the
engineer to verify suitable compaction of the fill
4.2.9
Foundation depths for specific conditions in shrinkable soils
Foundations in shrinkable soils shall be designed to transmit loads to the ground safely and without
excessive movement. Items to be taken into account include:
4.2
a) strip and trench fill foundations in non-shrinkable soils overlying shrinkable soil
b) measurement of foundation depths
c) granular infill beneath raft foundations in shrinkable soils
d) steps in foundations.
Strip and trench fill foundations in non-shrinkable soils overlying shrinkable soil
Non shrinkable soils such as sands and gravels may overlie shrinkable soil. Foundations may be constructed on overlying
non-shrinkable soil if all the following are satisfied:
Conditions of Chapter 4.3 ‘Strip and trench fill foundations’

are met.
acceptable
Consistent soil conditions exist across each plot and this is
foundation
depth depth X
confirmed by the site investigation. depth
determined
greater
assuming
Depth of the non-shrinkable soil is greater than ¾ foundation
B
than
¾X shrinkable
depth X, where X is the foundation depth determined using T equal to or greater than B
soil
charts in Clause 4.2.12, tables in Clause 4.2.13 or the non-shrinkable soil

Foundation Depth Calculator App, assuming all the soil is shrinkable soil
shrinkable.
The thickness T of non-shrinkable soil below the foundation is

equal to, or more than, the width of the foundation B.
Proposals are submitted to, and approved by, NHBC prior to

work commencing on site.
Where any of the above are not met foundation depths should be determined as for shrinkable soil.
Measurement of foundation depths

Where ground levels are to remain unaltered, foundation Figure 1: Levels from which foundation depths are measured
depths should be measured from original ground level. where trees or hedgerows are to remain
Measurement of foundation depths where ground levels tree to remain
are reduced or increased, either in the recent past or during

construction, should be as shown in figures 1, 2 and 3.
tree to remain
vel
d le
lgroun
origina
b
b
a
Use the lower of:

a) foundation depth based on appropriate tree height (see Table 3a)
b) foundation depth based on mature height of tree.
CHAPTER 4.2
Figure 2: Levels from which foundation depths are measured Figure 3: Levels from which foundation depths are measured
where trees or hedgerows are removed where trees or hedgerows are proposed
tree to be removed proposed tree
proposed tree
tree to be removed l
d leve
l groun
le vel origina
ground
inal a b b
orig a
b
a Use the lower of:
a) minimum foundation depth (see Table 4 column B)
b) foundation depth based on mature height of tree.
Use the lower of:
a) foundation depth based on appropriate tree height (see Table 3a)
b) minimum foundation depth (see Table 4 column B).
Granular infill beneath raft foundations in shrinkable soils

Granular infill should be placed beneath raft foundations on raft foundation
4.2
ground level
shrinkable soils as shown below.
Infill should: 1.25m max. depth
be at least 50% of the foundation depth and not more

than 1.25m deep (measured from ground level determined in
accordance with 4.2.9b) 0.5m 0.5m
extend beyond the edge of the foundation by a distance equal

angle of repose of infill material
to its natural angle of repose, plus 0.5m. level formation

fully compacted infill material
Steps in foundations
On sloping ground, foundation trenches can be gradually stepped so that the required foundation depth is reasonably uniform
below ground level.
Where foundations are to be stepped to take account of the influence of trees, hedgerows and shrubs, they should be
stepped gradually, with no step exceeding 0.5m.
4.2.10
Heave precautions Also see: Chapter 2.1 and BS 5837
Foundations, substructures and services shall be suitably designed and detailed to prevent excessive
movement due to heave. Heave precautions shall be incorporated into foundations and substructures in
accordance with the design. Items to be taken into account include:
a) potential for ground movement e) other foundation types
b) minimum void dimensions f) suspended ground floors
c) proprietary heave materials g) paths and driveways.
d) heave precautions for foundations
Where foundations and substructure may be subject to heave, they should be protected by voids, void formers or
compressible materials.
Where proprietary materials are used, the design of foundations and substructure should take into account the upward force
transmitted through the compressible material or void former prior to collapse (refer to manufacturer’s data).
This section provides guidance on heave precautions for common building elements when located within the influence of trees
which are to remain or be removed, including:
trench fill foundations
other foundation types

pier and beam foundations
paths and driveways

pile and beam foundations
new drainage.

11
CHAPTER 4.2
Potential for ground movement

After the felling or removal of trees and hedgerows on shrinkable soils, heave can occur, as the absorbed moisture causes
swelling. Heave can also occur beneath a building where:
roots are severed there are changes in ground water conditions.
water enters the ground from leaking drains and services
Minimum void dimensions

Voids should be provided to accommodate movement due to heave forces acting against foundations and suspended ground
floors in accordance with Table 7.
Table 7: Void dimensions
Volume change Void dimension against side of Void dimension under ground Void dimension under
potential foundation and ground beam beams, and suspended in-situ suspended precast concrete
concrete ground floor and timber floors(1)
High 35mm 150mm 300mm
Medium 25mm 100mm 250mm
4.2
Low 0mm 50mm 200mm

Notes
1 Under suspended floors, the void dimension is measured from the underside of beam or joist to ground level and includes 150mm ventilation allowance.
Void formers consist of materials that collapse to form a void into which the clay can swell. The void dimension is the ‘remaining
void’ after collapse. The thickness of the void former should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Proprietary materials to accommodate heave

Compressible material compacts as clay expands; the void dimension is the amount the material should be able to compress
to accommodate heave. The thickness of compressible material required should be established from the manufacturer’s
recommendations, but generally will be approximately twice the void dimension shown.
Each material should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 and used in accordance with the independent
assessment and the manufacturer’s recommendations.
The correct placement of heave materials is essential to ensure the foundations and substructure are adequately protected from
heave forces.
Heave precautions for foundations

Table 8 shows where heave precautions are required for trench fill, pier and beam, and pile and beam foundation types which
are in the zone of influence of trees (see Table 3b) which are to remain or be removed.
Table 8: Position of heave precautions
Situation (see figures 4,5 & 6) Trench fill Pier and beam Pile and beam
External trench fill and pier foundations. Unless NHBC Inside faces of external All faces of pier foundations N/A
is satisfied that the soil is not desiccated compressible wall foundations deeper deeper than 1.5m, based
material should be provided to the: than 1.5m, based on the on the appropriate
appropriate tree height. tree height.
External ground beams. N/A Inside faces. Inside faces.
Unless NHBC is satisfied that the soil is not desiccated
compressible material or void formers should be
provided to the:
Internal trench fill foundations and ground beams. No No No
Compressible material required:
External and internal ground beams. N/A All All
Compressible material, void former or void should be
provided to the underside of:
Heave precautions required for proposed trees where No No No
the soil is not desiccated:
CHAPTER 4.2
Figure 4: Heave precautions for trench fill foundations up to Figure 5: Heave precautions for pier and beam foundations
2.5m deep
3D 3D
void (see Table 7) void (see Table 7)
backfill
backfill compressible material
450mm max or void former to embedment of

inside face of external anchorage bars to
ground beams be 40 bar
diameters
compressible material or designed by an
compressible material
or void former engineer
beneath ground (see Technical
vertical face beams Requirement R5)
to
foundation
compressible
material
to sides of piers
500mm 500mm
It is essential that heave material is provided to the entire

It is essential that: areas shown. Particular care should be taken to ensure that the
■ Compressible material is provided to the entire area shown, full width of the ground beam is protected.
and the foundation excavation has a vertical face.
■ Where the excavation is battered or if there is overbreak or
4.2
concrete overspill, it may be necessary to consult an engineer.
Figure 6: Heave precautions for pile and beam foundations Raft foundations constructed in accordance with
Clause 4.2.8 and Clause 4.2.9 should provide adequate
3D protection from heave.
void (see Table 7)
backfill
compressible material
or void former to
inside face of external embedment of
ground beams pile tension
reinforcement
to be 40 bar
diameters or
designed by
an engineer
(see Technical
Requirement R5)
compressible material optional rigid
or void former beneath slip liner
ground beams
pile length to
engineer's design
It is essential that heave material is provided to the entire areas shown.

Particular care should be taken to ensure that the full width of the
ground beam and the areas around the piles are protected.
Other foundation types

All foundations not covered in this chapter, but specifically designed to counteract heave, should be:
designed by an engineer taking account of this guidance
submitted to NHBC prior to commencing work on site.

Suspended ground floors

Suspended ground floors with voids in accordance with Table 7 should be used in situations where heave can occur within the
area bounded by the foundations, including where:
foundation depth, determined in accordance with this
ground floor construction is undertaken when the surface

chapter, is more than 1.5m, unless NHBC is satisfied the soils are seasonally desiccated (i.e. during summer
soil is not desiccated, or and autumn), unless NHBC is satisfied the soil is not
desiccated.
Paths and driveways

Paths and driveways should be designed and detailed to cater for the likely ground movement.
13
CHAPTER 4.2
4.2.11
New drainage Also see: Chapter 5.3
Drainage shall be in accordance with the design and allow for ground movement.
To protect against the effects of heave, drainage should be designed:
to take account of potential ground movement as shown in
to use alternative means of catering for the movement

Table 9, including where pipes and services pass through when sufficient falls cannot be provided, for example by
substructure walls or foundations deepening the excavation and laying the pipework on a
with gradients which may need to be greater than those
granular bedding of suitable thickness to reduce the extent
in Chapter 5.3 ‘Drainage below ground’ as these do not of potential movement.
account for possible ground movement
Table 9: Volume change potential

Volume change potential Potential ground movement (mm)
High 150
Medium 100
Low 50
4.2
Note
Existing land drains should be maintained or diverted.
4.2.12
Foundation depth charts
Table 10: Determination of D/H value
Determination of D/H value
Distance D (m) Tree H (m)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 0.50 0.25 0.17 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03
2 1.00 0.50 0.33 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07
3 0.75 0.50 0.38 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.10
4 1.00 0.67 0.50 0.40 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.13
5 0.83 0.63 0.50 0.42 0.36 0.31 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18 0.17
6 1.00 0.75 0.60 0.50 0.43 0.38 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.20
7 1.17 0.88 0.70 0.58 0.50 0.44 0.39 0.35 0.32 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.23
8 1.00 0.80 0.67 0.57 0.50 0.44 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.31 0.29 0.27
9 1.13 0.90 0.75 0.64 0.56 0.50 0.45 0.41 0.38 0.35 0.32 0.30
10 1.00 0.83 0.71 0.63 0.56 0.50 0.45 0.42 0.38 0.36 0.33
11 1.10 0.92 0.79 0.69 0.61 0.55 0.50 0.46 0.42 0.39 0.37
12 1.20 1.00 0.86 0.75 0.67 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.46 0.43 0.40
13 1.08 0.93 0.81 0.72 0.65 0.59 0.54 0.50 0.46 0.43
14 1.17 1.00 0.88 0.78 0.70 0.64 0.58 0.54 0.50 0.47
15 1.07 0.94 0.83 0.75 0.68 0.63 0.58 0.54 0.50
16 1.14 1.00 0.89 0.80 0.73 0.67 0.62 0.57 0.53
17 1.21 1.06 0.94 0.85 0.77 0.71 0.65 0.61 0.57
18 1.13 1.00 0.90 0.82 0.75 0.69 0.64 0.60
19 1.19 1.06 0.95 0.86 0.79 0.73 0.68 0.63
20 1.11 1.00 0.91 0.83 0.77 0.71 0.67
21 1.17 1.05 0.95 0.88 0.81 0.75 0.70
22 1.10 1.00 0.92 0.85 0.79 0.73
23 1.15 1.05 0.96 0.88 0.82 0.77
24 1.20 1.09 1.00 0.92 0.86 0.80
25 1.14 1.04 0.96 0.89 0.83
26 1.18 1.08 1.00 0.93 0.87
27 1.13 1.04 0.96 0.90
28 1.17 1.08 1.00 0.93
29 1.21 1.12 1.04 0.97
30 1.15 1.07 1.00
31 1.19 1.11 1.03
32 1.14 1.07
33 1.18 1.10
34 1.21 1.13
35 1.17
36 1.20
Where no value is given in the table, minimum foundation depths apply (i.e.1.0m, 0.9m and 0.75 m for high, medium and low
volume change potential soils respectively).
CHAPTER 4.2
Chart 1: Soils with HIGH volume change potential – Modified Plasticity Index 40% or greater
D/H
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0 TREE WATER DEMANDS
Broad-leafed trees
High
Moderate
Low
0.5
Coniferous trees
High
Minimum depth 1.0m Moderate

Foundation depths (m)
1.0
4.2
1.5
w
Lo
ate
te
ra
der
e
od
Mo
M h
h
ig
Hig
H
2.0
2.5
Chart 2: Soils with MEDIUM volume change potential – Modified Plasticity Index between 20% and less than 40%
D/H
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Broad-leafed trees
High
Moderate
Low
0.5
Coniferous trees
Minimum depth 0.9m High
Moderate
1.0
w
Lo
1.5
e
rat
te
ra
de
de
Mo
Mo
gh
Hig
Hi
2.0
2.5
15
CHAPTER 4.2
Chart 3: Soils with LOW volume change potential – Modified Plasticity Index 10 to less than 20%
D/H
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Broad-leafed trees
High
Moderate
Low
0.5
Coniferous trees
Minimum depth 0.75m
High
Moderate
1.0
Low
4.2
e
at
e
rat
er
de
od
Mo
M
1.5
gh
gh
Hi
Hi
2.0
2.5
CHAPTER 4.2
4.2.13
Foundation depth tables
Table 11: HIGH shrinkage soil and HIGH water demand tree
Broad-leafed trees Coniferous trees
Foundation depth (m) Foundation depth (m)
Distance Tree height H (m) Distance Tree height H (m)

D (m) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 D (m) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 1
2 2 2.50 Foundations greater than 2.5m
3 Foundations greater than 2.5m 3 1.95 2.25 2.50 deep to be engineer designed
4 2.50 deep to be engineer designed 4 1.45 1.85 2.15 2.35 2.50
5 2.25 2.50 5 1.00 1.45 1.80 2.05 2.20 2.35 2.50
6 2.00 2.30 2.50 6 1.00 1.45 1.75 1.95 2.15 2.25 2.40 2.50
7 1.75 2.10 2.35 2.50 7 1.00 1.10 1.45 1.70 1.90 2.05 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50
8 1.50 1.90 2.20 2.40 2.50 8 1.00 1.15 1.45 1.65 1.85 2.00 2.15 2.25 2.35 2.40
9 1.25 1.70 2.00 2.25 2.40 2.50 9 1.00 1.20 1.45 1.65 1.80 1.95 2.10 2.20 2.25
10 1.00 1.50 1.85 2.10 2.25 2.40 2.50 10 1.00 1.20 1.45 1.65 1.80 1.90 2.05 2.15
11 1.00 1.30 1.70 1.95 2.15 2.30 2.40 2.50 11 1.00 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.75 1.90 2.00
4.2
12 1.00 1.10 1.50 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.30 2.45 2.50 12 1.00 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.75 1.85
13 1.00 1.35 1.65 1.90 2.10 2.20 2.35 2.45 2.50 13 1.00 1.05 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.70
14 1.00 1.20 1.50 1.75 1.95 2.10 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.50 14 1.00 1.10 1.30 1.45 1.60
15 1.00 1.40 1.65 1.85 2.00 2.15 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.50 15 1.00 1.10 1.30 1.45
16 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 1.90 2.05 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.45 16 1.00 1.15 1.30
17 1.00 1.10 1.40 1.65 1.80 1.95 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 17 1.00 1.15
18 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.70 1.90 2.00 2.15 2.25 2.30 18 1.00
19 1.00 1.15 1.40 1.60 1.80 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.25 19 1.0m minimum foundation depth
20 1.00 1.30 1.50 1.70 1.85 2.00 2.10 2.20 20
21 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.75 1.90 2.00 2.10 21
22 1.00 1.10 1.30 1.50 1.70 1.85 1.95 2.05 22
23 1.00 1.20 1.45 1.60 1.75 1.90 2.00 23
24 1.00 1.10 1.35 1.50 1.65 1.80 1.90 24
25 1.00 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.75 1.85 25
26 1.00 1.15 1.35 1.50 1.65 1.80 26
27 1.00 1.05 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.70 27
28 1.00 1.20 1.35 1.50 1.65 28
29 1.00 1.10 1.30 1.45 1.60 29
30 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.50 30
31 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.45 31
32 1.00 1.05 1.25 1.40 32
33 1.00 1.15 1.30 33
34 1.00 1.10 1.25 34
35 1.00 1.20 35
36 1.00 1.10 36
37 1.0m minimum foundation depth 1.00 1.05 37
38 1.00 38
17
CHAPTER 4.2
Table 12: HIGH Shrinkage soil and MODERATE water demand tree
D (m) D (m)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 2.20 2.25 2.25 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 1 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.15 2.15 2.20 2.20 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.30 2.30
2 1.95 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.20 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.30 2.30 2.30 2 1.40 1.60 1.75 1.85 1.90 2.00 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.10 2.15 2.15
3 1.70 1.85 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.15 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.25 3 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.00
4 1.50 1.65 1.80 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.10 2.15 2.15 2.15 4 1.00 1.10 1.30 1.40 1.55 1.60 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90
5 1.25 1.50 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.05 2.10 2.10 5 1.00 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75
6 1.00 1.30 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.00 2.05 6 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.35 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.60
7 1.00 1.10 1.35 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.75 1.85 1.90 1.90 1.95 2.00 7 1.00 1.00 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.40 1.50
8 1.00 1.20 1.35 1.50 1.60 1.65 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.90 8 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.35
9 1.00 1.20 1.35 1.50 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 9 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.20
10 1.00 1.10 1.25 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 10 1.00 1.00 1.10
11 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.65 1.70 1.75 11 1.00
12 1.00 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 12
13 1.00 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.60 13
4.2
14 1.00 1.10 1.25 1.35 1.40 1.50 1.55 14

15 1.00 1.15 1.25 1.35 1.40 1.50 15
16 1.00 1.05 1.20 1.25 1.35 1.40 16
17 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.35 17
18 1.00 1.15 1.20 1.30 18
19 1.00 1.05 1.15 1.25 19
20 1.00 1.10 1.20 20
21 1.0m minimum foundation depth 1.00 1.10 21 1.0m minimum foundation depth
22 1.00 1.05 22
23 1.00 23
Table 13: HIGH shrinkage soil and LOW water demand tree
Broad-leafed trees
Foundation depth (m)
Distance Tree height H (m)
D (m) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
2 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.60 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.70 1.70 1.70
3 1.20 1.35 1.40 1.50 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.65 1.65 1.65
4 1.00 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.60 1.60
5 1.00 1.15 1.25 1.30 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.50 1.55 1.55
6 1.00 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.50
7 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.45
8 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.35 1.40
9 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35
10 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30
11 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25
12 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.20
13 1.0m minimum foundation depth 1.00 1.10 1.15
14 1.00 1.05
15 1.00
CHAPTER 4.2
Table 14: MEDIUM shrinkage soil and HIGH water demand tree
D (m) D (m)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 1 Foundations greater than 2.5m
2 Foundations greater than 2.5m 2 2.15 2.30 2.45 2.50 deep to be engineer designed
3 2.40 2.50 deep to be engineer designed 3 1.70 1.95 2.15 2.25 2.35 2.45 2.50
4 2.20 2.35 2.45 4 1.25 1.60 1.85 2.00 2.15 2.25 2.30 2.40 2.45 2.50 2.50
5 1.95 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 5 0.90 1.25 1.55 1.75 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.20 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.45
6 1.75 2.00 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.45 2.50 6 0.90 1.25 1.50 1.70 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30
7 1.55 1.85 2.05 2.20 2.30 2.35 2.45 2.50 7 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.65 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.15 2.20
8 1.35 1.70 1.90 2.05 2.20 2.25 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50 8 0.90 1.00 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.00 2.10
9 1.15 1.50 1.75 1.95 2.10 2.20 2.25 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50 2.50 9 0.90 1.05 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 1.95
10 0.90 1.35 1.60 1.80 1.95 2.10 2.20 2.25 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.45 10 0.90 1.10 1.25 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.85
11 0.90 1.15 1.50 1.70 1.85 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.25 2.30 2.35 2.40 11 0.90 1.10 1.25 1.40 1.55 1.65 1.75
12 0.90 1.00 1.35 1.60 1.75 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.25 2.30 2.35 12 0.90 1.10 1.25 1.40 1.50 1.60
13 0.90 1.20 1.45 1.65 1.80 1.95 2.05 2.10 2.20 2.25 2.30 13 0.90 0.95 1.10 1.25 1.40 1.50
4.2
14 0.90 1.05 1.35 1.55 1.70 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.10 2.20 2.25 14 0.90 1.00 1.15 1.25 1.40
15 0.90 1.20 1.45 1.60 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.05 2.10 2.20 15 0.90 1.00 1.15 1.25
16 0.90 1.10 1.35 1.55 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.05 2.10 16 0.90 1.00 1.15
17 0.90 1.00 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.70 1.85 1.90 2.00 2.05 17 0.90 1.05
18 0.90 1.15 1.35 1.50 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.95 2.00 18 0.90
19 0.90 1.05 1.25 1.40 1.55 1.70 1.80 1.90 1.95 19
20 0.90 1.15 1.35 1.50 1.60 1.75 1.80 1.90 20
21 0.90 1.05 1.25 1.40 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.85 21
22 0.90 0.95 1.15 1.35 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 22
23 0.90 1.10 1.25 1.40 1.55 1.65 1.75 23
24 0.90 1.00 1.20 1.35 1.45 1.60 1.70 24
25 0.90 1.10 1.25 1.40 1.50 1.60 25
26 0.90 1.05 1.20 1.35 1.45 1.55 26
27 0.90 0.95 1.15 1.30 1.40 1.50 27
28 0.90 1.05 1.20 1.35 1.45 28
29 0.90 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.40 29
30 0.90 1.10 1.20 1.35 30
31 0.90 1.00 1.15 1.30 31
32 0.90 0.95 1.10 1.25 32
33 0.90 1.05 1.15 33
34 0.90 1.00 1.10 34
35 0.90 1.05 35
37 0.90 0.95 37
38 0.90 38
19
CHAPTER 4.2
Table 15: MEDIUM shrinkage soil and MODERATE water demand tree
Broad-leafed trees Coniferous
D (m) D (m)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 1.85 1.85 1.90 1.90 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95 1 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.80 1.85 1.85 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90
2 1.65 1.75 1.80 1.80 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 2 1.25 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.65 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.80 1.80 1.80
3 1.45 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 3 0.90 1.10 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.65 1.70 1.70
4 1.30 1.45 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 4 0.90 0.95 1.10 1.25 1.30 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.55 1.60
5 1.10 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.80 5 0.90 0.90 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50
6 0.90 1.15 1.30 1.40 1.45 1.55 1.60 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.70 1.75 6 0.90 0.95 1.10 1.15 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40
7 0.90 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.65 1.70 7 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.25 1.30
8 0.90 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.55 1.60 1.65 8 0.90 0.95 1.05 1.10 1.20
9 0.90 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 9 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10
10 0.90 0.95 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 10 0.90 0.90 0.95
11 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.50 11 0.90
12 0.90 1.05 1.15 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.45 12
13 0.90 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 13
4.2
14 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.25 1.30 1.35 14

15 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.25 1.30 15
16 0.90 0.95 1.05 1.10 1.20 1.25 16
17 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.20 17
18 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.15 18
19 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 19
20 0.90 0.95 1.05 20
22 0.90 0.95 22
23 0.90 23
Table 16: MEDIUM shrinkage soil and LOW water demand tree
Broad-leafed trees
D (m) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.50 1.50
2 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.45 1.45
3 1.05 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.40
4 0.90 1.05 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.35 1.35
5 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.30 1.30 1.30
6 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.30
7 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25
8 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.20
9 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.15
10 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.10
11 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10
12 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05
14 0.90 0.95
15 0.90
CHAPTER 4.2
Table 17: LOW shrinkage soil and HIGH water demand tree
D (m) D (m)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 2.35 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 1 2.15 2.25 2.30 2.30 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40
2 2.15 2.25 2.30 2.30 2.35 2.35 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.40 2.45 2 1.80 1.95 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.25 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.35
3 2.00 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.30 2.30 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.40 3 1.45 1.65 1.80 1.90 1.95 2.05 2.10 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.20 2.25
4 1.80 1.95 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.25 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.35 4 1.05 1.35 1.55 1.70 1.80 1.85 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.05 2.10 2.15
5 1.65 1.80 1.95 2.00 2.10 2.15 2.15 2.20 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.30 5 0.75 1.05 1.30 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.05
6 1.45 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.15 2.20 2.20 2.25 6 0.75 1.05 1.25 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.70 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95
7 1.30 1.55 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.05 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.15 2.20 7 0.75 0.80 1.05 1.25 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.65 1.75 1.80 1.85
8 1.10 1.40 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.10 2.10 2.15 8 0.75 0.85 1.05 1.20 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.60 1.70 1.75
9 0.95 1.25 1.45 1.60 1.75 1.80 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.05 2.05 2.10 9 0.75 0.90 1.05 1.20 1.35 1.45 1.50 1.60 1.65
10 0.75 1.10 1.35 1.50 1.65 1.75 1.80 1.90 1.95 2.00 2.00 2.05 10 0.75 0.90 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.55
11 0.75 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.80 1.90 1.95 1.95 2.00 11 0.75 0.90 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.45
12 0.75 0.85 1.10 1.30 1.45 1.60 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.95 12 0.75 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35
13 0.75 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90 13 0.75 0.80 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25
4.2
14 0.75 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 14 0.75 0.80 0.95 1.05 1.15
15 0.75 1.00 1.20 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 15 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05
16 0.75 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75 16 0.75 0.85 0.95
17 0.75 0.80 1.05 1.20 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.75 17 0.75 0.85
18 0.75 0.95 1.10 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.60 1.70 18 0.75
19 0.75 0.85 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.55 1.65 19
20 0.75 0.95 1.10 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.50 1.60 20
21 0.75 0.90 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.45 1.55 21
22 0.75 0.80 1.00 1.10 1.25 1.35 1.40 1.50 22
23 0.75 0.90 1.05 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.45 23
24 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.10 1.25 1.30 1.40 24
25 0.75 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.35 25
26 0.75 0.85 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 26
27 0.75 0.80 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.25 27
28 0.75 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 28
29 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.15 29
30 0.75 0.90 1.00 1.10 30
31 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 31
32 0.75 0.80 0.90 1.05 32
33 0.75 0.85 1.00 33
34 0.75 0.80 0.95 34
35 0.75 0.90 35
36 0.75 0.85 36
38 0.75 38
21
CHAPTER 4.2
Table 18: LOW shrinkage soil and MODERATE water demand tree
D (m) D (m)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 1.50 1.50 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.60 1.60 1.60 1 1.30 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.45 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.55 1.55 1.55
2 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.45 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.55 2 1.00 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.45 1.45
3 1.20 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 3 0.75 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.35 1.40
4 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.45 4 0.75 0.80 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.30
5 0.90 1.05 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.45 5 0.75 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.20
6 0.75 0.95 1.05 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.40 6 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15
7 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.35 7 0.75 0.75 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05
8 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.30 1.30 8 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.95 0.95
9 0.75 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.30 9 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90
10 0.75 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.25 10 0.75 0.75 0.80
11 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.20 11 0.75
12 0.75 0.85 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.15 12
13 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 13
4.2
14 0.75 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.10 14

15 0.75 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 15
16 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 16
17 0.75 0.80 0.90 0.95 1.00 17
18 0.75 0.85 0.90 0.95 18
19 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 19
20 0.75 0.80 0.85 20
22 0.75 0.80 22
23 0.75 23
Table 19: LOW shrinkage soil and LOW water demand tree
Broad-leafed trees
D (m) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
1 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
2 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.15
3 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.15
4 0.75 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.10 1.10 1.10
5 0.75 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05
6 0.75 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.05 1.05
7 0.75 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00
8 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00
9 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.95 0.95
10 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.90
11 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.85 0.90
12 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.85
14 0.75 0.80
15 0.75
CHAPTER 4.2
4.2.14
Example
The following is an example of how to determine foundation depths using the information in this chapter.
The process may be repeated to allow the foundation to be stepped as its distance from the tree increases.
Step 1
Determine the volume change potential of the soil. Ensure the site investigation includes representative sampling and testing.
Site at Oxford, building near a Lombardy poplar (to be retained) and a sycamore (to be removed).
From laboratory tests:
Plasticity Index, Ip = 36%
Test results also report that 100% of particles are smaller than 425µm.
Therefore:
Modified Plasticity Index, I’p = 36 x100 = 36%
100
4.2
Volume change potential = medium
(In the absence of tests, assume high volume change potential.)
This example is typical of Oxford clay. More than 35% of the particles are smaller than 60µm and therefore the soil is shrinkable.
100% of the particles are smaller than 425µm and therefore I’p is the same as the Ip.
A typical boulder clay also has more than 35% of particles smaller than 60µm and is therefore also shrinkable. However, it may
have only 80% of its particles smaller than 425µm, in which case, the I’p is 80% of the Ip.
A typical clayey sand may have less than 30% of its particles smaller than 60µm, in which case, the soil would be non-shrinkable.
Step 2
Establish the species, mature height and water demand of all trees and hedgerows within the influencing radii.
Lombardy poplar Sycamore
Mature height = 25m Mature height = 22m
Water demand = high Water demand = moderate
Step 3
Plot the trees and hedgerows relative to the foundations and
draw their zones of influence to determine which trees will
zone of influence
affect the foundation design. Use a scaled plan. of Lombardy poplar
1.25 x 25 = 31.25m
Lombardy poplar
mature height 25m 10m
sycamore
mature 8m
height 22m
zone of influence
of sycamore
0.75 x 22 = 16.5m
23
CHAPTER 4.2
Step 4
Establish the appropriate tree height H to use.
Always use the mature height for remaining and proposed trees and hedgerows. The appropriate height to use for removed trees
and hedgerows depends on the actual height when they are removed.

Tree to remain. Therefore: Tree to be removed
H = mature height Mature height = 22m
= 25m Actual height = 15m
Actual height greater than 50% mature height. Therefore:
H = mature height
= 22m
Step 5
Measure the distance D from the centre of the trees or hedgerows to the face of the foundation.
Distance D = 10m from foundation Distance D = 8m from foundation
4.2
Step 6
Either:
use the NHBC Foundation Depth Calculator App, or
select step 6T if using tables in Clause 4.2.13.

select steps 6C (a) and (b) if using charts in Clause 4.2.12

to derive depths, or
Step 6C (a)
Calculate D/H value
Distance D from face of foundation (step 5) divided by the appropriate tree height H (Step 4).
Alternatively D/H can be obtained from Clause 4.2.12.
D = 10 = D/H = 0.4 D = 8 = D/H = 0.36
H = 25 H = 22
Step 6C (b)
Determine foundation depth using the charts in Clause 4.2.12 as follows:
Volume change potential Chart number
High 1
Medium 2
Low 3

In this example, the volume change potential is medium, then In this example, the volume change potential is medium, then
from Chart 2 for broad-leafed high water demand trees at from Chart 2 for broad-leafed moderate water demand trees at
D = 0.4 D = 0.36
H H
Foundation depth = 2.33m Foundation depth = 1.50m
The Lombardy poplar is the tree requiring the greater depth (2.33m).
CHAPTER 4.2
Step 6T
Determine foundation depth using the tables in 4.2.13 as follows:
Volume change potential Tree water demand Table number
High High 11
Moderate 12
Low 13
Medium High 14
Moderate 15
Low 16
Low High 17
Moderate 18
Low 19
Step 7
Adjust the depth according to the climatic zone.
4.2
A reduction may be made for distance north and west of London, but the final depth should not be less than the minimum given
in each chart and table.
Oxford is between 50 and 100 miles NW of London. From 4.2.5, a reduction of 0.05m is permitted.
Final foundation depth = 2.33 – 0.05 = 2.28m
4.2.15
Further information

BRE Digests 40, 241 and 242 ‘Low rise buildings on
Glasgow geological survey maps obtainable from British
shrinkable clay soils’, parts 1, 2 and 3 Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth,

BRE Digest 298 ‘The influence of trees on house Nottingham NG12 5GG; Tel: 0115 936 3100
foundations in clay soils’
Tree root damage to buildings Vol.1 Causes, Diagnosis

BRE Digest 412 ‘Desiccation in clay soils’ and Remedy, Vol. 2 Patterns of Soil Drying in Proximity to

BS 1377 ‘Methods of test for soils for civil Trees on Clay Soils by P G Biddle, Willowmead Publishing,
engineering purposes’ Wantage OX12 9JA

BS 5930 ‘Code of practice for ground investigations’
Institution of Civil Engineers

Tree Recognition – A Pocket Manual by Ian Richardson 1-7 Great George Street, London SW1P 3AA;
and Rowena Gale, Richardson’s Botanical Identifications, Tel: 020 7222 7722; www.ice.org.uk
49/51 Whiteknights Road, Reading, Berks RG6 7BB
Institution of Structural Engineers

Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe 47-58 Bastwick Street, London EC1V 3PS;
by Alan Mitchell, Harper Collins Tel: 020 7235 4535
Acknowledgements: NHBC gratefully acknowledges the help given by authoritative organisations and individuals in the
preparation of this chapter, particularly: Building Research Establishment; Dr P G Biddle, arboricultural consultant.
Strip and trench fill foundations
CHAPTER 4.3
the Technical Requirements for strip and
trench fill foundations.
4.3.1 Compliance 01
4.3.3 Ground conditions 01
4.3.4 Hazardous ground 02
4.3.5 Setting out 02
4.3.6 Services and drainage 03
4.3.7 Safe transmission of loads 03
4.3.8 Sloping ground and stepped foundations 05
4.3.9 Excavations 05
4.3.10 Reinforcement 06
4.3.11 Concrete 06
4.3.12 Movement joints 06
4.3.13 Construction joints 06
1
Strip and trench fill foundations 2019
CHAPTER 4.3
4.3.1
Strip and trench fill foundations shall comply with the Technical Requirements and provide adequate
support to all load-bearing elements.
Strip and trench fill foundations that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Foundations should be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5 where:

buildings exceed three storeys in height
trench fill foundations are deeper than 2.5m

supporting/retaining walls form habitable rooms
they will be deeper than those of an adjoining construction.

below ground
Elements of the building requiring foundations include:
external walls
chimney breasts

separating (party) walls
piers.

internal load-bearing walls

In Scotland, a sleeper wall is defined as a load-bearing element and therefore should be provided with a suitable foundation.
4.3
In England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, sleeper walls should be provided with suitable foundations where the
oversite concrete is:
cast on shrinkable clay soils where heave could take place
less than 100mm thick.

cast on infill deeper than 600mm

4.3.2
Provision of information Also see: Chapter 4.1
information and be distributed to all appropriate personnel.
Clear and fully detailed drawings should be available on site to enable work to be carried out in accordance with the design.
Design and specification information should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and/or suppliers.
All necessary dimensions and levels should be indicated and relate to at least one benchmark and reference points on the site.
Information on ground conditions, the site investigation and the foundation design may be requested by NHBC, including sites
which may not be classified as hazardous.
Both designers and site operatives need to be aware of the ground conditions and any features requiring special attention, such
as existing sewers or other services, the water table and the presence of any hazardous substances, including sulfates.
Where toxic materials or those likely to present a health hazard are found, all available information should be supplied to NHBC,
together with proposals for remediation.
Full details of junctions, steps, movement joints and any critical sequences of construction should be provided.
4.3.3
Ground conditions Also see: Chapters 3.2, 4.1, 4.2 and 5.2
Strip and trench fill foundations shall be adequate, of a suitable depth and taken to a suitable bearing
stratum. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) the home design and layout c) frost susceptible soils and cold weather construction
b) ground conditions d) shrinkable and volume change soils.
The home design and layout

Foundation design should take account of site conditions, shape, size and construction of the homes. Foundations for terraced
homes may require special precautions to prevent damage from differential settlement, while stepped foundations or suspended
floors may be required for sloping sites.
The depth of foundations should provide a clean, firm and adequate bearing for the design loads.
Ground conditions
All relevant information about the history of the site, plus the nature and load-bearing capacity of the ground, should be available
before the foundations are designed. Information may be available from:
NHBC
gas, water and electricity companies

local authorities
aerial photographs, Ordnance Survey maps and geological

maps and surveys.
Strip and trench fill foundations 2019 2
CHAPTER 4.3
Site assessment surveys may require supplementary investigations involving trial pits and boreholes.
Frost susceptible soils and cold weather construction

In frost susceptible soils, e.g. chalk, the depth to the underside of finished ground level
the foundation should be at least 450mm below finished ground
level, to avoid damage from frost action.

Additionally, when construction is undertaken during cold
450mm min.
weather the foundation should either be at least 450mm below
finished ground level, or alternatively, precautions should be
taken to prevent freezing of the ground.
Where the finished ground level is to be above the existing
ground level and cold conditions are expected, the foundation
depth should be taken from the existing, not finished, ground
level.
Shrinkable and volume change soil
4.3
The design should specify the minimum foundation depth.
Table 1: Minimum foundation depths in shrinkable soil
Modified Plasticity Index Volume change potential Minimum depth (m)
40% and greater High 1.0
20% to less than 40% Medium 0.9
10% to less than 20% Low 0.75
Shrinkable soils are classified as containing more than 35% fine particles (clay and silt) and have a Modified Plasticity Index of
10% or greater.
These minimum depths may only be used where any existing or proposed trees or shrubs are outside the zone of tree influence.
Heave is possible in shrinkable soil where trees have been, or are being, removed.
4.3.4
Hazardous ground Also see: Chapters 2.1 and 4.2
Strip and trench fill foundations on hazardous ground shall be designed by an engineer, and notice given to
NHBC before work commences.
Where hazardous ground has been identified, NHBC must be notified eight weeks before work starts. Hazardous ground is
defined in Chapter 4.1 ‘Land quality – managing ground conditions’.
4.3.5
Setting out
Strip and trench fill foundations shall be set out to take account of the design details.
The accuracy of setting out should be checked by control
measurements of trenches, including their location relative boundary
to site boundaries and adjacent buildings. Levels should be

checked against accepted benchmarks. distance from
boundary
For excavations, check: distance from

boundary
trench lengths

trench widths
diagonals
length of diagonals between external corners.

trench
length
Walls should be located centrally on the foundation,
unless specifically designed otherwise.
Any discrepancy in dimensions should be reported promptly to
the designer. Resulting variations should be distributed to all trench width
appropriate persons, including NHBC.
3
CHAPTER 4.3
4.3.6
Services and drainage Also see: Chapters 5.1 and 5.3
All strip and trench fill foundations shall be installed to:
a) adequately protect existing services and ground water drainage
b) make allowance for drainage and other services.
Adequately protect existing services and ground water drainage

Any existing services, such as cables, water pipes or gas
mains, may need to be supported and protected. Services
should not be rigidly encased in the foundations, and drains
land drains
which are redundant should be cut open and filled or removed. diversion diverted to
suitable
Precautions should be taken to accommodate the effects of outfall
settlement where drains run under, or near to, a building.
Provision should be made to divert or protect any existing
ground water drains affected by excavation work.
4.3
Make allowance for drainage and other services

Where services are to pass through or above foundations, provision should be made for suitable ducts or lintels to enable
later installation.
Strip foundations
Services should not pass through strip foundations but through the masonry above. Adequate lintels should be provided
in the masonry.
Trench fill
The load-bearing capability of foundations should not be affected where services pass through. Services should be either
sleeved or pass through a suitably strengthened opening in the foundation. This is to ensure that differential movement will not
damage services.
For drainage, it is important to leave sufficient space for movement to ensure that the drain is capable of maintaining line
and gradient.
flexible material flexible joint masked opening with

around pipe lintel granular backfill around pipe 50mm gap all around
4.3.7
Safe transmission of loads Also see: BS 8103-1
Strip and trench fill foundations shall transmit loads to the ground safely and without excessive settlement,
and take into account:
a) dead and imposed loads c) stability of any adjoining building.
b) foundation width and thickness
Dead and imposed loads

Dead and imposed loads should be calculated in accordance with:
BS EN 1991-1-1 UK National Annex to Eurocode 1. ‘Actions on structures. General actions. Densities, self-weight,
imposed loads for buildings’.
BS EN 1991-1-3 UK National Annex to Eurocode 1. ‘Actions on structures. General actions. Snow loads’.
BS EN 1991-1-4 UK National Annex to Eurocode 1. ‘Actions on structures. General actions. Wind actions’.
BS 648 ‘Schedule of weights of building materials’.
CHAPTER 4.3
All foundations should be:

continuous throughout the building, including integral
symmetrical beneath load-bearing elements

garages, porches, conservatories, bay windows, etc. (i.e. walls should be located centrally on foundations).
Foundation width and thickness
The width of the foundation should:

be of sufficient width throughout to avoid overstressing
depend on the load-bearing capacity of the subsoil and the

the ground, especially where the foundation is required to loads from the building
support piers or columns not be less than the wall thickness, plus at least

50mm each side.
The width of strip foundations should account for ground conditions and be in accordance with the following table:
Table 2: Acceptable foundation widths

Type of Condition of ground Field test applicable Total load of load-bearing walling not
ground more than (kN/linear metre)
(including
20 30 40 50 60 70
engineered
4.3
fill) Minimum width of strip foundation (mm)
Rock Not inferior to Requires at least a pneumatic or other Equal to the width of the wall plus 50mm
sandstone, limestone mechanically operated pick for excavation. each side.
or firm chalk
Gravel Medium dense Requires pick for excavation. 250 300 400 500 600 650
Sand Wooden peg 50mm square in cross-section
is hard to drive beyond 150mm.
Clay Stiff Can be indented slightly by thumb. 250 300 400 500 600 650
Sandy clay
Clay Firm Thumb makes impression easily. 300 350 450 600 750 850
Sandy clay
Sand Loose Can be excavated with a spade. 400 600 Does not fall within the
Silty sand Wooden peg 50mm square in cross-section provisions of this guidance
Clayey sand can be easily driven. where the total load
exceeds 30 kN/linear m.
Silt Soft Finger can be pushed in up to 10mm. 450 650
Clay
Sandy clay
Clay or silt
Silt Very soft Finger can be easily pushed in Refer to specialist advice.
Clay up to 25mm.
Sandy clay
Clay or silt
P
The thickness (T) of the foundation should be:
equal to projection (P) or 150mm (whichever is greater)

150mm to 500mm for strip foundation

500mm minimum for trench fill foundations.

Stability of any adjoining building

Where foundations are taken deeper than an adjoining building, excavation and construction will usually need to be carefully
supervised by the design engineer, to check the standard of workmanship. Where necessary, allowance should be made in the
design for differential movement.
5
CHAPTER 4.3
4.3.8
Sloping ground and stepped foundations
Strip and trench fill foundations shall be taken to a suitable bearing level when building on sloping ground,
and steps shall be suitably formed.
Sloping ground may require stepped foundations.
Where foundations are stepped, the height of the step S T

should not exceed the thickness of the foundation,
unless it forms part of a foundation designed by an engineer
in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
overlap
Table 3: Foundation overlap

Strip foundations Trench fill foundations
The overlap should be not less than: 2 x S, or
2 x S, or

4.3
T (maximum 500mm), or
One metre, whichever is largest.

300mm, whichever is largest.

4.3.9
Excavations Also see: Chapter 4.2
Excavations for strip and trench fill foundations shall:
a) take account of the design dimensions
b) take account of localised effects
c) be compact, reasonably dry, even and correctly shaped.
Design dimensions
Inaccuracy may prevent walls and piers from being located centrally and therefore result in eccentric loading of foundations and
possible foundation failure.
Excess excavation should be avoided. Accurate trench digging is particularly important where the width of the foundation is only
slightly wider than the wall to be supported.
Acceptance from the foundation designer is required where the foundation design is modified.
Localised effects
At soft spots, excavations should be deepened to a sound bottom or the concrete should be reinforced. Hard spots should
be removed.
Where roots are visible at the bottom or sides of trenches, especially in clay soils, excavations may need to be taken deeper,
or special precautions determined by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
Compact, reasonably dry, even and correctly shaped

Unless otherwise designed by an engineer in accordance with vertical sides and steps horizontal bottom
Technical Requirement R5:

trench bottoms should be horizontal, with all loose

material removed
trench sides and steps should be, as near as

possible, vertical.
Trench bottoms affected by rain water, ground water or drying
should be rebottomed to form a sound surface.
CHAPTER 4.3
4.3.10
Reinforcement Also see: Chapter 3.1
Reinforcement for strip and trench fill foundations shall ensure the safe transfer of loads and be suitable
for localised ground conditions.
appropriately sized

placed correctly

clean and free from loose rust

secured at laps and crossings

supported to ensure that they are 75mm above the base of

the foundation or as indicated in the design.
If in doubt about any soft spots, the designer’s advice should 75mm min. cover
be taken before placing the concrete.

75mm side cover
4.3.11
Concrete Also see: Chapters 3.1 and 3.2
4.3
Concrete for foundations shall be:
a) of a mix which is suitable for the intended use
b) durable against chemical or frost action
c) correctly mixed, placed and cured.
Concreting should be carried out, as far as possible, in one
operation, taking account of weather conditions and available
daylight. Concrete should be placed as soon as possible after
the excavation has been checked.
For trench fill foundations, it is particularly important to check
that the finished level is correct and horizontal, as it is difficult
to adjust for discrepancies in the small number of brick
courses between the foundation and the DPC.
pegs used to ensure correct levels
4.3.12
Movement joints
Strip and trench fill foundations shall have movement joints suitable for their intended purpose.
Where movement joints are specified, they should be continuous with those in the superstructure.
4.3.13
Construction joints
Construction joints in strip and trench fill foundations shall be suitably formed.
Where construction joints are unavoidable:
they should not be positioned near a return in the
all shuttering should be removed before work continues

foundation beyond the construction joint.
Construction joints for strip and trench fill foundations may be formed by one of the methods shown below:
joint with expanded metal lath
joint using reinforcement

Raft, pile, pier and
beam foundations
CHAPTER 4.4
Technical Requirements for raft, pile, pier
and beam foundations.
4.4.1 Compliance 01
4.4.3 Site conditions 01
4.4.4 Hazardous ground 02
4.4.7 Construction 03
4.4.8 Engineer checks 05
4.4.9 Compressible materials 05
4.4.10 Reinforcement 05
4.4.11 Concrete 05
4.4.12 Movement joints 05
4.4.13 Resistance to moisture 06
1
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations 2019
CHAPTER 4.4
4.4.1
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations shall comply with the Technical Requirements and provide adequate
support to load-bearing elements.
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Relevant Standards and codes of practice include:

BS EN 1991 ‘Actions on structures’.
BS EN 1992 ‘Design of concrete structures’.
BS EN 1997-1 ‘Geotechnical design. General rules’.
BS 10175 ‘Investigation of potentially contaminated sites. Code of practice’.
Elements of the building requiring foundations include:

external walls
piers

separating (party) walls
sleeper walls

internal load-bearing walls
internal masonry walls.

4.4
chimney breasts

4.4.2
All dimensions and levels should be indicated and relate to at least one benchmark and reference points on site. Design and
specification information should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and/or suppliers, and include the
following information:
Dimensions, type and depth of foundations.
Movement and construction joints.

Detailing of ducts.
Location of services.

Junctions.
Critical sequences of construction.

Steps.

Both designers and site operatives need to be aware of:
ground conditions
water table levels

any features requiring special attention, such as existing
the presence of any hazardous substances

sewers or other services including sulfates.
4.4.3
Site conditions Also see: Chapters 5.2 and 4.1
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations shall be designed to take account of site conditions. Issues to be
taken into account include:
a) the results of the site and ground appraisal d) frost susceptible soils
b) dwelling design, layout and site levels e) potential for differential settlement.
c) trees and hedges
Site and ground appraisal

All information relating to the site and its ground conditions which is necessary for full and proper foundation design should
be obtained.
Building over changes in ground characteristics should be avoided.
Dwelling design, layout and site levels

Foundation design should take account of site layout, shape, size and construction of the dwelling.
Stepped foundations and suspended floors may be required for sloping sites.
Trees and hedges

Where the soil is shrinkable and nearby trees and hedges are existing, proposed or have been recently removed,
foundations should be designed as shown in Chapter 4.2 ‘Building near trees’.
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations 2019 2
CHAPTER 4.4
Frost susceptible soils

To avoid damage from frost action, the depth to the underside of the foundation in frost susceptible ground should be at least
450mm below finished ground level.
Differential settlement
Foundations should be designed to avoid any local stress points or any differential settlement.
Foundations for terraced homes, or those adjoining an existing building, may require special precautions to prevent damage
from differential settlement. Foundations for attached bays, porches, garages, conservatories and other structures should be a
continuation of those for the main home, unless the design indicates an alternative which takes account of differential movement.
4.4.4
Hazardous ground Also see: Chapters 3.1, 4.1, 4.2 and BRE Special Digest 1
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations shall take account of ground conditions and hazards. Where
hazardous ground has been identified, notice shall be given to NHBC before work commences.
Where there is hazardous ground, the design of foundations must be carried out by an engineer in accordance with
Technical Requirement R5.
4.4
Where hazardous ground has been identified, NHBC should be notified in writing at least eight weeks before work on site begins,
in accordance with NHBC Rules.
Where toxic materials, or those likely to present a health hazard are found, all available information should be supplied to NHBC,
together with proposals for remediation.
Sulfate and acids
Sulfates and other chemicals can cause expansion and disruption of concrete. High acidity, for example in peat, or permeable
soil with acidic ground water can cause damage to concrete. Where sulfates or high acidity in ground or ground water are
present, reference should be made to Chapter 3.1 ‘Concrete and its reinforcement’ for guidance concerning acceptable
concrete mixes.
Where concrete is at risk from chemical attack from the ground, or where the ground water is highly mobile, the level of sulfate
and other chemicals should be determined in terms of the ACEC class (aggressive chemical environment for concrete class),
in accordance with BRE Special Digest 1.
4.4.5
Services and drainage Also see: Chapters 5.1, 5.3 and 8.1
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations shall take account of new and existing services. Issues to be taken
into account include:
a) provision for new services
b) adequate protection of existing services and drainage.
Provision for new services

Where services are to pass through, above or under foundations, openings should be provided using suitable ducts,
sleeves or lintels that:
are detailed so as not to impair structural stability
have sufficient space to maintain line and gradient of

do not affect the ability of the foundation to carry loads
drainage where movement occurs.
make suitable provision to allow for movement

Existing services and drainage
Existing services or drains should:
be supported and protected
not be rigidly encased in concrete, masonry, etc.

be bridged, to prevent any load carrying

Land drains should be diverted to a suitable outfall; other drains should be diverted or bridged.
3
CHAPTER 4.4
4.4.6
Safe transmission of loads Also see: Chapter 5.1
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations shall be designed to transmit loads from the structure to the
ground safely, without excessive settlement.
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations should safely transmit loads. The following issues should be taken into account:
adequate stiffness to ensure that differential movement

specification of concrete and cover to reinforcement.
does not adversely affect the supported structure
nature and bearing capacity of the fill material to be placed
under the foundation
Raft and semi-raft foundations:

Raft and semi-raft foundations should be designed:
to prevent the erosion of ground beneath the raft
to limit the risk of ducts becoming flooded.

(where required) to accommodate warm air ducts,

service ducts or services without any adverse effect
upon the performance of the foundation
4.4
Fill for raft foundations should be in accordance with Chapter 5.1 ‘Substructure and ground-bearing floors’.
Semi-raft foundations on made ground:
The following notes are to be used as a guide for engineers designing raft foundations, but are by no means exhaustive.
Special consideration will be required for certain sites.
Raft foundations are to be designed by a chartered civil or Beams are to use properly formed reinforcement in
structural engineer taking account of ground conditions and accordance with BS EN 1992-1-1.
the results of the site appraisal and ground assessment. Where mesh is used in beams, it should be delivered to
Sufficient internal beams are to be provided to stiffen the the site pre-bent.
slab adequately. All beams should be cast on a minimum of 50mm
The area between downstand beams should not be greater concrete blinding.
than 35m2. Minimum cover to reinforcement should be 40mm.
The ratio of adjacent sides on plan should not exceed 2:1. Floor slabs should be a minimum 150mm thick, with
The minimum depth of perimeter and party wall beams nominal top face reinforcement as a minimum and anti-
is to be 450mm. On larger homes, some internal beams crack reinforcement in the bottom face, where appropriate.
should be of the same depth as the perimeter beams. Stools or similar should be used to support floor slab mesh
Perimeter and internal beams should be sufficiently wide during casting.
at their base to carry their total loading at the allowable Corners and junctions to beams should be adequately tied
bearing pressure for the site. using similar reinforcement to the beams.
Beams are to be designed to span 3m simply supported A minimum cavity drain of 225mm below the DPC is to
and cantilever 1.5m. be maintained.
Piled foundations:
The design of all piled foundations should specify precautions for cohesive soils where volume changes can occur.
The bearing capacity and integrity of piles should be confirmed by testing, when required.
4.4.7
Construction Also see: Chapter 4.2
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations shall be constructed in accordance with the design. Issues to be
a) setting out and excavations
b) localised effects and trench bottoms
c) installation of piles, piers and ground beams
d) load capacity verification of piles.
Setting out and excavations

The accuracy of setting out should be checked by control measurements of trenches, including their location relative to site
boundaries and adjacent buildings. Levels should be checked against benchmarks, where appropriate. For excavations, check:
trench lengths
length of diagonals between external corners.

trench widths

CHAPTER 4.4
In addition, for piled, pier and beam foundations, check:

spacing
positions in relation to the proposed superstructure.

alignment

Walls should be located centrally on the foundation, unless specifically designed otherwise. Inaccuracy may prevent walls and
piers being located centrally, resulting in eccentric loading and possible foundation failure.
Discrepancies to the design of the foundations or variations in the ground conditions should be reported formally to the engineer.
Variations in design or ground conditions should be recorded and distributed to NHBC and others concerned with sitework.
Foundation excavations should:
be kept free from water
not be excessive.

boundary boundary
distance from distance from

boundary boundary
4.4
distance from distance from
boundary boundary
diagonals diagonals
trench alignment
length
trench
width alignment
Localised effects and trench bottoms

Trench bottoms affected by rain water, ground water or drying should be rebottomed to form a sound surface.
Table 1: Localised effects
Situation Action
Differences in bearing capacity Consult the engineer.
(e.g. from localised changes in strata)
Soft spots Excavations should be deepened locally to a sound bottom, or the concrete should
be reinforced.
Hard spots Should be removed.
Visible roots, especially in clay soils Consult the engineer and modify the design depth.
Installation of piles, piers and ground beams

Piles are to be installed by an appropriate specialist and under the supervision of an engineer.
Piles are to be vertical, unless designed otherwise.
Where piles are more than 75mm out of position, or out of alignment by more than 1:75, the engineer should reconsider the
adequacy of the foundation design.
Where piles are misaligned by more than 150mm in any direction, or more than 5° from their specified rake, they should be
replaced, unless otherwise recommended by the engineer. Alternatively, additional piles should be provided in accordance with
the design modifications provided by the engineer.
Care should be taken to ensure that the bond of beams to piers and piles is in accordance with the design and is adequate.
Load capacity verification of piles

Test loading of piles should be undertaken when required. The builder is to obtain written confirmation that the piles are suitable
for their design load.
5
CHAPTER 4.4
4.4.8
Engineer checks
Engineer-designed foundations shall be inspected by the engineer during construction.
The engineer should undertake site visits to ensure that the design of the foundation is suitable for the actual ground
conditions encountered, and that the construction is in accordance with the design.
4.4.9
Compressible materials Also see: Chapter 4.2
Compressible materials shall be capable of absorbing potential heave forces.
Materials used to accommodate heave should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 and used in
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and independent assessment when applicable.
4.4.10
Reinforcement
Reinforcement of raft, pile, pier and beam foundations shall be in accordance with the design, sufficient to
ensure the safe transfer of loads and be suitable for localised ground conditions.
4.4

appropriately sized
secured at laps and crossings

placed correctly
properly supported to ensure that the cover indicated in the

clean and free from loose rust
design is maintained.
Reinforcement may be necessary, for example at construction joints or over small localised soft spots or changes in bearing
strata.
4.4.11
Concrete
Concrete for raft, pile, pier and beam foundations shall be:
a) of
a suitable mix design to achieve the required strength and resistance to chemical and frost action
b) correctly mixed, placed and cured.
Mixing, placing, testing and curing of concrete should be carried out as indicated in Chapter 3.1 ‘Concrete and its reinforcement’
and when work is carried out in cold weather, Chapter 3.2 ‘Cold weather working’.
Suitable mix
Concrete should be of a mix which:
will achieve the required strength and not impair the
is sufficiently resistant to chemical and frost action.

performance of the foundation
Correctly mixed, placed and cured

Before concrete is placed, excavations and reinforcement may need to be approved by the engineer or their representative and,
in England and Wales, foundations should be approved by the person responsible for building control inspections.
Concreting should:
be carried out in one operation (as far as possible)
be placed as soon as possible after the excavation or after

take account of weather conditions and available daylight
the reinforcement has been checked
be placed in even, compact and reasonably dry trenches.

4.4.12
Movement joints
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations shall have movement joints suitable for their intended purpose, and
be formed using appropriate materials.
Movement joints should be located so as to limit the risk of damage caused by movement. The design of movement joints and
choice of sealing materials should consider:
anticipated movement
joint depth

movement capability of seal
surface preparation

designed joint width
backing medium

actual joint width
projected life span of the joint.

CHAPTER 4.4
4.4.13
Resistance to moisture Also see: Chapters 5.1, 5.2 and 5.4
Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations shall prevent the passage of moisture to the inside of the home and,
where necessary, include a drained cavity and damp proof membranes.
Cavity walls should drain below the DPC and should:
prevent water crossing from the outside to the inside

have a minimum 225mm clear cavity below the DPC

prevent the flooding of cavities above the DPC
where strip, trenchfill or ground beams are used, or have a
drain below the DPC
minimum 150mm clear cavity below the DPC where other
types of foundations are used, provided that weep holes
and other necessary measures are taken to ensure that
the cavity can drain freely.
DPC cavity trays are not an acceptable waterproofing to the edges of specialised foundations, such as rafts and ground beams.
DPC
4.4
225mm DPC
min. 150mm min.
weep hole
above
cavity tray
ground beam raft foundation

Vibratory ground
improvement techniques
CHAPTER 4.5
Technical Requirements and recommendations
for vibratory ground improvement techniques.
4.5.1 Compliance 01
4.5.2 Hazardous sites and ground hazards 01
4.5.3 Desk study and site investigation 01
4.5.4 Confirmation of suitability for treatment 02
4.5.5 Suitability of ground conditions 02
4.5.6 Compatibility of the ground,
design and treatment 05
4.5.7 Acceptable methods 06
4.5.8 Materials for use as fill 07
4.5.9 Granular material 08
4.5.10 Sitework 08
4.5.11 Adjacent excavations 09
4.5.12 Verification of completed treatment 09
1
Vibratory ground improvement techniques 2019
CHAPTER 4.5
Introduction
The vibratory process is generally applied to weak natural soils and filled ground. The purpose is to improve the
load-bearing capacity, reduce settlement and provide an adequate bearing stratum for the foundation supporting
the home.
4.5.1
Vibratory ground improvement techniques shall comply with the Technical Requirements and be designed
by an engineer in accordance with established standards and codes of practice.
Vibratory ground improvement techniques that comply with the guidance in this chapter, and that are in accordance with the
relevant British Standards, building regulations and statutory requirements, will generally be acceptable.
Design of vibratory ground improvement, including foundations, should be carried out by an engineer experienced in ground
improvement techniques in accordance with Technical Requirement R5. In this chapter, the term ‘engineer’ refers to an
appropriate engineer who is independent of the contractor responsible for the vibratory ground improvement techniques.
4.5
British Standards, codes of practice and authoritative documents relevant to vibratory ground improvement techniques and site
investigations include:
BS 10175 ‘Investigation of potentially contaminated sites – Code of practice’.
BS EN 1991 ‘Actions on structures’.
BS EN 1997-1 ‘General rules’.
BS EN 1997-2 ‘Ground investigation and testing’
BS EN 14731 ‘Execution of special geotechnical works – Ground treatment by deep vibration’.
BS EN ISO 14688 ‘Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and classification of soil’.
BS EN ISO 14689 ‘Geotechnical investigation and testing – Identification and classification of rock’.
BS EN ISO 22476 ‘Geotechnical investigation and testing – Field testing’.
BR 391 ‘Specifying vibro stone columns’.
ICE ‘Specification for Ground Treatment’.
4.5.2
Hazardous sites and ground hazards Also see: Chapter 2.1, 4.1 and 4.2
Vibratory ground improvement techniques on hazardous sites shall be reported to NHBC before work on
site commences, and be designed to take account of the characteristics of the site, including any ground
hazards.
Hazardous sites, as defined in the NHBC Rules, should be reported to NHBC in writing at least eight weeks before sitework
begins.
Details of ground hazards to be taken into consideration are given in Chapter 4.1 ‘Land quality – managing ground conditions’
and Chapter 4.2 ‘Building near trees’.
4.5.3
Desk study and site investigation Also see: Chapter 2.1, 4.1 and 4.2
The engineer shall ensure a desk study and site investigation are undertaken and findings used to inform
the design.
The engineer should establish the scope of, and supervise, the site investigation, taking account of the findings of the desk study,
and relevant standards listed in Clause 4.5.1.
The specialist contractor should be satisfied that the site investigation provides adequate and representative information in order
to design the ground improvements. The results of the site investigation and desk study should be sent to NHBC prior to work
starting and should, as a minimum, determine the items listed in Table 1.
Vibratory ground improvement techniques 2019 2
CHAPTER 4.5
Table 1: Results of the site investigation and desk study

Item to be determined Guidance
Depths and properties of natural Includes the presence of caves, workings, or natural phenomena such as rocks or soils
materials under the site which dissolve or erode when exposed to the passage of water.
Data for comparison with post-treatment properties should be established.
Extent and nature of any areas of Includes:

filled ground on the site proportions and distribution of constituent materials

state of compaction of the fill material throughout its depth

grading and particle size distribution of fill materials

potential for gas generation from fill materials

potential for spontaneous combustion of fill and/or natural deposits.

Presence and extent of any existing Includes information on the extent and nature of the backfill to the excavations.
or redundant services and drains
The effect of sustainable drainage Includes the effect that any sustainable drainage system (SuDS) may have on the
systems geotechnical parameters of the site.
Presence, level and nature of any Includes the potential for ground water to rise and cause heave or collapse by saturation.
ground water
4.5
Previous structures Includes any potential underground obstructions or hard-spots, e.g. basement walls,
floor slabs, which remain.
Occurrence of Includes the presence and extent of contaminated substances or gases present
contaminated substances or suspected.
4.5.4
Confirmation of suitability for treatment Also see: Chapter 2.1, 4.1 and 4.2
The builder shall obtain written confirmation from the engineer and specialist contractor that the site is
suitable for the proposed ground improvement system.
NHBC should be notified prior to work starting, that the site is suitable for the proposed system. The engineer and specialist
contractor should agree the following in writing before work commences on site:
Design objectives.
Tests to be conducted on completion of the work.

Detailed schedule of work.
Responsibility for procedures and tests.

Programme of work.

The following considerations should be taken into account:
Layout and depth of the stone columns and the accuracy
Responsibility for procedures and tests.

to be achieved. Calculations and case histories required to justify the

Safety issues to be incorporated into the design to allow for
ground improvement proposals together with the layout
unforeseen circumstances. of the stone columns and details of the equipment and
Criteria for non-acceptance of the vibrating poker worktests
process to be used on site.
to be conducted on completion of the work.
These written agreements should be made available to NHBC before work commences on site.
4.5.5
Suitability of ground conditions Also see: Chapter 2.1, 4.1 and 4.2
Vibratory ground improvement techniques shall only be conducted on suitable ground and be appropriate
for the site conditions. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) unsuitable ground conditions
b) detrimental factors
c) ground water conditions.
The engineer should assess the ground and be satisfied that it is suitable for treatment. Conditions acceptable for treatment are
only those within zones A and B of Chart 1.
3
CHAPTER 4.5
Chart 1: Conditions acceptable for treatment
Micron
1.18
3.35
37.5
mm
150
212
300
425
600
6.3
63
10
14
20
28
50
63
75
2
5
100
90
80
Zone B
70
Percentage passing
60
50 Zone A
40
30
20
4.5
10
0
0.002 0.006 0.02 0.06 0.2 0.6 2 6 20 60 200 mm
Fine Medium Coarse Fine Medium Coarse Fine Medium Coarse
Clay Cobbles
Silt Sand Gravel
Zone A – range of materials suitable for deep compaction (vibro-compaction) techniques.

Zone B – range of materials suitable for stone column (vibro-replacement) techniques.
Unsuitable ground conditions

Table 2: Ground conditions not generally acceptable for treatment
Soil composition
Clays Ground with a Plasticity Index greater than 40%.
Soft clays Ground with soft clays with an undrained shear strength less than 30kN/m2.
For clay strength less than 30kN/m2 additional consideration must be given to group effects,
ground heave and settlement due to installation. Any proposals will be subject to NHBC agreement.
Ground with peat layers Ground with peat layers close to foundation level or the base of the stone column, or where
intermediate layers of peat are thicker than 200mm either as a single layer, or the sum of the
thicknesses of individual layers, throughout the length of the stone column.
Highly sensitive soils Ground liable to collapse or remoulding.
Ground with fill

Voided filled ground Ground which includes, for example, old water tanks, pottery, glass bottles, concrete rubble or brick
fill of unsuitable grading.
Loose or Ground with any loose or non-engineered fill not previously subject to rising or fluctuating water
non-engineered fill levels or saturation.
Filled ground which is Ground subject to settlement or settling:
still settling or expected under its own weight or due to the effects of

to settle surcharging/upfilling
where there is a high organic content

where decay is continuing.

settlement of fill layers with high organic content
Fill containing Ground where organic material forms more than 15% of fill by volume.
degradable material
CHAPTER 4.5
Highly contaminated ground

Ground which includes, Stone columns may act as vertical vents.
for example toxic waste, Consideration will be given to proprietary systems
or where inflammable, which do not permit vertical venting such as vibro
explosive or toxic gas concrete plug technology.
generation may
take place
stone column acting

as vent for
dangerous gases
Detrimental factors
4.5
When specifying vibratory ground improvement techniques, the following factors should be considered:
Partial depth treatment of filled ground. The engineer
Obstructions and variations in the density of fill and natural

should be satisfied with the anticipated performance of ground (hard spots) and the location of changes in the
both the treated and untreated zones. profile of the natural underlying ground, e.g. edges of pits
The specialist contractor should take responsibility for the
or quarries, slopes, or manmade obstructions such as
treated zone and the depth of treatment. soakaways or drainage runs.
Alterations to the oversite level before or after treatment, or
The minimum depth of soil treated, which should allow for

the disturbance of ground by excavations after treatment. the interaction of adjacent foundations.
Soils with a Modified Plasticity Index of 10% or greater;
Stone columns that may form vertical drains, allowing

foundations should be designed to accommodate the passage of water to a moisture-susceptible strata, or
volume changes. provide seepage paths for gases.
house A house B
stone column acting

as soakaway
foundation depth in
accordance with interaction of adjacent foundations
Chapter 4.2
Ground water conditions

When specifying vibratory ground improvement techniques, the following factors should be considered:
Long-term lowering of the water table causing settlement
Short-term rise in local water table due to large volumes

of existing adjacent buildings. of water used in wet process during construction causing
settlement or heave of existing adjacent buildings.
5
CHAPTER 4.5
adjacent building new building adjacent building new building

original depressed dry process original raised stone

water level water level stone column water level water level column
Surface water sewers should be used for rainwater disposal where possible, but where soakaways are necessary, these should
be positioned so that their construction and operation is not detrimental to the treated ground.
The effect of any new or existing sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) should be taken into account when vibro improvement
techniques are proposed.
4.5
4.5.6
Compatibility of the ground, design and treatment
Vibratory ground improvement techniques shall be compatible with the treated ground, site layout and the
home design. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) limitations of the treated ground d) use of suspended ground floors
b) limitations of ground support e) notice to NHBC.
c) suitable foundation types
Limitations of the treated ground

The engineer should:
avoid siting homes in locations where major changes in
discuss the feasibility of proposals with the

ground conditions can be expected specialist contractor
consider limitations of the configuration of the homes
confirm the required load and settlement performance of

including the vulnerability at junctions and of long blocks the treated ground
determine the loads to be imposed by the homes, and
advise and discuss design criteria with NHBC at the

assess these against the results of the site investigation design stage.
design loading
ground - bearing capacity

and settlement potential
Limitations of ground support

The engineer should establish the likely limits of ground
movement and account for this in the design, including:
the position and spacing of movement joints

the flexibility of masonry mortars

masonry reinforcement.

brick reinforcement and movement

joints in walls where required
CHAPTER 4.5
Suitable foundation types

The following criteria should be incorporated in the foundation design to ensure the compatibility and overall stability of the
foundations and superstructure:
Only two types of foundations are suitable, both of which should comply with the minimum criteria for areas of reinforcement

as defined in BS EN 1992-1-1. They are:

reinforced concrete strip foundation
reinforced concrete raft or semi-raft foundation positioned

on a uniformly compacted bed of hardcore
reinforced concrete
strip foundation
raft or semi-raft foundation
For both types of foundation, top and bottom reinforcement should be provided.
4.5
The depth of foundations to be a minimum of 600mm below the surface of the treated ground, and founded on firm material of
adequate bearing capacity.
Where the treated ground is of a granular nature, a reinforced concrete strip foundation will normally be acceptable provided

that the full depth of all fill material is treated.
If the treated ground is of a cohesive nature, a suitably designed raft, semi-raft or reinforced concrete strip foundation will

normally be acceptable.
The reinforced concrete foundation should be designed to span between the centres of adjacent stone columns unless a more

rigorous structural analysis is carried out to show that an alternative detail is acceptable.
If partial depth treatment of filled ground is proposed then a suitably designed reinforced concrete raft or semi-raft foundation

should be used.
If during excavations for foundations in treated ground it is found that excessive depths of concrete are required, then

precautions should be taken to ensure overall stability of the foundations, and the engineer should be satisfied that
construction of the foundation will not be detrimental to the treated ground.
Use of suspended ground floors

Suspended ground floors should be provided for all homes where vibratory ground improvement has been conducted, unless the
engineer can substantiate an alternative solution that is acceptable to NHBC.
Notice to NHBC
Where vibratory ground improvement is proposed, NHBC should be informed of:
proposed development
proposed start date of treatment.

appointment of the specialist contractor

4.5.7
Acceptable methods
Vibratory ground improvement techniques shall only be conducted using methods that are appropriate to
the ground conditions and acceptable to NHBC.
There are two main vibratory methods commonly used in the UK. These are known as the ‘dry bottom feed’ and ‘dry top feed’
methods. A third method, infrequently used in the UK and known as the ‘wet bottom feed’, is also acceptable to NHBC.
Dry bottom feed method
The dry bottom feed method is adopted in weaker soils or situations where there is a high water table and the bore hole is liable
to collapse between vibrator insertions.
7
CHAPTER 4.5
The vibrator penetrates by its mass, air flush and vibration.

At design depth, the stone is introduced via a hopper into
a pipe fixed to the side of a vibrator. The stone, generally
of 40mm size, exits the pipe at the tip of the vibrator and
discharges in to the bottom of the bore hole. The stone is then
compacted into the surrounding soil by repeated withdrawal

and insertion of the vibrator.
Dry top feed method
The dry top feed method is only used on cohesive soils where
the bore hole can remain open. The vibrator penetrates the
weak soil, or fill, by its mass, air flush and vibration to form a
bore hole.
Once refusal or design depth is reached, the vibrator is
removed and stone fill introduced into the bore hole, the
‘charge’ is generally 500-800mm deep. The vibrator is re-
inserted and ‘packs’ the stone into the surrounding strata.
4.5
Successive charges of stone are added and compacted,

bringing the column up to working level. The stone grading is
generally 40-75mm.
4.5.8
Materials for use as fill Also see: BRE Special Digest 1 Part 1, BRE Special Digest 433 and BS EN 771
Stone fill for forming columns shall be compatible with the ground conditions, and be suitable for the
vibratory ground improvement process.
Column fill should be a clean, hard, inert material. Limestone fill may not be acceptable in acidic ground conditions.
Suitable sources for fill material
All material used for fill should be suitable.
Where the material is of a stable and uniform type from one source, it may only be necessary to check its suitability once.
Regular inspections and/or testing may be required where material is variable or from a number of sources.
Where material is obtained from stockpiles, the uniformity should be checked. Different forms of stockpiling can affect particle
size and grading. The outside of a stockpile may be weathered and may not be the same as unweathered material. The use of
recycled aggregate as fill should comply with BRE Digest 433 or other suitable guidance as agreed with NHBC.
Hazardous materials
The following materials require testing to ensure their suitability for use as fill to support structural foundations and slabs, or as
backfill to associated trenches:
Acid wastes.
Toxic materials.

Reactive materials.
Materials that cause noxious fumes, rot, undue settlement

Materials that include sulfates, e.g. gypsum.
or damage to surrounding materials.
Organic materials.

Test requirements for fill material
Tests should be carried out by a suitably qualified person with a detailed knowledge of the:
material to be tested
proposed conditions of use.

The samples which are tested must be representative of the true nature of the material. It may be necessary to take a number of
samples to find out the material characteristics of the fill.
Sulfate content should be expressed as a percentage SO4 by weight on the basis of acid soluble testing, taking full account of
the recommendations of BRE Special Digest 1 Part 1.
Fill material requiring NHBC acceptance
The following types of fill should not be used unless written agreement has been obtained from NHBC:
Colliery shale and any other residue from mineral
Material obtained from demolition.

extraction. On wet sites, or sites with a high water table, crushed

Slags.
or broken bricks which have no limit on their soluble salt
Furnace ashes and other products of combustion.
content (as defined in BS EN 771).
CHAPTER 4.5
Expansive fill materials

Fill containing expansive material is not acceptable for use as support to structural foundations and slabs, or as backfill to
associated trenches.
4.5.9
Granular material
Granular material for raising site levels before treatment, or adding during deep compaction, shall be
suitable for compaction and, unless appropriate precautions are taken, be free from hazardous materials.
The grading of material for adding during deep compaction should be within Zone A of Chart 1. Well graded, inert fill which
passes a 100mm x 100mm screen in all directions and contains less than 10% fine material of silt or clay size will generally be
acceptable for raising site levels.
Precautions, including testing where appropriate, should be taken where hazardous materials are present in fill.
4.5.10
Sitework
When using vibratory ground improvement techniques, the builder shall ensure that the engineer visits the
4.5
site and provides competent supervision throughout the ground treatment process. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) engineer checks
b) location, depth and alignment of columns
c) managing unforeseen circumstances.
Engineer checks
The engineer should provide competent site supervision throughout the ground treatment process and at critical stages,
including:
the inspection of setting out
checking of materials

the installation of columns during the early stage of the
where installation data differs from design assumptions

work where changes in treatment layout are required.

Some aspects of sitework may be the responsibility of the engineer or their representative, or of the specialist contractor, rather
than of the builder.
Location, depth and alignment of columns

Supervision should ensure that:
the minimum required depth of the stone columns is
missing stone columns are replaced

achieved and each one correctly located (the builder stone columns which are misaligned by more than 150mm

should provide sufficient profiles to enable locations to in any direction are replaced
be checked) the location of all stone columns is checked by the

the stone columns are located either centrally under the
engineer’s representative prior to the specialist plant
foundations they are to support or are in the predetermined leaving the site.
staggered arrangement, at a maximum of 2m centres and
at the intersection of adjacent reinforced concrete strips
2m max.
centres
2m max.
centres
missing stone stone column stone column

column = misaligned by misaligned by less
new column more than than150mm =
required 150mm = no action needed
new column
required
in correct position
9
CHAPTER 4.5
Managing unforeseen circumstances

Table 3: Actions for managing unforeseen circumstances
Circumstance Action In all cases
Unforeseen changes or trends which affect Recorded and reported to the Where there is an effect on the final
the site conditions engineer immediately efficiency of the treatment, this should
Change in the anticipated depth of the Recorded and reported to the engineer be fully considered by the engineer
compaction point in excess of 25% and specialist contractor as soon as and the specialist contractor.
possible but no later than the end of The builder and NHBC are to be
Variation of over 50% in the quantity of backfill advised immediately regarding
used in compaction points of the same length the working day of occurrence proposed remedial measures.
Allowance should be made for unforeseen obstructions that

require either local removal and backfilling prior to treatment,
realignment or additional columns, coupled with local
amendment of foundation design.
4.5
depth 25% 50% more

greater than backfill than
anticipated anticipated
4.5.11
Adjacent excavations
The builder shall ensure that foundations are not disturbed by adjacent excavations.
The engineer should consider the influence of drainage and
other service trenches on the stability of the complete design.
The minimum clearance between excavations and foundations
must not be less than the depth of excavation minus the depth
of the structural foundation. Particular attention is needed for excavation and
drain/service
excavation below the water table. trenches should
be above 45º line
4.5.12
Verification of completed treatment
The engineer shall require the specialist contractor to verify that the ground treatment is
satisfactory, including:
a) suitable testing
b) written confirmation of completed treatment
c) recording of work.
Suitable testing
Tests should be carried out to establish the degree of ground improvement, the load-bearing characteristics and
settlement potential.
The specialist contractor should:
predict the results from his experience of work on the type
agree results and tolerance with the engineer with

of ground prior to the test taking place actual results.
agree results and tolerance with the engineer prior to

testing
Where the results are vastly different, a further investigation may be necessary.
Where a threefold improvement were predicted and only a twofold improvement achieved, this could indicate that the ground
was different to that identified in the investigation, or that the treatment carried out differed from the specified treatment.
Tests on ground containing clay soils may need to be conducted several days after completion to allow excess pore pressures
to dissipate. The engineer may choose any appropriate combination of the tests detailed in Table 4, with the agreement of
NHBC.
CHAPTER 4.5
Table 4: Test methods

Test Comments
600mm diameter plate tests Plate tests will not determine the design but will allow for an assessment to be made of the
workmanship on the stone columns.
The tests should be carried out on stone columns or treated ground at a frequency of at least
one test per day per rig.

Dummy footing test/mini A mini zone test can be used as a limited
zone test substitute for zone tests. The test should be
applied to at least two stone columns and the
area of foundation which they support.
The load may be applied through a rigid beam
or stiffened plate using skips or other known
loads, arranged to give a uniform distribution
of the load.
4.5
Mini zone tests should be continued for a sufficient time to allow creep behaviour to
be quantified. Allowances for this time should be made in the overall project programme.
Table 4 (continued): Test methods

Test Comments
Zone test An isolated pad or strip footing is used to test
up to eight stone columns and the intervening
ground. Loadings which should simulate the
dwelling loads are held for 24 hours at
predetermined stages to examine
creep behaviour.
In-situ test Where vibration will improve the ground itself, e.g. granular materials, then in-situ testing
is appropriate.
Improvement can be assessed when the in-situ test results are compared with the
pretreatment investigation.
Trial pits Trial pits can be excavated around trial stone columns to prove that they are fully formed and to
the required depth and diameter.
This is a destructive test, and allowance should be made accordingly.
Written confirmation of completed treatment

On completion of the treatment, the engineer should:
use the test results to verify that the treated ground has
advise the builder of any special precautions which should

achieved the anticipated condition assumed in the design be taken for the positioning of services both beneath the
advise the builder and NHBC in writing of the verified
home and adjacent to it.
effectiveness of treatment in relation to the design
Recording of work
A comprehensive record of all works should be made available to NHBC, including:
information concerning the treatment
on-site changes

depth of fill
any other relevant information.

volume of stone used

Substructure and
ground-bearing floors
CHAPTER 5.1
This chapter gives guidance on meeting the Technical Requirements and
recommendations for substructures (excluding foundations), including
substructure walls, ground-bearing floors where infill is no deeper than
600mm, and installation of services below the damp proof course (DPC).
5.1.1 Compliance 01
5.1.3 Transfer of loads 01
5.1.6 Ground below fill 03
5.1.7 Fill below floors 03
5.1.8 Infill up to 600mm deep 04
5.1.9 Materials used for fill 04
5.1.10 Harmful or toxic materials 04
5.1.11 Regulatory solutions 05
5.1.12 Walls below the DPC 05
5.1.13 Durability 06
5.1.14 Mortar 07
5.1.15 Wall ties 07
5.1.16 Blinding 07
5.1.17 Ground floor slab and concrete 07
5.1.18 Laying the ground-bearing floor slab 08
5.1.19 Damp proof course 08
5.1.20 Damp proofing concrete floors 09
5.1.21 Thermal insulation 09
5.1.22 Installation of insulation 10
1
Substructure and ground-bearing floors 2019
CHAPTER 5.1
5.1.1
Substructures and ground-bearing floors shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Substructures and ground-bearing floors that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Ground-bearing floors may only be used where the depth of infill is less than 600mm deep and properly compacted.
5.1.2
Plan dimensions and levels which should be related
Information on proposed underground services,

to benchmarks. including points of entry to the building.
The required sequence and depth of trench backfill where
Detailing of service penetrations through the substructure,

relevant to the design of the walls below the DPC. including support of the structure above details of junctions
Details of trench backfill, infill and void formers
between the DPM, DPC and tanking.
Work required to maintain the integrity of DPCs and
Details of underfloor, floor edge and cavity insulation.

damp proof membranes (DPMs).
5.1.3
Transfer of loads Also see: Chapters 4.1, 4.3, 5.2 and 6.1
5.1
Substructures and ground-bearing floors shall ensure that loads are supported and transferred to the
foundations, or ground, without undue movement.
The design of the substructure should take account of findings from the site investigation. Where infill deeper than 600mm is
needed, a suspended floor should be used.
Load-bearing partitions should have proper foundations and not be supported off ground-bearing floors. In Scotland, sleeper
walls should not be built on ground-bearing floors.
5.1.4
Ground conditions Also see: Chapters 4.1, 4.2, 5.2 and BRE Report 211
Substructure and ground-bearing floors shall not be adversely affected by ground conditions, and take
account of:
a) ground hazards d) e
ffect of sloping ground on depth of infill and
b) bearing capacity of the ground wall construction
c) nature of the ground e) site works and construction.
Ground hazards
Hazards likely to affect substructure and ground-bearing floors include contaminated materials, waterlogged ground and
chemicals, particularly sulfates.
Where it is necessary to reduce the entry of radon gas, which should be identified in the site investigation, such precautions
should be acceptable to NHBC.
Bearing capacity
Ground-bearing floors may not be suitable where the bearing capacity and nature of the ground varies, even where the depth
of infill is less than 600mm. Special measures may be needed to restrict settlement, such as the use of suspended floor
construction.
Nature of the ground

Where there is shrinkable soil, expansive materials or other unstable soils, suspended floor construction may be necessary.
Shrinkable soils are classified as those which contain more than 35% fine particles (silt and clay) and which have a Modified
Plasticity Index of 10% or more. A soil testing laboratory should be consulted to verify the Plasticity Index of the soil.
Substructure and ground-bearing floors 2019 2
CHAPTER 5.1
The effect of sloping ground

Sloping ground may require steps in the substructure and possibly different floor levels.
Where more than 600mm of infill is required at any point in a self-contained area, the floor over the whole of that area must be of
suspended construction.
Construction on steep slopes may involve walls below DPC level acting as retaining walls and should be designed by an
engineer where (H) is greater than four times (T).
(H) = height difference between floor/ground levels
(T) = the total thickness of the retaining wall.

T
T
t1 t2
H greater
H than 4 x T
suspended floor
where the infill is
more than 600mm
where cavity
fill is omitted
T = t1 + t2
5.1
Site works and construction
Special precautions may be needed to prevent damage to the substructure from site operations on adjoining ground such as
ground treatment, or surcharging due to infill.
5.1.5
Services and drainage Also see: Chapters 5.3, 5.4, 6.2 and 8.1
Substructure and ground-bearing floors shall be installed to:
a) adequately protect existing services and ground water drainage
b) have suitable surface and subsoil drainage
c) make allowance for drainage and other services.
Adequately protect existing services and ground water drainage

All existing services should be located and identified before
work commences. During dry periods it can be difficult to
determine if ground water drains are active, so where they are
severed or disturbed, they should be reconnected to a
suitable outfall. land drains
diversion diverted to
Existing active groundwater drainage should be retained to suitable
outfall
minimise the risk of flooding. Water from these drains may
require diverting.
Where existing services conflict with the proposed foundations
or substructure, and they are to remain, they should be
protected or diverted and remaining voids filled with concrete
or grout. Where they are no longer active and are not needed,
they should be disconnected and grubbed up.
Surface water and subsoil drainage
Surface and/or subsoil drainage may be needed on sites where there is a risk of waterlogging.
Walls which act as retaining walls may require land drains, hardcore fill and suitable outlets to dispose of any subsoil water that
collects behind the wall.
Ground or paths adjoining the home should:
slope away at a slight fall
generally be at least 150mm below the DPC.

3
CHAPTER 5.1
Make allowance for drainage and other services

Design information should include all necessary details relating to the proposed underground services.
Drain pipes passing through or under the building may require flexible connections or other means of accommodating
differential movement.
Where pipes penetrate walls, they should be provided with flexible joints or be sited in an opening formed by lintels.
150mm
max.
150mm
max. 3D
600mm 600mm
max. max. minimum
50mm space
around pipe
opening masked
on both sides
flexible joint flexible joint
lintel granular backfill around pipe
pipe passing through lintelled opening

pipe bedded in walls
Services should be sleeved where they pass through a structural element. Where required, they should be arranged so that
future access can be obtained without affecting structural stability.
When unidentified services, ducts, cables or pipes are exposed, advice should be sought from local offices of statutory
5.1
undertakings and service supply companies.
5.1.6
Ground below fill
Ground below fill shall be adequately prepared to provide consistent support to the fill and the
ground-bearing slab without undue movement.
Ground-bearing floor slabs may only be built on ground where:
the ground is suitable to support floor loads and any
all topsoil containing vegetation and organic matter,

other loads including tree roots, has been removed
there is a suitable and even bearing surface.

5.1.7
Fill below floors
Fill, including made ground, trench backfill and infill below ground-bearing floor slabs shall provide full and
consistent support to ground-bearing slabs.
Where more than 600mm of infill is required at any point within
a self-contained area, or the bearing capacity and nature of the
ground varies, the floor over the self-contained area should be
of suspended construction.
Infill under slabs and backfill in trenches should be properly
placed and mechanically compacted to form a stable mass in
layers not exceeding 225mm. Concrete may be used as an
alternative to backfill in trenches.
properly compacted
infill and backfill
CHAPTER 5.1
5.1.8
Infill up to 600mm deep Also see: Chapter 5.2
Infill beneath ground-bearing floors shall be a maximum of 600mm deep.
Ground-bearing slabs are not acceptable where infill exceeds 600mm in depth.
Where the design requires in excess of 600mm of infill at any point within a self-contained area, the floor construction over the
whole of that area is required to be independent of the fill and capable of supporting:
self-weight
other imposed loads.

non load-bearing partitions

5.1.9
Materials used for fill Also see: BRE DG 522 ‘Hardcore for supporting ground floors of buildings’
Materials used for fill shall be suitable for the intended use and, unless appropriate precautions are taken,
free from hazardous materials. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) sources of fill materials
b) hazardous materials.
Fill should be:
well graded
able to pass a 150mm x 150mm screen in all directions.

inert and contain no hazardous materials

Fill containing either expansive materials or chemicals is not acceptable for the support of ground-bearing slabs.
The following types of fill should not be used unless written permission has been obtained from NHBC:
material obtained from demolition
on wet sites, or sites with a high water table, crushed

5.1
furnace ashes and other products of combustion
or broken bricks which have S1 designation according
colliery shale and any other residue from mineral extraction
to BS EN 771.
slags

Sources of fill material
Where the material is of a stable and uniform type, and from one source, it may only be necessary to check its suitability once.
Where material is variable, or from a number of sources, it should all be suitable, and regular inspections and/or testing may
be required.
Where industrial waste is permitted as fill material, it is essential that sufficient testing is carried out to ensure suitability.
Where material is obtained from stockpiles, check the material is uniform. Different forms of stockpiling can affect particle
size/grading. The outside of a stockpile may be weathered and may not be the same as unweathered material.
Hazardous materials
The following fill materials require testing to ensure their suitability for use with ground-bearing slabs or as backfill to
associated trenches:
reactive materials
materials that cause noxious fumes, rot, undue settlement

organic materials
or damage to surrounding materials
toxic materials
acid wastes.

materials that include sulfates, e.g. gypsum

5.1.10
Harmful or toxic materials Also see: BRE DG 522 ‘Hardcore for supporting ground floors of buildings’
Harmful or toxic materials present in the fill or in the ground shall be identified to the satisfaction of NHBC
and not affect the performance of the substructure and ground-bearing slab.
Precautions should be taken by either:
ensuring that made ground and fill materials are free from
designing the construction to contain, resist and prevent

harmful or toxic substances, or the adverse effects of such materials, using means
acceptable to NHBC.
Tests for sulfate content should comply with the recommendations of BRE Special Digest 1 Third Edition by a suitably qualified
person who has a detailed knowledge of the:
material being tested proposed conditions of use.
5
CHAPTER 5.1
The samples tested must be representative of the material, so it may be necessary to collect multiple samples to
identify characteristics.
Where there are likely to be harmful levels of sulfate:
the floor slab should be of an appropriate mix to resist
the concrete blocks in substructure walls should be sulfate

sulfate attack or be protected by an impervious layer of resistant and suitable for the fill and ground conditions
1200 gauge (0.3mm) polyethylene sheet, or 1000 gauge the mortar should be sulfate resisting to comply with of

(0.25mm) where it complies with Technical Requirement R3. BS EN 1996-1-1.
This may also serve as a DPM
Fill containing expansive materials or chemicals is not acceptable for use as infill or backfill.
5.1.11
Regulatory solutions
Use of recycled or secondary materials shall comply with the relevant waste regulatory requirements.
Table 1: Regulatory solution for fill, including recycled and secondary materials
Location Materials used on: Regulatory solution
England and Wales Site of origin CL:AIRE Code of Practice.
Other sites and less than 5000t Registration under a U1 exemption with the EA is required at the
receiving site.
Other sites and over 5000t Ensure that the supplier has followed the WRAP protocol.
Northern Ireland Any site Registration under a paragraph 19 exemption with the SEPA/NIEA is
and Scotland required at the receiving site.
EA: Environment Agency NIEA: Northern Ireland Environment Agency
5.1
CL:AIRE: Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments. SEPA: Scottish Environment Protection Agency
5.1.12
Walls below the DPC Also see: Chapters 6.1 and 6.2
Substructure and walls below the DPC shall be suitably constructed. Issues to be taken into account
include:
a) construction of walls acting as temporary retaining walls
b) concrete cavity fill.
Construction of walls acting as temporary retaining walls

Backfill should be placed in layers of equal thickness to both sides of the substructure walls, so that compaction on one side is
not more than one layer ahead of the other. Where backfill is placed and compacted on one side of the foundation trench before
the other side is backfilled, the wall will be acting as a temporary retaining wall.
In such cases, the wall should either be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5 or the thickness
(T) should be as indicated in Table 2.
T
t1 t2 T
D D
where cavity
fill is omitted backfill placed after
T = t1 + t2 concrete cavity fill
fill compacted equally
on both sides
CHAPTER 5.1
Table 2: Acceptable D:T of temporary retaining walls

Depth (D) of filled trench Minimum thickness (T) of wall leaf supporting fill
Up to 1100mm 200mm
1100-1400mm 300mm
1400-1700mm 400mm
1700-2000mm 500mm
This guidance is only applicable to the temporary condition and where problems such as hydrostatic pressure are not present.
Concrete cavity fill

A minimum 225mm clear cavity below the DPC should be maintained. When specialised foundations are used, including those
for timber framed buildings, the minimum clear cavity depth may be reduced to 150mm below the DPC, provided that weep holes
and other necessary measures are taken to ensure free drainage.
5.1.13
Durability Also see: Chapters 4.3, 6.1 and BS EN 1996-1-1
Substructure and walls below the DPC shall be capable of supporting their intended loads and, where
necessary, be resistant to frost action, sulfates and other harmful or toxic materials. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) brickwork
b) blockwork.
Frost damage occurs on saturated masonry exposed to freezing conditions. Bricks, blocks and mortars located 150mm above
and below ground level are the most likely to be damaged by frost.
5.1
Masonry walls below the DPC should be designed and constructed as described in Chapter 6.1 ‘External Masonry Walls’.
Recommendations for the design strength of bricks, masonry blocks and mortars are given in BS EN 1996-1-1.
Brickwork
Bricks should be of suitable durability, especially in the outer leaf below the DPC, or where they could be frozen when saturated.
Bricks used in retaining walls should be suitable for the exposure and climate, as recommended by the manufacturer.
Clay bricks should comply with BS EN 771, which classifies bricks according to their durability designation (F) and to the content
of active soluble salts (S).
F0 Not freeze/thaw resistant and should not be used externally
F1 Moderately freeze/thaw resistant
F2 Freeze/thaw resistant
S1 Normal active soluble salts
S2 Low active soluble salts
Generally, bricks are designated to F1,S2 or F1,S1. If in doubt as to suitability, bricks of F2,S2 or F2,S1 should be specified, or
the manufacturer consulted and written confirmation obtained in relation to:
location in the structure.

Calcium silicate bricks for use below DPC should be at least compressive strength class 20.
Blockwork
Concrete blocks for use below the DPC should meet BS EN 771 and one of the following:
Minimum density of 1500kg/m3
assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.

Minimum compressive strength of 7.3N/mm2

Where it is necessary to resist sulfate attack and ensure adequate durability, blocks made with sulfate-resisting cement and/or a
higher than normal cement content should be used.
Where there is doubt regarding the suitability of the block, particularly where acids or sulfates occur, written confirmation of its
suitability should be obtained from the manufacturer in relation to:
location in the structure.

7
CHAPTER 5.1
5.1.14
Mortar Also see: Chapter 6.1
Substructure and walls below DPC level shall use mortar which is suitable for the location and intended
use. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) mortar mix
b) sulfate resistance.
Mortar mix
Mortar should comply with the design and should take account of the strength, type and location of the masonry. The selection of
mortar for use below the DPC should follow the recommendations given in BS EN 1996-1-1.
The use of proprietary mortars and admixtures should:
account for the type of masonry unit and its location
only be used in accordance with the

manufacturer’s recommendations.
For non-clay bricks or blocks, mortar should be used in accordance with the brick manufacturer’s recommendations.
Sulfate resistance
Sulfate-resisting cement should be used where:
sulfates are present in the ground, ground water or
recommended by the brick manufacturer.

masonry
In such cases, sulfate-resisting cement to BS EN 197-1 should be used.
5.1.15
Wall ties
5.1
Substructure and walls below the DPC shall use wall ties suitable for their intended use.
Wall ties should comply with BS EN 845 or be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
Where cavity insulation batts or slabs start below DPC level, the vertical and horizontal spacing of wall ties should be compatible
with the spacing to be used above DPC level.
5.1.16
Blinding
Blinding shall provide a suitable surface for the materials above.
Infill should be sufficiently blinded to receive the concrete, and DPM where required, using the minimum thickness necessary to
give a suitable surface.
Concrete blinding may be needed where voids in the fill could result in loss of fines from the blinding. Where hardcore fill is used,
smooth blinding, e.g. sand or other suitable fine material, is essential to avoid puncturing a sheet DPM.
Where the ground floor is to be reinforced, blinding should be firm and even, to give good support for the reinforcement and to
maintain the design cover using reinforcement stools, where appropriate.
5.1.17
Ground floor slab and concrete Also see: Chapter 3.1
Ground-bearing floors shall be of adequate strength and durability, and use concrete mixed and reinforced
as necessary to support floor loads safely and resist chemical and frost action.
Ground-bearing concrete floor slabs should be at least 100mm thick, including monolithic screed where appropriate.
CHAPTER 5.1
5.1.18
Laying the ground-bearing floor slab Also see: Chapters 3.1 and 9.3
Ground-bearing floors shall be reasonably level and effectively impervious to moisture.
All underfloor services and ducts should be installed and
DPM protected
tested before concreting, where appropriate. by a board
Care should be taken to ensure that all joints and junctions

between DPMs, wall DPCs or tanking in substructure walls are
undamaged, especially while the concrete for the ground slab
is being poured.
5.1.19
Damp proof course Also see: Chapters 5.4 and 6.1
Damp proof courses shall adequately resist moisture from reaching the inside of the building. Issues to be
a) positioning of DPC’s
b) DPC materials.
Positioning of DPC’s
5.1
DPCs should be:
positioned a minimum of 150mm above finished ground or
of the correct width and fully bedded

paving level either welded or lapped by 100mm minimum

linked with any DPM
impermeable.

membrane linked
with a stepped DPC
floor level
DPC level
150mm
DPC level
150mm
ground level min.
concrete cavity fill
Where homes are ‘stepped’ on a sloping site, care should be taken to link DPCs and DPMs so that all parts of each home
are protected.
DPC materials
Acceptable materials for DPCs include:
Bitumen based materials BS 6398
Polyethylene, (should not be used below BS 6515
copings,in parapets or for tanking) 0.5mm minimum
Proprietary materials Technical Requirement R3
DPCs and flexible cavity trays should be of the correct dimensions. At complicated junctions, preformed cavity trays of the
correct type and shape should be used.
Brick DPCs are only suitable to resist the upward movement of moisture and should:
consist of two courses of engineering bricks,
be bedded and jointed in a 1:¼:3, cement:lime:sand,

laid broken bond or equivalent, mortar.
9
CHAPTER 5.1
5.1.20
Damp proofing concrete floors
Ground-bearing floors shall resist the passage of moisture to the inside of the home.
Ground-bearing concrete floor slabs should be protected against ground moisture by providing a continuous membrane.
The membrane should:
have sealed laps of at least 300mm wide

take account of possible differential movement.

link with wall DPCs to form an impervious barrier to prevent

moisture reaching the interior of the dwelling
Care should be taken not to trap moisture when a combination of damp proofing and vapour control layers are used.
When the membrane is located below the slab, a blinding layer DPC laps DPM
of sand should be provided to fill voids in the hardcore and to
minimise the risk of puncturing the membrane.
A clear cavity of at least 225mm below the DPC should be
maintained. When specialised foundations are used, including
those for timber framed buildings, this depth may be reduced 225mm
min.
to 150mm below the DPC where weep holes are provided and
other necessary measures are taken to ensure that the cavity
can drain freely.
Where homes are stepped down a sloping site, the DPCs and
DPMs should be linked so that all parts of each home
are protected. The guidance in Chapter 5.4 ‘Waterproofing concrete cavity fill
5.1
of basements and other below ground structures’ should be

followed where steps between floor slabs are greater
than 150mm.
Suitable materials for DPM’s include:
1200 gauge (0.3mm) polyethylene sheet
bitumen sheet to BS 6398

minimum 1000 gauge (0.25mm) polyethylene sheet where
materials that comply with Technical Requirement R3.

it complies with Technical Requirement R3
5.1.21
Thermal insulation Also see: Chapters 6.1, 9.3 and BRE Report ‘Thermal insulation: avoiding risks’
Ground-bearing floors and walls below the DPC shall be thermally insulated to comply with building
regulations and be suitable for the intended use. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) floor insulation
b) wall insulation
c) cold bridging.
Floor insulation
Thermal insulation materials for use below ground-bearing slabs should have:
appropriate density for the location
low water absorption.

Insulation to be positioned below both the slab and DPM should be resistant to ground contaminants. The following materials are
acceptable for use as insulation:
expanded polystyrene boards (grade EPS 70)
a proprietary material that complies with

to BS EN 13163 Technical Requirement R3.
Wall insulation
Cavity insulation materials, super lightweight blocks, blocks with face bonded insulation or integral insulation should be:
manufactured and used to comply with a British Standard
used in compliance with Technical Requirement R3.

and relevant code of practice, or
CHAPTER 5.1
The thickness of materials should be suitable for the required level of performance:
England and Wales See Clause 6.1.7.
Scotland Not permitted to fill the full width of the cavity with any thermal insulants at the time of

construction.
Northern Ireland and the Not permitted to fill cavities with pumped thermal insulants at the time of construction.

Isle of Man
Cold bridging
The design should ensure that any risk of cold bridging is minimised, especially at junctions between floors and external walls.
Precautions include:
extending cavity insulation below floor slab level
facing supporting substructure with insulation

linking floor and wall insulation
– where homes are stepped or staggered, the wall forming
providing perimeter insulation to floors
the step or stagger may require insulation.
5.1.22
Installation of insulation
Installation of thermal insulation shall ensure that the full thermal performance of the floor is achieved.
Insulation boards should be tightly butted together to maintain insulation protected
by board
insulation continuity. Where the insulation is turned up
vertically at the edge of the slab, it should be protected whilst
the concrete is being poured and tamped.
5.1
DPM trimmed to
avoid bridging
cavity
5.1.23
Further information

BRE Special Digest 433.
Suspended ground floors
CHAPTER 5.2
Technical Requirements for suspended
ground floors including those constructed from:
in-situ concrete
precast concrete
timber joists.
5.2.1 Compliance 01
5.2.3 Contaminants 01
5.2.4 Proprietary systems 01
5.2.5 Transfer of loads: concrete floors 01
5.2.6 Reinforced concrete 02
5.2.7 Construction of suspended
concrete ground floors 02
5.2.8 Transfer of loads: timber floors 02
5.2.9 Thermal insulation and cold bridging 03
5.2.10 Damp-proofing and ventilation 03
5.2.11 Floor finishes 04
5.2.12 Floor decking 04
1
Suspended ground floors 2019
CHAPTER 5.2
5.2.1
Compliance Also see: Chapters 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.5 and 5.1
Suspended ground floors shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Suspended ground floors that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Ground floors should be constructed as suspended floors where:

the depth of fill exceeds 600mm
the ground has been subject to vibratory improvement

there is shrinkable soil that could be subject to movement
ground or fill is not suitable to support ground-bearing

(See Chapter 4.2 ‘Building near trees’), expansive slabs.
materials or other unstable soils
5.2.2
Design and specification information should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers, and
include the following information:
All necessary plan dimensions and levels related to
Details of trench backfill, infill and void formers.

identified benchmarks. Details of junctions between DPM, DPC and tanking.

Details of load-bearing walls.
Details of underfloor and floor edge insulation and cavity

Minimum bearing dimensions.
insulation, where relevant.
Information on all proposed underground services.
Span and direction of structural members.

Points of entry to the building for services.
Details of non-loadbearing walls.

5.2
5.2.3 Also see: Chapter 4.1, BRE Report 211 and

Contaminants Approved Document C1/2/3 Appendix ‘Introduction to remedial measures’
Suspended ground floors shall be designed and constructed to ensure that adequate measures are taken
against the adverse effects of ground contaminants, including adequate protection against radon gas.
Any contaminants in, or above, the ground should be identified to the satisfaction of NHBC, following the guidance given in the
appropriate British Standard, and precautions against health hazards caused by contaminants should be taken.
Precautions acceptable to NHBC may be necessary to reduce the entry of radon gas; such conditions should be identified in the
site investigation.
5.2.4
Proprietary systems
Proprietary suspended flooring systems shall have adequate strength and durability.
Proprietary concrete flooring systems should be designed in accordance with BS EN 1992-1-1. Where a system incorporates
elements which cannot be designed to this standard, e.g. polystyrene infill blocks, the floor should be assessed in accordance
5.2.5
Transfer of loads: concrete floors
Suspended ground floors shall be designed and constructed to transmit all loads safely to the supporting
structure without undue movement. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) dead and imposed loads
b) end bearings.
Dead and imposed loads

In-situ:
Loads should be calculated in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-1.
Suspended in-situ concrete ground floors should be designed either:

by an engineer in accordance with
in accordance with BS 8103-1.

Technical Requirement R5, or
Suspended ground floors 2019 2
CHAPTER 5.2
Precast:
Loads should be calculated in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-1.
Precast concrete suspended ground floors should be:
designed by an engineer in accordance with
chosen from the manufacturer’s details which are based on

Technical Requirement R5 recognised standards and codes of practice.
proprietary systems which have been assessed in

accordance with Technical Requirement R3, or
End bearings
In-situ:
Bearings on supporting walls should be designed either:
by an engineer in accordance with
in accordance with BS 8103-1.

Precast:
Bearings on supporting walls should be as recommended by the manufacturer, and in no case less than 90mm.
5.2.6
Reinforced concrete Also see: Chapter 3.1
Suspended ground floors shall use suitably mixed and reinforced concrete, which will achieve sufficient
strength to support floor loads safely and be sufficiently durable to remain unaffected by chemical or
frost action.
Guidance for the specification and use of in-situ concrete, additives and reinforcement is contained in Chapter 3.1
5.2
‘Concrete and its reinforcement’.
5.2.7
Construction of suspended concrete ground floors Also see: Chapter 6.4
Suspended ground floors shall be designed and constructed to ensure the safe support of the intended
loads and be reasonably level.
In-situ:
Concreting should be carried out in accordance with:
the design information
relevant parts of NHBC guidance for concrete,

including Chapter 3.1 ‘Concrete and its reinforcement’.
Precast:
Care should be taken to ensure that DPCs are not damaged or displaced. All sitework for precast concrete floors should be
carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
5.2.8
Transfer of loads: timber floors Also see: Chapters 4.3 and 6.4
Timber suspended ground floors, including the decking material, shall be designed and constructed to be
suitable for their intended use. Issues to be taken into account include the:
a) support of self-weight, dead and imposed loads and b) safe transmission of loads to the supporting structure
limited deflection c) adverse effects of shrinkage and movement.
Support of self-weight, dead and imposed loads, and limited deflection

Structural timber grades and sizes should be adequate for the spans and imposed loads. Where trimming is necessary,
adequately sized timbers should be used.
Safe transmission of loads to the supporting structure

Joist hangers should be suitable for:
the joist width and depth
the loading

the strength of masonry
providing adequate end bearings to joists.

Sleeper walls should adequately support the floor joists, and joists should be correctly supported at masonry separating walls.
Shrinkage and movement

Strutting should be provided where required to limit the twisting of joists.
3
Suspended ground floors 2019
CHAPTER 5.2
5.2.9 Also see: Chapter 9.3 and

Thermal insulation and cold bridging BRE report ‘Thermal insulation: avoiding risks’
Suspended ground floors shall be insulated in accordance with building regulations to minimise thermal
transmission through the floor and using materials suitable for the location and intended use.
Insulation should be installed to ensure that any risk of cold bridging is minimised, especially at junctions between floors and
external walls. Cold bridging precautions include:

extending cavity wall insulation below floor level
providing perimeter insulation to floors.

Insulation below cast in-situ suspended ground floor slabs should be:
placed on a suitable, compacted and even substrate
strong enough to support wet construction loads

of a material with low water absorption
compatible with any DPM.

resistant to ground contaminants

Insulation for timber floors may be either insulation quilt or rigid insulation.
Cavity wall insulation should extend below the floor insulation level.
Insulation for use above suspended concrete floors should be in accordance with Chapter 9.3 ‘Floor finishes’.
5.2.10
Damp-proofing and ventilation Also see: Chapters 4.2, 5.1, 5.4, 6.1 and 9.3
Suspended ground floors shall be designed and constructed to resist the passage of moisture into the
building. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) damp-proofing
b) ventilation.
5.2
Damp-proofing
Where DPMs are required, they should be linked with any DPCs in the supporting structure, in order to provide continuous
protection from moisture from the ground or through the supporting structure.
DPMs should be properly lapped in accordance with Chapter 5.1 ‘Substructure and ground-bearing floors’.
In-situ concrete:
Dampness from the ground and supporting structure should be prevented from reaching the floor by using linked DPMs and
DPCs to provide continuous protection.
Where there is a risk of sulfate attack, in-situ or oversite concrete should be protected with polyethylene sheet that is a minimum:
1200 gauge (0.3mm), or
1000 gauge (0.25mm) if assessed in accordance with

Precast concrete:
Additional damp-proofing may not be necessary where:
the underfloor void is ventilated and DPCs are provided
ground below the floor is effectively drained, if excavated

under bearings of precast floors in accordance with CP 102 below the level of the surrounding ground.
Where proprietary floor systems are used, adequate moisture-resistant membranes should be installed in accordance with the
Vapour control layers may be necessary to protect floor finishes, and where used, should be positioned in accordance with the
Timber ground floors:
Timber used for suspended ground floors should be treated or naturally durable, in accordance with Chapter 3.3
‘Timber preservation (natural solid timber)’, and the ground below the floor covered with:
50mm concrete or fine aggregate on a polyethylene
100mm concrete.

membrane laid on 50mm sand blinding, or
In Scotland, the deemed-to-satisfy specification of the building regulations should be followed.
Suspended ground floors 2019 4
CHAPTER 5.2
Ventilation
Ventilation should be provided to precast and timber suspended floors. This is generally provided by ventilators on at least two
opposite external walls, with air bricks properly ducted in accordance with Chapter 6.1 ‘External masonry walls’. Where this is
not possible, suitable cross ventilation should be provided by a combination of openings and air ducts. Ventilation should not be
obtained through a garage.
Sleeper walls and partitions should be constructed with sufficient openings to ensure adequate through ventilation. If necessary,
pipe ducts should be incorporated in adjoining solid floors, separating walls or other obstructions.Where underfloor voids adjoin
ground bearing floors, ventilation ducts should be installed.
Void ventilation should be provided to whichever gives the greater opening area:
1500mm2 per metre run of external wall
500mm2 per m2 of floor area.

In the case of timber floors, ventilators should be spaced at no more that 2m centres and within 450mm of the end of any wall.
A minimum ventilation void of 150mm should be provided below the underside of precast concrete and timber suspended floors.
On shrinkable soil where heave could take place, a larger void is required to allow for movement according to the volume
change potential.
high volume change potential – 150mm (300mm total void)
low volume change potential – 50mm (200mm total void).

medium volume change potential – 100mm

(250mm total void)
5.2.11
Floor finishes
Finishes to concrete suspended ground floors shall be protected where necessary, against damp,
5.2
condensation or spillage.
Guidance for suitable floor finishes is given in Chapter 9.3 ‘Floor finishes’. Care should be taken to prevent trapping any water
spillage below timber floors.
Other floor decking should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 and should be installed in accordance
with manufacturers’ recommendations.
5.2.12
Floor decking
Floor decking shall be suitable for the intended purpose and be correctly installed.
Acceptable installation details and materials used for decking are detailed in Chapter 6.4 ‘Timber and concrete upper floors’.
Drainage below ground
CHAPTER 5.3
Technical Requirements for foul, surface water
and ground water drainage systems.
This chapter does not apply to the adoption of sewers
under Section 104 agreement of the Water Industry
Act 1991 or the Sewerage (Scotland) Act 1968.
For information on standards required for adopted
sewers, contact the local sewerage undertaker
and other relevant authorities.
5.3.1 Compliance 01
5.3.3 Preliminary work 01
5.3.4 Foul and surface water disposal 02
5.3.5 Drainage system performance 03
5.3.6 Ground water drainage 03
5.3.7 Design to avoid damage and blockages 03
5.3.8 Durability 07
5.3.9 Septic tanks and cesspools 08
5.3.10 Septic tanks 09
5.3.11 Surface water soakaways 11
5.3.12 Component requirements 13
5.3.13 Excavation 13
5.3.14 Protection of pipework 14
5.3.15 Laying pipework 15
5.3.16 Protection of work 16
5.3.17 Testing 16
1
Drainage below ground 2019
CHAPTER 5.3
5.3.1
Drainage systems shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Below ground drainage that complies with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
All drainage schemes require the approval of the building control authority. Local sewerage undertakers may impose additional
requirements and restrictions. Both should be consulted early, especially where the drainage system is to be adopted under a
Section 104 agreement of the Water Industry Act 1991 or Sewerage (Scotland) Act 1968. The system may need to be inspected
and tested by the sewerage undertaker, as well as by the local authority, building control authority and NHBC.
Satisfactory outfall disposal is essential where a septic tank is installed. In England and Wales, Environment Agency consent
may be required to discharge effluent from a septic tank. In Northern Ireland, the NIEA should approve proposals; in Scotland,
the local authority and, where appropriate, the river purification authority should approve proposals.
Ground conditions may preclude the use of septic tanks in some locations. In all cases, NHBC will require evidence of a
satisfactory percolation test where a septic tank drainage system is being installed.
For surface water discharge into a watercourse, the permission of the Environment Agency is required in England and Wales.
A ‘consent to discharge’ is required from the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland. In Scotland, the local authority
and, where appropriate, the river purification authorities should be consulted.
In all cases:
relevant local authorities should be consulted and
NHBC will require evidence of a satisfactory percolation

appropriate permissions sought before sitework begins test where a septic tank drainage system is being installed.
Table 1: Guide to relevant authority
5.3
Septic tank discharge Surface water discharge into a watercourse

England and Wales Environment Agency
DEFRA
Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Environment Agency
Scotland Local authority Local authority
River purification authority River purification authority
Scottish Environmental Protection Agency
5.3.2
Proposed drain layout.
Results of percolation tests where treated effluent disposal

Invert levels and locations of existing sewers.
is through field drains.
Junctions.
Length of field drains and their layout (including details of

Ground floor levels of homes.
trench width as this is critical to the functioning of
External finished levels.
the system).
Inspection and access points.
Depth of field drains.

Method of disposal of both foul and surface water.
Details of drains or sewers intended for adoption.

Position of any septic tank or cesspool in relation to

adjacent buildings.
5.3.3
Preliminary work
Drainage systems shall be checked on site to ensure that the design can be achieved.
Check that the following are as specified in the design:
invert levels and locations of existing sewers
external finished levels.

ground floor levels of homes

Percolation tests should be verified where treated effluent disposal is through field drains. The length of any field drains specified
in the design should be accommodated within the site boundaries.
Drainage below ground 2019 2
CHAPTER 5.3
5.3.4
Foul and surface water disposal Also see: BS EN 752, Clause 5.3.11 and BRE Digest 365
Drainage systems shall be designed in accordance with relevant codes and standards to convey foul
effluents and surface water satisfactorily to an appropriate outfall. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) connections to sewers d) compatibility with other systems
b) connections to surface water disposal systems e) capacity of private sewers

c) rights of connection to disposal systems f) treatment plants for more than one home.
Connections to sewers
Connections to public sewers require the agreement of the responsible authority, which should be consulted as to the type and
position of the connection.
Connections to private sewers require the agreement of the owners of the sewer. This should be obtained as part of the
design process. Where the private sewer subsequently discharges into a public sewer, the local sewerage undertaker should be
notified of the proposal.
Connections to surface water disposal systems

Surface water drainage is generally required to be separated from foul water drainage. Where permitted, surface water may be
discharged into the main public surface water drains or directly into natural watercourses, ponds or soakaways, as appropriate.
Surface water should not discharge to:
septic tanks
separate foul sewers.

cesspools

For large or complicated homes, the volume of surface water to be disposed should be calculated in accordance with
BS EN 12056-3.
5.3
Rights of connection to disposal systems
A legal right must exist when connecting drains to an outfall.
Compatibility with other systems

The drainage system should be compatible with the main surface water manhole
sewerage system:
with separate systems for foul water and surface water
interceptor
with separate systems where foul water is connected to the
foul manhole
main sewer, while surface water disposal is by soakaways or
other suitable means, or
as a combined system.

Where the sewerage undertaker permits surface water drains
to be connected to a foul water system:
public combined
an interceptor should be installed on the surface water side of
sewer
the foul sewer junction, or
trapped gullies should be used.

Where ground water drains are connected to surface water
drains, there should be a silt trap on the ground water side of
the junction.
Capacity of private sewers

Private drainage systems should be:
in accordance with BS EN 752
sufficient to cope with the intended capacity.

Where an existing private drainage system is to be extended, or where the capacity is to be increased, sufficient investigation,
measurement and calculation should be undertaken to ensure that all parts of the private system are of adequate capacity.
Treatment plants for more than one home

Small sewage treatment works for more than one home should be designed in accordance with BS 6297.
Discharge from the waste water treatment plant should be:
sited at least 10m away from water courses and homes
designed by a suitably qualified engineer.

3
CHAPTER 5.3
5.3.5
Drainage system performance Also see: Chapter 4.1, 8.1, BRE Report 211 and BRE Report 212
Drainage shall be suitably located and prevent health hazards. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) ventilation of drainage systems c) siting of septic tanks and cesspools
b) prevention of gases entering the home d) pumped systems.
Ventilation of drainage systems

Ventilation of drains is normally achieved by ventilating discharge stacks.
Air admittance valves which comply with Technical Requirement R3 may be used in some homes to prevent trap seal siphonage.
An open vent is generally required at the head of common drainage systems, and where the discharge pipe is the only vent for a
septic tank or cesspool.
Prevention of gases entering the home

Where special precautions are necessary (e.g. sealing drains where they enter the building) to reduce the entry of gases such as
radon or landfill gas, such precautions should be acceptable to NHBC.
Siting of septic tanks and cesspools

Septic tanks and cesspools should be:
a minimum of 7m from homes
a maximum of 30m from vehicular access to

permit emptying.
In Scotland, a minimum distance of 5m from homes and boundaries is acceptable for septic tanks.
Pumped systems
5.3
Where a gravity system is not possible, pumped systems may have to be used and should be designed in accordance with
BS EN 752 and BS 6297. The installation should include:
a holding tank of sufficient volume to contain 24 hours of
suitable equipment housing.

domestic effluent based on 120L/150L per head per day
a suitable warning system providing visual and/or audible

signals to indicate malfunction
5.3.6
Ground water drainage
Ground water drainage shall convey excess ground water to a suitable outfall. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) layout of pipes
b) pipe construction.
Layout of pipes
Where ground water drainage is required, depending on the site contours and ground conditions, it may be designed as:
a natural system
a fan-shaped system

a herringbone system
a moat system.

a grid system

Pipe construction
Pipe perforations should be holes or slots to suit the nature of the ground.
Ground water drain systems connected to foul, surface water or combined drains should discharge into the drain through
a catchpit. Where suitable, ground water drainage may discharge into a soakaway, preferably through a catchpit or into a
watercourse.
5.3.7
Design to avoid damage and blockages Also see: Chapter 4.2
Drainage systems shall minimise the risk of damage and blockage. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) ground stability e) access and connections
b) pipe runs f) drainage covers and gully grids
c) pipe sizes g) ground water
d) gradients h) flooding.
CHAPTER 5.3
Ground stability
Proper allowance should be made for ground movement.
Pipes should have flexible joints and additional precautions taken to prevent leakage where required. Where ground movement
could be significant, for example in made-up ground or clay soils, the following issues should be taken into account:
the use of flexible pipes and flexible joints

a support system designed by an engineer in accordance

design gradients that are steeper than the minimum
with Technical Requirement R5
requirements for flow rate and pipe size conditions where ground movement is likely to adversely

affect the drain.
In non-uniform or saturated soils where movement at the trench bottom can be expected, soft spots should be removed and
replaced with suitable material. Immediately after excavation, the protective blinding should be placed in the trench bottom.
Pipe runs
Pipe runs should be designed to maintain a self-cleansing velocity (0.7 m/s). They should be as straight as practicable with
minimal changes of direction. Bends should only occur in, or next to, inspection chambers and manhole covers. Curves should
be slight so that blocked pipes can be cleared.
Pipe sizes
Pipe sizes should be designed for the maximum peak load in accordance with BS EN 752.
Ground water drains and soakaways should be designed with sufficient capacity for normal weather conditions.
Gradients
Design gradients should:
5.3
be as even as practicable
where peak flows exceed 1.0L/second, the gradients in

where flows are less than 1.0L/second, gradients for
Table 2 may be used:
100mm diameter pipes should not be flatter than 1:40
Table 2: Minimum gradients
Pipe diameter (mm) Minimum gradient
100 1:80
150 1:150
Where peak flows are greater than 1.0L/second, 100mm pipes should serve a minimum of one WC and 150mm pipes should
serve a minimum of five.
Access and connections

To ensure that every length of drain can be rodded, the design
should include appropriately located access points, such as:
rodding eyes

access chambers

inspection chambers

manholes.

access chamber
inspection chamber
manhole
5
CHAPTER 5.3
All access points should be located as shown in the design information and should:
be accessible for rodding and cleaning
not cross boundaries or kerb lines.

Inspection chambers and manholes should:
be of sufficient size for the depth of invert, and
the invert depth for the fitting or chamber should not

exceeded those given in Table 3.

Table 3: Minimum dimensions for access fittings and chambers
Type Depth to invert Internal sizes Cover sizes
from cover Length x width Circular Length x width Circular (mm)
level (m) (mm x mm) (mm) (mm x mm)
Rodding eye As drain but Same size as pipework(1)
min. 100
Small access fitting 150 dia. 0.6 or less, 150 x 100 150 150 x 100(1) Same size as access fitting
150 x 100 except where
Large access fitting 225 x 100 situated in a 225 x 100 225 225 x 100(1) Same size as access fitting
chamber
Shallow inspection chamber 0.6 or less 225 x 100 190(2) – 190(1)
1.2 or less 450 x 450 450 Min. 430 x 430 430
Deep inspection chamber Greater than 1.2 450 x 450 450 Max. 300 x 300(3) Access restricted to max. 350(3)
Notes
1 The clear opening may be reduced by 20mm in order to provide further support for the cover and frame.
2 Drains up to 150mm.
3 A larger clear opening cover may be used in conjunction with restricted access. The size is restricted for health and safety reasons to deter entry.
Table 4: Minimum dimension for manholes

5.3
Type Size of largest pipe (DN) Minimum internal dimensions(1) Min. clear opening size(1)
(mm)
Rectangular Circular diameter (mm) Rectangular Circular
length and length and diameter
width (mm) width (mm) (mm)
Manhole up to Equal to or less than 150 750 x 675(7) 1000(7) 750 x 675(2) NA(3)
1.5m deep to 225 1200 x 675 1200 1200 x 675(2)
soffit 300 1200 x 750 1200
Greater than 300 1800 x (DN+450) The larger of 1800 or (DN+450)
Manhole greater Equal to or less than 225 1200 x 1000 1200 600 x 600 600
than 1.5m deep 300 1200 x 1075 1200
to soffit 375-450 1350 x 1225 1200
Greater than 450 1800 x (DN+775) The larger of 1800 or (DN+775)
Manhole shaft(4) Steps(5) 1050 x 800 1050 600 x 600 600
greater than 3.0m Winch(6) 900 x 800 900 600 x 600 600
deep to soffit pipe
Ladder(5) 1200 x 800 1200
Notes
1 Larger sizes may be required for manholes on bends or where there are junctions.
2 May be reduced to 600 x 600 where required by highway loading restrictions and subject to a safe system of work being specified.
3 Not applicable due to working space needed.
4 Minimum height of chamber in shafted manhole 2m from benching to underside of reducing slab.
5 Minimum clear space between ladder or steps and the opposite face of the shaft should be approximately 900mm.
6 Winch only; no steps or ladders, permanent or removable.
7 The minimum size of any manhole serving a sewer, i.e. any drain serving more than one home, should be 1200mm x 675mm rectangular or 1200mm diameter.
8 Tables 3 & 4 have been reproduced from Tables 11 and 12 of Approved Document H by permission of HMSO.
Inspection chambers and manholes may be one of the following types:

Open, half-round section channel with suitable benching.
Closed access, where covers have to be removed to gain

access to the pipe.
Side branches to inspection chambers and manholes should discharge into the main channel no higher than half pipe level.
Connections should be made obliquely in the direction of flow.
CHAPTER 5.3
slow radius bends

proprietary manhole
Traditional construction
The minimum specification for traditional manholes and inspection chambers is as follows:
Base Minimum 100mm concrete.
Walls Brick, blockwork or concrete should be appropriate for the ground conditions.
100mm minimum thickness is suitable for depths up to 0.9m where no vehicular traffic loads are encountered
and there is no ground water pressure.
Elsewhere, 200mm minimum thickness should be provided.
Rendering Where required, rendering should be applied to the external faces of the wall.
Benching Benching should be steel trowelled to provide:
a smooth finish

rounded corners

5.3
a fall of not less than 1:12.

Clay bricks for manholes should comply with BS EN 771 and:

be of low active soluble salt content
have a minimum compressive strength of 48N/mm2.

Engineering bricks are also suitable.
Concrete bricks for manholes should:
comply with BS EN 771
have a minimum crushing strength of 48N/mm2 with a

minimum cement content of 350kg/m3 for foul drainage.
Calcium silicate bricks should comprise strength class 20 or above for foul drainage situations.
Proprietary systems
Proprietary systems should be installed in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions.
Proprietary manholes should not be used at a depth greater than the manufacturer’s instructions.
Adaptors, couplers and sealing rings should be:
installed correctly and in accordance with the
treated using the lubricants and solvents specified.

manufacturer’s instructions
Drainage covers and gully grids

Manhole covers and gully grids should be of the correct type for the proposed location in accordance with Tables 5 and 5a.
Manhole covers used within buildings should be airtight and mechanically secured. Covers used for septic tanks, cesspits and
settlement tanks should be lockable.
7
CHAPTER 5.3
Manholes should be constructed or installed at the correct level so that the covers will align with the adjacent ground.
Gullies should be adequately:
bedded
square and kerbed.

set level

Table 5: Type of covering and grid required for inspection and manhole covers and frames
Group 1 Areas which can only be used by pedestrians and cyclists.

Group 2 Footways, pedestrian areas and comparable areas, car parks or car parking decks.
Group 3 For gully tops installed in the area of kerbside channels of roads which when measured from the kerb edge,
extend a maximum of 0.5m into the carriageway and a maximum of 0.2m into the footway.
Group 4 Carriageways of roads, including pedestrian streets, hard shoulders and parking areas, and suitable for all
types of road vehicles.
Proprietary items, e.g. covers to plastic manholes, should be in accordance with manufacturers’ recommendations.
Table 5a: Gully grids in carriageways
Grade B For use in carriageways of roads with cars and slow-moving normal commercial vehicles.
Grade A class 2 For use in carriageways of roads.
Grade A class 1 For use in carriageways of roads (gully grids of permanent non-rock design).
Ground water
Foul and surface water drainage systems should prevent the ingress of ground water.
Flooding
5.3
Where there is a risk of flooding, the advice of the relevant river authority should be followed.
5.3.8
Durability Also see: Chapter 3.1 and 6.1
Drainage systems shall be adequately durable and protected against damage. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) loads from foundations d) drainage under buildings
b) bedding of pipes e) chemicals in ground and ground water.
c) loads from overlying fill and traffic
Loads from foundations

Drains should be located so that foundation loads are not transmitted to pipes. Where drainage trenches are near foundations:
foundation bottoms should be lower than
the drain should be re-routed to increase separation.

adjacent trenches, or
Where the bottom of a drainage trench is below foundation level, the trench should be filled with concrete to a suitable level.
A = less than 1m A = more than 1m
B
B is within A-150mm
from the bottom of foundation
Bedding of pipes
Bedding should be in accordance with Clause 5.3.15.
CHAPTER 5.3
Loads from overlying fill and traffic

Special protection may be required where pipes are near the ground surface or where they could be damaged by the weight of
backfill or traffic load from above.
For flexible pipes, and where greater safety is needed, the bedding class and grading of backfill should comply with
BS EN 13242, BS EN 1610 and BS EN 752.

When using proprietary systems assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3, pipes should be supported
accordingly.
Drainage under buildings

Pipework support should take account of the ground conditions and ensure that the drainage is not adversely affected by
ground movement.
Pipework under suspended floors should not be supported on ground or fill that is susceptible to movement without adequate
provision being made to:
maintain minimum design gradients
protect against leakage.

protect against backfall

Where drains are located beneath raft foundations or where ground movement is likely, the design of the pipework and support
system should be carried out by a suitably qualified engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
See Clause 4.3.14 for ‘Pipework passing through substructure walls’.
Chemicals in ground and ground water

Where the ground or ground water contains sulfates, concrete and masonry work may require special precautions.
5.3
5.3.9
Septic tanks and cesspools
Septic tanks and cesspools shall be correctly installed and be suitable for their intended use. Issues to be
a) capacity c) permeability of septic tanks and cesspools
b) access and ventilation d) connections to septic tanks and cesspools.
A septic tank is a form of treatment plant and requires a suitable outfall for treated effluent discharge, which is agreed with the
relevant authority.
A cesspool is a tank which stores effluent and has to be emptied periodically.
Capacity
The capacity of the septic tank should be based on the number of people it will serve, using the formula: C = 180P + 2000
C = Capacity of tank in litres. Minimum 2700L.
P = Design population/potential occupancy. Minimum four occupants.
Cesspools are required to be at least 18m3 capacity. A 45-day holding capacity calculated at 150 litres/head/day should be
provided.
Access and ventilation

Septic tanks and cesspools should:
be covered and ventilated
have the access points with lockable covers and no

be provided with access points for inspection, emptying,
dimension less than 600mm.
de-sludging and cleaning
The inlet and outlet of a septic tank should be provided with access for inspection.The inlet of a cesspool should be provided with
access for inspection. Cesspools should have no openings except the inlet, the vent and the inspection access.
Permeability of septic tanks and cesspools

Septic tanks and cesspools should be impermeable to their contents and to subsoil water. They should be constructed of
brickwork, concrete, glass reinforced concrete, glass reinforced plastics or steel.
Brickwork should be of engineering bricks, laid in cement mortar at least 220mm thick. In-situ concrete should be at least
150mm thick.
9
CHAPTER 5.3
Connections to septic tanks and cesspools

The entry flow velocity should be restricted to reduce disturbance in the tank. Where the drain into the septic tank is less than
150mm in diameter; it should have a gradient no steeper than 1:50 for at least 12m.
Rodding and cleaning facilities should be provided at the connection with the tank.
5.3.10
Septic tanks
Septic tanks shall have suitable drainage connections. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) outfall d) field drains
b) flow velocity e) underdrains.
c) soakaways for septic tanks
Outfall
The designer should ensure at an early stage that consent for discharge will be given, or select an alternative method of
drainage. Certain locations and ground conditions may preclude the use of septic tanks. Septic tank sewage systems
should have:
satisfactory outfall disposal
placement that accounts for topography and ensures that

water is drained away from the building.
Where a septic tank drainage system is to be installed, NHBC requires:
evidence of a satisfactory percolation test
copies of relevant consents and approvals before

work commences.
Flow velocity
5.3
A dip pipe should be provided with:

the top limb rising above scum level , and
the bottom limb extending about 450mm below top

water level.
Soakaways for septic tanks

Soakaways in porous subsoils
A soakaway may be used where the outfall from a septic tank is to discharge to a porous subsoil at a level above that of the
winter water table. Soakaway constructions generally consist of an excavation filled with brick bats or other large pieces of
inert material, or unfilled but lined, e.g. with dry laid brickwork or precast concrete (porous or perforated) rings, from which the
effluent may percolate into the surrounding ground. Proprietary septic tanks should be assessed in accordance with Technical
Requirement R3.
Soakaways which are not filled should be covered by a slab incorporating an inspection cover.
The size of the soakaway should be determined as described in this chapter and the area of the bottom of the soakaway should
equal the area of trench bottom in Chart 1 below.
Where the porous strata is overlaid by less permeable subsoil, a borehole may be permitted by the appropriate authority.
Soakaways in less porous subsoils
In less porous subsoils, a sub-surface irrigation system may be used, which should be designed:
using approved means to determine the percolation rate
according to the area of sub-surface drainage from which
the length of land drain can be found, determined by the
following procedure.
Percolation test procedure for septic tanks:

Step 1 Excavate a hole 300mm square and 250mm deep below the proposed invert level of the land drain.
Step 2 Fill with water to depth of 250mm. As an aid, mark a stick 250mm from one end,
place in the hole and fill to the mark. Allow the water to drain away overnight.
Step 3 Refill to a depth of at least 250mm and note the time taken (in seconds) to drain away completely.
Step 4 Repeat the exercise two more times and calculate the average of the three results, as follows:
percolation value (s) = time to drain away (seconds)
depth of water (mm)
The results of the percolation test should be used in accordance with Table 6 to determine a suitable method of drainage.
CHAPTER 5.3
Table 6: Suitable methods of drainage

Percolation value (s) Suitability for less porous subsoils
Up to 100 Chart 1 to determine the field drain trench area.
Chart 2 to determine the pipe length to provide this area.
100 to 140 As above, but underdrains are also necessary.
Over 140 The soil is unsuitable for field drains.
Table 7: Capacity based on potential occupancy

Number of persons/bed spaces Minimum capacity (litres)
<4 2700
4 2720
5 2900
6 3080
7 3260
8 3440
9 3620
10 3800
Chart 1: Field drains trench area

240
230 9 persons
220
210
5.3
200 8 persons
190
180
Field drain trench area (m2)
7 persons
170
160
150 6 persons
140
130
120 5 persons
110
100 4 persons
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percolation value
Chart 2: Field pipe length

800 300 wide
750
700
650
600
550
450 wide
Linear pipe length (m)
500
450
400 600 wide
350 750 wide
300 900 wide
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Drain trench floor (m2)
11
CHAPTER 5.3
Field drains
Field drains should be:
sited according to topography, ensuring that water is
laid on a 150mm bed of clinker, clean gravel or broken

drained away from the building stone (20mm–50mm grade) and trenches filled to a level
50mm above the pipe and covered with strips of plastic
formed with perforated pipe, laid at least 500mm below

the surface material to prevent entry of silt
laid in trenches with a uniform gradient less than 1:200 with
backfilled with as dug material.

undisturbed ground 2m wide between trenches and at least
8m from any building and 10m from any water course
Wherethe level of the water table is expected to rise in the winter months to within 1m of the field drain invert, it is not acceptable
to use subsurface irrigation.
Underdrains
Where underdrains are necessary, drainage trenches should
be constructed a minimum of 600mm deeper than the pipe soil, gravel or 300-600mm
level specified in the design. other topping
tar paper
The lower part of the drainage trenches should be filled with
300mm
pea gravel. A second system of drainage pipes should be laid broken tile as
cover to joint
on the bottom of the trenches to convey surplus drainage to an
outfall in a surface ditch or watercourse.
sand and
gravel
600mm
5.3
drain
600mm
5.3.11
Surface water soakaways Also see: BRE Digest 365
Soakaway drainage shall be sited and constructed to provide adequate short term storage for surface water
and adequate percolation into the surrounding ground. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) soakaway location
b) soakaway design.
Soakaway location
Soakaways should be:
built on land lower than, or sloping away from, buildings
in soil of low permeability, only be provided where no

sited at least 5m from the foundations of a building
alternative system is available.
sited to take account of topography, ensuring that water is

drained away from the building
Soakaway design
NHBC may require a percolation test for a soakaway, PVC sheet or
concrete blinding
especially where there is:
doubt about the ground,

a large quantity of run-off into the soakaway which may

swamp the ground.
Where the ground is free draining and granular, a test may not
be necessary.
In soil, chalk and fill material subject to modification or effective depth
instability, the advice of a specialist geotechnologist should be D
sought regarding the siting and suitability of soakaways.
diameter D
CHAPTER 5.3
Small soakaways
Small soakaways are holes filled with granular material, e.g. broken brick, crushed rock or gravel, with particle size 10mm to
150mm.
PVC sheet or concrete blinding should be laid over the fill to prevent topsoil being washed down into the soakaway.
Large soakaways
Large soakaways consist of a pit lined with dry jointed or honeycomb brickwork.
Alternatively, precast perforated concrete rings or segments may be laid dry and surrounded with granular material.
The volume of large soakaways should be calculated to ensure suitable capacity.
Percolation test procedure for surface water soakaway
The rate at which water will disperse into the ground depends on the permeability of the ground, which varies with soil type.
The percolation test provides an assessment of how the ground drains.
As the test hole can be used as part of a soakaway, it should be:
dug in a place that could be used as a soakaway
to the same depth as the proposed drain.

at least 5m from the foundations of a building

Percolation test procedure for surface water soakaways
Step 1 Bore a hole 150mm in diameter with an auger, to a depth of one metre.
Step 2 Fill with water to depth of 300mm. As an aid, mark a stick 300mm from one end, place in the hole and fill up to
the mark. It takes approximately 5.5 litres to fill a volume of this size.
Step 3 Observe the time taken in minutes for the water to soak away.
Step 4 Where possible, the test should be repeated and the average time used.
5.3
Step 5 A second group of tests are carried out after the hole has been bored out to a depth of two metres, still using a
300mm depth of water.
Step 6 Where the soil appears to become more permeable with depth, it may be useful to deepen and retest the bore in
one-metre stages.
Design of soakaway
The relationship between the diameter or effective depth required for a soakaway, to suit a given collection area, e.g. roof or
paved surface, and the average time (T) resulting from the test is shown in the graph below.
The diameter and effective depth below invert level are assumed to be the same dimension (D).
Example
Test time (T) = 900 minutes
Plan area to drain = 150m2
From the graph below, the diameter and effective depth of the soakaway (D) are both 2.8m.
400
300
D = diameter and effective depth

Plan area drained (m2)
200 D
=
3.5
m
D = 2.8
150
D
=3
.0m
100 D=
2.5
m
D= D=
1.5 2.0m
m
D=
1.0m
0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400
900 Time (T) in minutes
13
CHAPTER 5.3
Where the ground is of low permeability; dig separate soakaways to drain smaller but distinct parts, for example:
one side of a roof to one soakaway
the driveway or yard to a third soakaway.
the other side to a second soakaway

Where the permeability of the ground increases with depth; tests in the deepened trial holes will give shorter percolation times.
It may be more cost effective to build a smaller soakaway at a greater depth below the surface.
5.3.12
Component requirements
Drainage systems shall be constructed with materials that ensure satisfactory service over the life of
the system.
Components in accordance with the following standards will generally be acceptable:
BS 65 ‘Specification for vitrified clay pipes, fittings and ducts, also flexible mechanical joints for use solely with surface
water pipes and fittings’.
BS 437 ‘Specification for cast iron drain pipes, fittings and their joints for socketed and socketless systems’.
BS 4660 ‘Thermoplastics ancillary fittings of nominal sizes 110 and 160 for below ground gravity drainage and sewerage’.
BS 4962 ‘Specification for plastics pipes and fittings for use as subsoil field drains’.
BS 5911 ‘Precast concrete pipes, fittings and ancillary products’.
BS EN 124 ‘Gully tops and manhole tops for vehicular and pedestrian areas’.
BS EN 295 ‘Vitrified clay pipe systems for drains and sewers’.
BS EN 588 ‘Fibre cement pipes for sewers and drains’.
BS EN 877 ‘Cast iron pipes and fittings, their joints and accessories for the evacuation of water from buildings.
Requirements, test methods and quality assurance’.
5.3
BS EN 1401-1 ‘Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage – Unplasticised poly (vinyl
chloride) (PVC-U)’.
BS EN 1916 ‘Concrete pipes and fittings, unreinforced, steel fibre and reinforced’.
BS EN 13101 ‘Steps for underground man entry chambers. Requirements, marking, testing and evaluation of conformity’.
BS EN 13598-1 ‘Plastics piping systems for non-pressure underground drainage and sewerage. Unplasticized poly
(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). Specifications for ancillary fittings including
shallow inspection chambers’.
5.3.13
Excavation
Excavations shall ensure that the invert levels and gradients required by the design are achieved. Issues to
a) setting out dimensions
b) depth of trenches
c) width of trenches.
Setting out dimensions

When setting out:
discrepancies in dimensions, and ground conditions
drain runs and depths should be set out from benchmarks

which require design modification, should be reported previously checked and verified
to the designer resulting variations should be recorded and distributed to

all concerned.
Depth of trenches
Excavate to the depths specified in the design.
Where any trench is excavated lower than the designed bottom level, it should be refilled to the designed level.
Fill material should be:
granular material, or
concrete mix GEN1 or ST ½, (not for field drains).

Hard spots should be undercut and removed so that local stress points under pipes are avoided. Soft spots should be filled with
suitable well-compacted material.
Width of trenches
Trenches should be as narrow as possible within working limits and allow a minimum 150mm working space on each side of
the pipe.
CHAPTER 5.3
5.3.14
Protection of pipework Also see: Chapter 4.3 and 5.1
Drainage systems shall have pipework adequately protected against damage. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) pipes passing through substructure walls
b) pipework under finishes

c) movement joints.
Pipes passing through substructure walls

Where drains pass through structural elements; allowance should be made to accommodate movement.
Pipes passing through substructure walls should accommodate movement by:
a 50mm clearance all round
bedded pipes, connected on both sides of the wall with

a sleeve, with 50mm clearance all round and suitably
flexible joints located a maximum of 150mm from the face
sealed, or of the wall.
Flexible joints should be made in accordance with the pipe manufacturer’s recommendations.
150mm 150mm
max. max.
600mm max. 600mm max.

50mm space
around pipe
opening masked
on both sides
5.3
flexible joint
pipe passing through

lintelled opening pipe bedded in walls
Pipework under finishes

Where drains pass under roads and drives, the final compaction should be sufficient to prevent later settlement.
Rigid pipes less Should have:
than 1.2m below where necessary, a minimum 100mm concrete encasement

road surface movement joints formed with compressible board at each socket or sleeve joint face

flexible joints which remain flexible.

Flexible pipes less Should be protected by:
than 0.9m below concrete bridging slabs, or
road surface surrounded with concrete reinforced as appropriate.
Garden areas Where flexible pipes are not under a road and have
less than 600mm cover, where necessary they
should have:
cover less
concrete paving slabs laid as bridging above the than
pipes, and 600mm
a minimum 75mm of granular material between the

top of the pipe and underside of the slabs.
75mm
100mm
15
CHAPTER 5.3
Movement joints
Where rigid pipes are to be encased in concrete,
movement joints should be:
provided around the spigot next to the socket either at

5m maximum intervals or at each joint
13mm thick compressible board.

pipe encased in 13mm compressible

100mm min. board
concrete all round movement joint
5.3.15
Laying pipework
Pipework shall be laid to the designed lines and gradients. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) bedding
b) sidefill and backfill.
Bedding
Pipes should be firmly supported throughout their length and bedded as specified in the design to resist loads from overlying fill
and traffic.
Where pipework is installed under a suspended floor and is supported on ground or fill where movement is likely to occur,
additional provisions may be required. See Clause 5.3.8.
Bricks, blocks or other hard material should not be used as temporary supports to achieve the correct gradients, as they may
5.3
create hard spots which can distort the completed pipe run.
Pipes should be either:
bedded on granular material, minimum 100mm deep, or
laid directly on the trench bottom, where the trench bottom

can be accurately hand trimmed with a shovel but is not so
soft that it puddles when walked on.
For 150mm diameter and 100mm diameter drains, a bed and surround pea gravel in accordance with Table 8 (to a thickness of
100mm all round the drain) will be acceptable for drains under gardens, paths and drives.
Proprietary systems should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 and supported in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations. Some proprietary systems permit a minimum of 50mm depth of bedding in certain
circumstances.
Depressions should be formed where necessary in the trench bottom to accommodate pipe joints.
Pipe bedding, including the bedding material, should be in
accordance with:
BS EN 13242

BS EN 1610

BS EN 752.

Bedding material and specification should be in accordance with Table 8. Backfill and bedding that includes recycled or
pipe supported on pipe supported on a
secondary materials should conform to the appropriate regulatory requirements for
trench waste, as defined
bottom bedin
of the Waste
granular Framework
material
Directive 2008.
Table 8: Bedding size
Nominal pipe size Bedding material complying with BS EN 13242
110mm flexible pipes 4/10mm pipe bedding gravel
100mm rigid pipes
160mm flexible pipes 2/14mm pipe bedding gravel
150mm rigid pipes
CHAPTER 5.3
Sidefill and backfill

Sidefill and backfill should be placed as soon as the pipes have been bedded, jointed and inspected.
Sidefill should be either granular material or selected backfill material from the trench excavation, free from:
stones larger than 40mm
frozen material

clay lumps larger than 100mm

vegetable matter.

timber

Backfill should be well compacted and placed in layers no deeper than 300mm. Mechanical compacting should only be used
when compacted backfill is over 450mm above the crown of the pipe.
two layers hand compacted

before mechanical compaction
150mm
above pipe
5.3
5.3.16
Protection of work
Drainage systems shall be suitably protected from damage by construction work.
Damaged drainage will not be accepted, and it is
recommended that:
no heavy loading or underground work is permitted above, or

near, unprotected drainage
dumpers, trucks, fork lifts or other heavy vehicles are not

driven along, or near, pipe runs.
5.3.17
Testing
All foul and surface water drainage systems shall be adequately watertight, and tested where appropriate.
Inspection and testing should be arranged when required by:
the local authority
NHBC.

the sewerage undertaker

Before backfilling, visual inspections are required and the builder is advised to test. When the home is handed over, the system
must be in full working order and free from obstruction.
Waterproofing of basements and
other below ground structures
CHAPTER 5.4
This chapter gives guidance on meeting the Technical
Requirements for the waterproofing of basements and
other structures below, or near to, ground level.
5.4.1 Compliance 02
5.4.3 Waterproofing 03
5.4.5 Structural stability 04
5.4.6 Design considerations 04
5.4.7 Waterproofing systems 06
5.4.8 Handling, storage and protection 09
1
Waterproofing of basements and other below ground structures 2019
CHAPTER 5.4
Introduction
This chapter includes guidance for walls, floors and foundations below, or near to, ground level that are intended to
prevent the passage of water from the ground (including from sources such as run-off, burst pipes etc.) entering the
building near to or below ground level.
Guidance for the following types of waterproofing systems is included in this chapter:
Type A waterproofing barriers Type C drained cavity construction.

Type B structurally integral construction
Constructions that are at risk of coming into contact with water and generally require waterproofing include:
basements storage or plant rooms
semi-basements service ducts, or similar, that are connected to the
below ground parking areas below ground structure
lift pits stepped floor slabs where the retained ground is
cellars greater than 150mm.
Types of construction that, depending on the findings of a risk assessment, may require waterproofing include:
external walls where the lowest finished floor level is voids caused by split levels.
less than 150mm higher than the external ground level
Typical examples of construction types:
Waterproofing should be provided where due to the construction details and the
ground conditions, there is a risk of contact with ground water (see Table 1)
Waterproofing is required
Basement Retained ground and semi-basement Lift pit

5.4
The external ground is raised H = any point where the ground

above the internal floor for the depth varies is above the finished floor level lift
perimeter of the building
Stairs adjacent to the structure Stepped floor slabs where the retained Raised external ground levels
ground is greater than 150mm
stairs waterproofing required to walls

waterproofing required to walls and/or floors where there is a
where retained ground is risk of contact with ground water
greater than 150mm
Also see Chapter 6.2 Èxternal
Buried podium Raised podium Retaining walls forming lightwells
Timber Framed walls'.
Also see Chapter 7.1 'Flat

Split levels roof and balconies'.
Buried podium. Guidance for roof

coverings, including green roofs,
can be found in
Chapter 7.1 ‘Flat roofs and balconies’
structures adjacent to voids

where water may accumulate
Waterproofing of basements and other below ground structures 2019 2
CHAPTER 5.4
Definitions for this chapter

For the purposes of this chapter the following definitions apply:
Cavity drain membrane Semi-flexible sheet designed to form a cavity that intercepts water penetrating the structure and directs it to a
suitable drainage point.
See Type C drained cavity construction.
Combined system For the purposes of this chapter, a combined system includes:

Type A and Type B

Type A and Type C

Type B and Type C.
Ground barrier A barrier used to resist the ingress of moisture and or ground gases into the building.
Lowest finished floor The top surface of the lowest finished floor, including lift pit floors, car park surfaces and other similar surfaces.
level Excluding coverings such as carpet and tiles.
Type A waterproofing A waterproofing barrier applied to the structural element being waterproofed, also known as tanking.
barrier
Type A fully bonded Type A barrier that forms part of a composite structural wall, including liquid applied and cementitious systems.
barrier Post-applied sheet membranes are not considered to be fully bonded barriers for the purposes
of this chapter.
Type A post applied A sheet membrane applied to the completed structure typically with hot or cold adhesive
membrane
Type B structurally The water-resistant properties of the retaining structure providing waterproofing to the building.
integral construction This chapter provides specific guidance for the use of Type B concrete systems cast in- situ,
with or without waterproofing admixtures. The principles are applicable to other Type B systems
listed in BS 8102.
Type C drained cavity Construction that incorporates a cavity, generally formed with a cavity drain membrane.
construction Water is removed from the cavity via a managed drainage system.
Waterproofing design A suitably qualified person co-ordinating the team involved in the design of waterproofing to basements and other
5.4
specialist below ground structures.
Waterproofing system A fully assessed and certified system of compatible materials and components used to provide waterproofing. These
are normally considered to be Type A, B or C as defined above.
Retained ground In this chapter retained ground levels are taken from the top of the retained ground to the lowest finished floor level.
5.4.1
Compliance Also see: Chapter 2.1, BS 8102 and ‘Basements for dwellings; guidance document’
Basements and other below ground structures shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Waterproofing of basements and other below ground structures, including foundations, walls and floors that complies with the
guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
5.4.2
Design and specification information should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and/or suppliers
A full set of current drawings.
An installation method statement detailing the

Details of joints, junctions and service penetrations.
sequence of works.
The manufacturer’s information, including relevant parts of
A ground condition report.

the system design manual. Third-party certifications.

Details of the waterproofing design specialist.

Design and specification information should be provided to NHBC at least eight weeks in advance of the works starting on site,
in accordance with NHBC Rules.
3
CHAPTER 5.4
5.4.3
Waterproofing Also see: BS 8102
The design of waterproofing systems shall be undertaken by a suitably qualified person and be appropriate
for the specific performance required. Items to be taken into account include:
a) waterproofing design b) risk-based design
Waterproofing design
Waterproofing systems should be designed by a waterproofing design specialist. Designers who have successfully completed
the Certified Surveyor in Structural Waterproofing (CSSW) qualification available from the Property Care Association (PCA) are
generally acceptable to NHBC. An alternative demonstration of competence may be acceptable, subject to successful review.
The waterproofing design specialist should be appointed in the early design stages to co-ordinate with other designers, including
the engineer, and to ensure satisfactory integration of the waterproofing system.
Risk-based design
Waterproofing should be appropriate to the risk, and generally assume exposure to a full height of water during the design life of
the building.
Combined systems should be used where:
a Grade 3 environment is needed, and
the wall retains more than 600mm.

Alternatively, where the builder has demonstrated that the water table is permanently below the underside of the lowest floor
slab, a Type B structurally integral concrete system is acceptable without further protection from a combined system.
The following Types of waterproofing are acceptable where a Grade 2 environment is needed and more than 600mm of ground
5.4
is retained:
Type A fully bonded barrier
Type C

Type B
a combined system.

5.4.4
Ground conditions Also see: Chapter 4.1
The waterproofing system shall take account of ground conditions.
The ground conditions should be fully considered by the engineer and waterproofing design specialist in the design of the
waterproofing system.
NHBC may request investigation and a report of the ground conditions where the below ground waterproofed structure:
retains more than 600mm of ground, measured from the
comprises more than 15% of the perimeter of an individual

top of the retained ground to the lowest finished floor level building (e.g. terraced homes, apartment blocks and
detached garages), measured on plan.
The ground conditions report should take into account appropriate investigations, as described in Table 1.
Table 1: Investigation of ground conditions
Further investigation Guidance and information
Desk study, including review of: www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods
ground water and flooding issues www.bgs.ac.uk/research/groundwater/datainfo/levels/home.html
flood potential of the site www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/stationdata
available ground water data
SuDS impact assessment
flood risk assessment
topography of the site
effects of adjacent surface finishes.
Contaminated or aggressive ground and/or Testing required where there is the potential for chemically
ground water conditions. aggressive ground and/or ground water.
Water level change, including potential for flash flooding Identifying likely fluctuations and short-term flooding events.
and waterlogging.
Impact assessment of ground water flow where the Interpretative report by a qualified engineer, hydrologist or
construction is likely to have a ‘damming’ effect. hydrogeologist to include:
assessment of the direction of ground water flow
damming effects on the ground water regime
damming effect of adjacent structures.
CHAPTER 5.4
Where it is necessary to establish the water table, a detailed hydrogeological assessment should be undertaken by a suitably
qualified engineer, and include:
long-term water level monitoring over at least one year to
information based on a suitable number of boreholes

capture seasonal fluctuations monitored at intervals of three months or less.
short-term flooding events that typically occur during

autumn and spring
5.4.5
Structural stability Also see: Chapters 4.1, 4.2 and 5.1
Elements forming a waterproofing structure below ground including: foundations, walls and floors,
shall adequately resist movement and be suitable for their intended purpose. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) site conditions d) movement
b) structural design e) design co-ordination.
c) durability
Site conditions
Parts of the building constructed below ground level that form the structural elements of usable spaces should be designed by an
engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5 where they are retaining more than 600mm. Issues that should be taken
characteristics of the site
hazards.

ground conditions

Structural design
5.4
The structure should be designed to take account of all imposed loads and actions, including:
ground movement
buoyancy

lateral forces from ground water, retained ground and
loading from other parts of the building

ground surcharge loads temporary loading conditions.

Durability
The structure should be designed to be sufficiently durable against site hazards, including:
chemicals
cyclical wet-dry conditions.

frost action

Movement
Movement within the structure should be limited to the capacity of the waterproofing system’s resistance to such movement,
ensuring that the designed level of watertightness is achieved. Detailed guidance for the limitation of movement should be
provided where appropriate.
Movement joints in below ground waterproofed structures should be avoided. Where it is necessary to provide movement joints,
the design should ensure satisfactory in-service performance, including watertightness. Such joints should be accessible for
maintenance, and not permanently concealed by other structural elements of the building.
Design co-ordination
Structural design should be co-ordinated with the design of the waterproofing.
5.4.6
Design considerations Also see: Chapter 5.3
The waterproofing of all elements, including walls, floors and foundations, forming below ground structures
shall be suitable for intended use. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) grade of waterproofing protection c) interface with the above ground structure
b) waterproofing systems, materials and components d) joints, abutments and service penetrations.
Grade of waterproofing protection

Waterproofing systems should be designed to resist the passage of water and moisture to internal surfaces.
The waterproofing grade should be appropriate for the proposed use of the internal space and the equipment located within.
5
CHAPTER 5.4
Table 2: Waterproofing grades

Grade Description Generally required for:
Grade 3 No water penetration acceptable and Habitable accommodation.
a dry environment provided where
maintained by adequate ventilation.
Grade 2 No water penetration is acceptable Non-habitable areas, such as car parks, storage or plant rooms where the
although damp areas are tolerated. internal finishes are not readily damaged by moisture.
(Some water ingress may occur where openings are provided in car parks,
e.g. for ventilation. To minimise potential for standing water, refer to Chapter
9.1 ‘A consistent approach to finishes’. Car parks should be provided with
drainage to a suitable outfall).
Grade 1 Some seepage and damp areas are Retaining walls typically used to form external lightwells.
tolerable, dependent on intended use. (Drainage may be required to deal with seepage).
Where there is doubt about potential use, minimum Grade 3 protection should be considered in the waterproofing design.
Waterproofing systems, materials and components

Components forming the waterproofing system should be predefined and assessed to demonstrate suitable performance.
The assessment should specifically consider compatibility where materials and components are intended to be interchangeable
between systems.
The design information and documentation should detail waterproofing systems, materials and components in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Proprietary waterproofing systems, materials and components should be assessed in accordance with Technical
5.4
Requirement R3.
Interface with the above ground structure

Waterproofing should extend at least 150mm above the
external ground level and connect with the superstructure
damp-proofing. This can generally be achieved by linking the
below ground waterproofing system to a continuous cavity tray.
The connection between the below and above ground
waterproofing should be bonded and formed with
DPC
appropriate materials.
habitable area
Where the waterproofing is linked to the above ground struc-
ture via a cavity tray, the materials should:
compress to form a watertight seal

cavity tray
be capable of taking the load.

external
Bitumen-based materials in accordance with BS 6398 or waterproofing
suitable materials assessed in accordance with
Technical Requirement R3 should be used.
Joints, abutments and service penetrations
The design of waterproofing systems should include the
correct method and detailing to form joints, abutments and
service penetrations, including those between: lintel to
bridge recess
the waterproofing system and superstructure damp proofing

horizontal and vertical waterproofing
recess in
basement wall
system components.

The manufacturer should confirm compatibility between drain connection
different materials where they are used to form joints.
Details of how junctions and abutments are formed should be
provided to site personnel. Proprietary components that are
part of, or compatible with, the waterproofing system should be
used for complex joints, abutments and service penetrations.
CHAPTER 5.4
Penetrations through the waterproofing should be avoided where possible. Where penetrations cannot be avoided,
the design should detail the method of waterproofing to ensure that it is watertight and durable.
Penetrations, including those for wall ties, services and drainage systems, should:
be suitably separated to allow for proprietary seals to be
account for differential settlement and movement between

correctly installed the structure/finishes and services.
5.4.7 Also see: Chapters 3.1, 3.2, BS 8102 and ‘Concrete basements.
Waterproofing systems Guidance on the design and construction of in-situ concrete basement structures’
The waterproofing shall be suitable for intended use and installed in accordance with the design. Items to
a) Type A waterproofing barriers
b) Type B structure, integral
c) Type C drained cavity
d) ancillary components.
Appropriate sequencing of work will enable logical and timely construction of the waterproofing system and prevent unnecessary
damage to completed elements of work. Installation should be undertaken in accordance with the design and the installation
method statement detailing the sequence of works.
Type A waterproofing barrier

Type A systems generally accepted by NHBC when assessed
in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 include: external waterproofing
with protection
Post applied membrane (hot or cold adhesive)

5.4
liquid-applied membranes

geosynthetic (bentonite) clay liners

mastic asphalt to BS 6925 or BS EN 12970

cementitious systems

pre-applied fully bonded systems

proprietary systems or products assessed in accordance with

Plain polyethylene sheet should not be used as a
waterproofing system.
Only fully bonded systems assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 for the specific purpose should be used
internally or in sandwich constructions.
Design at junctions and corners should account for proprietary components and be in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations. Waterproofing barriers should return at corners to prevent water tracking behind.
The substrate to which the Type A system is to be applied should be clean, free from debris and prepared in accordance with
the manufacturer’s recommendations. Bonded sheet membranes should only be applied directly to masonry substrates that are
smooth and have flush pointed joints.
Type A waterproofing should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions by operatives:
who are suitably qualified or have been trained by the
who are fully aware of the design and the manufacturer’s

manufacturer or supplier, and recommendations for installation.
Completed waterproofing should be protected by:
protection board, or
carefully placed backfill material.

The manufacturer’s recommendations for climatic conditions at the time of installation should be followed.
7
CHAPTER 5.4
Type B structure, integral construction, concrete and application

Structural design should be undertaken by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5. The design of in-situ
Type B concrete systems should be in accordance with:
BS EN 1992-1-1
Chapter 3.1 ‘Concrete and its reinforcement’.

BS EN 1992-3

Type B systems acceptable to NHBC include:

in-situ concrete with or without admixtures and crack
precast concrete systems assessed in accordance with

widths limited by design Technical Requirement R3.
in-situ high-strength concrete with crack widths limited by

design and post-construction crack injections
Specialist advice should be sought where other Type B

systems are specified. BS 8102 contains guidance for the use waterproof
reinforced concrete
of Type B systems, including secant, contiguous and sheet
piles.
Ready-mixed concrete should be of sufficient strength and
durability, and from a supplier operating under a quality control
system acceptable to NHBC such as:
the Quality Scheme for Ready-Mixed Concrete (QSRMC), or

the BSI Kitemark scheme.

Other suppliers may be accepted if they operate to a standard
5.4
acceptable to NHBC.
The concrete mix should be agreed between the engineer and the waterproofing design specialist, and:
achieve the necessary robustness,
be suitable for the environmental exposure and

durability and waterproofing ground conditions.
Type B waterproofing should be installed:
by suitably qualified operatives who are fully aware of the
in accordance with the design.

requirements for placing concrete and reinforcement and
for installing ancillary components used in Type B systems
The line, level and position of formwork and reinforcement should be checked prior to concrete placement to ensure that it is in
accordance with the design.
Penetrations from tie bars etc. should be made good in accordance with the design.
Where joints are formed in concrete, surfaces should be clean and free of excessive laitance. Hydrophilic strips should be
protected from water before the joint is formed.
Quality management systems and quality audits should be used to record and monitor the placement of concrete on site.
Monitoring records should be supplied to NHBC as requested.
Design details for reinforced concrete structures should include:
Concrete specification.
Type and position of reinforcement.

The type of concrete.
The method of making good holes in the concrete formed

Concrete strength.
for shutter bolts and tie bars.
Proportion of any admixture.
Positioning of structural elements.

Proposals for limiting crack widths.
Appropriate tolerances for the line and level of

Consideration of temporary support to the formwork.
structural elements.
Joints between components, including day work joints, should be durable and made watertight with appropriate waterstops or
hydrophilic strips. Kickers, generally cast as part of the slab, should be used to form the joint between floors and walls.
CHAPTER 5.4
Concrete with admixtures

Where the design of in-situ concrete waterproofing includes admixtures:
the ratio of admixture to concrete specified in the design
suitable quality management systems and quality

should take account of the recommendations of the audits should be used to record and monitor the
admixture supplier batching of admixture.
the reinforcement should be used to control crack widths,

which should be in accordance with the design, but not be
greater than 0.3mm max. for flexural cracks and 0.2mm
max. for cracks that pass through the section
Admixtures should be:

independently assessed, in accordance with Technical
used strictly in accordance with the

Requirement R3 manufacturer’s recommendations.
assessed according to the intended use

Concrete without admixtures
Where the design of in-situ concrete waterproofing does not include admixtures:
high-strength concrete may be specified in order to achieve the reinforcement should be used to control crack widths,
the necessary level of waterproofing, but post-construction which should be in accordance with the design, but not be
crack injection may be required in order to deal with greater than 0.2mm max. for both flexural cracks and for
cracking induced by increased thermal and shrinkage cracks that pass through the section
strains a minimum section thickness of 250mm should be used in
the design.
5.4
Type C drained cavity construction
Type C systems that include a cavity drain membrane which forms a waterproof barrier are acceptable to NHBC when assessed
in accordance with Technical Requirement R3. Where a Type C system is formed using a drained masonry cavity wall, the
guidance in BS 8102 should be considered.
Type C systems should be designed to include a drainage system that adequately disposes of water to a suitable outlet, either
by gravity or through a sump and pump. The drainage channel, sump and pump should include appropriately located access
points for servicing and maintenance. To prevent backflow, the drainage
system should be fitted with a one-way valve.
Type C waterproofing should be installed in accordance with continous
the manufacturer’s instructions by operatives: drained
cavity
who are suitably qualified or have been trained by the

manufacturer or supplier
who are fully aware of the design and the manufacturer’s

recommendations for installation
using the fixings recommended by the manufacturer.

Pump systems should operate automatically and include:
a primary pump

a secondary pump with battery or generator backup
drainage sump
discharging to
a suitable audio or visual alarm that indicates pump failure.
suitable outlet
Ancillary components
Ancillary components should be assessed as part of the waterproofing system. Alternatively, an assessment of compatibility and
satisfactory performance should be provided for materials and products that are interchangeable between different systems.
Ancillary components include:
preformed junctions and corners
waterstops

reinforcement
hydrophilic strips.

9
CHAPTER 5.4
5.4.8
Handling, storage and protection
Waterproofing materials, products and systems shall be handled, stored and protected in a satisfactory
manner to prevent damage, distortion, weathering or degradation. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) handling and storage
b) protection from ongoing works.
Handling and storage

Materials, products and systems should be transported, lifted, handled and stored in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
Protection from ongoing works

Design should consider the risk of damage caused by ongoing works. Details of suitable protection measures should be
specified in the design and include:
fixing of other components, such as skirtings, wall ties and
protection of the waterproofing from backfilling.

wall linings
Proprietary products and systems should be protected and tested before backfilling occurs.
5.4
External masonry walls
CHAPTER 6.1
Technical Requirements for external masonry walls.
6.1.1 Compliance 01
6.1.3 Structural design 01
6.1.4 Fire resistance 03
6.1.5 Acoustic resistance 03
6.1.6 Exposure 03
6.1.7 Thermal insulation 06
6.1.8 Concrete blocks 09
6.1.9 Bricks 09
6.1.10 Stone masonry 10
6.1.11 Construction of masonry walls 11
6.1.12 Lintels 14
6.1.13 Materials suitable for mortar 15
6.1.14 Mortar 15
6.1.15 Render 17
6.1.16 Cladding 17
6.1.17 DPCs and cavity trays 18
6.1.18 Wall ties 22
6.1.19 Handling materials 23
6.1.20 Cold weather working 23
1
External masonry walls 2019
CHAPTER 6.1
6.1.1
External walls shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
External masonry walls that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
6.1.2
information and be distributed to the appropriate personnel.
Designs and specifications should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers, and include the
Construction materials
Position of restraint straps

Wall layout with all dimensions shown
Cavity closers

Position and size of openings
Reveals

Wall layouts and elevations with dimensions shown
How support is given to other elements, e.g. padstones

Coursing of bricks and blocks in relation to storey heights
and wall plates
and opening positions Movement joints

All junctions, indicating position of DPCs and cavity trays
Acceptable methods of pointing or mortar joint finish

(isometric sketches are recommended for Type of insulant to be used

complicated junctions) Type, spacing and location of wall ties.

Position and type of lintels

Where proprietary products are to be used, manufacturers generally have specific requirements for fixing and/or assembly.
This information should also be made available for reference on site so that work can be carried out satisfactorily in accordance
with the design and specification.
6.1.3
Structural design
External masonry shall be designed to support and transfer loads to foundations safely and without undue
movement. Issues to be taken into account include:
6.1
a) compliance with relevant standards d) bonding

b) lateral restraint e) movement joints.
c) point loads
Compliance with relevant standards

Design of masonry walls should comply with relevant standards:
Structural design BS EN 1996-1-1 ‘Eurocode 6. Design of masonry structures.
General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures’.
Intermediate floors, roofs and walls designed BS 8103 ‘Structural design of low-rise buildings’.
to provide lateral restraint to external walls
Ancillary components BS EN 845-1 ‘Specification for ancillary components for masonry’.
Walls of homes, or buildings containing Designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
homes, over three storeys high
Lateral restraint
Lateral restraint provided by concrete floors:
Concrete floors, with a minimum bearing of 90mm onto the wall, can provide adequate restraint. Concrete floors running parallel
to, and not built into, walls require restraint straps to provide restraint to the wall.
Lateral restraint provided by timber floors:
Timber joisted floors can provide adequate restraint when joists are carried by ordinary hangers to BS EN 845, and connected to
the wall with restraint straps. In buildings up to two storeys, timber joisted floors can provide adequate restraint without strapping
when:
the minimum bearing onto masonry is 90mm
joists are carried by BS EN 845-1 restraint-type hangers

(or 75mm onto a timber wall plate), or with performance equivalent to a restraint strap spaced at
a maximum of 2m centres.
Point loads
Where padstones and spreaders are required, they should be located beneath areas of concentrated loads.
External masonry walls 2019 2
CHAPTER 6.1
Bonding
Where partition walls abut an external wall constructed of similar materials, fully bonded or tied joints are acceptable. To reduce
the risk of cracking, a tied joint is preferable where:
materials have dissimilar shrinkage or expansion
there is a connection between a load-bearing wall on

characteristics, e.g. dense concrete and aerated concrete foundations and a non load-bearing wall supported on a
ground-bearing slab.
Tied joints should be formed using expanded metal, wire wall ties or a proprietary equivalent, spaced at maximum 300mm
intervals.
Movement joints
Movement joints should be included in long lengths of walling to reduce unsightly cracking, and detailed so that stability
is maintained. Where possible, joints should be hidden in corners, or behind rainwater pipes, and:
run the full height of the superstructure masonry wall
continue from those provided in the substructure to the

superstructure (movement joints may be needed in the
superstructure and not in the substructure, providing
suitable allowance is made for relative movement).
Vertical movement joints should be provided in the outer leaf, in accordance with Table 1.
Table 1: Suitable dimensions for movement joints
Material Joint width (mm) Normal spacing (m)
Clay brick 16 12 (15 maximum)
Calcium silicate brick 10 7.5 – 9
Lightweight concrete block and brick 10 6
(autoclaved or using lightweight aggregates)(2)
Dense concrete block and brick (using dense aggregate)(2) 10 7.5 – 9
Any masonry in a parapet wall 10 Half the above spacings and 1.5 from corners
(double frequency)
Notes
1 Manufacturer’s guidance for the provision of movement joints and bed joint reinforcement should be considered.
6.1
2 Lightweight concrete masonry units are generally made of aggregates that have a gross density not exceeding 1,500 kg/m³. Dense concrete masonry units are
generally made of aggregate that have a gross density exceeding 1,500 kg/m³.
The spacing of the first movement joint from a return should easily compressible filler
not be more than half of the dimension in Table 1.

10mm
Movement joints are not generally necessary in the inner leaf
of cavity walls, but consideration should be given to providing:
movement joints in rooms with straight unbroken lengths of

wall over 6m
bed joint reinforcement as an alternative to movement joints

in areas of risk, e.g. under window openings. sealant
Wall ties should be provided on either side of movement joints, in accordance with Clause 6.1.18.
Where masonry walls form panels in a framed structure, movement joints should be provided in accordance with BS EN 1996-2.
Movement joints should be formed using the correct materials, and account taken of:
joint width and depth
surface preparation and backing materials

anticipated movement and capability of the material
likely design life of the joint.

Clay bricks expand and require movement joints formed from easily compressible materials, such as:
flexible cellular polyethylene
foam rubber.

cellular polyurethane

The following materials are acceptable for use in contraction joints in concrete brickwork:
Hemp.
Cork.

Fibreboard.

Where movement joints are provided to control shrinkage in concrete blockwork, they may be made as simple vertical joints filled
with mortar, and sealed.
3
CHAPTER 6.1
Sealant should be a minimum of 10mm deep to ensure a good bond. Where the joint is in a freestanding wall, the filler will
require sealant at:
both exposed edges
the top, where the joint is carried through any coping.

6.1.4
Fire resistance
External cavity walls shall adequately resist the passage of fire.

Cavities should be closed with cavity closers, in accordance with Building Regulations.
6.1.5
Acoustic resistance
External walls adjacent to separating walls shall be designed to resist flanking sound transmission.
Acceptable levels of sound reduction between homes may be achieved by:
the inner leaf of an external cavity wall having
allowing appropriate spacing between the openings in

sufficient density external walls.
sealing air paths

The density of external walls and the position of openings adjacent to separating walls should be in accordance with Building
Regulations and, where relevant, an assessment which complies with Technical Requirement R3.
6.1.6
Exposure Also see: Chapter 6.7
External walls shall be suitable for their exposure and resist the passage of moisture to the inside of
the home. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) durability c) frost attack.
b) rain penetration
Durability
Masonry can become saturated, and may remain so for long periods. Therefore, precautions should be taken to resist frost
damage and sulfate attack affecting:
parapet walls and copings
masonry below the DPC at ground level

6.1
sills and projections

freestanding walls.

Bricks and mortar should comply with BS EN 1996-1-1 and the manufacturer’s recommendations. In addition, the following
mortar mixes can be used with ordinary Portland cement or sulfate-resisting cement:
Air-entrained 1:1:5½ cement:lime:sand
Air-entrained 1:½:4½ cement:lime:sand.

Sulfate-resisting cement should be used where S1 clay bricks are used in the following situations:
Below the DPC where there are sulfates present in
Parapets

the ground Freestanding walls

Below the DPC where there is a high risk of saturation
Rendered walls

Retaining walls
Areas of severe, or very severe, exposure to driving rain.

Reclaimed bricks should only be used where in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
Rain penetration
In prolonged periods of driving rain, water will penetrate the outer leaf of a masonry wall. The following should be taken into
account:
Site-specific exposure to wind-driven rain
Design detailing for the local exposure, and the likely

Suitability of the wall construction and insulation method
quality of workmanship on site.
Exposed parts of the building should be given particular attention when selecting a suitable construction method, as this may
affect the choice for the whole building.
CHAPTER 6.1
Complete resistance can only be achieved with an impervious cladding. However, the following approaches can reduce the risk
of rain penetration:
Providing cladding to the wall
Designing protective features to keep the wall dry,

Increasing the clear cavity width (minimum 50mm) or the
e.g. projecting sills and deep overhanging eaves
width of full-fill cavity insulation (increasing the cavity width and verges
for full-fill cavity insulation greatly reduces the risk of rain Ensuring mortar joints are fully filled. Where full cavity

passing through the cavity) insulation is proposed, recessed joints should not be used
Rendering the wall and specifying crack-resistant
Following the recommendations of any assessment of the

backing material insulation and the manufacturer’s recommendations
Ensuring that cavities are not bridged.

Cavities should be continuous around enclosed porches and 3D min. 12mm overlap of masonry
to frame
habitable areas. external 25mm
Insulation should be in accordance with Clause 6.1.7 and
Table 2. In Scotland, the cavity should not contain full-fill
sealant
insulation. In Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, it is not
permissible to fill cavities with pumped thermal insulants at sealant
the time of construction.
In Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and in other internal
places where the exposure to driving rain is very severe, ‘rebated’ or ‘check’ reveals to be used
masonry should form a rebate at the reveals of openings in areas of very severe exposure
to avoid a straight through joint where the frame abuts the

masonry, or a proprietary cavity closer assessed in accordance Figure 1: Exposure zones
with Technical Requirement R3 should be used.
Sills, copings and similar features should be weathered

and throated unless adequate alternative provision is made Dornoch
to protect the brickwork from saturation, frost damage and Lerwick
staining. Inverness
6.1
Variations to the exposure shown on the map can only be Aberdeen
made by site-specific calculations using BS 8104 ‘Code of
practice for assessing exposure of walls to wind-driven rain’.
Dundee
Adapted from BRE report ‘Thermal Insulation: avoiding risks’. Perth
Stirling
Dunbar
Glasgow Edinburgh
Ayr
Exposure zones Exposure to wind-driven rain (litres/m² per spell) Variations to the exposure shown on
Londonderry
the map can only be made by site-specific
Very severe 100 or more calculations using BS 8104 “Assessing Newcastle
exposure of walls to wind driven rain” Carlisle
Severe 56.5 to less than 100 and the
Enniskillentable above.Belfast Stranraer Alston
Dungannon Workington Middlesborough
Moderate 33 to less than 56.5 Adapted from the map in the
BRE report “Thermal Insulation: Darlington Whitby
Sheltered Less than 33 avoiding risks”
Ripon
York
Hebden Bridge
Hull
Skelmersdale
Colwyn Bay Doncaster
Manchester Grimsby
Bangor Sheffield
Chester Macclesfield Lincoln
Skegness
Bala Nottingham
Stafford
Shrewsbury Leicester
Norwich
Llanidloes Birmingham Peterborough
Llandrindod Wells Northampton
Hay-on-Wye Cambridge
Brecon Colchester
Gloucester Luton
Swansea Swindon Welwyn Garden City
Bristol Newbury London
Cardiff Weston-super-Mare Staines
Watchet Aldershot
Barnstable Taunton Gatwick Dover
Southampton
Exeter Brighton
Poole
Eastbourne
Sidmouth
5
CHAPTER 6.1
Frost attack
Common factors which affect the level of frost attack include:
degree of exposure (incidence of frost)
localised protection of the masonry by roof overhangs,

saturation of the masonry
trees and other buildings.
frost resistance of the masonry

Good detailing can limit persistent wetting and reduce the risk of frost attack:
Paths should drain away from walls to avoid saturating
A coping or capping should be provided for all parapet

bricks near the ground. walls, chimneys and freestanding walls, unless clay bricks
Sills, copings and similar features should have a
of F2,S1 or F2,S2 classification to BS EN 771-1 are used.
weathered upper surface.
Copings should have:
an overhang
a continuous supported DPC which projects beyond the

throatings a minimum of 40mm clear of the wall
line of the wall.
The following should be taken into account when selecting bricks:

KW
Manufacturers’ recommendations, including the choice

and use of mortar and the type of joint finish
IV
Bricks that are not frost-resistant (F0,S2 or F0,S1 to
PA
BS EN 771) may not be acceptable for use externally,

AB
unless completely protected by a cladding which can
adequately resist the passage of water PH
Where there is a risk that brickwork may be persistently

DD
wet, bricks should be specified that are low in soluble PA In Northern Ireland, the three criteria
FK
salts for assessing severe exposure to
frost attack do not simultaneously
G KY
Painted or decorated finishes can trap moisture in
occur in any part.
EH
external brickwork and increase the risk of frost damage, ML
TD
KA
sulfate attack or other detrimental effects. They should
not be applied to S1 designation bricks without written DG
6.1
NE
agreement from the brick manufacturer
CA
DH SR
In Scotland, all clay bricks used as facings should be

frost-resistant, F2,S2 or F2,S1 to BS EN 771-1. DL TS
LA
HG YO
BD
FY PR BB
LS
HX HU
BL OL
WN M HD WF
L DN
WA S
SK
CH LN
CW
LL
NG
ST DE
SY TF WS
LE PE NR
WV
DY B
CV NN
LD WR IP
HR CB
Severe exposure to frost attack
SA
MK
GL LU SG CO
The hatched areas on the map opposite have a frost over 60 NP OX
HP AL EN CM
HA UB
days in a year, annual rainfall over 1m and are 90m above CF
SN SL TW
G
RM SS
BS RG DB SM
sea level. They are therefore are considered to be at severe BA KT CR
BR DA
ME
TA CT
exposure to frost. SP GU RH
SO TN
EX
DT BH PO BN
PL
In areas of severe exposure to frost, the following types of TQ
TR
brick are acceptable:
Clay facing bricks which are frost-resistant F2,S2 or
Concrete bricks with a minimum strength of 20N/mm2.

F2,S1 to BS EN 771-1. Concrete blocks with a minimum density of 1,500kg/m3 or

Clay bricks which are classified in the manufacturer’s
compressive strength greater than 7.3N/mm2.
published recommendations as satisfactory for the Most types of aerated concrete blocks with render.

exposure.
Calcium silicate bricks of at least compressive strength Class

30 and declared as freeze/thaw resistant to BS EN 771.
CHAPTER 6.1
Exceptionally severe frost exposure

These are locations which face long stretches of open countryside and are within an area of severe frost exposure, where only
frost-resistant bricks F2,S2 or F2,S1 to BS EN 771 are acceptable for the superstructure.
Where there is doubt about the suitability of a facing brick for sites in areas of exceptionally severe frost exposure, written
confirmation should be obtained from the brick manufacturer that the brick is suitable for the geographical location, and location
in the structure.
Postcode areas at risk of severe exposure to frost attack
The following list identifies the postal areas within which the three criteria for severe exposure to frost attack are met.
AA 3 5
BB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
BD 13 15 20 21 22 23 24
BL 0 1 2 7 8 9
CA 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 19 20 22 23
CF 8 37 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
CH 7
DD 8 9
DE 4 6
DG 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14
DH 8
DL 8 11 12 13
EH 14 23 26 27 28 43 44 45 46 47 48 55
FK 1 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 47
G 62 63 64 65 72 74 75 76 77 81 82 83 84
HD 3 4 7 8
HG 3
HR 2 3 5
HX 2 4 6 7
IV 1 3 4 6 7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 40 54
KA 1 3 4 5 6 16 17 18 19 26
KW 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
KY 13
LA 2 6 8 9 10 12 20 21 22 23
LD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
LL 11 15 16 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 32 33 40 41 54 55 57
M 24
ML 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
NE 19 46 47 48 49 66 71
NP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 44
6.1
OL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
PA 23 24 25 26 27 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 41
PH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
PH 22 23 25 26 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
S 6 10 11 30
SA 9 10 11 13 19 20 32 33 39 40 44 48
SK 6 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
ST 10 13
SY 10 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
TD 1 2 5 8 11 71
TS 9
YO 6 18 21 22
Notes
1 Reproduced by permission of the London Brick Company Ltd.
2 Shaded boxes indicate areas which are wholly within areas of severe frost exposure. Other areas are partly within.
6.1.7
Thermal insulation
Thermal insulation shall be adequate and installed correctly. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) installation c) construction type.
b) insulation materials
The insulation value of the wall must meet the requirements of the relevant Building Regulations. Cold bridging should be
avoided. Particular care is needed:
at openings
between external walls and roofs, internal walls and floors.

Installation
Workmanship should be maintained to minimise the risk of damp penetration to the inside of the home. Gaps provide routes for
dampness, and condensation can form on the cold spots where insulation is missing. Insulation should be:
close butted with no gaps
installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s

recommendations.
7
CHAPTER 6.1
Where cavity insulation is used:

mortar joints, including perpends, should be solidly filled
excess mortar should be struck smooth from the inside of

with mortar the outer leaf.
mortar droppings should be removed from wall ties and the

edges of insulation materials
The first row of insulation boards or batts should be supported on wall ties:
with a minimum of two ties to each board or batt
which coincide with horizontal joints in the insulation.

Where wall ties need to be closely spaced, e.g. at reveals, it is acceptable to make a neat cut in the insulation to accept the
extra ties.
Insulation boards for partial fill should:
be stored flat without bearers, otherwise they may distort,
be rejected where warped.

making them difficult to fix against the wall
insulation cut down to avoid

leaving uninsulated gaps
fibres in insulation
should be parallel ties in vertical
to the wall to avoid rows at joints
bridging the cavity between
(full cavity fill) lintel insulation
boards
(partial
cavity fill)
reveal
blocks
All retro-fill insulation materials, including UF foam, blown mineral fibre and expanded polystyrene beads should be:
installed by a member of a surveillance scheme
installed by operatives trained by the assessment holder,

acceptable to NHBC and approved by the assessment holder and the
assessing organisation.
6.1
Insulation materials
Insulation should be:
UF foam to BS 5617 and installed in accordance

with BS 5618, or
Construction type
The following are recommendations and guidance according to construction type:
Partial cavity insulation
Where partial cavity insulation is installed:
it should only be fixed against the cavity face of the inner
wall ties long enough to allow a 50mm embedment in each

leaf masonry leaf should be used.
a 50mm clear cavity between the partial cavity insulation

and the outer leaf should be maintained
In areas of very severe exposure in England and Wales, a residual cavity of 75mm is required where the outer leaf is
fairfaced masonry.
Full cavity insulation
Where the cavity is to be fully filled with insulation:
the type of insulation, its thickness and the wall
mortar joints should not be recessed

construction should be suitable for the exposure of the painted finishes on bricks or render are not acceptable

home (see Table 2) where they are likely to cause damage (including frost
render on an external leaf of clay bricks (F2,S1 or F1,S1
damage or sulfate attack).
designation bricks to BS EN 771) is not permitted in areas
of severe or very severe exposure to wind-driven rain
CHAPTER 6.1
Table 2: Suitable wall constructions for use with full-fill cavity insulation
Exposure Suitable wall construction Minimum insulation thickness (mm)
category Built-in insulation Retro-fill (other than UF foam) UF foam
Very severe Any wall with impervious cladding 50 50 50
Fairfaced masonry with impervious cladding 100 100 N/A
to all walls above ground storey

Any wall fully rendered(2) 75 75 N/A
Fairfaced masonry (1)
N/A N/A N/A
Severe Any wall with impervious cladding or render(2) 50 50 50
Fairfaced masonry with impervious cladding 50 75 50
or render(2) to all walls above ground storey
Fairfaced masonry 75 75 N/A
Moderate Any wall with impervious cladding or render 50 50 50
or render to all walls above ground storey
Fairfaced masonry 50 75 75
Sheltered Any wall with impervious cladding or render 50 50 50
or render to all walls above ground storey
Fairfaced masonry 50 50 50
Notes
1 In very severe exposure locations, fairfaced masonry with full cavity insulation is not permitted.
2 Render on an external leaf of clay bricks (F2,S1 or F1,S1 designation bricks to BS EN 771) in severe or very severe exposures is not permitted where the cavity
is to be fully filled with insulation.
3 This table covers walls where the external leaf does not exceed 12m in height.
4 The exposure category of the home is determined by its location on the map showing categories of exposure to wind-driven rain.
5 Fairfaced masonry includes clay, calcium silicate and concrete bricks and blocks and dressed natural stone laid in an appropriate mortar preferably with struck,
weathered or bucket handle joints. Cavity walls of random rubble or random natural stone should not be fully filled.
6 Recessed mortar joints should not be used.
7 In Scotland, it is not permissible to fill the full width of the cavity with any thermal insulation at the time of construction.
6.1
8 In Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, it is not permissible to fill the cavity with pumped thermal insulants (for example, UF foam) at the time of construction.
The thickness of materials should be as required in the design, and in accordance with Building Regulations.
Guidance for retro-filling cavities:
Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man Not permitted to fill cavities with pumped thermal insulants at the time of construction.
Scotland Not permitted to fill the cavity fully with any thermal insulants at the time of construction.
England and Wales In accordance with the guidance in this chapter.
Inner leaf of insulated blockwork

Types of blockwork include:
lightweight aerated concrete
voided blocks with insulation infill

lightweight aggregate blocks
blocks faced with insulation material.

For insulated blockwork:
manufacturers’ recommendations should be followed
long unbroken lengths of blockwork should be avoided

a clear 50mm wide cavity should be maintained
precautions should be taken to reduce risk of

blocks should be capable of supporting concentrated loads
shrinkage cracking
the correct type of joist hanger for the type and size of both
restrictions on chasing for services when using voided

the block and joist should be used blocks should be noted.
Insulated dry linings

Where an insulated dry lining contains a combustible insulant, to prevent early collapse of the lining in a fire,
the plasterboard should be:
a minimum of 12.5mm thick mechanically fixed to the masonry inner leaf.
Dual insulation
Where partial cavity insulation is used in addition to an insulated block inner leaf, the composite construction should be assessed
in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
9
CHAPTER 6.1
6.1.8
Concrete blocks
Concrete blocks shall be capable of supporting intended loads, have appropriate thermal resistance and be
resistant to the adverse effects of climate. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) intended loads c) thermal resistance.
b) freeze/thaw and sulfate attack
Intended loads
Blocks should:
comply with BS EN 771 and be used in accordance
be used in accordance with the

with BS EN 1996-2 manufacturer’s recommendations.
not be used where they do not support the required

load-bearing capacity of the wall
The maximum load-bearing capacity of the wall should not exceed the manufacturer’s recommendations. Other factors may
dictate the strength of blocks required in certain circumstances, e.g. sulfate resistance may require blocks of greater strength.
For one and two storey homes, blocks with a minimum compressive strength of 2.9N/mm2 should be adequate.
For three storey homes or those with storey heights over 2.7m, 7.3N/mm2 blocks are required for certain parts of the structure,
unless structural design shows that strengths lower than 7.3N/mm2 are adequate.
Freeze/thaw and sulfate attack

Concrete blocks used in the outer leaf without protective cladding or render should:
have a compressive strength exceeding 7.3N/mm2
be lightweight aerated concrete blocks having had their

have a density exceeding 1,500kg/m3
suitability confirmed by the manufacturer.
be made with dense aggregate to BS EN 12620, or

Where there are sulfates in the ground, concrete blocks should not be used below the DPC unless suitability is confirmed by the
block manufacturer. Where this is permissible, the mortar should be sulfate-resisting with a mix suitable for the level of sulfates in
the ground.
Thermal resistance
6.1
Concrete blocks may have been specified according to thermal performance and strength. Alternative concrete blocks should not
be used without the designer’s acceptance.
6.1.9
Bricks
Bricks shall be capable of supporting intended loads and have appropriate resistance to the adverse effects
of freeze/thaw and sulfate attack.
The design strength of bricks should comply with:
BS EN 1996-1
the design.

Table 3: Classification of clay bricks according to their freeze/thaw resistance and active soluble salt content in accordance
with BS EN 771-1
Durability Freeze/thaw resistance Active soluble salt content
F2,S2 Freeze-/thaw-resistant (F2), durable in all building situations (S2) low
F2,S1 Freeze-/thaw-resistant (F2), durable in all building situations (S1) normal
F1,S2 Moderately freeze-/thaw-resistant (F1), durable except when saturated and (S2) low
subject to repeated freezing and thawing
F1,S1 Moderately freeze-/thaw-resistant (F1), durable except when saturated and (S1) normal
subject to repeated freezing and thawing
F0,S2 Not freeze-/thaw-resistant (F0), liable to be damaged by freezing and thawing (S2) low
F0,S1 Not freeze-/thaw-resistant (F0), liable to be damaged by freezing and thawing (S1) normal
Calcium silicate and concrete bricks contain no significant active soluble salts. Information on their durability is given in this
chapter.
CHAPTER 6.1
Clay bricks
Bricks that are freeze-/thaw-resistant (F2,S2 or F2,S1 to BS EN 771) should be used where there is a high risk of prolonged
wetting and freezing including:
external facing work in Scotland
areas of the country subject to exceptionally severe freeze/

exposed parts, including copings, sills, parapets and
thaw exposure. See Clause 6.1.6.
chimneys which have no overhang to provide protection.

In areas of severe freeze/thaw exposure outside Scotland, bricks that are moderately freeze-/thaw-resistant (F1,S1 or F1,S2 to
BS EN 771) may be used for general wall areas, provided they are classified in the manufacturer’s published recommendations
as satisfactory for the exposure.
Bricks that are not freeze-/thaw-resistant (F0,S2 or F0,S1 to BS EN 771) are not acceptable for use externally, unless completely
protected by a cladding which can satisfactorily resist the passage of water.
Where brickwork may become saturated, moderately freeze-/thaw-resistant bricks (F1,S1 or F1,S2 to BS EN 771) are not
appropriate where there is a risk of vulnerability to frost. In saturated conditions, sulfate-resisting cement mortar is required for
S1 designation bricks.
For one and two storey homes, clay bricks to BS EN 771, with a minimum compressive strength of 9N/mm2 should be adequate.
For three storey homes; clay bricks to BS EN 771 with a minimum compressive strength of 13N/mm2 are acceptable.
Concrete bricks
Concrete bricks have a direct relationship between strength and durability, including freeze/thaw resistance. Most concrete bricks
have a strength of 20N/mm2 and are durable in most situations. For copings and sills, bricks with a compressive strength of
36N/mm2 should be used.
Calcium silicate bricks
Calcium silicate bricks do not contain significant amounts of soluble sulfates and may be suitable where sulfate-bearing soil
and ground water conditions exist. Where calcium silicate bricks are used, it should be in accordance with the
Bricks of compressive strength Class 20 (BS EN 771-2) are suitable for most applications.
Bricks of strength Class 30 and declared as freeze-/thaw-resistant to BS EN 771-2 are recommended in the following areas:
6.1
severe freeze/thaw exposure
where bricks may be persistently wet, e.g. parapets,
chimneys, sills and below the DPC.
Reclaimed bricks
Reclaimed bricks:
should be used in accordance with
may be unsuitable for external work because of a high salt

Technical Requirement R3 content or a lack of freeze/thaw resistance
should be considered as F1,S1 or F1,S2 to BS EN 771 and
which have previously been used internally or which were

used accordingly fully protected may be unsuitable in external situations.
may require independent certification of suitability

It is advisable to know where reclaimed bricks came from, and if they were used internally or externally.
Special shaped bricks
Special shaped bricks should conform to BS 4729.
6.1.10
Stone masonry
Stone masonry shall be constructed to an acceptable standard, including the performance standards
for brick and block where applicable. Walls shall be capable of supporting the intended loads and have
appropriate resistance to the adverse effects of freeze/thaw.
Stone masonry should comply with the following:
Stone for masonry BS EN 771-6 ‘Specification for masonry units. Natural stone masonry units’.
Cast stone masonry units BS EN 771-5 ‘Specification for masonry units. Manufactured stone masonry units’.
or BS 1217 ‘Cast stone. Specification’.
Stone masonry, natural or cast BS EN 1996 ‘Design of masonry structures’.
11
CHAPTER 6.1
Stone masonry will be acceptable where it:

provides an adequate weather-resisting structure in
complies with the guidance in this chapter for

conjunction with any brick or block backing, and/or brickwork/blockwork
vertical DPMs follows good local recognised practice to provide a

high standard.
6.1.11
Construction of masonry walls Also see: Chapter 7.1, 9.1 and PD 6697:2010
Construction shall ensure a satisfactory standard of brickwork and blockwork. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) finished appearance e) corbelling
b) bonding f) chasing for services
c) construction g) protection of ancillary components.
d) openings
Finished appearance
The appearance of a masonry wall depends upon the:
materials used

setting out

workmanship.

When setting out masonry, avoid:
cutting bricks or blocks, except when it is essential

irregular or broken bonds, particularly at openings.

All work should be reasonably level and true, and:
the bond detailed in the design used

perpendicular joints kept in line and plumb

courses kept level by using lines and spirit levels.

To keep courses to the correct height, use a gauge rod marked with the height of windows, doors and floors.
6.1
Where a number of openings of similar width are being formed, use a rod cut to the required size to check the width of openings
as the work rises.
Brickwork and blockwork should not be subjected to vibration until the mortar has set.
Bonding
A regular bonding pattern should be maintained. External walls should be bonded to partitions and party walls as required by
the design. Either:
tooth every alternate course, or
tie with wall ties, expanded metal or equivalent at

maximum 300mm vertical centres.
bonded connection tie where blocks are of a different type
1/2
3/4 3/4
1/2
3/4 3/4
brick bond set out at the base

of the wall to ensure that cut
bricks occur below openings
Where joist hangers are not used, joist filling should be brickwork or blockwork and without excessive mortar joints.
Joist filling should be:
12mm below the top of flat roof joists to allow for timber
checked to ensure the cold roof ventilation is not blocked.

shrinkage, and
CHAPTER 6.1
Clay bricks and concrete blocks should not be mixed. Where a different size of masonry unit is needed to ensure correct
coursing, small units of the same material should be used to reduce cracking and problems due to different thermal
insulation properties.
Where the inner leaf of a cavity wall is being used for thermal insulation, and where a different size of masonry unit is used to
ensure correct coursing, the unit should have similar thermal insulation properties to the masonry used for the rest of the wall.
different masonry types

used to adjust coursing
12mm max.
flat roof joists
incorrect use of different

masonry types
Construction
The difference in heights between the two leaves of a cavity wall under construction can be up to six block courses, provided the
ties are sufficiently flexible to ensure coursing is achieved without breaking the bond. To keep the wall plumb, do not over-reach
at changes of lift; wait for the next scaffolding lift.
Cavities should be constructed so that:
they are uniform and in accordance with the design,
where cavity insulation is used, mortar droppings are

including wall tie specification and cavity width removed from the top edge
mortar is struck from all joints as work proceeds
where partial cavity insulation is used, it is against the inner

cavity trays and wall ties are clear of droppings and debris
leaf of the cavity.
mortar droppings are removed

6.1
board used to
keep cavity clean
Openings
Masonry may be built around either:
the frame in-situ, or

a profile or template to enable the frame to be fitted later.

Openings should be the correct size, square and:
brickwork should butt closely against the frame

the frame should not be distorted by forcing bricks against the

jamb.
When window and door frames are built-in, they should be

fixed with: frames should not be distorted
frame cramps

proprietary cavity closers, or

plugs and fixings.

13
CHAPTER 6.1
Corbelling
Where reinforcing is used, corbels should be designed by an T
engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.

wall tie thickness not
Where courses are corbelled outwards in ordinary masonry, reduced
on this side
one above another; the extent of corbelling should not exceed
that shown in the diagrams on the right.
maximum corbel = T/3 maximum corbel = T/3
Chasing for services

cavity wall solid wall
Chases should:
not be cut with impact power tools, as they can damage
be cut with care

the wall be limited to 1/6 of the depth of the leaf where horizontal

not be cut into hollow blocks unless specifically permitted
be limited to 1/3 of the depth of the leaf where vertical.

by the manufacturer
Protection of ancillary components

Table 4 contains guidance for a selection of ancillary components for use in buildings up to three storeys in height,
in a non-aggressive environment.
Table 4: Protection of ancillary components
Product type EN 845 ref(1) Material/coating specification (the zinc coating masses are for one surface)
Wall ties, tension straps 1 Austenitic stainless steel (molybdenum chrome nickel alloys)
and hangers conforming to 3 Austenitic stainless steel (chrome nickel alloys)
BS EN 845-1
8 or 9 Zinc coated (940g/m2) steel wire or component
Tension straps and 10 Zinc coated (710g/m2) steel component
hangers conforming to 11 Zinc coated (460g/m2) steel component
6.1
BS EN 845-1
(internal uses(2)) 12.1 or 12.2 Zinc coated (300g/m2) steel strip or sheet with organic coating over all outer
surfaces of finished component
13 Zinc coated (265g/m2) steel wire
14 Zinc coated (300g/m2) steel strip or sheet with all cut edges organic coated
15 Zinc precoated (300g/m2) steel strip or sheet
16.1 or 16.2 Zinc coated (137g/m2) steel strip or sheet with organic coating over all outer
17 Zinc precoated (137g/m2) steel strip with zinc coated edges
Lintels conforming to L3 Austenitic stainless steel (chrome and nickel alloys)
BS EN 845-2 L10 Zinc coated (710g/m2) steel component
L11.1 or L11.2 Zinc coated (460g/m2) steel component with organic coating over all outer
L12.1 or L12.2 Zinc coated (300g/m2) steel strip or sheet with organic coating over all outer
L16.2 Zinc coated (137g/m2) steel strip or sheet with organic coating over all outer
Lintels conforming to L11 Zinc coated (460g/m2) steel component
BS EN 845-2, where used L14 Zinc coated (300g/m2) steel strip or sheet with all cut edges organic coated
with a separate DPC
L16.1 Zinc coated (137g/m2) steel strip or sheet with organic coating over all outer
Bed joint reinforcement R1 Austenitic stainless steel (molybdenum chrome nickel alloys)
conforming to BS EN 845-3 R3 Austenitic stainless steel (chrome nickel alloys)
Notes
1 Material/coating reference in accordance with the relevant part of BS EN 845.
2 These products are not suitable for use in contact with the outer leaf of an external cavity wall or a single leaf cavity wall.
Components in contact with, or embedded in, an inner leaf which is damp or exposed to periodic wetting (e.g. below the DPC)
should be protected in the same way as components in contact with, or embedded in, an outer leaf.
CHAPTER 6.1
6.1.12
Lintels Also see: Chapter 6.5 and BRE Report ‘Thermal insulation: avoiding risks’
Lintels, and supporting beams, shall be installed correctly, safely support the applied loads and be of the
type and dimensions appropriate to their position within the structure. Issues to be taken into account
include:
a) thermal insulation and condensation c) placing lintels.
b) durability and resistance to water entering the home
Concrete, steel and reinforced brickwork are acceptable

materials for use as lintels. Timber lintels should not
be used, unless: steel lintel
protected from weather

they do not support masonry or other rigid or brittle materials.
lintel toe
projects beyond
window head max. 25mm
max. 25mm
overhang overhang
flexible sealant between

lintel and window
Lintels should:
comply with BS EN 845-2 ‘Specification for ancillary
not have brickwork or masonry which overhangs more

components for masonry’, where steel or concrete than 25mm
be designed in accordance either with Technical
have cavity trays where they are specified in the design

Requirement R5 or the manufacturer’s recommendations have padstones and spreaders provided under the

be provided where frames are not designed to support
bearings, where necessary
superimposed loads not have point loads applied before the manufacturer’s

be wide enough to provide adequate support to the
requirement of fully bedded brickwork is met (this is to
walling above avoid overstressing).
Lintels should extend beyond the opening (at each end) by the minimum lengths shown in Table 5.
Table 5: Lintel bearing
Minimum bearing length (mm)
Span (m) Simple lintel Lintel combined with cavity tray
6.1
Up to 1.2 100 150
Over 1.2 150 150
Where steel lintels are used:

the manufacturer’s recommendations for providing adequate

fire resistance should be followed, particularly to the lower
steel flange
the inner and outer leaf should be built up together to avoid

twisting the lintel flange
the difference in height between the leaves should not
sealant
exceed 225mm. sealant
Thermal insulation and condensation

The risk of condensation at potential cold bridges, such as reveals and soffits, increases as the level of wall insulation increases.
To avoid cold bridging:
wall insulation should abut the head of the window frame
insulation should be provided at the underside of the lintel,

unless the manufacturer produces an alternative.
In England and Wales, account should be taken of Accredited Details.
Durability and resistance to water entering the homes

Cavity tray/damp proof protection should be provided:
over all openings, either combined as part of the lintel
where the outer leaf is fairfaced masonry or where full-fill

or separate insulation is used, all cavity trays (separate or combined)
should have stop ends.
15
CHAPTER 6.1
Separate cavity tray protection should be provided when corrosion protection to the lintel is inadequate, or the shape of the lintel
is unsuitable, such as when:
the profile of the lintel does not form a cavity tray
steel lintels in external walls have material/coating in

accordance with L11, L14 and L16.1, see Table 4.
In Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and areas of severe or very severe exposure to driving rain, a separate cavity tray
should be provided over all lintels.

Lintels should be:
austenitic stainless steel where used in aggressive located and sized so that the external edge of the lintel

environments, e.g. coastal sites projects beyond, and therefore offers protection to,
the window head.
Placing lintels
The design should be checked and lintels should:
be an appropriate size for the opening and the end bearings

(at each end) lintel
have padstones where required, e.g. for long spans

be installed level on a solid bed of mortar (not soft or
full block for
lintel bearing
non-durable packing)
correct bonding
be set out to ensure that lintels bear on a full block
below supporting
block
not have brickwork or masonry which overhangs more

than 25mm.
Concrete floor units or other heavy components which bear on lintels should be positioned carefully to avoid damage or
shock load.
6.1.13
Materials suitable for mortar
Materials used for mortar should comply with the appropriate requirements and standards.
Relevant standards include:
6.1
BS EN 197 ‘Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements’.
BS EN 197 or BS EN 413 ‘Masonry cement’.
BS EN 459 ‘Building lime’.
BS EN 998 ‘Specification for mortar for masonry’.
BS EN 934 ‘Air entraining and set retarding admixtures’.
BS EN 12878 ‘Pigments for the colouring of building materials based on cement and/or lime. Specifications
and methods of test.’.
6.1.14
Mortar shall be of the mix proportions necessary to achieve adequate strength and durability and be
suitable for the type of masonry. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) sources of sulfate c) preparing mortar
b) admixtures and additives d) joints.
Unless recommended otherwise by the brick manufacturer, the mixes in Table 6 should be used for clay bricks. In the case of
concrete or calcium silicate bricks, particular attention should be paid to the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Table 6: Mortar mixes using ordinary Portland or sulfate-resisting cements
Location Recommended Recommended Recommended Mortar
cement:lime: cement:sand mix masonry designation
sand mix with air entraining cement: to
plasticiser sand mix BS EN 1996-1-1
General wall area In areas of severe or very 1:½:4½ 1:3½ 1:3 (ii)
above the DPC severe exposure – high durability
Other exposure categories – 1:1:5½ 1:5½ 1:4½ (iii)
general use
CHAPTER 6.1
Table 6 (continued): Mortar mixes using ordinary Portland or sulfate-resisting cements

Location Recommended Recommended Recommended Mortar
cement:lime: cement:sand mix masonry designation
sand mix with air entraining cement: to
plasticiser sand mix BS EN 1996-1-1
Below DPC level and High durability 1:½:4½ 1:3½ 1:3 (ii)
in chimney stacks
Cappings, copings Low permeability 1:0 to ¼:3 – – (i)
and sills
Air-entraining plasticiser can be incorporated in the following general use and high durability mortars:
1:1:5½, cement:lime:sand, or
1:1:4½, cement:lime:sand.

Retarded mortar
Retarded mortar and most premixed mortars can be used over a longer period of time than site-mixed, cement:lime:sand
mortars. When using retarded mortar:
follow manufacturer’s recommendations and timescales temporary bracing of larger walls, e.g. at gable peaks and
do not use it beyond the time for which it is effective long walls, may be necessary due to delayed setting times.
protect it against freezing prior to use
Sources of sulfate
Mortar is vulnerable to deterioration by sulfates, especially when masonry is saturated for long periods of time. Clay bricks
contain soluble sulfate (S1 designations have no limit on their sulfate content) and so a suitable mortar should be used.
To reduce risk, sulfate-resisting Portland cement to BS EN 197-1 should be used:
below the DPC level when sulfates are present in the
when there is a high saturation risk (examples below).

ground
when clay bricks (F2,S1 and F1,S1 to BS EN 771)

are used
High saturation risk situations are:

below the DPC
freestanding walls

6.1
areas of severe or very severe exposure to driving rain
rendered walls

parapets
chimney stacks.

retaining walls

Admixtures and additives
Admixtures should:
only be used where authorised
be dosed and used in accordance with the

not contain calcium chloride
Mortars containing an air-entraining plasticiser are more resistant to freeze and thaw damage when set, but do not prevent
freezing before the mortar is cured.
White cement to BS EN 197 and pigments to BS EN 12878 may be used, but pigments should not exceed 10% of the
cement weight, or 3% where carbon black is used.
Preparing mortar
When preparing mortar:
ensure the mix is appropriate for the use and location

plant and banker boards should be kept clean

mixers should be kept clean to operate efficiently

the colour should be consistent.

When laying bricks and blocks:
mortar which has started to set should not be retempered

they should have a solid mortar bedding and fully filled

perpends, to reduce the risk of rain penetration and
dampness in the wall.
properly filled joints reduce
risk of rain preparation
17
CHAPTER 6.1
Joints
Jointing is preferable to pointing because it leaves the mortar undisturbed. Struck (or weathered) and bucket handle joints are
preferable for external walls. Unless the design states otherwise, only bucket handle or weathered joints should be used.
Recessed joints should not be used where:
bricks are not frost-resistant, e.g. clay F1,S1 or F1,S2 to

bricks are perforated closer than 15mm to the face

BS EN 771, unless the brick manufacturer has confirmed there is no reasonable shelter from driving rain, e.g.

their use for that particular location in writing from buildings or groups of trees within 50m and of
the home is built on steep sloping ground, facing open
similar height to the home
countryside or within 8km of a coast or large estuary the cavity is to be fully filled with cavity insulation.

6.1.15
Render Also see: Chapter 3.3
The surface to which render is applied, shall be appropriately constructed and satisfactorily resist the
passage of moisture.
Walls to be rendered should be constructed in accordance with the relevant parts of this chapter, including provision of
damp-proofing in accordance with Clause 6.1.17, and Chapter 6.11 ‘Render’.
6.1.16
Cladding Also see: Chapter 3.3 and 6.2
Cladding shall satisfactorily resist the passage of moisture and be of the quality, type and dimensions
required by the design. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) masonry cladding to framed structures d) materials for cladding
b) joints e) vertical tile or slate cladding
c) moisture barriers f) stone veneer cladding.
Masonry cladding to framed structures

Allowance should be made for differential movement between cladding and the frame. The following precautions should be taken
to prevent buckling and fracturing of masonry panels:
Flexible movement joints should be provided at the
Vertical movement joints should be provided at corners

6.1
underside of each horizontal support member The inner leaf should be adequately tied to the

The masonry outer leaf should have a minimum two-thirds
structural frame.
of its width supported securely by the concrete frame or a
metal angle
Joints
Joints between claddings and adjacent materials should:
be detailed to be watertight under the particular exposure
have provision for differential movement, where necessary.

conditions of the site
Moisture barriers
Moisture barriers should be:
provided between walls of solid masonry and any boarding,
proprietary materials assessed in accordance with

slating, tiling or other similar claddings (unless specifically Technical Requirement R3.
not required for a proprietary cladding)
Vapour control layers, such as polyethylene sheet, are not an acceptable moisture barrier.
CHAPTER 6.1
Materials for cladding

Table 8: Materials for cladding
Component Requirement Notes
Tiles and slates BS EN 1304, BS EN 490, Clay tiles for tile hanging, concrete tiles for tile hanging, slates for
BS EN 12326-1 vertical slating.
Timber boarding BS 1186 or BS EN 942 Timber should: comply with, and be at least class 3 or J50

be a naturally durable species or pretreated

with preservative.
Battens Battens should be:
of the size specified in the design
pretreated with preservative.

Proprietary cladding systems Technical Requirement R3
Timber cladding should be in accordance with Chapter 3.3 ‘Timber preservation (natural solid timber)’.
Vertical tile or slate cladding

Vertical tile or slate cladding should:
have each tile or slate fixed with two nails
be finished with an under-course and tilting batten at the

be fixed using aluminium, copper or silicon bronze nails
bottom edges.
Stone veneer cladding systems

Stone veneer cladding systems should be in accordance with:
BS 8298 when mechanically fixed Chapter 6.9 when used as a brick slip / rainscreen system.

Technical Requirement R3 when adhesive fixed
6.1.17
DPCs and cavity trays
DPCs and related components shall be provided to prevent moisture rising or entering the building. Issues
to be taken into account include:
a) provision of DPCs and cavity trays c) parapet details.
6.1
b) stepped cavity trays
Provision of DPCs and cavity trays

DPCs and flexible cavity trays should be of the correct dimensions to suit the detailed design.
At complicated junctions, clear drawings and the design should be provided, and preformed cavity trays used.
The following materials are acceptable for use as DPCs:
Bitumen to BS 6398
Proprietary materials assessed in accordance with

Polyethylene to BS 6515 (except below copings and
in parapets)
Table 9: Positions where DPCs and cavity trays are generally required
Location Provision of DPCs and cavity trays
Base of walls, piers, etc. A DPC should be provided a minimum 150mm above adjoining surfaces and linked with
the DPM in solid floors.
Base of partitions built off oversite The DPC should be the full width of the partition.
where there is no integral DPM
Base of wall built off beam, slab, etc. Detail to prevent entry of damp by driving rain.
Parapets Beneath coping, and 150mm above adjoining roof surface to link with the roof upstand.
In cavity walls over openings, A cavity tray should be provided to direct any water that enters the cavity to the outside.
air bricks, etc. The cavity tray should fully protect the opening.
At the horizontal abutment of all A cavity tray should be provided 150mm above any adjoining roof or balcony surface.
roofs over enclosed areas and The tray should be lapped over any roof upstand or flashing to ensure water penetrating
balconies to walls into the cavity does not enter the enclosed area.
At sloping abutments of all roofs Preformed stepped cavity trays should be provided above the roof surface and linked to
over enclosed areas to cavity walls the roof upstand or flashing to ensure any water penetrating into the cavity does not enter
the enclosed area.
Doorsteps A DPC should be provided behind a doorstep where it is higher than a wall DPC.
19
CHAPTER 6.1
Table 9 (continued): Positions where DPCs and cavity trays are generally required
Location Provision of DPCs and cavity trays
Sills Where precast concrete or similar sills incorporate joints or are of a permeable material,
a DPC should be provided beneath them for the full length and be turned up at the back and
the end of the sill.
Jambs in cavity The reveal should be protected throughout its width by a continuous DPC. The width of the
DPC should be sufficient to be fixed to, or overlap, the frame and fully protect the reveal.
For very severe exposure conditions, rebated reveal construction or a proprietary closer,
suitable for the conditions, should be used.
DPC laps DPM cavity tray cavity tray
DPC level
150mm
min.
ground
level
air brick meter box

DPC turned up at
back and ends of sills
level of
wall DPC
DPM behind
doorstep links
with DPC
doorstep
6.1
Cavity trays
Cavity trays should be provided at all interruptions to the cavity (e.g. window and door openings and air bricks) unless otherwise
protected (e.g. by overhanging eaves). Cavity trays should:
provide an impervious barrier and ensure that water
be shaped to provide 100mm minimum vertical protection

drains outwards above points where mortar droppings could collect
cover the end of the lintel and project at least 25mm
be provided where the cavity is bridged by air bricks,

beyond the outer face of the cavity closer or, where a etc. and the DPC should extend 150mm beyond each
combined cavity tray and lintel is acceptable, give complete side of the bridge
protection to the top of the reveal and vertical DPC where not otherwise protected (e.g. by a roof at an

provide drip protection to door and window heads
appropriate level), be provided over meter boxes
have a 140mm minimum upstand from the inside face of
be in one continuous piece or have sealed or welded joints.

the outer leaf to the outside of the inner leaf
3D 25mm
min.
stop end
100mm
140mm min.
min.
at least two weep holes
per opening, not combined
more than 450mm lintel or
combined lintel projects cavity tray
groove in window at least 25mm beyond the
head prevents outer face of cavity closure
DPC oversails lintel to rain penetration
protect timber door and
window head
CHAPTER 6.1
The upstand part of the cavity tray should be returned into the inner leaf unless it is stiff enough to stand against the inner leaf
without support. In Scotland, Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and areas of very severe exposure to driving rain, the upstand part
of the damp proof protection should be returned into the inner leaf of masonry (this does not apply at sloping abutments).
Where fairfaced masonry is supported by lintels:
weep holes should be provided at a maximum of
each opening should have at least two weep holes

450mm intervals cavity trays or combined lintels should have stop ends.

Where the lintel does not require a DPC, it should:
have a suitable profile and durability
give complete protection to the top of the reveal and

vertical DPC, where provided.
Where the cavity has full-fill insulation, a cavity tray should be used above the highest insulation level, unless the insulation is
taken to the top of the wall and is in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Horizontal DPCs
DPCs should:
be the correct width
at ground level, generally be a minimum of 150mm above

lap the DPM where appropriate
finished ground or paving level
be laid on a surface free from projections which could
where intended to prevent rising damp, joints should have

puncture or adversely affect the DPC material 100mm lapping, or be sealed or welded
be fully bedded on mortar where required by the design,

or where the building is over three storeys in height manufacturer’s recommendations.
The concrete fill in a cavity wall should stop at least 225mm below the base DPC. This may be reduced to 150mm where special
foundations, such as rafts, are used.
DPC clear of cavity
DPC laps DPM
6.1
225mm
minimum 150mm min.
150mm min.
Where a jointed or permeable sill is used, a DPC should be:

placed between the sill and the outer leaf
turned up at the back and ends of the sill.

At sills where there is:
a DPC, it should be lapped with the reveal DPC
no DPC, the vertical DPC should be continued 150mm

below the sill level.
Special DPC detailing may be required at accessible thresholds.
Vertical DPCs
A separate vertical DPC should be provided around openings, extend to the underside of the lintel, and:
be of a proprietary material assessed in accordance with
150mm wide DPC material, nailed to the full height of the

Technical Requirement R3, or frame and protrude 25mm into the cavity.
A fillet joint of sealant should not be considered a substitute for good workmanship or DPCs. However, a bead of mastic should
be used around openings.
Connections with flashings

Where flashings link with DPCs, (e.g. horizontal or preformed stepped cavity trays), 25mm of mortar below the DPC should also
be raked out as the work proceeds to allow for the flashing to be tucked in.
21
CHAPTER 6.1
mortar raked out flashing wedged in raked out

mortar flashing wedged in
while still green place and pointed up green
while still place and pointed up
25mm 25mm
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 1 Stage 2
Stepped cavity trays

Where the roof abuts at an angle with the wall, preformed
step trays
preformed stepped cavity trays should be provided.
To minimise the risk of water ingress below the abutment,
preformed stepped cavity trays:
3D
should be provided where a roof abuts a cavity wall above an

enclosed area, e.g. an attached garage
should have two stop ends at the lowest cavity tray and a
65mm min.
weep hole to allow water to drain from the cavity
are not necessary where the roof is not over an enclosed

area, e.g. open car ports and open porches.
Preformed stepped cavity trays should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and positioned:
to suit the dimension of the flashing (which should be in
so that the stepped cavity tray cannot discharge behind
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations or a flashing (where it is necessary to cut bricks or blocks,
minimum width of 65mm) the bond should be maintained in the following joint).
Parapet details
Parapet walls should have:
6.1
throating clear
a DPC under the coping, and a DPC tray starting 150mm
DPC supported of brickwork
over cavity tray
minimum above the roof
coping throating which is 40mm clear of the brickwork.

3D
DPCs in parapet walls should be:
supported over the cavity to prevent sagging below copings
min.
open perpend 150 mm
fully bedded in mortar
weep holes.
1m max.
specified to achieve a good key with the mortar
spacing
sealed to prevent water seeping through the joints.

CHAPTER 6.1
6.1.18
Wall ties
Wall ties of the correct type shall be installed where required, and be suitable for their intended use
and location. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) position
b) ties for partial fill insulation.

Wall ties should:
be in accordance with BS EN 845 in Northern Ireland, be stainless steel or non-ferrous ties

or Technical Requirement R3 used where the cavity is fully filled with insulation and
be of the type as specified in the design 75mm wide or more; in Scotland, galvanised ties may
be long enough to be embedded a minimum of 50mm into be used
each leaf be spaced above and below the DPC in accordance with

in England and Wales, be stainless steel or non-ferrous Table 10.
Position
Table 10: Spacing of wall ties
Maximum horizontal spacing (mm) Maximum vertical spacing (mm)
General wall area 900 450
Jamb openings, movement joints, etc. Within 225 of opening Not more than 300(1)
Top of gable walls 225 (parallel to the top of the wall) Not more than 300
Notes
1 The cavity insulation may need cutting to insert the tie.
Water should be prevented from crossing the cavity. Care should be taken to avoid:
ties sloping down to the inner leaf
ties having mortar droppings on them.

drips being off-centre

Cavity walls should be coursed so that the wall tie is level or slopes outwards.
additional ties
6.1
at movement joints
50mm 50mm
225mm min. min.
wall tie should

project enough to
build 50mm into
additional ties the unbuilt leaf
at openings
external internal
drip of wall tie
450mm placed centrally
in cavity
900mm
Wall ties should be:

built in and not pushed into joints
positioned so that the drip faces downwards.

bedded into the built leaf (by a minimum of 50mm) so that

they can have a minimum 50mm bed into the unbuilt leaf
Ties for partial fill insulation

Where partial cavity fill insulation is being used, it should be held against the inner leaf by retaining devices, which may be
clipped to the wall ties. Retaining devices should be:
compatible with the wall ties
used in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.

Where 1,200mm boards are used with partial fill cavities, the wall ties should:
be spaced closer to provide adequate support and restraint
be spaced at 600mm centres in rows, i.e. not staggered.

23
CHAPTER 6.1
6.1.19
Handling materials
Materials shall be handled in such a way as to ensure that the construction is neat, clean and undamaged
upon completion.
Materials should be stored properly. Issues to be taken into account include the following:
Stacks of bricks and blocks should be protected from rain

Cement should be stored off the ground and protected

and mud splashes, etc. by covering them with from weather
waterproof covers Sand should be prevented from spreading and be

protected so that it remains clean.
Materials should be handled with care during construction to avoid damage and staining. Chipped or fractured bricks are not
acceptable for facework.
Bricks that are tipped on delivery or moved about the site in dumper trucks often have a high degree of wastage.
The unloading of all bricks and blocks, especially facing bricks, should be:
by mechanical means
directly onto a firm level surface.

Unless bricks have been blended by the manufacturer, bricks from different batches should be mixed to avoid colour patching.
To reduce the risk of efflorescence, newly erected masonry should be covered. This also prevents the mortar being washed out
of the joints by rain and stops masonry becoming saturated. Bricks and blocks that become excessively wet can suffer from:
staining and efflorescence
lack of mortar adhesion to mud-stained surfaces.

increased drying shrinkage, with a greater risk of cracking

The work place should be kept clean to reduce mortar splashes to a minimum. Any accidental mortar smears should be lightly
brushed off the face after the mortar has taken its first set.
6.1
bricks from different

batches should be mixed
to avoid colour patching
protection of
bricks and blocks
avoid damage and staining

and do not use badly chipped
bricks for facework
6.1.20
Cold weather working Also see: Chapter 3.2
Precautions shall be taken to protect walls from damage by frost during construction.
Freshly laid mortar may fail where it freezes.
The use of air entraining agents in cold weather gives better frost resistance to set mortar but does not aid the set. The use of
accelerating admixtures and other admixtures should not:
be relied on as an anti-freeze precaution
contain calcium chloride.

Ensure the setting times of additives are checked and adhered to in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Cold weather retarders increase setting times.
In cold weather:
brickwork and blockwork should not be built when the air
covers should be provided to form a still air space to

temperature is below 2°C and falling insulate the wall
walls should be protected from frost until the mortar has set
walling damaged by frost will not regain strength and

sufficiently to resist frost damage should be taken down and rebuilt when conditions improve.
External timber framed walls
CHAPTER 6.2
Technical Requirements for external walls of timber
framed homes up to seven storeys high, substantially
timber framed homes and timber wall panels.
6.2.1 Compliance 01
6.2.3 Design checking and certification 01
6.2.4 Load-bearing walls 02
6.2.5 Fixing the frame 04
6.2.6 Nails and staples 05
6.2.7 Sheathing 05
6.2.8 Differential movement 05
6.2.10 Protection from moisture 10
6.2.11 Timber preservation 12
6.2.12 Vapour control layers 12
6.2.13 Breather membranes 12
6.2.14 Wall ties and fixings 13
6.2.15 Insulation 13
1
External timber framed walls 2019
CHAPTER 6.2
6.2.1
External timber framed walls shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
External timber framed walls that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Where the components of the timber frame cannot be inspected on site (e.g. closed panels or fully fitted out volumetric units) the
system should be subject to review by NHBC. Please refer to the MMC Hub at www.nhbc.co.uk/MMCHub.
6.2.2
and includes the following:
A full set of drawings.
Fixing schedules.

Materials specification.
Nailing details.

The position and materials for cavity barriers in accordance
Manufacturer’s recommendations relating to

with relevant building regulations. proprietary items.
The fixing schedule should detail every connection which is to be made on site, including those for structural connections,
framing, wall ties, breather membranes, sheathing and vapour control layers, and should show as appropriate:
number and spacing of fixings
method of fixing, e.g. skew nailing.

size and type of fixing, including material and

corrosion protection
Where wall design relies on plasterboard to take racking forces, the design should:
clearly define those walls
include the type and spacing of fixings required.

6.2.3
Design checking and certification Also see: Technical@nhbc.co.uk
6.2
Design of the superstructure shall be adequately checked.

Homes with a timber frame superstructure require certification confirming that the design has been checked by an NHBC
approved timber frame certifier.
The timber frame certifier should:
be listed on NHBC’s list of timber frame certifiers
complete and sign a certificate confirming assessment of

be a suitably qualified civil or structural engineer with
structural adequacy for each specific project
a minimum of three years’ experience in timber frame provide the registered builder with the completed and

construction signed certificate.
not be the designer of the timber frame

The registered builder should ensure that the completed timber frame certificate is available on site for inspection by NHBC.
Contact NHBC Standards, Innovation and Research:
if you require contact details of frame certifiers, or
to apply to become a timber frame certifier.

Alternatively, timber frame superstructures from Gold level members of the Structural Timber Association’s Assure scheme, who
have engaged Silver/Gold level structural designers and engineers, are acceptable without additional certification.
The registered builder should ensure that a letter from the manufacturer is available on site for inspection by NHBC.
Designs should be submitted to NHBC when proposed buildings are four storeys or more and the floor joists are solid timber.
External timber framed walls 2019 2
CHAPTER 6.2
6.2.4
Load-bearing walls
Load-bearing timber framed walls shall be constructed to support and transfer loads to foundations safely
and without undue movement. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) timber elements d) packing under sole plates
b) joints between panels and other elements e) fixing panels
c) positioning of sole plates f) support of prefabricated chimneys.
Timber elements
Load-bearing timber framed walls should be in accordance with BS EN 1995-1-1, and take into account:
wind loads
floor loads.

roof loads

Timber in external framed walls should be:

a suitable grade in accordance with BS EN 338
I-studs assessed in accordance with

and BS EN 14081-1 Technical Requirement R3.
dry graded and marked in accordance with BS 4978

Individual timber studs should have:
a minimum width of 37mm
a maximum spacing of 600mm, unless other adequate

support is provided for wall boards and fixings.
Narrow or inaccessible gaps between studs which are difficult to insulate should be avoided.
Lintels and cripple studs should be provided at openings in
load-bearing panels except where:
the opening does not affect the stud spacing, or
lintel
supported loads are carried by a rim beam or perimeter joist.

load-bearing lintel
Sheathing and associated fixings should be structurally supported by
cripple studs
adequate, and resist racking due to wind and other forces.
6.2
Where masonry cladding is used, additional studs may be
required at openings to fix wall ties.
Multiple studs should be included to support multiple joists and
other point loads, unless otherwise specified by the designer.
Where head binders are not provided, joists and roof trusses,
including girder trusses and other similar loads, should bear
directly over studs.
Joints between panels and other elements
Wall panels should be:
securely fixed together, and securely fixed to the floor and
constructed to prevent buckling.

roof framing
At joints between wall panels, sole plates and head binders should be provided to bind panels together. Joints in sole plates and
head binders should:
occur over a stud
not coincide with joints between panels.

3
CHAPTER 6.2
Positioning of sole plates

When setting out:
the substructure should be correctly set out to receive the
the load from the frame should be supported as intended in

timber frame the design
the timber frame should be checked to ensure that it is

protection should be provided where ledges form

erected accurately, both horizontally and vertically moisture traps.
12mm 12mm
frame set back

12mm max. from
12mm max. edge of supporting
overhang over structure
supporting structure (20mm for 140mm
(20mm for 140mm wide studs)
wide studs)
ledge protected
by membrane
Packing under sole plates

Where packing is required to ensure the timber frame or sole plate is level:
permanent packing should be used for gaps less than 5mm
temporary spacers can remain in place provided they are

grout and mortar should not be used for gaps less than 5mm
durable and non-degradable.
hollow plastic packing with reduced bearing surfaces

should not be used
Permanent packing should be:
designed and approved by the timber frame designer to
at least the same plan area as the load points,

suit the horizontal and vertical loads on the sole plate e.g. studs or posts.
6.2
Packing exceeding 20mm should be agreed between the timber frame manufacturer’s engineer and NHBC. The following
methods are generally acceptable to NHBC for packing up to 20mm.
Permanent structural packing under sole plate bottom member

The sole plate should be levelled on temporary spacers. of wall panel
When the first lift construction (including wall panels, first floor
structure, or roof structure in a single storey building) has been
erected, permanent packing should be placed under the sole permanent packing
under each stud
plate, which can be: sole plate
free-flowing non-shrinkable grout for the full length and width

of the sole plate, or
individual packers placed under each load point,
e.g. stud or post.
Bedding of the sole plate bottom member

of wall panel
The sole plate should be laid and levelled on a continuous bed
of mortar prior to the erection of the wall panels.
mortar bed
The bedding should extend the full width of the sole plate.
Care is needed to ensure that the bedding is not disturbed sole plate
during the fixing of the sole plate.
CHAPTER 6.2
Double sole plate ‘sandwich’ bottom member

of wall panel
The lower sole plate should be fixed to follow the contours of
temporary
the supporting structure. spacer
The upper sole plate should then be fixed on top and levelled
permanent packing
with temporary spacers inserted between the sole plates.
under each stud

sole plate
When the first lift construction has been erected, permanent
packing should be inserted under each load point, e.g. stud or
post. As this method uses an additional sole plate, the extra
shrinkage should be taken into account.
Fixing panels
The wall panels should be adequately fixed to the sole plate so that the frame can resist both lateral and vertical forces.
When fixing panels:
fixings, including nailed joints and sheathing, should be as
sole plates and head binders should be provided to bind

scheduled in the design the panels together.
they should be securely fixed together, to the floor and to

the roof framing
Support of prefabricated chimneys

Prefabricated chimneys should be supported by the:
masonry cladding, or
the timber frame, including any roof construction supported

by the timber frame.
6.2.5
Fixing the frame
The timber frame shall be suitably fixed to the substructure.
Shotfiring
Where shotfiring:
6.2
into masonry, solid concrete blocks should be specified as the blocks in beam and block floors should be grouted

BS EN 771 with a minimum crushing strength of 7.3N/mm2 care should be taken not to spall edges of masonry

and positioned to receive fixings or slabs.
Anchoring
When anchoring the frame:
the sole plate should be adequately anchored to the
care should be taken to avoid splitting timber plates or

substructure so that the frame can resist both lateral and damaging the substructure.
vertical forces
DPC
Fixing to plate
Fixing to stud
Holding-down devices should be durable, as detailed in the design and manufactured from:
austenitic stainless steel to BS EN 10088-1,
galvanised mild steel with zinc coating to BS EN ISO 1461,

minimum grade 1.4301 minimum coating 940 g/m2 on each side.
Sole plate anchors within the internal envelope should be galvanised mild steel, minimum coating Z275.
5
CHAPTER 6.2
6.2.6
Nails and staples
Nails and staples shall be durable and of the correct type to provide adequate mechanical fixing.
Nails for fixing sheathing or timber should be either:
austenitic stainless steel
sheradized.

galvanised, or

Staples for fixing breather membranes should be:
austenitic stainless steel, or
other material of similar strength and corrosion resistance.

6.2.7
Sheathing
Sheathing shall be durable and capable of providing structural resistance to racking
The following materials are acceptable:
Plywood BS EN 636 and BS EN 13986 Table 7
Oriented strand board BS EN 300 type OSB/3 or 4
Moisture-resistant chipboard BS EN 312 type P5 or P7
Medium board BS EN 622-3 type MBH.HLS1 or MBH.HLS2
Impregnated soft board BS EN 622-4 type SB.HLS
Proprietary sheathing materials Technical Requirement R3 and used in accordance with the assessment.
6.2.8 Also see: Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers (www.igem.org.uk) and ‘Guidance on
Differential movement detailing to accommodate differential movement in timber frame buildings’ (www.uktfa.com)
Timber structures shall account for differential movement between the timber frame wall and other
building elements.
As the timber frame dries out, it will shrink and the overall height will reduce. The extent of the differential movement
increases with the number of storeys, and will typically occur between the timber frame and other parts of the construction,
including:
6.2
door and window openings

staircases and lift shaft enclosures

eaves and verges
(where they are not timber framed)
balconies (including Juliet balconies)
the interface of the timber frame with any other

service entries
construction at each floor level where cladding is fixed to
openings for drive-throughs
the timber frame.
Movement joints should be provided to accommodate the expected movement. Joints should be detailed to:
accommodate the expected amount of shrinkage or
be protected by a cover strip where the movement gap/joint

expansion safely is expected to be more than 35mm.
provide a weather resistant and durable joint

In the absence of project-specific calculations, gaps in accordance with Table 1 should be provided.
Table 1: Gap sizes to accommodate differential movement
Gap location Opening and closing gaps (mm)
Floor joists
Solid timber (mm) Engineered I-joist (mm)
Eaves/verge Add 5mm to gap dimension at level below
Sixth storey Specialist calculations to be submitted to NHBC(2) 61
Fifth storey 53
Fourth storey 45
Third storey 45 35
Second storey 35 25
First storey 20 15
Ground storey(1) 5 5
Notes
1 Ground storey or lowest level of timber frame.
2 Calculations, where required, are to be based on BS EN 1995-1-1.
CHAPTER 6.2
Table 1 is based on the following: stud
The table allows for a 2mm thickness of compressible bottom rail of panel
material in closing gaps. Check the manufacturer’s sole plate

product details. structural decking
Timber components are not saturated and have normal

moisture contents at the time of construction, e.g. less than

20% and tight-jointed construction. joist
The ground floor is concrete. For ground floors of
timber joists, add 15mm for solid timber and 10mm for
engineered I-joists
Timber joist and rim beam/header joist have a maximum headbinder
depth of 240mm. top rail of panel

Timber frame floor cross-section is as shown below, stud
with maximum 45mm deep timber plates/binders. Timber frame construction on which Table 1 is based
Single head binder at the eaves. Maximum double
sole plates.
Outer leaf brickwork with expansion rates no greater than
2.5mm per storey.
Brickwork up to five storeys, with lightweight cladding
opening
above five storeys. gap
Lightweight cladding – floor level joints must be 15mm for
solid timber and 10mm for engineered I-joists.
Differential movement should be accommodated by the timber

closing
frame and by the services affected, especially where they: gap
are within the timber frame construction/envelope

pass through the envelope.
Common details
The following sketches consider downward movement of the
6.2
timber frame and upward brick expansion, taken as 2.5mm per as built after movement
storey of clay masonry. Cavity trays are omitted for clarity.
Window head and sill with masonry cladding
allow for
movement
sill not built
into masonry
allow for
movement
allow for
movement allow for
movement
7
CHAPTER 6.2
Window head and sill with lightweight cladding

no differential movement
no differential movement
Roof to vertical abutment
allow for
movement
75mm min.
timber frame
movement
Timber frame interface with concrete or masonry stairs and common areas
6.2
transition piece timber frame

movement
(transition piece
removed)
after movement
Eaves and verges
allow for
movement
allow for
movement
CHAPTER 6.2
Services Drive through

A
service passing B
through wall
allow for
movement A
Drive through
timber frame
movement
timber floor
construction
allow for
movement
ceiling
lintel/beam ceiling
drive
Section A-A through
6.2
Section B-B
Lightweight wall cladding – joint at each floor level (with and without insulation in cavity)
15mm*
15mm*
movement across
floor zone
15mm*
15mm*
cavity
vertical batten *10mm for
I-joist
9
CHAPTER 6.2
Lightweight cladding and masonry plinth Balcony abutment – lightweight cladding
allow for
movement
allow for
allow for movement
movement decking
balcony structure
independent of
timber frame
opening gap
gap
Balcony abutment – masonry cladding
allow for
slotted holes movement
slotted hole joint
Walls to flat roof abutment

6.2
allow for movement

and maintain
min. 75mm cover
after
movement
fix to masonry
cladding subject
to engineer’s
design
sliding joint
Also see: ‘Fire Prevention on Construction Sites’ Construction Federation and

6.2.9 Fire Protection Association (www.thefpa.co.uk) ‘Site Safety Strategy’ STA
Fire resistance ‘16 Steps to Fire Safety’ STA ‘Design Guide to Separating Distances’ (www.uktfa.com)
Timber walls and panels shall control and resist the spread of fire and smoke. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) cavity barriers and fire stops
b) services.
All building elements should have adequate fire resistance. Materials in accordance with building regulations are acceptable;
other materials should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
For guidance on the prevention of fire during construction; refer to ‘Fire Prevention on Construction Sites’ jointly published by
the Construction Federation and the Fire Protection Association (www.thefpa.co.uk), and guidance from the Structural Timber
Association (www.structuraltimber.co.uk) under the ‘Site Safety Strategy’, including the ‘16 Steps to Fire Safety’ and the
‘Design Guide to Separating Distances’.
CHAPTER 6.2
Cavity barriers and fire stops

The installation, position and materials for cavity barriers and fire stops should be in accordance with the relevant building
regulations and the design.
Horizontal and vertical cavity barriers should be protected by DPCs arranged to shed moisture away from the sheathing.
Horizontal cavity barriers, except under eaves, should be protected with:

DPC tray with a 100mm minimum upstand, or
a polyethylene-encased cavity barrier with a 100mm

minimum upstand.
breather membrane
fire stop between lapped over
batten and above DPC tray
underlay
fire stop
below underlay
DPC
cavity closed
at eaves
DPC
cavity barrier of mineral wool
or fire-resisting board in boxed eaves
Services
Only the services shown in the design should be installed in separating walls and:
service outlets should not impair the fire resistance of
service mains should not pass through separating

floors and walls wall cavities.
Notching or drilling of structural timber members should be carried out as detailed in the design. If these details are not available,
the designer should be consulted before such operations are begun.
In Scotland, services are not permitted within a timber framed separating wall.
6.2
6.2.10
Protection from moisture Also see: Chapter 6.1 and 6.9
Timber structures and panels shall be adequately protected from the effects of moisture. Issues to be taken
in to account include:
a) Cavity construction
b) DPCs.
Cavity construction
A drained and vented cavity should be provided to reduce the risk of rain penetrating the frame. Cavity widths, measured be-
tween the cladding and sheathing, should be in accordance with Table 2.
Table 2: Cavity widths

Cladding Minimum cavity width
Masonry 50mm nominal
Render on backed lathing 25mm nominal
Vertical tile hanging without underlay No vertical cavity required when a breather membrane is fitted to the sheathing
Other cladding(1) 15mm
Notes
1 See Chapter 6.9 ‘Curtain walling and cladding’.
In areas of very severe exposure to wind driven rain, wall construction should include a 50mm cavity between the sheathing and
the cladding and:
a high performance breather membrane, or
masonry cladding which is rendered or clad with an

impervious material.
11
CHAPTER 6.2
Cavities should be:

vented to allow some limited, but not necessarily through,
kept clean, free of obstructions and capable of

movement of air draining freely.
Where wall areas are divided by horizontal cavity barriers, openings should be provided to each section:
equivalent to open brick perpends every 1.2m
below the lowest timber.

located to prevent the ingress of rain, and

Proprietary perpend ventilators should be used to provide drainage of the cavity.
Horizontal battens, which obstruct the drained and vented cavity, should not be used to support cladding (except tile hanging).
Battens supporting lightweight cladding should be fixed to studs.
Masonry cladding should be constructed in accordance with Chapter 6.1 ‘External masonry walls’. Proprietary cladding should
be fixed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and Chapter 6.9 ‘Curtain walling and cladding’.
Drained and vented cavities should not contain electricity cables other than meter tails.
DPCs
DPCs and trays should be:
fitted at openings to prevent rain penetration
installed below the sole plates of ground floor walls and

internal partitions.
In Northern Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man, and in areas of severe or very severe exposure to driving rain, masonry should
form a rebate at the reveals of openings to avoid a straight through joint where the frame abuts the masonry.
3D
rain
sealant
6.2
DPC DPC
weepholes drain
any moisture
sealant to resist
driving rain
Cavities should:
extend below DPC to allow drainage
be suitably drained to prevent water build-up.

be kept clear and be vented to allow limited, but not

necessarily through, movement of air
The lowest timber should be a minimum of 75mm or 150mm above ground level, depending on the drainage arrangements.
weep vents
3D 3D
DPC turned up
to lap with VCL
lowest
timber seal between
150mm min. wall and floor lowest timber
above barriers or 75mm min.
ground between skirting above ground level 225
level board and floor mm
drainage holes min.
weep holes
drainage next to This detail is only acceptable in
masonry cladding situations where the site is not subject
to a high water table or where the
cavity will not have standing water
CHAPTER 6.2
6.2.11
Timber preservation
Timber and timber products shall either be naturally durable or treated with preservative to give adequate
resistance against decay and insect attack.
The following should be treated in accordance with Chapter 3.3 ‘Timber preservation (natural solid timber)’:
Timber framing.
I-studs manufactured from timber of durability class

Timber cladding.
‘moderately durable’ or lower.
6.2.12
Vapour control layers
Vapour control layers shall be installed correctly and restrict the passage of water from within the home to
the timber frame.
Vapour control layers should be:
500 gauge (120 micron) polyethylene sheet, vapour control
placed to cover the external framed wall area, including

plasterboard or a product assessed in accordance with rails, studs, reveals, lintels and sills
Technical Requirement R3 fixed at 250mm centres to the top and bottom of the frame,

adequately fixed to the warm side of the insulation and
at laps and around openings
frame (framing timbers should have a moisture content of lapped with the DPC

less than 20%) made good where damage has occured.

Joints in vapour control membranes should:
have 100mm minimum laps
be located on studs or noggings.

Where vapour control plasterboard is used, joints should be:
positioned on studs or noggings
cut with care to avoid displacing the vapour control

filled, taped and finished
material.
6.2.13
Breather membranes
Breather membranes shall be correctly installed to protect the sheathing and frame from moisture, and
6.2
allow water vapour from within the frame to pass into the cavity.
Breather membranes should be:
vapour resistant to less than 0.6MNs/g (0.12 Sd) when
lapped so that upper layers are over lower layers to ensure

tested in accordance with BS EN ISO 12572 using the set rain runs away from the sheathing
of conditions C and using five test specimens. lapped so that water is shed away from the lowest timber

Type 1 to BS 4016 in areas of very severe exposure to
lapped with a minimum 100mm overlap on horizontal joints

wind driven rain, unless impervious or rendered masonry and 150mm on vertical joints
cladding is used fixed at a maximum spacing of 600mm horizontally and

capable of resisting water penetration
300mm vertically
durable and adequately strong when wet, to resist
fixed at a maximum spacing of 150mm around openings

site damage marked with stud positions for wall tie fixing

self extinguishing
applied using fixings that are in accordance with this

fixed so that vertical joints are staggered where possible,
chapter
and at regular intervals, to prevent damage by wind repaired or replaced before proceeding with the cladding,

lapped so that each joint is protected and moisture drains
if damaged.
outwards and downwards
When bitumen impregnated fibre building board is used and a breather membrane is not specified, the joints of the boards
should be closely butted and horizontal joints sealed to prevent water ingress.
13
CHAPTER 6.2
When a breather membrane is not required, the bottom frame members should be protected from water in the cavity.
150mm
100mm
membrane detailed
to protect the sole plate
staggered joints
membrane
protects lowest
timber
6.2.14
Wall ties and fixings
Wall ties and fixings shall adequately connect the cladding to the timber frame.
Wall ties and their fixings should be:
compliant with BS EN 845
spaced at jambs of openings and at movement joints at

in accordance with the design
a maximum of 300mm vertically and within 225mm of the
capable of accommodating differential movement
masonry reveal or movement joint; additional studs may
of the type specified in the design
be needed.
of austenitic stainless steel
spaced within 225mm of the top of the wall,

including at gables
fixed to the studs and not the sheathing

inclined away from the sheathing so that the slope is

kept clean and free from mortar droppings

maintained following differential movement.
spaced at a maximum of 600mm horizontally

and 450mm vertically
6.2.15
Insulation
6.2
Also see: BRE Report ‘Thermal insulation: avoiding risks’

Insulation shall be correctly installed and provide suitable performance.
breathable, e.g. mineral wool (rock or glass), or

assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 for

use in timber frame wall panels.
Insulation should generally be placed within the stud void and

cover the whole wall area between studs. No gaps should
be left:
at corners

at junctions with partitions

against studs or rails

against noggings

behind service panels.

In England and Wales, account should be taken of Accredited Details.
Water and heating services within walls should be on the warm side of the insulation.
Where partial fill cavity insulation with a 50mm residual cavity is used, it should be assessed in accordance with
Technical Requirement R3 as an integral part of the wall system.
Internal walls
CHAPTER 6.3
Technical Requirements for internal walls, including:
separating and compartment walls
internal partition walls.
6.3.1 Compliance 01
6.3.3 Supporting load-bearing internal walls 01
6.3.4 Masonry walls 01
6.3.5 Load-bearing timber walls 03
6.3.7 Sound insulation 05
6.3.8 Partitions: internal non load-bearing 07
6.3.9 Construction of timber partitions 07
6.3.10 Construction of steel framed partitions 08
6.3.11 Construction of proprietary systems 09
6.3.12 Plasterboard 09
6.3.13 Damp proof courses 09
6.3.14 Components 10
1
Internal walls 2019
CHAPTER 6.3
6.3.1
Internal walls shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Internal walls, including separating, compartment and partition walls, which comply with the guidance in this chapter will
generally be acceptable.
6.3.2
Wall layout, with all dimensions shown.
Details of junctions between a separating or compartment

Position and size of openings and lintels.
wall and a pitched or flat roof.
Details of junctions, indicating fire stopping where
Details of pipes and cables where they penetrate walls,

applicable. including fire-resisting walls.
Details of wall constructions and materials,
Manufacturer’s recommendations for assembly and fixing

ties and restraints. of propriety components.
6.3.3
Supporting load-bearing internal walls
Loadbearing internal walls shall be adequately supported by foundations.
Load-bearing internal walls should have:
a foundation, or
a means of support that transfers loads safely to a foundation.

Foundations should be in accordance with Part 4 of these Standards, including, where applicable, Chapter 4.3 ‘Strip and trench
fill foundations’ and Chapter 4.4 ‘Raft, pile, beam and pier foundations’.
6.3.4
Masonry walls Also see: Chapters 6.1, 6.4 and 9.2
6.3
Internal masonry walls shall be designed to support and transfer loads to foundations safely and without
undue movement. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) structural elements e) lateral restraint
b) mortar mix and jointing f) masonry separating walls
c) workmanship g) lintels and beams.
d) bonding and tying
Structural elements
Structural design of masonry walls should be in accordance with BS EN 1996-1-1.
Bricks and blocks should be selected in accordance with their intended use and as recommended in Table 1.
Table 1: Bricks and blocks in buildings up to three storeys high
Height of wall Unit Minimum compressive strength
One or two storey Blocks 2.9 N/mm2
Bricks 9.0 N/mm2
Lowest storey of a three storey wall, or Blocks 7.3 N/mm2
where individual storeys exceed 2.7m Bricks 13.0 N/mm2
Upper storeys of a three storey wall Blocks 2.9 N/mm2
Bricks 9.0 N/mm2
Where buildings are more than three storeys high, masonry should be designed in accordance with Technical Requirement R5
and the block strength specified in the design.
Precast concrete blocks
Concrete blocks should comply with BS EN 771. The maximum load-bearing capacity of the wall should not exceed the
recommendations of the manufacturer.
Flue blocks should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Internal walls 2019 2
CHAPTER 6.3
Bricks
Bricks should comply with the relevant British Standards:
Clay bricks BS EN 771-1
Calcium silicate bricks BS EN 771-2
Concrete bricks BS EN 771-3
When used in a separating wall, masonry should:

be in accordance with the design information
provide a suitable level of sound resistance.

Mortar mix and jointing
Mortar should:
be the correct mix and used within two hours, unless it is
not be re-tempered if it has started to set

retarded mortar include sulfate-resisting cement where required.

Admixtures, retarded mortars and premixed mortars should be:
compatible with masonry and other components
used in accordance with the manufacturer’s

recommendations.
Air-entraining agents:
can help reduce frost damage but cannot be used
should be carefully measured for each batch and be in

as anti-freeze accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Bricks and blocks should be laid on a full bed of mortar, with perpends solidly filled.
Where walls are to be finished with wet plaster, joints should be raked out to a shallow depth to provide a key. For dry lining,
mortar joints should be struck off flush.
Workmanship
Internal masonry walls and associated works should be:
constructed in lifts/stages to prevent the distortion of wall

panels during construction
6.3
accurately set out

reasonably plane and true

plumb, with courses level.

Bonding and tying

Internal masonry walls should:
maintain a regular bonding pattern
be fully bonded or tied, either with a tooth at alternate

not include bricks or blocks of different types in the
courses, or an expanded metal tie (or equivalent) at a
same wall, to avoid cracking maximum vertical spacing of 300mm.
Joist filling should be brick or blockwork, without excessive mortar joints.

bonded connection tied connection where blocks different masonry types
are of a different type used to adjust coursing
incorrect use of different

masonry types
3
Internal walls 2019
CHAPTER 6.3
Lateral restraint
Load-bearing masonry walls, including separating walls, should be provided with lateral restraint at:
each floor level
ceiling level below a roof.

Restraint straps should be provided to separating walls on each level, at a maximum of 2m centres, when the floor:
is not on, or near, the same level

does not provide adequate restraint.

Lateral restraint should be provided in accordance with Chapter 6.4 ‘Timber and concrete upper floors’.
Timber floors
Adequate restraint can be provided by timber floors where joists have a minimum 90mm bearing. Alternatively, restraint should
be provided by:
restraint straps with a minimum 30mm x 5mm
restraint type joist hangers to BS EN 845-1 with a

cross-section, or performance equivalent to restraint straps.
Concrete floors
450mm min.
Adequate restraint can be provided by concrete floors that
have a minimum 90mm bearing on to the wall. Alternatively, restraint straps
at 2m centres
restraint should be provided by: to each floor
restraint straps that are a minimum of 450mm long with
450mm min.
the end turned down between a joint in the concrete floor
or suitably fixed with screws.
Masonry separating walls

Both leaves of a masonry cavity separating wall should be tied together to provide structural stability. The type of tie and spacing
should limit the sound transmission across the cavity in accordance with building regulations.
Lintels and beams

Lintels should be specified according to loads and spans: reinforced concrete
lintel right way up
in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations, or

6.3

Technical Requirement R5. lintel bearing
on full block
For masonry:
concrete and steel lintels are suitable

timber lintels should not be used

lintels should extend beyond the end of each opening in

accordance with Table 2.
Table 2: Lintel bearings
Span (m) Minimum length of bearing (mm)
Up to 1.2 100
Over 1.2 150
Lintels and beams should:

have padstones where required
bear on a full block, and be level and bedded on a solid

be the correct way up
bed of suitable mortar
not have soft or non-durable packing.

6.3.5
Load-bearing timber walls Also see: Chapter 2.1
Internal load-bearing timber walls shall be designed to support and transfer loads to foundations safely and
without undue movement. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) structural elements c) timber quality.
b) timber separating walls
Structural elements
Structural design of load-bearing timber walls should be in accordance with BS EN 1995-1-1.
CHAPTER 6.3
When constructing structural elements: continuous

top binder
individual studs, sills and headplates should be

38mm x 75mm minimum, although larger sizes may be
required to achieve an adequate level of fire resistance
studs should be spaced at a maximum of 600mm centres

cripple studs
lintel and cripple stud should be provided to each opening,
support
loadbearing lintels
except when the stud spacing is unaffected
multiple joists should be supported by multiple studs

framing joints should be secured with a minimum of two nails

per joint
where internal walls are made up from panels, structural

continuity should be maintained, e.g. by the use of a
continuous top binder.
Timber separating walls

The type and spacing of wall ties and straps should limit sound transmission across the cavity in accordance with
building regulations.
Wall ties should:
be specified in accordance with the system designer’s
be fixed below ceiling level

recommendations be spaced a minimum of 1.2m horizontally.

have a maximum cross-section of 40mm x 3mm

Timber quality
Timber should be of the appropriate grade, moisture content and size to support the imposed loads.
Structural timber should be of a suitable grade and specified according to the strength classes in BS EN 338, e.g. C16 or C24.
When graded to BS 4978:
the species should be included in accordance with
BS EN 338 can be used to determine strength class.

BS EN 1912 or the class strength specified
6.3
Timber should have a maximum moisture content of 20%.
Structural softwood for internal use should be:
dry graded to BS 4978
marked ‘DRY’ or ‘KD’.

Timber for walls which are to be dry-lined should be regularised and comply with BS 8212. Finger joints should comply
with BS EN 15497.
6.3.6
Fire resistance Also see: Chapter 6.2 and 8.1
Internal walls shall have adequate resistance to the spread of fire. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) fire resistance c) services
b) typical construction d) materials.
The guidance below does not apply to Scotland, and reference should be made to the Technical Handbooks.
Fire resistance
Internal walls should provide fire resistance in accordance with building regulations.
Typical construction
Internal walls of hollow or cavity construction (fire-resisting or otherwise) should have cavity barriers installed at:
the perimeter
junctions with fire-resisting floors and walls.

Fire-resisting walls should be fire stopped or constructed to resist fire spread at:
their perimeter
openings for doors and pipes, etc.

junctions with other fire-resisting walls, floors and roofs

5
Internal walls 2019
CHAPTER 6.3
Where fire-resisting walls are of:

masonry construction with a cavity, they should be closed
fire stop between
battens above
at the top underlay
framed construction, they should have wire reinforced mineral

wool cavity barriers at junctions with floors and ceilings. fire stop
below underlay
At junctions between a separating or compartment wall and a
pitched roof or flat roof:
adequate precautions should be provided to prevent

fire spread
the separating wall should stop approximately 25mm

cavity barrier in separating wall
below the top of adjacent roof trusses of mineral wool or fire-resisting board
in boxed eaves
soft packing such as mineral wool should be installed

above and below the roofing underlay to allow for
movement in roof timbers to prevent ‘hogging’ of the tiles.
A wire reinforced mineral wool blanket cavity barrier should be provided within boxed eaves and be:
a minimum 50mm thick
fixed to the rafter.

carefully cut to shape to seal the boxed eaves fully

The wall dividing an integral, or attached, garage and the floor above should be designed to act together to provide adequate
resistance to fire spread. Where the garage has either no ceiling or there is no floor in the space above, vertical fire separation
may be required.
For timber constructions, fire stopping material should be compressible, e.g. mineral wool, to accommodate timber shrinkage
without affecting fire stopping.
Services
Where services such as pipes, cables and ducting pass through fire-resisting walls, penetrations should be fire stopped.
Services should not penetrate plasterboard layers of separating walls.
Fire stopping should be:
in accordance with building regulations and the
completed neatly.

6.3
design information
Materials
Suitable fire stopping materials include:
mineral wool
intumescent mastic or preformed strip

cement mortar
proprietary sealing systems assessed in accordance with

gypsum plaster
6.3.7
Sound insulation Also see: BS 8212
Walls shall be insulated with materials of suitable thickness and density to provide adequate resistance to
the transmission of sound. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) sound-resisting construction b) rooms which contain a WC.
Sound-resisting construction
Masonry separating walls
In England and Wales, separating walls may be built in accordance with Robust Details ‘Resistance to the passage of sound’.
To maintain sound insulation:
the correct blocks should be used
where external cavity walls have blown or pumped

fully fill joints, mortar beds and perpends
insulation, separating walls should be constructed with
use only approved wall ties
flexible cavity stops so that insulation cannot enter the cavity
space wall ties 900mm minimum horizontally and 450mm
care should be taken when specifying dry lining, as the

minimum vertically thickness of plasterboard layers, and the methods of
avoid any reduction in the thickness of masonry
sealing and fixing, can affect the transmission of sound
ensure spaces around joists are fully filled with masonry
holes, voids and hairline cracks should be avoided or made

and pointed good, as they can significantly reduce the effectiveness of
a sound-insulating wall.
CHAPTER 6.3
In masonry separating cavity walls and where the cavity is up separating wall taken through
to 75mm, flexible wall ties should be: and tied to inner leaf
butterfly type ties, or

tested to show compliance with building regulations.

Solid separating walls should be taken through the inner leaf
of an external cavity wall and tied. Where the same blocks are
used for both walls, tooth bonding is acceptable.
Chases can reduce the sound insulation value of a wall
and should: dense block lightweight block
separating wall inner leaf
be cut only where specified in the design

not be cut using impact power tools where there is a risk

of damage
not exceed 1/6 of the thickness of the single leaf

where horizontal
horizontal chase
not exceed 1/3 the thickness of the single leaf
no deeper than
1/6 block thickness
where vertical
not be chased where hollow blocks are used, unless
vertical chase
specifically permitted by the manufacturer no deeper than
1/3 block thickness
be fully filled with mortar

have positions of electrical socket outlets staggered

on opposite sides of the wall.
Separating walls of framed construction
Separating walls of framed construction should not have gaps in the:
mineral wool quilt
fire stopping.

plasterboard layers

Flanking walls
The construction of the flanking wall and the position of openings should comply with building regulations.
Rooms containing a WC
6.3
The guidance below applies in Northern Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man. In England and Wales, the construction should
comply with building regulations.
A minimum sound reduction of 38dB (100-3150Hz) when tested in accordance with BS EN ISO 140-4 is required between rooms
that include a WC and:
living rooms
studies

dining rooms
bedrooms, except where the WC is ensuite.

Timber studwork
Timber studwork should be used with one of the following on
each side:
two layers of 12.5mm plasterboard
one layer
of 12.5mm
one layer of 12.5mm plasterboard and 25mm mineral
plasterboard
on each side
wool between the studs and 25mm
wool quilt
one layer of 9.5mm plasterboard, 5mm skim coat and

25mm of mineral wool between the studs
one layer of 12.5mm panel board and 75mm of mineral

wool between the studs.
Other forms of studwork construction may be acceptable where the sound reduction is achieved and independent evidence of
performance is available.
Where mineral wool quilt is used for acoustic insulation in partitions, it should be of a suitable thickness and density. Where two
layers of plasterboard are used, joints should be staggered and properly filled.
7
Internal walls 2019
CHAPTER 6.3
Blockwork partitions
Masonry partitions provide adequate sound insulation without additional treatment where:
blocks have a minimum density of 600kg/m3 and are
blocks are tied at every course to adjoining walls, with
finished on both sides with 13mm of plaster, and joints fully filled.
Proprietary partitions
Independent test evidence of the system’s performance is required in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
6.3.8
Partitions: internal non load-bearing
Non load-bearing partitions shall have adequate strength and support.
The following constructions are acceptable:
Masonry partitions
Steel partitions using studs, and head and base rails, from

Timber partitions using 63mm x 38mm studs, sills and
a minimum section of 43mm x 32mm x 0.45mm
headplates with compatible spacing and Proprietary partitions in accordance with

plasterboard thickness Technical Requirement R3.
Walls and partitions should:
be appropriately supported
not be supported by a floating floor which incorporates

a compressible layer, unless the material is specifically
manufactured for that purpose.
Masonry partitions should be supported on:
foundations
concrete floors

other masonry partitions or walls
steel or concrete beams, which may require padstones.

Masonry partitions should not be supported by timber joists or beams.
Where stud partitions or proprietary plasterboard partitions are supported by a timber floor, extra noggings or joists should be
specified unless it can be shown that the deck can transfer the load without undue movement.
6.3.9
Construction of timber partitions
6.3
Also see: Chapter 9.2

Construction of timber stud internal walls shall ensure adequate stability, including:
a) setting out and workmanship
b) size of timber members
c) fixing.
Setting out and workmanship

Partitions should be:
correctly positioned, square and plumb

have studwork spaced at centres to suit the

plasterboard thickness
have extra studs at openings, as required.

Size of timber members

Timber partitions should be constructed in accordance with the design information. Unless designed otherwise, the minimum
specification for all partitions should be in accordance with Table 3.
CHAPTER 6.3
Table 3: Timber sizes for partition walls

Component Size
Sill and head plates 63mm x 38mm
Studs 63mm x 38mm at maximum 600mm centres
Blocking/nogging for support of plasterboard 43mm x 38mm
Blocking/nogging for other purposes 63mm x 38mm
Framing joints should be secured with two nails per joint.
Fixing
Partitions should:
be firmly fixed to each other and to abutting walls;
be fixed to noggings when parallel to structural elements

noggings or extra studs should be used where necessary not be over-wedged at floor level

be fixed to the structure where possible
not be wedged against ceiling joists or roof trusses.

partition parallel to joist – fixing to nogging

partition at right angles to joist – fixing to joist
extra stud
6.3
nogging
supports
radiator
partition parallel to joist – fixing to nogging

partition at right angles to joist – fixing to joist
Noggings should be provided to support fittings, such as radiators, wall mounted boilers, sanitary fittings and kitchen units.
6.3.10
Construction of steel framed partitions
Non load-bearing steel framed walls shall be suitably constructed.
Noggings or straps should be provided as required to support fittings, such as radiators, wall-mounted boilers, sanitary fittings,
kitchen units, etc. Non load-bearing partitions should not be wedged against floor joists, ceiling joists or roof trusses.
Allowance should be made for the floor joists, ceiling joists or roof trusses to deflect so that the partition does not become
load-bearing. They should be:
constructed in accordance with the design
fixed to the floor at the head, to each other and to

correctly positioned, square and plumb
abutting walls
supported on a structural floor, but not a floating floor that
provided with extra studs at openings where required

incorporates a compressible layer, unless specifically finished in accordance with Chapter 9.2

designed for that purpose ‘Wall and ceiling finishes’.
9
Internal walls 2019
CHAPTER 6.3
channel fixed to
structure over
head rail should not be

connected to top rack extra stud to
support
partition
6.3.11
Construction of proprietary systems
Proprietary partition systems shall be suitable for their intended purpose and erected in accordance with
Proprietary partitions should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3, and:
constructed and specified according to the manufacturer’s
correctly positioned, square and plumb.

recommendations, including construction sequence
Timber or other additional fixings should be provided for radiators, electrical outlets, switches etc.
6.3.12
Plasterboard Also see: Chapter 9.2
Plasterboard shall be of a suitable thickness for its intended use.
Dry lining should comply with BS 8212. Plasterboard should be to BS EN 520, and be:
9.5mm for stud spacing up to 450mm
12.5mm or thicker, for stud spacing up to 600mm.

For sound-resisting walls (e.g. separating walls and walls to WCs), the correct thickness, number of layers and sealing should be
6.3
specified in the design information.

Tapered edge boards should be used where the plasterboard is to be jointed before decoration.
6.3.13
Damp-proof courses Also see: Chapter 5.4
DPCs shall be installed where required to prevent moisture entering the building.
Load-bearing partition walls built on foundations should have a DPC. Where partitions which could be affected by residual
damp (e.g. timber or steel) are placed on concrete floors, a DPC should be provided directly below, even where there is a DPM
beneath the slab.
DPCs should be:
at least the width of the wall or partition
continuous or lapped by a minimum of 100mm.

linked with any adjoining DPM

screed on
DPM DPC below
above slab stud partition
partition on
DPC above
polyethylene
DPM DPM below
slab
CHAPTER 6.3
Where steps are necessary in the ground floor slab,

a DPC should be: cavity seperating wall
incorporated as a continuous link between the upper and

lower DPCs membranes and
DPC linked
protected from damage during construction.

Where steps are greater than 150mm, waterproofing should be protection to

provided in accordance with Chapter 5.4 ‘Waterproofing of vertical DPM DPM
basements and other below ground structures’.
Materials acceptable for DPCs include:

Bitumen BS 6398
Polyethylene BS 6515
Proprietary materials Technical Requirement R3
6.3.14
Components
Walls ties and related items shall be of the appropriate type and strength and shall have adequate durability.
Joist hangers, restraint straps, bond ties, etc. should be protected against corrosion. Ferrous metals with the following levels of
protection are acceptable:
Post-galvanizing to BS EN ISO 1461, or
Pre-galvanizing to BS EN 10143.

6.3
Timber and concrete upper floors
CHAPTER 6.4
Technical Requirements for timber and
concrete upper floors.
6.4.1 Compliance 01
6.4.3 Upper floor design 01
6.4.4 Fire spread 02
6.4.5 Sound insulation 02
6.4.6 In-situ concrete floors and concreting 03
6.4.7 Precast concrete 03
6.4.8 Timber joist spans 04
6.4.9 Timber joists 06
6.4.10 Construction of timber floors 06
6.4.11 Joists supported by intermediate walls 08
6.4.12 Joists connected to steel 08
6.4.13 Joists into hangers 09
6.4.14 Timber joist and restraint straps 10
6.4.15 Strutting 12
6.4.16 Joists and openings 12
6.4.17 Multiple joists 13
6.4.18 Notching and drilling 13
6.4.19 Floor decking 14
6.4.20 Floating floors or floors between homes 16
1
Timber and concrete upper floors 2019
CHAPTER 6.4
6.4.1
Timber and concrete upper floors shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Timber and concrete upper floors that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
6.4.2
Direction of floor span, and size and spacing of joists or
Positions of restraint straps.

concrete components. Positions of large service penetrations, e.g. chimneys,

Size of trimmers and trimming joists.
SVPs.
Position of strutting.
Position of insulation.

Detailing of openings in the floor.
Details of all junctions.

Supporting walls below.
Manufacturers’ recommendations for assembly and fixing

Walls and partitions above.
of proprietary components.
6.4.3
Upper floor design Also see: Chapter 9.5
Upper floors shall support and transmit loads safely to the supporting structure without undue deflection.
Issues to be taken into account include:
a) loads and support to partitions
b) steelwork.
Loads and support to partitions

Structural design of timber and concrete upper floors should be in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-1.
The design of upper floors should account for dead loads, including:
6.4
floor structure, decking and finishes

walls and partitions supported by the floor

ceilings and applied finishes
permanent fixtures such as boilers,watertanks etc.

Imposed loads should be calculated in accordance with the relevant British Standards, including BS EN 1991-1-1
which recommends:
1.5kN/m2 for self-contained homes
values for communal areas serving flats or maisonettes.

Bearers or additional joists should be used to support heavy loads.
Joists built into separating walls may provide lateral support, and should be detailed to ensure that sound insulation and fire
resistance requirements are met.
Masonry partitions
Where first floor masonry partitions cannot be built directly in line with ground floor masonry walls, steel or reinforced concrete
support should be specified. Masonry should not be supported on joists.
Lightweight partitions
Where multiple solid timber joists support lightweight non load-bearing partitions which are parallel to the joists, they should be
suitably fixed together. Where I-joists and metal web joists are used, they should:
be positioned centrally below a non load-bearing
support the weight of the non load-bearing partition by

partition and, where necessary, additional joists noggings or bearers fixed to the joists on either side.
should be doubled or tripled in accordance with the Unless designed otherwise, noggings should be a
manufacturer’s recommendations minimum 38mm x 90mm minimum at 600mm centres and
fixed with metal clips. The sole plate of the non load-
bearing partition should be fixed to the noggings, or
be in accordance with the manufacturer’s

recommendations.
Timber and concrete upper floors 2019 2
CHAPTER 6.4
non load-bearing partition

supported by noggings
metal
I-joist web joist
Steelwork
Steelwork should be:
designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical
sized to allow an adequate joist bearing.

Requirement R5 and comply with Chapter 6.4 ‘Steelwork’
Structural continuity of the floor should be provided by the use of continuous decking fixed to joists on both sides of a transverse
steel joist.
Steel beams should be protected by a suitably durable paint coating as detailed in Chapter 6.5 ‘Steelwork’.
6.4.4
Fire spread
Adequate fire resistance and fire stopping shall be provided by floors between homes and at penetrations.
Upper floors shall be constructed to ensure structural timber is located away from heat sources.
Floors and ceilings should:
comply with the relevant building regulations and

Technical Requirement R3 40mm
40mm
6.4
be in accordance with the design
min.
min.
have adequate fire stopping

should be able to resist the passage of smoke when the

fire stopping has been installed.
Ceilings should not be perforated, e.g. for downlighters,
unless it can be shown that the floor construction achieves the structural
timber
required fire resistance. Where downlighters are incorporated separated
in a ceiling, they should be installed in accordance with the from
chimney wall
Timber
To counteract fire spread:
combustible material should be kept away from heat
structural timber should be separated from sources of heat

sources in accordance with Chapter 6.8 ‘Fireplaces, chimneys
and flues’.
6.4.5
Sound insulation
Upper floors shall be constructed to ensure that sound transmission is adequately limited.
Timber upper floors should comply with building regulations and Chapter 9.3 ‘Floor finishes’.
3
CHAPTER 6.4
6.4.6
In-situ concrete floors and concreting
In-situ concrete upper floors shall be adequately reinforced and of a mix which is suitable for the location
and intended use, and appropriately constructed.
Concrete floors should:
comply with BS EN 1992-1-1 and

be reasonably level and smooth, especially at doorways

Chapter 3.1 ‘Concrete and its reinforcement’ and junctions
comply with the design
be in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 where

proprietary elements are used.
6.4.7
Precast concrete
Precast concrete upper floors shall be erected in accordance with the design.
Precast concrete flooring systems should be in accordance infill blocks
used as spacers
with BS EN 1992-1-1 or Technical Requirement R3.
For precast concrete systems:
details of manufacturer’s assembly instructions and any

independent certification should be available on site
and followed
beams, planks or infill blocks that are damaged should

not be used
adequate support should be provided until design

strength is reached
joints should be grouted in accordance with the

Bearings should be:
solid and level
75mm minimum on steelwork.

90mm minimum on masonry (open frogs in brickwork

6.4
should be filled)
The setting out of beam and block floors should:

ensure correct spacing between beams, using infill blocks
allow for additional beams where required to support

as spacers concentrated loads such as partitions.

Infill blocks should:
be omitted or cut where necessary to allow for services
be cut carefully and neatly without damage

(not using a hammer and bolster).
Where floors rely on structural topping or in-situ make-up sections, propping may be needed until the in-situ concrete has
reached design strength.
Trimmed openings
3D min. 450mm
Where voids in precast concrete floors are to be trimmed:
straps at max.
specifications and drawings should be followed
2m centres
steel trimmer shoes may be used.

Double beams, common around trimmed openings, should be strap tight
to
adequately supported until all voids have been solidly concret- blockwork
ed and the concrete has reached its design strength.
Restraint straps and ties precast
beam
Straps:
should be shown in the design

are generally required where beams run parallel with

the wall
CHAPTER 6.4
6.4.8
Timber joist spans
Timber floor joists shall be adequate for the spans and loads, and be correctly installed.
Solid timber joist sizes are provided in the BS 8103-3 span tables. Where the tables do not apply, or where there are
concentrated loads, floor joists should be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
Span tables for solid timber joists

Tables 1 and 2 in this chapter are derived from the TRADA Technology Ltd. ‘Eurocode 5 span Tables for solid timber members in
floors, ceilings and roofs for dwellings (3rd edition)’. The section sizes are based on regularised ALS or CLS timber.
For timber floors between homes:
to meet acoustic performance, the dead load of the
use the three right-hand columns from Tables 1 and 2.

construction is likely to be 0.6-0.7kN/m2
For upper floors with 22mm thick chipboard decking and a 12.5mm plasterboard ceiling:
a dead load of between 0.25kN/m2 and 0.5kN/m2 may
use the centre three columns from Tables 1 and 2.

be assumed
Where lightweight non load-bearing partitions weigh up to 1.0kN (101.9kg) per metre run and are parallel to the joists,
the following applies:
Partitions may be directly supported by one or two
Where similar lightweight partitions run at right-angles to

additional joists. the joists, the maximum spans in Tables 1 and 2 should be
Partitions should be fixed through the floor decking into the
reduced by 10%.
joist(s) beneath. For all other additional loads, joist sizes should be

6.4
5
CHAPTER 6.4
Table 1: Permissible clear spans for domestic floor joists. Table 2: Permissible clear spans for domestic floor joists.
Strength class C16 Strength class C24
Imposed load not exceeding 1.5 kN/m2. Imposed load not exceeding qk = 1.5 kN/m2 or qk = 0.90 kN.
Service class 1 or 2. Service class 1 or 2.
Dead load gk (kN/m2) excluding self-weight of joist Dead load gk (kN/m2) excluding self-weight of joist
Size of joist gk not more gk not more gk not more Size of joist gk not more gk not more gk not more
than 0.25 than 0.50 than 1.25 than 0.25 than 0.50 than 1.25
Joist spacing (mm) Joist spacing (mm)
400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600 400 450 600
Breadth Depth Maximum clear span (m) Breadth Depth Maximum clear span (m)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
38 97 1.76* 1.66* 1.43 1.64* 1.55* 1.35 1.43 1.35 0.71 38 97 2.05* 1.94* 1.68 1.91* 1.80* 1.57 1.64 1.56 1.37
38 120 2.36* 2.23* 1.94 2.18* 2.07* 1.80 1.86 1.77 1.55 38 120 2.63* 2.53* 2.26 2.48* 2.38* 2.09 2.13 2.02 1.78
38 145 2.85* 2.74* 2.48 2.68* 2.58* 2.32 2.33 2.22 1.96 38 145 3.17* 3.05* 2.77 2.99* 2.87* 2.60 2.61 2.51 2.25
38 170 3.33* 3.20* 2.90 3.14* 3.02* 2.73 2.74 2.63 2.37 38 170 3.71* 3.57* 3.24 3.50* 3.36* 3.05 3.06 2.94 2.65
38 195 3.81* 3.67* 3.32 3.59* 3.45* 3.12 3.14 3.01 2.71 38 195 4.25* 4.08* 3.71 4.00* 3.85* 3.49 3.50 3.36 3.04
38 220 4.29* 4.13* 3.74 4.05* 3.89* 3.52 3.53 3.39 3.06 38 220 4.78* 4.60* 4.17 4.51* 4.33* 3.93 3.95 3.79 3.42
44 97 1.89* 1.78* 1.54 1.76* 1.67* 1.45 1.53 1.45 1.27 44 97 2.19* 2.07* 1.81 2.04* 1.93* 1.69 1.75 1.66 1.46
44 120 2.48* 2.39* 2.08 2.33* 2.21* 1.94 1.98 1.88 1.66 44 120 2.77* 2.66* 2.41 2.61* 2.50* 2.24 2.26 2.15 1.90
44 145 2.99* 2.88* 2.61 2.82* 2.71* 2.45 2.46 2.36 2.09 44 145 3.33* 3.20* 2.91 3.14* 3.02* 2.74 2.75 2.64 2.38
44 170 3.50* 3.37* 3.05 3.30* 3.17* 2.87 2.88 2.77 2.50 44 170 3.90* 3.75* 3.40 3.67* 3.53* 3.20 3.22 3.09 2.79
44 195 4.00* 3.85* 3.49 3.78* 3.63* 3.29 3.30 3.17 2.86 44 195 4.46* 4.29* 3.90 4.21* 4.04* 3.67 3.68 3.54 3.20
44 220 4.51* 4.33* 3.94 4.25* 4.09* 3.71 3.72 3.57 3.23 44 220 5.01* 4.82* 4.39 4.73* 4.55* 4.13 4.15 3.98 3.61
47 97 1.95* 1.84* 1.60 1.81* 1.72* 1.50 1.57 1.49 1.31 47 97 2.26* 2.14* 1.87 2.10* 1.99* 1.74 1.80 1.71 1.51
47 120 2.54* 2.44* 2.15 2.39* 2.27* 2.00 2.04 1.94 1.71 47 120 2.83* 2.72* 2.47 2.67* 2.56* 2.31 2.32 2.21 1.96
47 145 3.06* 2.94* 2.67 2.88* 2.77* 2.51 2.52 2.42 2.15 47 145 3.40* 3.27* 2.97 3.21* 3.09* 2.80 2.81 2.70 2.44
47 170 3.58* 3.44* 3.12 3.37* 3.24* 2.94 2.95 2.83 2.56 47 170 3.98* 3.83* 3.48 3.76* 3.61* 3.28 3.29 3.16 2.86
47 195 4.09* 3.94* 3.57 3.86* 3.71* 3.36 3.38 3.24 2.93 47 195 4.55* 4.38* 3.98 4.30* 4.13* 3.75 3.77 3.62 3.27
47 220 4.60* 4.43* 4.02 4.34* 4.18* 3.79 3.80 3.65 3.30 47 220 5.12* 4.93* 4.48 4.83* 4.65* 4.23 4.24 4.08 3.69
6.4
50 97 2.00* 1.89* 1.65 1.87* 1.77* 1.54 1.61 1.53 1.34 50 97 2.32* 2.20* 1.92 2.15* 2.04* 1.79 1.85 1.76 1.55
50 120 2.59* 2.49* 2.22 2.44* 2.34* 2.05 2.09 1.99 1.75 50 120 2.88* 2.77* 2.52 2.72* 2.62* 2.37 2.38 2.27 2.01
50 145 3.12* 3.00* 2.72 2.94* 2.83* 2.56 2.57 2.47 2.21 50 145 3.48* 3.34* 3.04 3.28* 3.15* 2.86 2.87 2.76 2.50
50 170 3.65* 3.51* 3.19 3.44* 3.31* 3.00 3.01 2.89 2.61 50 170 4.06* 3.91* 3.55 3.83* 3.69* 3.35 3.36 3.23 2.92
50 195 4.17* 4.02* 3.65 3.94* 3.79* 3.44 3.45 3.31 3.00 50 195 4.64* 4.47* 4.07 4.38* 4.22* 3.38 3.85 3.69 3.35
50 220 4.70* 4.52* 4.11 4.43* 4.26* 3.87 3.88 3.73 3.38 50 220 5.22* 5.03* 4.58 4.93* 4.75* 4.32 4.33 4.16 3.77
63 97 2.23* 2.11* 1.84 2.07* 1.97* 1.72 1.78 1.70 1.50 63 97 2.52* 2.43* 2.14 2.38* 2.26* 1.99 2.03 1.94 1.72
63 120 2.80* 2.69* 2.44 2.64* 2.54* 2.28 2.30 2.19 1.94 63 120 3.11* 2.99* 2.72 2.94* 2.83* 2.57 2.57 2.47 2.22
63 145 3.37* 3.24* 2.95 3.18* 3.06* 2.78 2.79 2.68 2.42 63 145 3.74* 3.60* 3.28 3.54* 3.40* 3.09 3.10 2.98 2.70
63 170 3.94* 3.79* 3.45 3.72* 3.58* 3.25 3.26 3.13 2.84 63 170 4.37* 4.21* 3.84 4.13* 3.98* 3.62 3.63 3.49 3.17
63 195 4.50* 4.33* 3.94 4.25* 4.09* 3.72 3.73 3.58 3.25 63 195 5.00* 4.81* 4.39 4.72* 4.55* 4.14 4.15 4.00 3.62
63 220 5.06* 4.87* 4.44 4.78* 4.60* 4.18 4.20 4.04 3.66 63 220 5.61* 5.41* 4.94 5.31* 5.12* 4.66 4.68 4.50 4.08
75 120 2.96* 2.85* 2.59 2.79* 2.69* 2.44 2.45 2.35 2.09 75 120 3.29* 3.17* 2.88 3.11* 2.99* 2.72 2.73 2.62 2.38
75 145 3.56* 3.43* 3.12 3.37* 3.24* 2.94 2.95 2.84 2.57 75 145 3.96* 3.81* 3.48 3.74* 3.60* 3.28 3.29 3.16 2.87
75 170 4.16* 4.01* 3.65 3.93* 3.79* 3.44 3.45 3.32 3.01 75 170 4.62* 4.45* 4.06 4.37* 4.21* 3.83 3.85 3.70 3.36
75 195 4.75* 4.58* 4.17 4.49* 4.33* 3.94 3.95 3.80 3.45 75 195 5.27* 5.08* 4.64 4.99* 4.81* 4.38 4.40 4.23 3.85
75 220 5.34* 5.15* 4.70 5.05* 4.87* 4.43 4.45 4.28 3.88 75 220 5.92* 5.71* 5.22 5.61* 5.41* 4.93 4.95 4.76 4.33
ALS/CLS ALS/CLS
38 140 2.75* 2.64* 2.39 2.59* 2.49* 2.21 2.24 2.13 1.88 38 140 3.07* 2.95* 2.67 2.89* 2.77* 2.51 2.52 2.42 2.15
38 184 3.60* 3.46* 3.14 3.39* 3.26* 2.95 2.96 2.84 2.56 38 184 4.01* 3.86* 3.50 3.78* 3.63* 3.29 3.31 3.17 2.87
38 235 4.58* 4.40* 3.99 4.32* 4.15* 3.76 3.77 3.62 3.27 38 235 5.10* 4.90* 4.46 4.81* 4.62* 4.20 4.21 4.04 3.65
89 184 4.74* 4.57* 4.17 4.48* 4.32* 3.94 3.95 3.80 3.45 89 184 5.25* 5.07* 4.63 4.98* 4.80* 4.38 4.39 4.23 3.85
89 235 5.99* 5.78* 5.29 5.68* 5.48* 5.00 5.01 4.83 4.39 89 235 6.64* 6.41* 5.87 6.30* 6.08* 5.56 5.57 5.37 4.89
* Two additional joists required * Two additional joists required

Bold text = normal bearing of 40mm to be doubled Bold text = normal bearing of 40mm to be doubled
CHAPTER 6.4
6.4.9
Timber joists Also see: Chapter 3.3
Joists shall be of an appropriate size and quality, and be suitably durable.
I-joists and metal web joists should not be used in situations where any part of the joist is exposed to external conditions, and be:
in accordance with Technical Requirement R3
stored clear of the ground and stacked vertically

used in accordance with the manufacturer’s

not used where damaged.

recommendations
protected from adverse weather conditions during transport

and storage
Deflection and vibration limits should be:

designed in accordance with BS EN 1995-1-1 and its UK
specified using the following deflection limits based on total

National Annex, or dead and imposed loads for combined bending and shear:
0.003 x the span, with a maximum deflection of 14mm
where strutting is provided, or 12mm where strutting is not
provided.
Structural solid timber joists should be specified according to the strength classes in BS EN 338, e.g. C16 or C24 and
marked with:
the strength class, or evidence of species and grade made
the identification of the company responsible for the

available so as to determine the strength class grading (when graded to BS 4978 or BS EN 14081).
When graded to BS 4978:
the species should be included in accordance with
BS EN 338 can be used to determine strength class.

BS EN 1912 or the class strength specified
Regularised timber should be used for solid timber joists, and be:
dry graded to BS 4978 or BS EN 14081
marked ‘DRY’ or ‘KD’.

Materials should be checked on delivery for conformity with the design.
Timber should be treated with preservative where it is to be
6.4
built in or embedded into solid external walls.
Joists should be stored on bearers or in racks and
be protected.
Timber should not be used where:
it is excessively bowed, twisted or cambered

it has large edge knots or shakes

it has a waney edge more than half the thickness

it is damaged or has any sign of rot.
store timbers off the ground on bearers
6.4.10
Construction of timber floors Also see: Chapter 3.3
Upper floors shall be constructed in a workmanlike manner and provide satisfactory performance. Issues to
a) levelling
b) joist spacing and clearance
c) support.
Levelling
Bearings for joists should be level. The floor should be staircase
trimmer
levelled:
from the staircase trimmer and trimming joist

in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations

using hard packing; loose or soft packing should not

be used.
joists levelled from staircase trimmer or trimming joist

7
CHAPTER 6.4
Joist spacing and clearance

Joist spacing should:
be in accordance with the design and not increased
have a clearance of 25-75mm between the first joist and

account for the decking material to be used
the wall face to aid the installation of services and the fixing
of floor decking.
be a maximum of 600mm

Support
The floor should have an adequate bearing on the supporting structure.
Timber joists should normally have a minimum bearing as shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Support of joists

Type of timber joist Minimum bearing (mm)
End support Intermediate support
Solid joist on masonry walls 90 (75) 90 (75)
Solid joist on timber wall plate 75 75
I-joist 90 (45) 90
Metal web joist 90 (75) 90
The figures in brackets should only be used when the joist is not providing restraint to the wall.
Joists may be:
supported on joist hangers or on internal load-bearing walls

built into the inner leaf of an external cavity wall, with care

taken to ensure air-tightness.
Where joists are built into separating walls, fire-and sound-resisting performance, in accordance with building regulations, should
be taken into account.
Solid timber joists
Where built into solid external walls, joists should be treated with preservative.
6.4
I-joists and metal web joists

I-joists and metal web joists should not be built into solid
external walls.
The support reaction, due to dead and imposed loads on the
floor, should not exceed the recommended value specified by I-joist
the manufacturer.
Where there are concentrated loads:
web stiffeners should be used for I-joists

uprights between the flanges, held in place by punched

metal plate fasteners or bottom chord (flange) support, metal web
should be used for metal web joists
the manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed.

uprights at uprights at
intermediate bearing end bearing
intermediate bearing end bearing

CHAPTER 6.4
Where joists are supported on walls, noggings may be required at the top flange along the wall to support the floor decking,
and at the bottom flange to support the plasterboard ceiling. Where joists are not built into brickwork or blockwork, blocking
should be provided at the joist bearing. The blocking may be used for fixing plasterboard and floor decking.
top flange restraint perimeter nogging

6.4.11
Joists supported by intermediate walls
Joists shall be properly fixed at intermediate load-bearing walls.
Solid timber joists
Solid timber joists bearing onto intermediate load-bearing walls should:
be nailed together where they overlap
not project more than 100mm.
I-joists
I-joists bearing onto intermediate load-bearing walls should have:
blocking used to brace the butt joint
short sections of joist used to provide lateral support.

Metal web joists
Metal web joists bearing onto intermediate load-bearing walls should:
have a minimum 90mm bearing
be overlapped.

6.4
overlapping joists intermediate intermediate support
nailed together support for I-joist for metal web joist
100mm max.
overhang
6.4.12
Joists connected to steel
Joists shall be suitably connected to steelwork.
Solid timber joists min. 12mm projection
Where connected to steel beams, solid timber joists should:

be deep enough to be notched

have 12mm top and 2mm bottom projections to allow for

timber shrinkage
be provided with strutting to prevent rotation.

min. 2mm projection
9
CHAPTER 6.4
I-joists
Where connected to steel beams, I-joists should not be notched at the flange, and should:
bear directly into the steel beam where the bearing is more
have blocking fixed to the steel beam to enable the
than 45mm. Strutting, (noggings 38mm x thickness of I-joists to be face fixed using joist hangers. Strutting is not
flange) should be provided at the top and bottom flanges, required when hangers the full depth of the joist are used
or to face fix joists to the blocking.
Metal web joists

Where connected to steel beams, metal web joists should not be notched at the flange, and should:
bear directly into the bottom flange of the steel beam
where the bearing is less than 75mm, the joist can be

where the bearing is more than 75mm. There should be supported on the top flange with the bottom flange fixed to
timber uprights between the flanges and 38mm x 97mm timber blocking supported inside the steel beam.
noggings between the uprights
solid strutting timber blocking to support

metal web joists
timber blocking behind

joist hanger
6.4.13
Joists into hangers
Joist hangers shall provide a suitable bearing on the supporting structure and be of an adequate size,
strength and durability.
6.4
Masonry supporting joist hangers should be checked for level and height. The top flange loading on the joist hanger should
not be greater than the strength of the supporting masonry. Where joist hangers are supported on lightweight blockwork,
the suitability of the hanger should be checked. Joist hangers which meet BS EN 845 have a stamp indicating the minimum
compressive strength of block for which they are suitable.
Hangers should:
be detailed in the design, including the type of support to

be used for joists, trimmers and trimming joists
have a 75mm minimum bearing on masonry

comply with BS EN 845-1 or comply with

Technical Requirement R3
have performance equivalent to restraint straps at 2m

timber to timber to heavy duty
centres where required to provide restraint timber hanger masonry hanger hanger
be the correct size for the joist or trimmer

be nailed through each circular hole in the vertical sides
gap between joist and
hanger is 6mm max.
bear on level beds and be tight to the wall

not be cut into the walling.

Joists should be accurately cut to length. Where joists are not
built into brickwork or blockwork, blocking should be provided
at the joist bearing. The blocking may be used for fixing
plasterboard and floor decking.
Solid joists
Where connected to hangers, solid timber joists should:
have a minimum bearing of 75mm onto the hanger

be notched into the hanger to keep the ceiling line level
notched to
be the full depth of the hanger.
keep ceiling
line level
CHAPTER 6.4
I-joists
Where connected to hangers, I-joists should not be notched at the flange, and should have:
a minimum bearing of 45mm onto the hanger
the tabs of the hanger bent and nailed to the bottom flange.

Hangers should be:
the full depth of the joist and restrain the top flange, or at least 0.6 x the depth of the joist and have stiffeners

(full depth) fixed to both sides of the web.
Metal web joists

Where connected to hangers, metal web joists should not be notched at the flange, and should have:
a minimum bearing of 75mm onto the hanger
timber uprights fixed between the flanges.

Hangers should be to the full depth of the joist and restrain the top flange, or another suitable means of restraining the top flange
should be provided.
solid blocking where joists

are not built into blockwork
joist hanger
tabs bent over
and nailed to flange
top flange restraint
6.4.14
Timber joist and restraint straps Also see: Chapter 6.1 and BS 8103-1
Upper floors shall provide adequate lateral restraint.
6.4
Restraint straps and joist hangers suitable for taking tensile forces may be required to tie walls and upper floors together or when
the external wall is stabilised by a connection to the floor. Straps should:
be detailed in the design, including the size, position
bear on the centre of bricks or blocks and not on

and fixings mortar joints
be galvanised steel with a 30mm x 5mm cross-section or
be fixed on the side, top or bottom, as appropriate to the

be in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 joist type.
have adequate packing between the wall and the first joist

restraint strap held tight top fixed strap strap centered on block
against blockwork and tight to wall
side fixed
strap
11
CHAPTER 6.4
Restraint straps should be provided along the direction of the joists and spaced at a maximum of 2m centres. They are not
generally required at the ends of joists in buildings up to, and including, two storeys where:
restraint type joist hangers in accordance with
joists are built into a wall and bear at least 90mm on

Technical Requirement R3 are used, or the wall.
Where joists run parallel to the wall, straps should be fitted along the joists with a maximum spacing of 2m, and:
be supported on noggings and extend over at least

have noggings provided to receive two additional nails

three joists (for solid joists, two 4.76mm diameter x 50mm long wood
be fixed with two screws or nails into each joist
screws (No.10) or 4mm diameter x 75mm round nails
(8 SWG) can be used in each joist).
I-joist with
restraint strap max. 2m centres nogging
packing
Solid timber joists

Solid timber joists should, have noggings provided at:
a minimum of 0.5 x the depth of the member when straps the full depth of the member where straps are located

are located on top of the joist, or beneath the joist.
I-joists
I-joists should not be notched and have:
solid timber noggings no less than 0.5 x the depth of the
noggings made from short lengths of I-joist, or solid timber

6.4
member and a maximum of 150mm fixed between the the full depth of the I-joists, when proprietary straps
webs and located beneath the top flange, when 30mm x are used.
5mm galvanised straps are used, or
When nailing into laminated veneer lumber flanges:

care should be taken to prevent splitting
nails should be driven in at an angle (not horizontally) and

should not protrude from the flanges.
Metal web joists

Metal web joists should not be notched and should have:
35mm x 97mm solid timber noggings beneath the top
noggings nailed twice to each joist.

flange of the metal web joists, and
noggings for metal noggings for

web joists I-joists
CHAPTER 6.4
6.4.15
Strutting
Strutting shall be provided where required to distribute loads and ensure adequate rigidity of the
floor structure.
Strutting should: herringbone strutting blocking
not project beyond the top and bottom edges of joists

be firmly blocked to the wall at the end of each run

be provided before the deck is laid.

Proprietary metal strutting should comply with
Solid timber joists
Strutting to solid timber joists should be:
provided in accordance Table 4
be herringbone (38mm x 38mm timber) or solid

(minimum 38mm thick and 0.75 x the depth of the joist).
Table 4: Strutting for solid timber and I-joists
Joist span (m) Rows of strutting
Under 2.5 None needed
2.5-4.5 1 (at centre of span)
Over 4.5 2 (at equal spacing)
I-joists
bracing
Strutting to I-joists should be: strongback
provided in accordance with the Table 4, where required.
Metal web joists

Strutting to metal web joists should be:
provided in accordance with Table 5

solid timber ‘strongback’ bracing.

6.4
Table 5: Strutting for metal web joists
4-8 1 (at centre of span)
over 8 2 (at equal spacing)
6.4.16
Joists and openings Also see: Chapter 6.6
Upper floors shall have adequately sized and properly supported trimmer joists around openings.
Trimmed and trimming joists should be:
detailed in the design
designed in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.

Connections between joists should be made with suitable ‘timber-to-timber’ hangers, and:
where face fixing I-joists to another I-joist, be provided with
where metal web joists are used as a trimming joist to

backer blocks on both sides of the web of the trimmer support another metal web joist, have timber uprights
between the flanges of the trimmer.
void trimmer trimmed joists single or double trimmer in
accordance with the design
backer
blocks
supporting wall trimming joist timber upright

13
CHAPTER 6.4
6.4.17
Multiple joists
Multiple joists shall be securely fixed together.
Joists can be doubled or tripled up to provide additional support, e.g. for lightweight partitions or to form trimmers. The design
should specify how the joists are fixed together and be in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.
When securing joists:

fixings should be in accordance with the engineer’s
washers or single-faced connectors should be used

specification and should be checked before the ceiling is with bolts
fixed, including the tightness of bolts ensure that timber is not damaged by over-tightening.

toothed plate, split ring and shear plate connectors should

be provided where required
nails approx. 20mm

from top and
bottom of joist
nails spaced
at approx.
450mm centres
timber filler block
6.4.18
Notching and drilling
Notching and drilling shall be carried out within recognised limits.
Solid timber joists
Notching and drilling should be designed by an engineer where:
the joist is deeper than 250mm
it is close to heavy loads, such as those from partitions,

6.4
it does not meet the guidelines in this chapter, or

cisterns, cylinders and stair trimming.
Notching and drilling should:

have a minimum horizontal separation of 100mm
be in accordance with Table 6.

Table 6: Notching and drilling solid timber joists
Location Maximum size
Notching joists up to 250mm depth Top edge 0.1-0.2 x span 0.15 x depth of joist
Drilling joists up to 250mm depth Centre line 0.25-0.4 x span 0.25 x depth of joist
holes located on the centre line in a 100mm min.

zone (0.25-0.4 x span) from the end between notches
and max. notch depth = 0.25 x joist depth and holes
notches located in a zone

(0.1-0.2 x span) from the end and
max. notch depth = 0.15 x joist depth
CHAPTER 6.4
I-joists services passing

through joists
Preformed holes should be provided in the web and:
holes or notches should not be cut without the approval of
the manufacturer
restraint straps can be slotted into webs immediately
below the top flange.
Metal web joists

In metal web joists:
service conduits should run in the gaps between the

metal webs
maximum duct sizes should be in accordance with the

manufacturer’s recommendations
large service ducts may have to be inserted before fixing

the joists, as it may not be possible after the joists have
been fixed.
6.4.19
Floor decking
Floor decking shall be suitable for the intended use and be of adequate strength and moisture resistance.
a) type, thickness and fixing
b) protection against damage.
Type, thickness and fixing

Where decking contributes to the sound insulation of a floor, the thicknesses listed in this chapter should be checked.
Floor decking should:
be appropriate to the joist spacing
be in accordance with Table 7 (which applies to normal

domestic loads, i.e. an imposed load of 1.5kN/m2),
or comply with Technical Requirement R3.
6.4
Table 7: Floor decking requirements
Floor decking 400mm joist centres 450mm joist centres 600mm joist centres Standard
Softwood boarding 16 16 19 BS EN 13353
Moisture resistant chipboard 18 18 22 BS EN 312 – type P5
Plywood 15 15 18/19 BS EN 636
Oriented strand board 15 15 18/19 BS EN 300 – type OSB3
When installing decking:

fixings and support should be in accordance with the
where nails are used, they should be 2.5 x the thickness of

manufacturer’s recommendations the decking material
checks should be made, prior to fixing, to ensure that
where gluing is required, boards should be glued to the

noggings, blocking and strutting are in the correct position joists and at joints, using a suitable polyvinyl acetate
and secure (PVAc) adhesive
butt joints should be staggered and supported on
temporary wedges and packing should be removed once

noggings or joists the floor decking is complete.
adjacent boards should be square

15
CHAPTER 6.4
Square edged boards and boards with loose tongues

When fixing boards with square edges or loose tongues, they should be supported on all sides by joists or noggings.
Tongued and grooved boards
When fixing boards with tongued and grooved edges:
boards should be laid with long edges at right angles
boards should be glued to the joists and the sheets glued

to joists to each other with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive

short edges should be supported on joists or noggings or
(not softwood boarding)
cut back to form a butt joint over a joist long edges at room perimeters should be fully supported

on joists or noggings.
Chipboard flooring
Chipboard flooring should be supported and fixed in accordance with manufacturers’ recommendations using either:
flat-headed ring shank nails, 2.5 x the thickness of the
screws to BS 1210, minimum 2 x the thickness of the

board and minimum 3mm diameter, or board and no less than size No. 8.
min. 10mm
expansion gap
nogging
joist or nogging
When fixing:
fixings should have a maximum spacing of 300mm along
where boards abut a rigid upstand, a minimum 10mm

continuously supported edges and intermediate supports expansion gap should be provided; for large areas of
6.4
boarded floor, a wider expansion gap may be required at

upstands and intermediate expansion gaps of 2mm per
linear metre of floor should be provided.
Oriented strand board flooring
When fixing oriented strand board flooring:
boards should be laid over supports in the direction
where boards abut a rigid upstand, a minimum 10mm

indicated on the board, with the stronger axis at right expansion gap should be provided; for large areas of
angles to the supporting joists boarded floor, a wider expansion gap may be required at
boards should be long enough to span two joists
upstands and intermediate expansion gaps of 2mm per
nails should be flat headed, annular grooved nails,
linear metre of floor should be provided.
3mm in diameter
Plywood flooring
When fixing plywood flooring:
boards should be laid with the face grain at right angles to
fixings should have a maximum spacing of 150mm around

the supports the perimeter and a maximum spacing of 300mm on
end joints should occur over joists or noggings
intermediate supports
an expansion gap of at least 1.5mm-2mm should be

allowed between each panel.
Nails for fixing plywood should be in accordance with Table 8.
Table 8: Fixings for plywood floors

Plain wire nails (mm) Annular ring shank nails (mm)
Minimum diameter 3.35 3
Minimum length 65 50
Minimum penetration 40 32
CHAPTER 6.4
Proprietary flooring
Proprietary flooring should be:
in accordance with Technical Requirement R3
installed in accordance with certification requirements.

Protection against damage
Floor decking should be stored:

on a hard base
indoors where possible.

under cover

Where timber decking is to be installed before the home is watertight, the manufacturer should confirm suitability.
Floors should not be overloaded, especially with materials during construction, and be protected against damp, plaster splashes
and other damage.
6.4.20
Floating floors or floors between homes
Floating floors shall be separated from the main structure and surrounding walls by a resilient layer.
The structural component of floors between homes may be concrete, steel, timber or a combination of these materials.
The floor finish should be isolated from walls and skirtings.
Where board materials are laid loose, joints in tongued and grooved boards should be glued.
Proprietary floating floor materials and systems should be fixed in accordance with:
building regulations
relevant certification requirements.


6.4
Steelwork
CHAPTER 6.5
Technical Requirements for:
steelwork which supports masonry partitions and timber
floors, including trimmed openings
the protection of steelwork.
6.5.1 Compliance 01
6.5.2 Design guidance 01
6.5.3 Steel grade and coatings 03
6.5.4 Installation and support 05
6.5.5 Padstones 05
6.5.6 Connections 06
6.5.7 Examples 07
1
Steelwork 2019
CHAPTER 6.5
6.5.1
Steelwork shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Steelwork (including trimming to floor voids) for supporting masonry partitions or timber floors which comply with the guidance in
this chapter will generally be acceptable.
The information provided in this chapter is in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1 using grade S275 steel; however, more
economical or smaller beams may be designed by an engineer.
Steelwork, including its support and any connections, should be:
detailed in accordance with this chapter.

6.5.2
Design guidance Also see: Chapters 6.1, 6.3 and 6.4
Steelwork shall be designed to support and transmit loads to the supporting structure without undue
movement or deflection. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) support of masonry partitions
b) support of timber floors, including trimmed openings.
Support of masonry partitions

Masonry partitions may be supported by steelwork selected in accordance with this chapter. Care should be taken to avoid
masonry supported by steelwork being partially supported or out of true.
Conditions for Tables 1 and 2
Steel beams in accordance with Tables 1 and 2 of this chapter will generally be acceptable for the support of masonry partitions
where the following conditions are met:
The partition is of one of the types detailed in Table 1.
Brickwork or blockwork (workface size 440mm x 215mm)

The partition is built centrally on the steelwork beam and is
supporting the steel beam has a minimum strength of 2.8N/
less than 2.7m in height. mm2 and the beam supports do not occur over a door or
The span of the steel beam is less than 4m.
window opening.
6.5
Steel beams only support the weight of the partition

Padstones are provided where required, in accordance

and self-weight. with Table 6.
Where any of the conditions are not met, steelwork should be designed in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
Method of applying tables:
Ensure that all conditions apply.
Check the span of the beam(s).

Identify the masonry partition construction and thickness.
Use Table 2 to determine a suitable steel section size.

Use Table 1 to establish the load per metre run.
Use Table 6 to determine if padstones are required.

An example is provided at the end of this chapter.
Table 1: Load of partition to be supported
Type of masonry for supported partition Maximum masonry Structural thickness (mm)
(not more than 2.7m high density (kg/m3) 100 90 75
and plastered both sides)
Load (kN/m run)
Dense masonry 2000 6.8 6.2 5.4
Medium masonry 1400 5.1 4.8 4.2
Lightweight masonry 800 3.5 3.3 2.9
Steelwork 2019 2
CHAPTER 6.5
Table 2: Size of steel beam supporting partition

Partition load (from Table 1) Clear span of beam (m) Smallest suitable universal beam size
(kN/m run) (mm x mm x kg/m)
Less than 3 Up to 4 127 x 76 x 13
Over 4 (2)
3 to 5 Up to 3 127 x 76 x 13
3 to 3.5 152 x 89 x 16
3.5 to 4 178 x 102 x 19
Over 4 (2)
5 to 7 Up to 2.5 127 x 76 x 13
2.5 to 3 152 x 89 x 16
3 to 4 178 x 102 x 19
Over 4 (2)
Notes
1
For spans up to 4m, universal column 152mm x 152mm x 23kg/m (smallest size available) may be used.
2 For spans over 4m, beams should be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
Support of timber floors, including trimmed openings

Timber floors may be supported by steelwork selected in min. 12mm projection
accordance with this chapter and should include full allowance
for the shrinkage of timber joists.
min. 2mm projection
Conditions for Tables 3 and 7

Steel beams in accordance with Tables 3 and 7 will be acceptable to NHBC for the support of floors, where the following
conditions are met:
The floor construction is of decking (softwood boarding,
Any lightweight partition, such as plasterboard on timber

chipboard, oriented strand board or plywood) on timber studwork or proprietary product, is non load-bearing.
6.5
joists and the ceiling is plasterboard with a plaster skim Padstones are provided where required in accordance

coat or a plastic finish (Artex or similar). with Table 6.
Allowance has been made of 0.5kN/m2 for self-weight
Clear span of beam does not exceed 4.4m.

(floor and ceiling load). Connections between steelwork beams are in accordance

The floor does not support masonry partitions.
with Clause 6.5.6, or are designed by an engineer.
The floor support is one of the methods shown in Figure 1.

Where any of the conditions are not met, steelwork should be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement
R5.
Method of applying tables:
Use Figure 1 to determine the area supported by
Use Table 7 to determine if padstones are required.

the beam(s). Where steel beam-to-steel connections are required,

Check the span of the beam(s).
refer to the connections in Clause 6.5.6.
Use Table 3 to determine a suitable steel section size.

Ensure that all conditions apply.
Figure 1: Effective areas supported by steel beams
A A
wall wall
under B under A A
A A B
void
B
Beam Effective area Beam Effective area Beam Effective area

AA AA AA
BB BB
3
Steelwork 2019
CHAPTER 6.5
B C B C
A A
B A A A A
void void void
B B C B C
Beam Effective area Beam Effective area Beam Effective area

AA AA AA
BB BB BB
CC CC
Where any area shown as ‘void’ contains a staircase, add 2m2 to the effective area supported by any beam which fully or partially
supports that staircase.
Table 3: Size of steel beam supporting timber floor
Effective area Effective trimmer span Smallest suitable steel section size (mm x mm x kg/m)
supported (m2) = clear span + 100mm (m) Universal beam Universal column
0 to 20 0 to 2.0 127 x 76 x 13 152 x 152 x 23
0 to 20 2 to 2.5 127 x 76 x 13 152 x 152 x 23
20 to 30 152 x 89 x 16 152 x 152 x 23
0 to 10 2.5 to 3 127 x 76 x 13 152 x 152 x 23
10 to 20 152 x 89 x 16 152 x 152 x 23
20 to 30 178 x 102 x 19 152 x 152 x 23
0 to 10 3 to 3.5 127 x 76 x 13 152 x 152 x 23
10 to 30 178 x 102 x 19 152 x 152 x 23
30 to 40 203 x 133 x 25 152 x 152 x 30
0 to 10 3.5 to 4 152 x 89 x 16 152 x 152 x 23
10 to 20 178 x 102 x 19 152 x 152 x 23
20 to 30 203 x 102 x 23 152 x 152 x 23
30 to 40 203 x 102 x 30 152 x 152 x 30
6.5
40 to 50 * 152 x 152 x 37
0 to 10 4 to 4.5 203 x 102 x 23 152 x 152 x 23
10 to 20 203 x 133 x 25 152 x 152 x 23
20 to 30 203 x 133 x 30 152 x 152 x 30
30 to 40 * 152 x 152 x 37
40 to 50 * 203 x 203 x 46
*Beams should be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
6.5.3
Steel grade and coatings
Steelwork shall be specified to provide sufficient strength, durability, and fire resistance.
The design should detail the method of fixing or connecting structural steelwork. The guidance given in this chapter applies to
steelwork which is to be bolted (using black bolts) or not connected.
Steelwork should be in accordance with the guidance in this chapter and:
BS EN 10365 ‘Hot rolled steel channels, I and H sections.
BS EN 10056 ‘Structural steel equal and unequal leg

Dimensions and masses.’ or angles’.
To ensure adequate durability in the environment it will be exposed to steelwork should:
have a protective coating system applied before being
comply with the level of fire resistance required by

delivered to site building regulations.
Where welding is to be carried out, the protective coating system specified by the designer should be used.
Further guidance on the protection of structural steel is given in BS EN ISO 12944 ‘Paints and varnishes. Corrosion protection
of steel structures by protective paint systems’ and BS EN ISO 14713 ‘Zinc coatings. Guidelines and recommendations for the
protection against corrosion of iron and steel in structures’.
Decorative finishes should be compatible with the protective coat specification. The designer should determine compatibility
in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Chapter 9.5 ‘Painting and decorating’ contains further guidance for
decorative paint finishes to steelwork.
Steelwork 2019 4
CHAPTER 6.5
Table 4: Environment categories for component groups in different locations and exposure conditions
Component group Location Description of exposure condition Environment categories
External Outside a home Above splash zone C4 or C5(1)
At ground level within splash zone C5(2)
(up to 150mm above ground)
Outside or basement Below ground level C5(2)

Internal Sub-floor void (3)
Unventilated C3
Ventilated C2
Internal Kitchen/bathroom, etc. Moist humid conditions – protected against condensation C2
Kitchen/bathroom, etc. Moist humid conditions – exposed to condensation C2
Rooms other than Warm dry C2
kitchen/bathroom, etc.
In roof void Unheated dry C2
Internal/external Façade Embedded or partially embedded in building envelope C5(4)
Notes
1
For construction located within 500m of coastal shoreline.
2 Alternatively, steelwork may be encased in concrete.
3
For steelwork not in contact with the ground.
4 For steelwork in contact with, or embedded in an external masonry wall, for at the contact / embedment length.
Alternatively, guidance on suitable atmospheric corrosivity categories (C1 – C5) and appropriate protective coatings for domestic
construction may be based on the recommendations given on the website www.steelconstruction.info. A site specific
assessment is required in order to determine an appropriate classification level for the steelwork. A suitable protective coating
specification is to be determined by the designer in accordance with the coating manufacturer’s recommendations.
Table 5: Protective coatings for hot rolled structural steelwork for atmospheric corrosivity category (recommended for housing
applications only)
Atmospheric Surface Protective coating(1, 2, 3) Site or Making good of
corrosivity preparation(4) Material Minimum coating thickness Number factory damaged areas of
and risk (d.f.t.)(5) / weight(6) of coats applied protective coating
C1 N/A None required. N/A N/A N/A N/A
Very low
6.5
C2 Thoroughly clean High build zinc 80 µm(8) 1 or 2 Factory Thoroughly wire brush
Low surface prior to phosphate epoxy damaged areas and
abrasive blast primer(7) build up coats using
cleaning to Sa 2½. the same materials
and to the same d.f.t.
C3 Thoroughly clean High build zinc 80 µm(8) 1 or 2 Factory Thoroughly wire brush
Medium surface prior to phosphate epoxy damaged areas and
abrasive blast (7)
primer, followed build up coats using
cleaning to by high build 120 µm 1 the same materials
Sa 2½. recoatable epoxy and to the same d.f.t.
micaceous iron
oxide (MIO) (200 µm in total)
C4 Hot dip 460 gms/m² 1 Factory To be determined
High galvanize to by the designer in
BS EN ISO 1461(9) accordance with
the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
C5 Hot dip 710 gms/m² 1 Factory To be determined
Very high galvanize to by the designer in
BS EN ISO 1461(9) accordance with
the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
Notes
here steelwork is to be given a decorative finish, the protective coat is to be compatible with the decorative finish.
1 W
Manufacturers’ recommendations should be followed.
2
Where steelwork is to be protected by intumescent paint for fire purposes, manufacturers’ recommendations should be followed.
3
All fixings and fittings to the structural steel elements are to be protected against corrosion in a manner that is both commensurate and compatible with the
protective coatings.
4
Surface preparation to BS EN ISO 12944-4.
5
Coating thicknesses given represent nominal dry film thickness (d.f.t.).
6
Thicknesses and weights shown represent the coating to be applied to each face of a steel section.
7
Epoxy primers have a limited time for over-coating. Manufacturers’ recommendations should be followed.
8
80 µm can be in one coat or as 20 µm pre-fabrication primer plus 60 µm post-fabrication primer.
9
Alternatively, use products manufactured from austenitic stainless steel in accordance with the recommendations of BS EN 1993-1-4:2006.
5
Steelwork 2019
CHAPTER 6.5
Where shop-applied protective coatings have been damaged, the coatings should be made good on site prior to being built into
the works, as indicated in Table 5 ‘Making good of damaged areas’.
Where steelwork is to be welded, the protective coating system specified by the designer should be used.
Where steelwork is to be protected by intumescent paint for fire purposes, this should be in accordance with the
6.5.4
Installation and support
Steelwork shall be installed to achieve the required structural performance. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) section size and grade detailed in the design
b) steelwork support.
Section size and grade detailed in the design

When materials are delivered to site, they should be checked to ensure conformity with:
engineer’s design, or
steelwork sizes in this chapter.
Steelwork support
Beam supports should not occur above window or door openings. Bearings for steelwork supported on masonry should be:
100mm minimum
clean, dry and level.

6.5.5
Padstones
Steelwork shall be supported by padstones where required to distribute point loads safely to the supporting
structure without undue movement or deflection.
Where a steel beam is supported by masonry, a padstone may be required to spread the load over a larger area to
prevent overstressing. Padstones should be in accordance with:
the engineer’s design, or
the guidance given in this chapter.

6.5
Where the inner leaf of the cavity wall contributes to the overall thermal performance of the wall, padstones should:
have similar thermal properties to the masonry used for the
not create a cold bridge.

rest of the inner leaf, or
Table 6: Size of padstones (for steel supporting partition walls)

Type of masonry for supported Thickness of wall supporting beam (mm) Minimum depth of padstone
partition (not more than 2.7m high 100 125 140 150 190 215 (mm)
and plastered both sides)
Minimum length of padstone (mm)
Dense masonry 215 190 185 180 165 155 150
Medium masonry 155 140 135 130 120 110 150
Lightweight masonry 95 85 80 75 70 70 150
Notes
1
Padstones are not necessary where the flange dimension of the beam exceeds the length of the padstone given in this table.
2 When steelwork is in line with the wall supporting it, i.e. when acting as a lintel over an opening:
– the flange dimension of the beam should not be more than 50mm greater than the thickness of the supporting wall
– the minimum length of padstone should be 200mm
– the padstone depth should match the coursing of adjacent masonry
– the web of the beam should be over the centre of the wall.
3
The minimum length of steel bearing onto padstone should be 100mm.
Steelwork 2019 6
CHAPTER 6.5
Table 7: Size of padstones (for steel supporting floors)

Effective area supported Minimum padstone size (mm)
(as used in Table 3) (m2) Thickness of wall supporting steel beam (mm)
Up to 105 105 to 155 156 to 216
Length Depth Length Depth Length Depth
Up to 10 95 150 80 150 70 150

10 to 20 185 150 160 150 140 150
20 to 30 275 150 240 150 210 150
30 to 40 365 215 320 150 280 150
40 to 50 455 300 400 215 345 215
Notes
1
Padstones are not necessary where the flange dimension of the beam exceeds the length of the padstone given in this table.
2 When steelwork is in line with the wall supporting it, i.e. when acting as a lintel over an opening:
– the flange dimension of the beam should not be more than 50mm greater than the thickness of the supporting wall
– the minimum length of padstone should be 200mm
– the padstone depth should match the coursing of adjacent masonry, and
– the web of the beam should be over the centre of the wall.
Padstones should be formed in one unit with a minimum compressive strength of 10 N/mm2 from:
in-situ concrete
clay bricks, or

precast concrete
engineering bricks (when less than 215mm x 100mm).

concrete blocks

6.5.6
Connections
Connections shall be chosen and installed to achieve the required structural performance.
Steelwork connections should:
be in accordance with the guidance in this chapter, or
where other forms of connection (e.g. high strength friction

grip bolts) are required, be designed by an engineer in
6.5
accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
Only weld, cut or drill steelwork where it is required by the design.
Bolts for connections should comply with the design information and relevant British Standards, including:
BS 4190 ‘Specification for ISO metric black hexagon bolts, screws and nuts’.
BS EN 1011 ‘Welding. Recommendations for welding of metallic materials’.
BS EN 14399 ‘High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading’.
BS EN 1993-1-8 ‘Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures. Design of joints’.
The connection methods detailed in this chapter are suitable for connecting steel beams used to support floor loads only, using
black bolts or welding.
25mm 25mm
cleats from 70x70x6mm

cleats from 70x70x6mm = rolled steel angle
35mm rolled steel angle 80mm one on each side
170mm
one on each side min. max.
= cleats joined to beams
170mm with 3No. M20 bolt with
50mm cleats joined to beams to
with 6No. M20 bolt with washers or 6mm fillet
230mm weld all round
washers or 6mm fillet
35mm weld all round
10mm max.
Joints between beams of similar size
10mm max. (neither beam deeper than 170mm)
Joints between beams of similar size

(beams 170mm to 2390mm deep)
Conditions for the use of this method are:

beams should only support timber floors in accordance
both beams have been chosen from Table 3

with this chapter beams do not differ in depth by more than 40mm.

Connections between steel sections should be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5,
where the above conditions are not met.
7
Steelwork 2019
CHAPTER 6.5
6.5.7
Examples
1 Using information about the supported wall and Table 1: Wall supported by steel beam:
■ 75mm thick
load per metre run = 4.2kN/m ■ medium density (1200kg/m3)
■ plastered both sides
2 Using the load per metre run, the span of the beam ■ 2.6m high.
and Table 2:
suitable section size = 178 x 102 x 19 UB
52 x 152 x 23 UC is not suitable as it is too wide for the
1
inner padstone/wall.
3 Using information about the wall supporting the beam
(100mm thick), the walls supported by the beam outer
padstone
(medium density block) and Table 6: 100mm
inner
Steel beam: padstone
■ opening 3.8m 100mm
■ min 100mm bearing at each end.
Results from example calculation:

Minimum padstone size 155mm long
150 mm deep
Outer padstone (beam at right angles to wall)
Minimum length 155mm long(1)
Minimum depth 150mm
Thickness 100mm, to match blockwork(2)
Inner padstone (beam in line with the wall)
Minimum length 200mm (see note 2 to Table 6)
Minimum depth 150 mm
Thickness 100mm, to match blockwork.
Notes
1
This is greater than the flange dimension of the steel section obtained in 2 above – 102mm – therefore a padstone is required to distribute the load.
2
The actual length and depth of a padstone could be greater to suit masonry coursing.
6.5
Staircases
CHAPTER 6.6
Technical Requirements for staircases.
6.6.1 Compliance 01
6.6.3 Fire precautions 01
6.6.4 Lighting 01
6.6.6 Headroom and width 02
6.6.7 Design of steps 02
6.6.8 Landings 04
6.6.9 Guarding 04
6.6.10 Handrails 05
6.6.11 Timber staircases 05
6.6.12 Timber and wood-based products 06
6.6.13 Finished joinery 06
6.6.14 Concrete staircases 06
6.6.15 Steel staircases 07
6.6.16 Staircase units 07
6.6.17 Fixings 07
6.6.18 Protection 07
1
Staircases 2019
CHAPTER 6.6
6.6.1
Staircases shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Staircases which comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
6.6.2
Layout of stairs.
The length of time before formwork can be removed from

Dimensions covering width, rise and going,
in-situ concrete stairs.
handrail height, etc. Curing times of grouted connections.

Fixing details of stairs, treads, risers, strings, balustrades,

newel posts and handrails.
6.6.3
Fire precautions
Staircases shall provide the necessary means of escape in case of fire.
Timber staircases are acceptable in a single family home where there are no more than four storeys, excluding the basement.
Houses of three or more storeys, and flats in buildings of three or more storeys, should comply with the relevant building
regulations.
Ventilation of staircases serving flats in buildings of three or more storeys should comply with BS 9999.
6.6.4
Lighting Also see: Chapter 8.1
Staircases shall have lighting provided to ensure safe use of the staircase.
6.6
Artificial light sources should be provided to all staircases and landings within homes and common areas, and be controlled by
two-way switching. In common areas, automatic light-sensitive controls may be used, provided lights can also be switched to
two-way manually.
Where staircases are lit by glazing, any glass below the minimum guarding height should be:
protected by a balustrade or railing
constructed of glass blocks.

glass (toughened or laminated), or

6.6.5
Safe transmission of loads
Staircases shall be properly supported and transmit loads to the supporting structure without undue
movement, deflection or deformation. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) staircase construction
b) differential movement.
Staircase construction
Stairs and staircases should comply with BS 5395 : Parts 1 and 2 and Table 1.
Table 1: Standards for stair construction
Type of staircase Relevant standard
Timber staircases BS 585.

(straight flights, ¼ or ½ landings) The method of fixing flights to the surrounding structure should be specified.

Reinforced concrete staircases BS EN 1992-1-1 and Chapter 3.1 ‘Concrete and its reinforcement’

Should be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.

Steel staircases BS EN 1993-1-1.

Proprietary staircases Technical Requirement R3.

Staircases 2019 2
CHAPTER 6.6
Differential movement
When considering differential movement in relation to setting out, levels and finishes, allowances should be made for:
casting tolerances
creep and shrinkage

deflection under load
storey height.

foundation settlement

6.6.6
Headroom and width
Staircases shall ensure adequate provision for:
a) headroom
b) minimum unobstructed width.
Headroom
Stairs should have a minimum 2m clear head room (H) over
the entire length and width of the stairway and landing, as
measured vertically from the pitch line.
The overall floor opening should be checked: H
for size to accept the stairs
landing
to allow for sufficient headroom.

H
pitch line
Minimum unobstructed width

In Northern Ireland and Scotland, stair widths should be in accordance with building regulations.
6.6
Where staircases form part of a means of escape, reference should be made to the relevant building regulations.
6.6.7
Design of steps Also see: BS 5395
Steps shall be constructed to allow the safe use of the staircase. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) pitch
b) steps
c) tapered treads and winders.
Pitch
The maximum angle of pitch of a stairway should not exceed:
42° for private stairs

38° for common or access stairs.
pitch line
The dimensions for maximum rise and minimum going should

be as in Table 2.
angle of pitch
Table 2: Maximum rise and going

Type of stairs Maximum rise (mm) Minimum going (mm)
Private stairs 220 220
Common stairs (not Scotland) 190 250
Access stairs (Scotland) 190 250
3
Staircases 2019
CHAPTER 6.6
Staircases should be accurately located and fixed with the string at the correct angle to ensure all treads are level.
Stairs should be dimensioned so that the rise (R) and the going (G) is between 550mm and 700mm when using the equation:
2R + G (see Chart 1).
Chart 1: Dimensions for rise and going

220
244
210
200
198
243
190
187
180
170
Rise (mm)
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380
Going (mm)
private and common stairs

6.6
private stairs
Steps
In each flight:
the tread should be level

the rise and going should be consistent

the thicknesses of screeds and floor finishes should be
unequal rises
taken into account to ensure that all risers are equal do not comply
the treads should overlap by a minimum of 16mm,

where the riser is open.
16mm overlap min
stair finish
Gaps 100mm max.
all risers
equal
floor finish
Where stairs are open to the weather, or may otherwise become wet, one of the following should be specified:
A non-slip finish.
A non-slip insert to each tread.

Staircases 2019 4
CHAPTER 6.6
Tapered treads and winders

The rise of tapered treads should be the same as that of
adjacent parallel treads. The going should be:
equal
uniform and no less than the going of the associated straight
spacing
centre line
flight, measured from the centre line of the straight flight

a minimum of 50mm at the narrowest point.

centre line
6.6.8
Landings
Landings shall allow safe use of the staircase.
Landings should be: bottom landing
provided at the top and bottom of every flight

at least the same depth and width as the width of the stair.

400mm min.
Door swings should not obstruct landings. A door may open
across the bottom landing of private stairs where the:
home is not over two storeys high

the swing is a minimum of 400mm from the first tread.

Pivot windows should not obstruct the landing area or stair flight when they are opened.
6.6.9
Guarding
Staircases shall have guarding to prevent accidents by falling.
6.6
Guarding:
is required where the drop is more than 600mm at any
may be required where a stair abuts an opening window,

point along the open sides of stairs and landings to comply with relevant building regulations.
is not required where the rise is less than 600mm and the

stair or landing is not a means of escape
Where required, guarding should be:
provided along the full length of the flight, including
a solid wall or balustrading

landings in accordance with Table 3.

capable of resisting a horizontal force of 0.36kN/m at its

minimum required height
Table 3: Guarding height

Type of stairs Flights – minimum guarding height (mm) Landings – minimum guarding height (mm)
Private stairs (England, Wales, 900 900
Northern Ireland and Isle of Man)
Private stairs (Scotland) 840 900
Common stairs 900 1100
Balustrading should: 100mm diameter spheres cannot pass through
be fixed securely

not be climbed easily by children

not have openings larger than 100mm in diameter.

Where guardrails or balustrades are long, newel posts may not
be sufficient to transfer the horizontal forces to the structure,
and intermediate posts may be required. The method of fixing
newels should be specified, e.g. through-bolted to joists.
100mm diameter spheres
should not pass through
5
Staircases 2019
CHAPTER 6.6
Where glazing forms part of the guarding it should:

be toughened, laminated or glass blocks
not be wired glass.

6.6.10
Handrails
Handrails and balustrading shall be correctly located and fixed to provide a safe handhold, and constructed
to reduce the risk of being climbed or fallen through.
A handrail is required for flights of stairs that rise over 600mm.
The handrail (throughout the full length) should:
be securely fixed and located in accordance with

the design
be a vertical distance of 900mm-1000mm (or

840mm-1000mm in Scotland), above the pitch line
have a 25mm minimum clearance from any surface

ensure a firm handhold
25mm
min.
ensure that trapping or injuring is prevented

have ends shaped or returned to the wall

be continuous, smooth and unobstructed.

In Northern Ireland, where winders are used, building regulations require a handrail to be fitted on the side where tapered treads
have the longest going.
Fixing methods for balustrading should allow for a degree of
tolerance. It may be preferable to take measurements from the
completed staircase before manufacture. This should ensure
that the fixings are positioned correctly and allow for variations
in the surrounding structure.
Design information on the spacing of bolt fixings for
balustrades or handrails should be followed. Balustrading for
concrete staircases may be:
6.6
grouted into preformed holes or pockets

bolted or screwed into predrilled holes

bolted to brackets cast into the concrete.

Care should be taken when using expanding fixings near the
dimensions should be
edges of concrete. sufficient to avoid fracture
6.6.11
Timber staircases
Timber staircases shall be securely fixed to the supporting structure and have secure component parts.
The top nosing should be:
level with the floor decking
fixed firmly.

Strings should be: nosing securely seated and
fixed level with floor decking
glued to newel posts

secured with dowels or screws.

Landings should be framed to provide full support and solid
fixings for the tops of flights, nosings, newels,
apron linings, etc.
string securely
fixed to wall
Newel posts should be plumb, and all components, including
strings, treads and risers, newel posts, balustrading and
handrails, be fixed securely. Particular attention should be
given to fixing winders.
Staircases 2019 6
CHAPTER 6.6
6.6.12
Timber and wood-based products
Staircases shall use timber and wood-based materials of sufficient quality and durability.
Timber for joinery should:
comply with BS 1186 : Part 1 or BS EN 942
be free of resinous knots, splits, shakes and wanes.

be class 3, J50 or better

The following should meet BS 1186 : Part 2:
fits of joints
laminating

construction of joints
construction of finger joints

moving parts
surface finish.

gluing

Materials should be in accordance with the guidance given in Table 4.
Table 4: Materials for staircases

Material Requirements
Plywood – should be used for risers only BS EN 636
Chipboard BS EN 312 Type 5
Oriented strand board BS EN 300 OSB3
Fibre building boards BS EN 622
Glued laminated timber structural members BS EN 14080
Timber which is to be exposed to the weather should be:

naturally durable, or
pretreated with preservative against fungal attack in

accordance with Chapter 3.3 ‘Timber preservation’.
6.6.13
Finished joinery
Staircases shall have finished joinery free from unsightly blemishes.
6.6
Finished joinery should be free from splits, knocks and other damage which would impair its structural performance or finish.
Nails should be punched below the surface of the wood and stopped.
Handrails should:
have a smooth finish and be free from rough edges
not have any sharp edges, including brackets or

screw heads.
6.6.14
Concrete staircases Also see: Chapter 3.1 and 3.2
Concrete staircases shall be suitably constructed using appropriate materials to provide
satisfactory performance.
Precast construction
Account should be taken of:
workmanship, particularly at the top and bottom of each
accurate location and levelling of units.

flight
In-situ construction
Guidance for in-situ concrete can be found in Chapter 3.1 ‘Concrete and its reinforcement’.
Shuttering for concrete elements or connections should be constructed to ensure a consistent rise and going.
Chairs or spacing blocks should be used to provide cover to reinforcement in accordance with Table 5.
Table 5: Cover for reinforcement used in concrete stairs

Location Minimum cover (mm)
Internal staircases 25
Staircases open to the weather 50
7
Staircases 2019
CHAPTER 6.6
Formwork should be struck in accordance with the design information. This is normally:
after 24 hours for side formwork
after 28 days for soffit and support formwork.
Floor Finishes
For both precast and in-situ staircases, allowance should be made for:
the thickness of finish at the top and bottom of flights

preformed nosings or non-slip finishes, where specified.

6.6.15
Steel staircases
Steel staircases and the supporting structure shall be set out and constructed in accordance with the
For steel staircases:
the manufacturer’s assembly and erection instructions
treads should be checked for level

should be available and followed correct fixings should be used.

the supporting structure should be constructed within

relevant tolerance limits set for the steel staircase
6.6.16
Staircase units
Proprietary staircases and associated components shall comply with the design.
Proprietary staircases and associated components should:
be as detailed in the design information
comply with Technical Requirement R3.

be suitable for their intended location

Manufacturers of staircases and balustrading, etc. should:
be sent all relevant drawings and other information to
use accurate floor-to-floor dimensions

ensure their products meet the design requirements account for floor finishes to structural floors and

make allowance for tolerances or actual site dimensions
staircase treads.
6.6.17
Fixings
6.6
Staircases shall have fixings of adequate strength and durability, and comply with the design.
Fixings should be in accordance with the design and the manufacturer’s reccomendations, including:
timber and steel staircases
handrails

newel posts
guarding and balustrading.

6.6.18
Protection
On completion, staircases shall be undamaged.
When storing staircases, they should be:
stacked on bearers

suitably protected from the weather.

Timber staircases should be fixed in place only when the
building is weathertight.
Staircases, stair treads, nosings, balustrades and handrails
may be protected with timber strips, plywood or building paper.
treads and nosing protected

Doors, windows and glazing
CHAPTER 6.7
Technical Requirements for doors, windows and glazing,
including where coupled door and window frame
assemblies are contained within a single storey.
Coupled door and window frame assemblies
(including spandrel panels) which are:
one storey or more in height, or
not contained between a structural floor and ceiling
should be designed in accordance with
Chapter 6.9 ‘Curtain walling and cladding’.
6.7.1 Compliance 01
6.7.3 In service performance 01
6.7.4 Installation 02
6.7.5 Non-timber windows and doors 03
6.7.6 Timber doors and windows 04
6.7.7 Glazing 05
6.7.8 Security 07
6.7.9 Ironmongery 08
6.7.10 Material storage and protection 09
6.7.11 Completed work 09
1
Doors, windows and glazing 2019
CHAPTER 6.7
6.7.1
Doors, windows and glazing shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Doors, windows and glazing which comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
6.7.2
Design and specification information should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers.
6.7.3
In-service performance
Doors, windows and glazing shall be designed and specified to ensure adequate in-service performance.
a) weathertightness d) strength
b) fire safety e) resistance to movement, shrinkage and the
c) thermal break effects of moisture.
Weathertightness
Doors and windows should be installed correctly to ensure adequate in-service performance. Windows and external doors
exposed to wind-driven rain should be constructed and detailed to ensure they remain weathertight, including at interfaces with
the structure.
BS 6375 contains recommendations for the classification of window components according to their resistance under test to air
and water penetration, and wind pressure.
Joints between multiple door and window frame assemblies should be:
part of an engineered system
formed using suitable materials in accordance with the

6.7
Vertical and horizontal DPCs should be provided around the frame in accordance with Chapter 6.1 ‘External masonry walls’ and
Chapter 6.2 ‘External timber framed walls’.
DPCs should:
be correctly installed

extend approximately 25mm into the cavity

be continuous for the full height of the frame.

When placing frames for external elements in openings,
ensure:
water bar and weatherboard
the head of the frame is protected by the lintel
provided for external doors
throatings in sill members are not obstructed by the

wall face.
Additional precautions include:
setting the frame back from the facade
throating clear
wall face sealant
throating clear
wall face sealant
building a projecting porch

providing a rain check groove to inward opening

external door frames
fixing weatherboards and water bars to external doors,

but ensuring the threshold is accessible where appropriate.
DPC turned up at back

and ends of sills
Doors, windows and glazing 2019 2
CHAPTER 6.7
In Scotland, Northern Ireland and areas of very severe 3D 12mm min.

overlap
exposure, ‘check’ reveals should be used, and an appropriate to frame
sealant applied between door/window frames and the

structure.
sealant
sealant
25mm
‘rebated’ or ‘check’ reveal in
areas of very severe exposure
Fire safety model 15
Fire-resisting doors and positive self-closing devices should be fitted where they are required by building regulations.
Thermal break
Metal windows should incorporate a thermal break.
Strength
Door frames, windows and their fittings should be adequate to withstand operational loads.
Structural loads should be carried on lintels, beams or appropriate structural elements. Where frames are required to carry
structural loads, they should be designed accordingly.
Resistance to movement, shrinkage and the effects of moisture

Doors and windows should be designed to:
avoid significant distortion, such as twisting and bowing
be moisture resistant, including window boards.

during use
take account of timber shrinkage

6.7.4
Installation
6.7
Doors and windows shall be correctly located and securely fixed. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) workmanship and fixing d) door hinges
b) hanging doors and opening lights e) window boards
c) general ironmongery f) bay windows.
Workmanship and fixing

Window and door frames should be fixed:
solidly, level and plumb

using door/window cramps, or plugged and screwed

at maximum spacing of 600mm and within 150mm of the top

and bottom (alternative locations and fixings are acceptable
where they provide the same structural stability)
using packers at fixing points where required.

full architrave
Internal door frames and linings should:
match the thickness of the wall, partitions and finishes
be securely fixed, to prevent curling.

be blocked off walls wherever possible, to allow for

full architraves
Timber trim should be:
sufficiently wide to mask joints
fixed to minimise movement and shrinkage.

Architraves should be:
parallel to frames and linings
fixed with an equal margin to each frame member

accurately mitred, or scribed, to fit neatly and tightly
fixed securely.

When fixing components:
nails should be punched below the surface of the timber
damage should be avoided.

with holes stopped
3
CHAPTER 6.7
Hanging doors and opening lights

Opening lights and door leaves should:
hang square within the frame or lining
fit neatly with minimum gaps.

A ventilation grille, or a gap at the bottom of the door may be required for ventilation, in accordance with building regulations.
Where a standard flush door is reduced in height, the bottom rail should be replaced where necessary.
General ironmongery
Hinges and other ironmongery should be:
housed neatly and flush with the surface
supplied with a full set of matching screws.

Locks should:
turn easily
have keyholes which are properly aligned.

not be fitted in mortises too tightly

Door hinges
To reduce twisting, doors should be hung on hinges in accordance with Table 1.
Table 1: Door hinges
Type of door Hinges
External 1½ pairs x 100mm
Internal door 1 pair x 75mm
Fire door In accordance with the door manufacturer’s recommendations
Airing or cylinder cupboard 1½ pairs x 75mm
Window boards
Window boards should:
have a flat and level top surface
be of a moisture resistant grade where MDF is used.

be fixed close to the frame and adequately secured against

6.7
twisting and other movement, particularly any back slope

towards the frame
Bay windows
Bay windows should be:

adequately supported and secured to the structure,
properly linked to DPCs at reveals.

to prevent sagging or twisting
6.7.5
Non-timber windows and doors
Doors and windows of materials other than timber shall be in accordance with the appropriate standards.
Relevant standards include the following:
BS 4873 ‘Aluminium alloy windows and doorsets. Specification’.
BS 6510 ‘Steel-framed windows and glazed doors. Specification’.
BS 7412 ‘Specification for windows and doorsets made from unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) extruded hollow
profiles’.
BS EN 12608-1 ‘Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) profiles for the fabrication of windows and doors. Classification,
requirements and test methods. Non-coated PVC-U profiles with light coloured surfaces’.
BS 7414 ‘White PVC-U extruded hollow profiles with heat welded corner joints for plastics windows: materials type B’.
CHAPTER 6.7
6.7.6
Timber doors and windows Also see: Chapter 3.3 and 9.5
Timber and wood-based materials shall be of suitable quality and be naturally durable or suitably treated.
a) classification and use
b) drying shrinkage
c) preparation and finish.
Classification and use

Timber windows should:
comply with BS 644
have a minimum 15mm rebate where double glazed units

are to be installed.
Timber and wood-based materials should comply with the relevant requirements of BS EN 942 as follows:
Glazing beads European
Casements and sash windows J classes
All other elements Table 1 of BS EN 942
In England, Wales, Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man, planted stops are not permitted on frames to external doors.
External doors should be 42.5mm minimum (44mm nominal) in thickness.
Drying shrinkage
To minimise drying shrinkage, the moisture content of joinery, when fixed, should not exceed the value given in Table 2.
Table 2: Moisture content of joinery
Joinery items Moisture content (%)
Windows and frames 17
Internal joinery:
Intermittent heating.
15
Continuous heating.
12
In close proximity to a heat source.
9
6.7
On delivery, the moisture content should be within +/-2% of the values specified.
Preparation and finish

The following elements of timber doors and windows should be of naturally durable timber or timber pretreated against
fungal decay:
External door frames.
Timber surrounds to metal windows.

Windows.
External doors, other than flush doors.

Where material is:
to be painted, it should be primed before fixing
to be stained, it should have the first coat applied before

delivery to site.
Compatibility between preservative treatment or primer, with glazing compounds, sealants and finishes, should be checked with
the relevant manufacturers.
Prefabricated items should comply with the relevant parts of BS 1186 : Part 2, including:
the fit and construction of joints and moving parts
gluing and laminating

the construction of finger joints
surface finishes.

5
CHAPTER 6.7
6.7.7
Glazing
Glass and the method of glazing shall be installed in accordance with the design and to ensure adequate
in-service performance. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) standards e) condition before installation
b) glazing compounds f) sizing
c) glazing systems g) rebates

d) insulating glass units h) bead glazing.
Standards
Where there is a high risk of accidental breakage, glazing should be designed and selected to comply with relevant building
regulations.
Where there is a particular risk (such as door side panels or ‘low level’ glazing) and where fully glazed panels can be mistaken
for doors, toughened or laminated glass, or other materials such as acrylic or polycarbonate, may be required.
The glass supplier should provide documentation to confirm:
the properties of the glass used
compliance with the appropriate British Standards.

Glazed materials and units should be:
compatible with the levels of safety and security that
identified as safety glass with a permanent marking

are required (includes glazed shower/bath screens).
Glazing should ensure adequate in-service performance. The quality and thickness of normal window glass should:
be specified to suit the design wind loads for the location
comply with BS 6262 and relevant data sheets issued by

the Glass and Glazing Federation.
Glazing and materials should comply with appropriate British Standards, including:
BS 5516 ‘Patent glazing and sloping glazing for buildings’.
BS 6262 ‘Code of practice for glazing of buildings’.
BS EN 1279 ‘Glass in buildings-insulating glass units’.
BS EN 572 ‘Float glass’.
6.7
BS EN 14449 ‘Laminated glass’.

BS EN 12150 ‘Toughened glass’.
BS EN 572 ‘Wired glass’.
BS EN 1096 ‘Low-e coated glasses, including hard and soft coated’.
Glazing compounds
Glazing compounds should:
be compatible with the frame finishes

recommendations.
Linseed oil based putty should not be used in the installation of laminated glass or insulating glass units.
Glazing systems
Drained and vented systems
Drained and vented systems should be used for site fixed insulating glass units and where units greater than 1m2 are used, to
allow moisture that enters the glazing channel between the frame and the edge seal of the insulating glass unit to drain away
and prevent long-term moisture contact with the edge seal. Drained and vented systems should have:
a minimum 5mm gap between the frame’s lower rebate
the edge seal of the insulating glass unit

and the edge seal of the insulating glass unit adequately protected.
adequate drainage and ventilation through holes,

slots or channels
Fully bedded systems
Fully bedded systems are acceptable for factory glazing only where the insulated unit is less than 1m2, and should:
comply with the relevant parts of BS 8000,
not have gaps around the perimeter of the insulating

BS 6262 and BRE Digest 453 glass unit.
CHAPTER 6.7
Partially bedded insulating glass units may be fixed on site where bedded at the top and sides, providing the rebate platform is
drained and vented.
Site glazed systems
Where doors and windows of materials other than timber are delivered to the site unglazed, all glazing should be carried out in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Appropriate fixing and sealing systems should include:

distance pieces, unless load-bearing tapes are used
appropriate beads

setting blocks
suitable glazing compounds, sealants,

location blocks, where required
gaskets and/or capping.
Beads
In external situations, the bottom bead should:
project slightly over the rebate edge
be fixed to the rebate platform.

Insulating glass units
Insulating glass units should:
carry a CE mark to BS EN 1279 and have third-party
have a dual seal or a single seal of hot melt butyl and

certification, e.g. BSI Kitemark desiccant in at least one long and one short section of the
be checked to ensure they comply with the design,
spacer bar.
including glass type, gas filling, edge seal type and
dimensions
Condition before installation

Glass and insulating glass units should be inspected for both visual defects and those which could lead to premature failure.
Defects can be caused by:
water accumulating between sheets, which may cause
edge damage or scratching.

internal surfaces to become marked
Insulating glass units should be adequately protected when stored prior to installation.
Sizing
6.7
To account for thermal expansion, the following gaps should be provided:
3mm gap between the glass edge and the frame
5mm gap at the bottom bead for drained systems.

Insulating glass units should not be cut or punctured on site.
Rebates
Rebates for glass should be:
the correct size for the glazing
rigid and true.

primed where timber

Insulating glass units should be:
protected from sunlight at the edges by the frame
positioned to ensure the spacer bar is below the level of

the frame’s sightline.
Setting and location blocks should be of a suitable and resilient material.
In drained and ventilated frames:
dimensions of holes and slots should be checked to ensure
drainage channels in the rebate should be free from

that effective drainage can occur obstructions that could prevent effective drainage.
Bead glazing
Beads and linings should be used for:
internal glazing
locations where shock absorption is required.

Beads should be fixed at a maximum of 150mm centres.
7
CHAPTER 6.7
6.7.8
Security
Doors, door frames, windows and locks shall be designed and specified to improve their resistance to
unauthorised entry. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) locking functionality of main entrance doors e) glazing
b) locking functionality of secondary access doors f) framed wall construction
c) opening limitation device g) door and frame connections

d) view outside h) windows.
Locking functionality – main entrance doors

All homes
Entrance doors of individual homes should be fitted with securely fixed locks or a multi point locking system, which:
has at least 1000 differs
has a hardened steel bolt, or inserts, to prevent sawing

if burst open, would not pull out without breaking the door
has a latch and deadlocking facility.

or its frame
Locking devices fitted to main entrance doors should permit emergency egress without the use of a key when the home
is occupied.
Homes with an alternative means of escape via a door
The door should be held closed on a latch. Enhanced security can be achieved by providing the facility

Deadlocking should be operated by a key externally and to deadlock the internal thumb turn when leaving the home
a handle or thumb turn internally (BS 8621 locks and unoccupied (BS 10621 locks and PAS 10621 multi point
PAS 8621 multi point locks meet these requirements). locks meet these requirements).
Homes opening directly to the outside without an alternative means of escape via a door
The door should be held closed on a latch. Deadlocking should be operated by a key externally and
a handle or thumb turn internally (BS 8621 locks and
PAS 8621 multi point locks meet these requirements).
Homes opening onto a communal access without an alternative means of escape
The door should be held closed with a roller bolt or a latch Deadlocking should be operated by a key externally and
6.7
operated by a handle internally and externally. a handle or thumb turn internally (BS 8621 locks and PAS
8621 multi point locks meet these requirements).
Locking functionality – secondary access doors

Side hung doors should:
be held closed on a latch operated by a handle both
have bolts securely fixed at both the top and bottom of

internally and externally the door on the internal opening edge (where multi point
have a deadlocking facility which can be operated by a key
locking systems are used, bolts may be omitted).
both internally and externally; alternatively, a thumb turn
may be used internally (BS 3621 or BS 8621 (thumb turn)
locks and PAS 3621 or PAS 8621 (thumb turn) multi point
locks meet these requirements)
Sliding doors should:
be secured by way of a multi point locking system
have an anti-lift device fitted so that doors cannot be lifted

with a minimum of three locking points, incorporating from their frame from the outside.
mushroom-headed bolts, hook bolts or shoot bolts that
engage into the jamb or head, and sill of the door frame
Opening limitation device

The main entrance door of individual homes should be fitted with a securely fixed opening limitation device.
In sheltered accommodation, opening limitation devices should not inhibit emergency access. Alternative methods for residents
to identify and communicate with visitors without opening their door should be considered.
CHAPTER 6.7
View outside
There should be a means of giving a wide angle view of the area immediately outside the main entrance door of individual
homes. Acceptable methods include:
a through-door viewer closed-circuit camera and displays (not connected

clear glazing either to part of the door or a to a TV).
convenient window
Glazing
Any glazing which, if broken, would permit release of the internal handle or thumb turn by hand or arm entry should be laminated.
Framed wall construction

Lightweight timber or steel framed walls next to doors fitted with locks operated internally with a handle or thumb turn should
incorporate either timber sheathing (minimum 9mm thick) or expanded metal, 600mm wide and the full height of the door.
Door and frame connections

Connections between door and/or frame components which can be easily released from the outside should not be used.
This includes accessible screw connections.
Windows
Opening lights on ground floor windows and others which are readily accessible from the outside may be fitted with lockable
devices which cannot be released without a key.
6.7.9
Ironmongery
Ironmongery shall be suitable for the intended use.
Ironmongery should be provided in accordance with the design. Materials used for critical functions should comply with the
appropriate standards, including:
BS EN 1935 ‘Building hardware. Single-axis hinges. Requirements and test methods’.
BS 3621 ‘Lock assemblies operated by key from both the inside and outside of the door’.
6.7
BS 8621 ‘Lock assemblies operated by key from the outside of the door and by handle or thumb turn from the inside of
the door’.
BS 10621 ‘Lock assemblies in which the operating mode can be switched between the normal BS 8621 operating mode
and a secure mode in which no egress is possible’.
BS EN 1906 ‘Building hardware. Lever handles and knob furniture. Requirements and test methods’.
BS EN 12209 ‘Building hardware. Mechanically operated locks and locking plates. Requirements and test methods’.
BS EN 1154 ‘Building hardware. Controlled door closing devices. Requirements and test methods’.
Ironmongery for windows should be supplied as follows:

Hinges and fastenings of opening lights of windows should
Where the windows are required by building regulations to

be of a type which prevents them from being opened from have background ventilation, they may be fitted with trickle
the outside when in the closed position. vents or some other means of providing ventilation which
is controllable and located to avoid undue draughts.
Windows with ‘night vent’ positions are not accepted
as meeting this requirement.
Where doors to rooms containing a bath or WC have a securing device, it should be of a type capable of being opened from the
outside in an emergency.
In sheltered accommodation, additional special provisions may be needed for all door locks, limiters and other fasteners, to en-
able wardens to gain access when necessary.
9
CHAPTER 6.7
6.7.10
Material storage and protection
Joinery, door and window components shall be adequately protected against damp and decay. Issues to be
a) storage
b) cut ends.
Storage
Where joinery is stored on site, precautions should include:
avoiding wetting during unloading

stacking external joinery on bearers off the ground and

covering with waterproof material
storing internal joinery in a weather protected condition.

Cut ends
Where pretreated joinery is cut or adjusted on site, the affected
surfaces should be retreated with appropriate preservative in
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
6.7.11
Completed work
6.7
Completed work shall be free from damage.

Work should be to an appropriate level of finish for other trades. Finishing trades should not be relied upon to correct untidy
work.
Completed work should be protected as follows:
Internal doors should be kept covered with polyethylene or
Scaffolding and walkways should be kept away from

original wrapping. frames.
Door frames and linings should be protected with timber
Joinery should be protected from paint splashes and

strips or plywood by a minimum of 1m above skirting level. other damage.
Thresholds and window sills should be covered.
Temporary coverings should be removed after all other

work has been completed and before handover.
Fireplaces, chimneys and flues
CHAPTER 6.8
Technical Requirements for fireplaces,
chimneys and flues.
6.8.1 Compliance 01
6.8.3 Solid fuel – fireplaces and hearths 02
6.8.4 Solid fuel – combustion air 03
6.8.5 Solid fuel – flue pipes 03
6.8.6 Solid fuel – chimneys 04
6.8.7 Solid fuel – outlets and terminals 05
6.8.8 Gas – fireplaces and hearths 06
6.8.9 Gas – combustion air 07
6.8.10 Gas – flue pipes 07
6.8.11 Gas – chimneys 08
6.8.12 Gas – outlets and terminals 10
6.8.13 Oil – fireplaces and hearths 11
6.8.14 Oil – combustion air 11
6.8.15 Oil – flue pipes 12
6.8.16 Oil – chimneys 12
6.8.17 Oil – outlets and terminals 13
6.8.18 All – fireplaces and hearths 13
6.8.19 All – fireplace surrounds 14
6.8.20 All – flue pipes 15
6.8.21 All – flue liners 15
6.8.22 All – flues 16
6.8.23 All – chimneys 16
6.8.24 Masonry 19
6.8.25 Mortar 19
6.8.26 DPC 19
6.8.27 Flashings 19
6.8.28 Terminals 19
6.8.29 Flue testing 20
1
Fireplaces, chimneys and flues 2019
CHAPTER 6.8
Introduction
In this chapter, the following terms are used:
ridge terminal flue and chimney terminal flue and chimney terminal
flue pipe in roof space
separating wall flue
flue lining
roof space
roof space roof space

gas flue blocks
as part of the wall
masonry chimney masonry chimney

containing a flue containing a flue
first floor
first floor first floor
gas appliance
flue pipe
free standing
solid fuel open hearth
appliance
6.8
party wall
external wall external wall
6.8.1
Fireplaces, chimneys and flues shall comply with the Technical Requirements, and be designed to
ensure efficient operation of the appliance, an adequate supply of combustion air and protection for the
building fabric.
Fireplaces, chimneys and flues which comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Installations should be provided with an adequate supply of combustion air:
as stipulated by statutory requirements and
to ensure satisfactory combustion of fuel and the efficient

building regulations working of flues and chimneys.
Where a chimney or flue is provided:
it should be continuous from the hearth or appliance to the a notice plate containing safety information about

outside air any hearths and flues should be securely fixed in an
unobtrusive but obvious position within the home.
The design of homes which incorporate chimneys and flues should ensure that all details of the associated elements are
considered and appropriate provisions made. This should include the following:
Fire risk and separation.
Terminals and outlets.

Hearths and the constructions adjacent to hearths
Limitations on the appliance or open fire which can

and flues. be installed, and fuel which can be used.
Chimneys and flues, including projections through

the building.
Fireplaces, chimneys and flues 2019 2
CHAPTER 6.8
Good workmanship and effective supervision during construction are essential to ensure that fireplaces, chimneys and flues
function correctly in use.
Fireplaces, chimneys and flues should be designed and installed to minimise the risk of the building catching fire. The design of
timber frame construction should ensure that combustible material is:
suitably separated from heat sources, or
shielded, where permitted.

6.8.2
Position and size of hearths, fireplaces, chimneys
Details of materials to be used.

and flues. Limitations of the type of appliance or open fire that can be

Position and proximity of combustible materials.
installed and fuel that can be used.
Position and details of flue terminals or outlets.
Details of the tests required on chimneys and flues,

Position of DPCs and flashings.
including who is responsible for carrying them out.
Construction details of fireplace openings and

chimney connections.
6.8.3
Solid fuel – fireplaces and hearths
Fireplaces and hearths shall safely accommodate the fire or appliance for which they are designed.
a) provision of hearths and recesses
b) separation of hearths from walls.
Where appliances are not provided, it is important to construct fireplaces and hearths to suit the appliance most likely to be fitted.
6.8
Provision of hearths and recesses
Constructional hearths should be: plan view
provided for open fires or closed combustion appliances in

150mm
min.
accordance with building regulations and the
a minimum of 840mm in any direction for

freestanding appliances
The adjacent diagram shows the minimum dimensions from

the appliance to the edge of the hearth.
225mm min.
300mm for closed
min.* appliances
*applies to open and closed appliances which

can be used when the appliance door is open
Recesses for open fires or closed combustion appliances:
should be provided to comply with building regulations and
where the opening is less than 500mm x 550mm,

the manufacturer’s recommendations should have a 200mm diameter flue (or square section flue
should be lined with a fire back or fire bricks
of an equivalent area)
where the opening is larger than 500mm x 550mm,

should have a flue equivalent to 15% of the recess
opening.
3
CHAPTER 6.8
Separation of hearths from walls

Walls near appliances and their hearths should be:
located to minimise the risk of fire
non-combustible, or the appliance should not be positioned

closer to the wall than as shown in the following diagram.
300mm
min.
1.2m
min
t
150mm 150mm
min. x
min.
hearth
appliance
75mm min. solid non-combustible material
t = thickness of solid non-combustible material as follows:
x less than 50mm = t (200mm min.)
x more than 50mm = t (75mm min.)
6.8.4
Solid fuel – combustion air
Installations shall be provided with an adequate supply of combustion air.
Solid fuel appliances should have an air supply from external air, either directly or indirectly, to comply with statutory
requirements and the manufacturer’s recommendations. Full details of ventilation requirements for all types of appliances are
contained in relevant building regulations.
Table 1: Combustion air to solid fuel appliances
Solid fuel up to 45kW output
Open Closed appliance(2)
England, Wales and the Isle of 50% of throat area(1) Above 5kW rating, 550mm2/kW
6.8
Man
Scotland For fireplaces up to 450mm wide Above 5kW rating, 550mm2/kW
(measured between fire bricks), 1500mm2
For fireplaces wider than 450mm,
manufacturer’s details should be followed
Northern Ireland 50% of throat area(1) Up to 6kW rating, 550mm2
Over 6kW, add 550mm2 for each kW above 6kW
Notes
1 Where the fire has a canopy, the open air vents should be 50% of the flue area.
2 Where closed appliances use a flue fitted with a draught stabiliser, the total free area should be increased to 300mm2/kW for the first 5kw plus 850mm2/kW for the
balance of the appliance output.
6.8.5
Solid fuel – flue pipes
Flue pipes shall be correctly designed to connect an appliance to a flue safely. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) size, direction and jointing b) separation from combustible materials.
Size, direction and jointing

Flue pipes should have a cross-section which is equal to the outlet of the appliance they serve and should not be inclined more
than 45° from vertical. A horizontal section no longer than 150mm may be used to connect a back outlet appliance to a flue.
Socket joints should be fitted socket up.
Separation from combustible materials

Flue pipes should be separated from combustible materials in accordance with building regulations, and:
by a minimum 200mm of non-combustible material
be shielded by a non-combustible shield at least 4xD

by an air space which is a minimum of 4xD, or
in width, and extended at least 1.5xD either side of the
flue pipe; the shield should be at least 12mm from the
combustible material, and the flue pipe at least 1.5xD from
the combustible material.
CHAPTER 6.8
plan view plan view

12mm min.
1.5xD
3xD
non-combustible
shield
non-combustible
shield
D
min.
D 4xD
flue pipe
flue pipe
requirement in Northern Ireland
requirement elsewhere
(D = external diameter of the flue pipe)
6.8.6
Solid fuel - Chimneys
Chimneys shall incorporate flues capable of safely conducting products of combustion to the external air.
The structure shall be capable of supporting the flue lining and shall provide adequate protection to the
adjacent structure. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) separation from adjacent spaces and materials c) resistance to frost attack
b) flue liners d) resistance to weather.
Flues for solid fuel appliances should:

not serve more than one appliance
where possible, be vertical (where this cannot be achieved

be of a sufficient cross-section to remove all combustion
there should not be more than two bends; bends should
gases from the open fire or appliance they serve not be more than 45° from vertical)
be a minimum of 4.5m high (measured above the

fireplace opening).
Where a chimney is not directly over an appliance or opening, an accessible soot box should be formed.
6.8
Factory-made insulated chimneys should:
be designed in accordance with BS EN 1856 and
be installed in accordance with BS EN 15287 or be

BS EN 1859 assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
have a minimum operating life of 30 years

Separation from adjacent spaces and materials
Combustible materials close to any brickwork or blockwork chimney (not applicable to floorboards, skirting, dado or picture rails,
mantelshelves or architraves) should be:
a minimum of 200mm from the inside surface of the flue, or
in all areas except Scotland, 40mm from the face of

the chimney.
Where the home is of timber frame construction, full details of the separation proposal should be included in the design.
Materials used for chimneys should be capable of resisting fluctuating temperatures up to 1100°C.
Flues should be formed within masonry walls. The walls should be:
a minimum of 100mm thick, or
a minimum of 200mm thick where separating the flue

from another compartment of the same building, another
building or another home.
Where there is more than one flue in a chimney, the flues should be separated by a minimum of 100mm of masonry.
5
CHAPTER 6.8
Flue liners
Flue liners should:
have rebated or socketed joints installed with the socket or
be reasonably smooth on the inside

internal rebate facing uppermost be correctly jointed with mortar (the space between

be installed in accordance with the
the liners and the brickwork should be filled with weak
manufacturer’s recommendations insulating concrete unless the manufacturer recommends

be non-combustible
an alternative)
be properly jointed at their junctions with the starter block,
have any changes in direction formed using purpose-made

or lintel, and the outlet terminal bends (cut pipes are not acceptable).
Resistance to frost attack

Where clay brick chimneys are above roof level and are not protected by a capping with an adequate overhang and drip (see
Clause 6.8.7c), the chimney should be constructed using F2,S1 or F2,S2 bricks to BS EN 771. They should be bedded in mortar,
either:
1:½:4 to 4½, cement:lime:sand, or
1:3 or 4, cement:sand with plasticiser.

Where external chimneys built with clay bricks of F2,S1 designation are rendered, sulfate-resistant cement should be used.
In Scotland, external facing brickwork should be constructed using frost-resistant bricks.
Resistance to weather
In areas of severe or very severe exposure, cavities should be continuous up to roof level. This applies to:
cavities below roof level where the stack forms part of an
the complete chimney structure, including the

external cavity wall fireplace recess.
In areas of severe or very severe exposure, and where the chimney breast is gathered in, the lower projecting masonry should
be protected against damp penetration with a suitable capping and cavity trays (see Clause 6.8.28b).
Above the roof:
chimney DPCs should link with flashings; where the roof is
face brickwork should not have recessed joints

steeply pitched (where the difference in level between the where lead trays are in contact with mortar, they should be

6.8
lower and higher intersection of the chimney with the roof protected with a thick coat of bitumen or bitumen paint
will be more than 450mm) two DPCs should be used at where chimneys are to be rendered, render should be in

suitable levels accordance with Chapter 6.11 ‘Render’.
plastic DPCs are not suitable

6.8.7
Solid fuel – outlets and terminals
Outlets and terminals shall be adequately separated from combustible material and other parts of the home,
enable the satisfactory discharge of flue gases and prevent the ingress of damp. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) outlet position c) chimney cappings.
b) terminals
Outlet position
The flue will generally function more effectively where the A B C D
outlet is in a low pressure zone, taking account of prevailing
winds.
A low pressure zone generally occurs:
on the lee side and at the ridge of a pitched roof

close to the windward side of a flat roof.

Where the efficiency of the flue may be affected by adjacent

trees or buildings in the ‘low pressure’ zone, the design
should account for their effects.
Where down draughts occur, e.g. on hillsides or near tall trees
and buildings, the height of the flue outlet may have to be
increased or a fan-assisted flue installed.
CHAPTER 6.8
Table 2: Positions of outlets for solid fuel appliances

Point where flue passes through weather surface(1 & 2) Minimum clearance from the flue outlet
A Up to 600mm from ridge Over 600mm above the ridge
B Elsewhere on a roof (whether pitched or flat) A minimum of 2.3m horizontally from the nearest point on the
weather surface and:
a minimum of 1m above the highest point of intersection of

the chimney and the weather surface, or
as high as the ridge
C Below (on a pitched roof) or within 2.3m horizontally from A minimum of 1m from the top of the opening
an openable rooflight, dormer window or other opening(3)
D A minimum of 2.3m to adjoining or adjacent building, A minimum of 600mm above the adjacent building
whether or not beyond the boundary(3)
Notes
1 The weather surface is the building’s external surface, such as its roof, tiles or external walls.
2 A flat roof has a pitch less than 10°.
3 The c learance given for A or B, as appropriate, will also apply.
Terminals
Terminals should be:
purpose-made components
sealed to the flue liner.

built into the top of the masonry to a minimum of 125mm or

0.25x the length of the terminal, whichever is the greater
An acceptable terminal can be achieved where the top flue liner projects a minimum of 20mm above the chimney capping.
Chimney cappings
Chimney cappings should:
be weathered, monolithic slabs

be designed to protect the masonry below
purpose-made
chimney
project a minimum of 50mm, and have a drip to shed water
cappings
clear of the masonry. min.
6.8
50mm
Cappings may be designed as a cover slab supported on

piers (to reduce rain penetration into the top of the flue). The
height of the supporting piers should be sufficient to allow a
free opening equivalent to a minimum of 2x the area of the flue lining acting as flue terminal
flue outlet.
Brick chimneys which do not have this type of capping should
be constructed using frost-resistant masonry.
6.8.8
Gas – fireplaces and hearths
Fireplaces and hearths shall safely accommodate the fire or appliance for which they are designed. Issues
a) separation from combustible materials b) provision of hearths and recesses.
Gas appliances should be:

fitted by a Gas Safe Register (GSR) installer, and
comply with the Gas Safety (Installation and Use)

Regulations 1998.

Appliances should not be closer than 75mm to combustible material. This applies to:
the back, sides and top of the appliance
draught-diverters.

It does not apply:
where a 25mm thick non-combustible shield is used, or
to gas-fired appliances with CE marking, installed in

accordance with the manufacturer’s written instructions,
which clearly indicate such separation is not necessary.
7
CHAPTER 6.8
Provision of hearths and recesses

Solid fuel effect appliances
Hearths and recesses for solid fuel effect appliances should be:
in accordance with BS 5871
where the appliance has been tested by an approved

in accordance with the requirements for solid fuel
authority, in accordance with the manufacturer’s
appliances (see Clause 6.8.3), or instructions.
Back boilers
Hearths for back boilers should be constructed of solid non-combustible materials, a minimum of:
125mm thick, or
25mm thick and placed on non-combustible supports which

are a minimum of 25mm high.
Other gas appliances plan view 150mm min.
Hearths for other types of appliance should be constructed of
non-combustible materials which: 150mm
min
are a minimum of 12mm thick

comply with the plan dimensions for back boilers.

appliance
In some cases, the provision of a hearth is not required,
e.g. where the flame or incandescent material is at least
225mm above the floor.
For all forms of gas appliances the hearths should be marked
front of 225mm min.
at the edges to: appliance from front
of appliance
provide a warning to the home owner

hearth for back boiler
discourage combustible floor finishes, such as carpet,

from being laid too close to the appliance (this can be
achieved by introducing a change in level).
6.8.9
Gas – combustion air
6.8

Table 3: Combustion air to gas appliances
Gas(1) up to 70kW input
England, Wales and the Isle of Man Over 7kW input, 500mm2/kW
Scotland As BS 5440-2 (as England and Wales)
Northern Ireland Up to 8kW rating, 450mm2
Over 8kw, add 450mm2 for each kW above 8kW
Notes
1 Decorative fuel effect gas appliances should have a provision for combustion air complying with the relevant part of BS 5871 and relevant building regulations.
(Generally, a minimum of 10,000mm2 of purpose-provided ventilation is required. Air vents should be direct to the external air or to an adjacent room or internal
space, which has an air vent or vents to the external air of at least the same free area. Air vents should have an aperture dimension no smaller than 5mm).
6.8.10
Gas – flue pipes
Flue pipes shall safely connect an appliance to a chimney, or a flue to a terminal. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) size, direction and jointing b) separation from combustible materials.
Size, direction and jointing

Gas flue pipes should:
not have adjustable draught control
be fixed in accordance with the manufacturer’s

have a free area which is at least the same size as the
recommendations
outlet of the appliance be fixed socket up and correctly aligned

not be horizontal (does not apply to balanced flues)
where the pipes are long, have support directly below each

be vertical where possible (where this is not possible,
socket, with a maximum spacing of 1.8m.
pipes should not be more than 45° from vertical)
CHAPTER 6.8
When connecting flue pipes to flue blocks and ridge terminals,

purpose-made connections should be used.
support beneath each socket

1.8m max.
support beneath each socket
flue pipe serving a gas appliance

Single wall flue pipes should be separated from combustible materials by:
a minimum of 25mm
a non-combustible sleeve with a minimum 25mm air space

a non-combustible casing material with at least half the fire
around the pipe, where it passes through a wall, floor or
resistance of the separating wall or floor, where they pass roof.
through a compartment wall or compartment floor, or
Where double-walled pipes are used, the 25mm separation distance may be measured from the outside of the inner pipe.
6.8.11
Gas – chimneys
Chimneys shall incorporate flues capable of safely conducting products of combustion from an appliance
to the external air. The structure shall be capable of supporting the flue and providing adequate protection
to adjacent materials. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) flues and flue liners b) chimneys.
Flues and flue liners
6.8
Flue blocks for use with gas appliances should comply with BS EN 1858 (Concrete) or BS EN 1806 (Clay).
Table 4: Gas flue sizes
Serving Minimum flue size
Non fan-assisted Gas fire Either:
individually flued gas a circular flue with a minimum 12000mm2 cross-sectional area

burning appliances up (125mm diameter), or
to 70kW input, excluding a rectangular flue with a minimum 16,500mm2 cross-sectional

balanced flue area and a minimum dimension of 90mm
Any other At least the cross-sectional area of the outlet from the

appliance
Inset live or decorative Open fire within a fireplace Either a circular or rectangular flue with a minimum dimension

gas fuel effect appliances opening up to 500mm x 550mm of 175mm
Rigid flue liners should comply with BS EN 1856 or be as described in Clause 6.8.6. Flexible flue liners are not acceptable in a
new build.
Chimneys
Chimneys for gas appliances must not incorporate an adjustable draught control.
Masonry chimneys
Flues within masonry chimneys should be in accordance with the requirements relevant to flues for solid fuel appliances
(see Clause 6.8.6b).
Brickwork or blockwork chimneys for gas appliances should, at minimum, have the same level of fire resistance as each
compartment wall or floor which it forms part of, or passes through. The compartment wall may form the chimney wall where it is
a masonry material.
9
CHAPTER 6.8
Terminals to masonry chimneys should: ridge terminal

where proprietary, comply with BS EN 1856, BS EN 1858 and

the appliance manufacturer’s recommendations alternative outlet
position
where proprietary products are not used, have a free opening
twin wall flue pipe
with support at
area a minimum of 2x the area of the flue; there should be 1.8m centres
openings (6-25mm in diameter) distributed uniformly around 45° max.

the terminal or on two opposite faces.
offset transfer block
Flue block chimneys roof space
Flue block chimneys can only be used for certain types of gas
appliances and should be:
compliant with BS EN 1858 or BS EN 1806 with a minimum
performance class of FB4 N2
constructed using units suitable for the appliance plain block
constructed, jointed and weatherproofed in accordance with
the design and the manufacturer’s instructions first floor
correctly bonded to the flanking masonry
clean and sealed 45° max.
lateral offset
checked for suitability, before connecting any appliance. block
Connections between flue blocks and ridge terminals should

be made:
in accordance with the design lintel block
using the correct fittings and supports as specified by the may be one-
or two-piece set
manufacturers of the flue blocks, flue pipe and ridge terminal. starter block
ground floor
Gas flue blocks are at least 140mm wide. Where this is wider
than the wall leaf: ridge tile adaptor
line of ridge tiles

6.8
the extra thickness should be incorporated by increasing the

overall width of the cavity support brackets at
max.1.8m centres
the flue block should be installed flush with the inside of the
flue pipe
cavity and project into the room as a false chimney breast, or
offset transfer block
where the cavity is reduced, the flue block should be

protected by a vertical DPM supported by a layer of
non-combustible insulation, in accordance with the
vertical DPM
non-combustible insulation plasterboard on dabs full or partial fill false breast

(not polystyrene) non-combustible insulation
(not polystyrene)
cavity wall with insulation and vertical DPM
Flue blocks should not be:

built into separating walls unless it can be shown that the
plastered; a plasterboard lining with an air space or

wall has adequate sound resistance non-combustible insulation behind it should be provided
(insulated dry lining may be unsuitable in this situation
unless separated from the flue block).
CHAPTER 6.8
Factory-made insulated chimneys

be assembled, erected, anchored and protected in
comply with BS EN 1856 and be installed in accordance

accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions with BS 6461, BS EN 15287-1 or BS 5440.
6.8.12
Gas – outlets and terminals
Outlets and terminals shall be adequately separated from combustible material and other parts of the home,
and prevent the ingress of damp.
Table 5: Minimum separation distances for gas outlets (mm)
Location Balanced flue Open flue
Natural draught Fanned draught Natural draught Fanned
draught
A Below an opening(1) Appliance rated 300 (3)
300
heat input (net)
0-7kW 300
>7-14kW 600
>14-32kW 1500
>32kW 2000
B Above an opening(1) 0-32kW 300 300 (3)
300
>32kW 600
C Horizontally to an opening(1) 0-7kW 300 300 (3)
300
>7-14kW 400
>14kW 600
D Below gutters, soil pipes or drain pipes 300 75 (3)
75
E Below eaves 300 200 (3)
200
F Below a balcony or car port roof 600 200 (3)
200
G From a vertical drainpipe or soil pipe 300 150 (4) (3)
150
H From an internal or external corner, or to a 600 300 (3)
200
boundary alongside the terminal(2)
6.8
I Above ground, roof or balcony level 300 300 (3)
300
J From a surface or a boundary facing the 600 600 (3)
600
terminal(2)
K From a terminal facing the terminal 600 1200 (3)
1200
L From an opening in the car port into the 1200 1200 (3)
1200
building
M Vertically from a terminal on the same wall 1200 1500 (3)
1500
N Horizontally from a terminal on the same wall 300 300 (3)
300
P From a structure on the roof N/A N/A 1500 (for a ridge terminal) N/A
2000 (for any other
terminal, as given in BS
5440-1)
Q Above the highest point of intersection with N/A Site in accordance Site in accordance with 150
the roof with manufacturer’s BS 5440-1
instructions
Notes
1 An opening here means an openable element, such as an openable window, or a fixed opening, such as an air vent. However, in addition, the 1 outlet should not
be nearer than 150mm (fanned draught) or 300mm (natural draught) to an opening into the building fabric formed for the purpose of accommodating a built-in
element, such as a window frame.
2 Boundary as defined in paragraph 0.4. of Approved Document J: smaller separations to the boundary may be acceptable for appliances that 2 have been shown
to operate safely with such separations from surfaces adjacent to, or opposite, the flue outlet.
3 Should not be used.
4 This dimension may be reduced to 75mm for appliances of up to 5kW input (net).
Where a flue outlet is not serving a balanced flue appliance, it should be:
situated at roof level, so that air can pass freely across it
fitted with a flue terminal where the flue diameter is less

at all times than 170mm (larger diameter flues should be fitted with a
a minimum of 600mm from openings
terminal where required by Building Regulations).
11
CHAPTER 6.8
flues should not

penetrate this area
600mm P
600mm
Q
Q
Q 2000mm
D,E
N
B
I
M
C
boundary
F A
J H H
K
H L I
G
Precautions should be taken, where appropriate, to prevent damp penetration in accordance with the requirements for resistance
to frost attack and weathering for solid fuel appliances (see Clause 6.8.6).
Balanced flues which bridge the cavity of an external wall should have a means of preventing moisture crossing the cavity,
e.g. a moisture drip collar set in the centre of the cavity.
sheet metal plate

moisture drip collar sloping at 45° across
the cavity, located on top
of the flue assembly
and extending approx.
25mm each side
6.8
appliance appliance
circular flues rectangular flues
6.8.13
Oil – fireplaces and hearths
Fireplaces and hearths shall safely accommodate the fire or appliance and be suitably separated from
combustible materials.
Where the temperature of the hearth below the appliance is:
likely to exceed 100°C, or the temperature is not known,
unlikely to exceed 100°C, the appliance may stand on a

precautions should be in accordance with the requirements rigid, non-combustible imperforate sheet of material without
for hearths for solid fuel appliances (see Clause 6.8.3). a constructional hearth.
Where appliances are likely to have back or side temperatures exceeding 100°C, hearths and shielding should be in accordance
with the requirements for gas appliances (see Clause 6.8.8).
6.8.14
Oil – combustion air
Table 6: Combustion air to oil appliances
Oil up to 45kW output
England, Wales and the Isle of Man 550mm2/kW above 5kW rating for an appliance in a room or space
Scotland
Northern Ireland Up to 6kW rating, 550mm2. Over 6kW, add 550mm2 for each kW above 6kW
CHAPTER 6.8
6.8.15
Oil – flue pipes
Flue pipes shall safely connect an appliance to a chimney.
Flue pipes should:
be vertical where possible, or no more than 45° from

outlet of the appliance vertical; a horizontal section, less than 150mm, long may
be used to connect a back outlet appliance to a flue.
6.8.16
Oil – chimneys
Chimneys shall incorporate flues capable of safely conducting products of combustion from an open fire
or other appliance to the external air. The structure shall be capable of supporting the flue lining and shall
provide adequate protection to adjacent materials. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) stability, size and direction c) flue liners
b) separation from adjacent spaces, materials and d) resistance to frost/chemical attack
combustible materials e) resistance to weather.
Stability, size and direction

Flue pipes should:
where possible, be vertical (where this cannot be achieved,

outlet of the appliance there should be no more than two bends, which should not
be more than 45° from vertical).
be designed in accordance with BS EN 1856 and BS EN
have a minimum operating life of 30 years

1859 and installed in accordance with BS EN 15287, or be where they are part of a component system, comply with

assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 BS EN 1856 and installed in accordance with BS 5440.
Separation from adjacent spaces, materials and combustible materials

Table 7: Protecting buildings from hot flues for flue gas temperatures not more than 250°C
6.8
Flue within: Protection measures
Connecting fluepipe Flues should be a minimum of 25mm from any combustible material. This is measured
from the outer surface of the flue wall and the inner wall of multi-walled products.
Factory-made chimney complying Where flues pass through a combustible wall, floor or roof (other than a compartment wall,
with BS EN 1856 floor or roof) separation can be achieved through the use of a non-combustible sleeve
around the fluepipe or chimney with a 25mm air space to the relevant flue wall.
The air space could be wholly, or partially, filled with non-combustible insulating material.
Factory-made chimney complying Refer to appropriate British Standards and manufacturers’ recommendations.
with: BS EN 1856
Masonry chimney Provide a minimum of 25mm of masonry between flues and any combustible material.
Flue block chimney Provide flue block walls a minimum of 25mm thick.
Flue assemblies for Flues passing through combustible walls should be surrounded by a minimum
roomed-sealed appliances of 50mm insulating material.
Provide a minimum clearance of 50mm from the edge of the flue outlet to any combustible
wall cladding.
Flue liners
As for gas flue pipes where the flue gases are unlikely to exceed a temperature of 250°C (see Clause 6.8.10). As for solid fuel
flue pipes where the flue gases are likely to exceed a temperature of 250°C or the temperature is not known (see Clause 6.8.5).
Flexible flue liners are not acceptable for new build.
Resistance to frost/chemical attack

Resistance to frost attack as for solid fuel (see Clause 6.8.6).
Resistance to weather
Resistance to weather as for solid fuel (see Clause 6.8.6).
13
CHAPTER 6.8
6.8.17
Oil – outlets and terminals
Outlets and terminals shall be adequately separated from combustible material and other parts of the home.
Balanced flue terminals should be positioned to allow free intake of air to the appliance.
Where terminals are of masonry construction, they should be in accordance with the requirements for solid fuel appliances
(see Clause 6.8.7b), otherwise they should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Table 8: Minimum separation distances for oil terminals
Location of outlet(1) Appliance with Appliance with
pressure jet vaporising
burner (mm) burner (mm)
A Below an opening(2 & 3) 600 Should not be used
B Horizontally to an opening (2 & 3)
600
C Below a plastic/painted gutter, drainage pipe or eaves, where combustible 75
material protected(4)
D Below a balcony or a plastic/painted gutter, drainage pipe or eaves without protection 600
to combustible material
E From vertical sanitary pipework 300
F From an external or internal corner, or from a surface or boundary alongside the 300
terminal
G Above ground or balcony level 300
H From a surface or boundary facing the terminal 600
J From a terminal facing the terminal 1200
K Vertically from a terminal on the same wall 1500
L Horizontally from a terminal on the same wall 750
M Above the highest point of an intersection with the roof 600(6) 1000(5)
N From a vertical structure to the side of the terminal 750(6) 2300
O Above a vertical structure which is less than 750mm (pressure jet burner) or 2,300mm 600(6) 1000(5)
(vaporising burner) horizontally from the side of the terminal
6.8
P From a ridge terminal to a vertical structure on the roof 1500 Should not be used
Notes
1 Terminals should only be positioned on walls where appliances have been approved for such configurations when tested in accordance with BS EN 303-1
or OFTEC standards OFS A100 or OFS A101.
2 An opening means an openable element, such as an openable window, or a permanently open air vent.
3 Not withstanding the dimensions above, a terminal should be at least 300mm from 3 combustible material, e.g. a window frame.
4 To provide protection to combustible material, fit a heat shield at least 4 750mm wide.
5 Where a terminal is used with a vaporising burner, the terminal should be at least 2.3m horizontally from the roof.
6 Outlets for vertical balanced flues in locations M, N and O should be in accordance with 6 manufacturer’s instructions.
6.8.18
All – fireplaces and hearths
Fireplaces and hearths shall safely accommodate the appliances for which they are designed.
Combustible material should not be placed under a
constructional hearth unless it is:
to support the edges of the hearth

at least 250mm from the material to the top of the hearth, or

separated from the underside of the hearth by an air space of

at least 50mm.
Fireplace recesses should be constructed of solid 500mm

min.
non-combustible material as follows (dimensions in the
diagrams are based on a 125mm concrete hearth below
an open fire). The space between a fire back and masonry
forming the recess should be filled with vermiculite concrete hearth 150mm min.
(1:4, lime:vermiculite with water).

CHAPTER 6.8
100mm
min.
50mm min.
internal wall
external wall
external wall 200mm

min.
200mm
min.
vermiculite
concrete
approx.
1.1m
690mm-840mm 350mm
690mm-840mm 350mm
appliance recess with raft lintel: fire place recess for inset open fire (without boiler unit)
suitable for free-standing room heater
6.8.19
All – fireplace surrounds
Fireplace surrounds and their fixings shall be designed, specified and installed to ensure adequate in-
service performance and durability.
The fixing and support should safely accommodate the proposed type of fireplace surround (which could be manufactured in one
or a number of pieces), taking into account its size and weight. The walls and floors of the building should safely accommodate
the additional load of the proposed fireplace surround.
6.8
Fireplace surrounds should be installed by competent operatives, strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations and fixing specification, and fixed to the structure using mechanical fixings, giving full consideration to:
the type of material used to manufacture the surround
the type of supporting walls and floors, including the

the configuration of the surround
structure (e.g. framed or solid structure) and its finish
the size and weight of the surround
(e.g. wallboard or wet finish)
the potential for overturning of the surround or parts thereof
the type, material, number and location of fixings.

Fixings should be of durable material and be appropriate for the type of surround and the supporting wall or floor to which the
surround is to be fixed. Fixings should generally be of stainless steel to BS EN ISO 3506 ‘Mechanical properties of
corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners’ and be specified to provide suitable strength and durability. Materials that
comply with recognised standards which provide equal or better performance are also acceptable.
Methods that rely solely on adhesive for fixing fireplace surrounds to the structure are not acceptable.
More information on the installation of all types of natural and artificial stone fireplace surrounds can be found in the Stone
Federation Great Britain ‘Fireplace Surrounds’ data sheet (www.stonefed.org.uk).
15
CHAPTER 6.8
6.8.20
All – flue pipes
Flue pipes and terminals shall be suitable for their purpose and provide unrestricted passage for combustion gases
between the fireplace, or appliance, and the outlet.
The connection between a fireplace, or appliance, and the flue should be correctly constructed.
flue liner flue pipe
reinforced concrete
raft lintel
non-combustible rope
fireplace surround
clamping ring
150mm deep concrete

blanking panel built
into jambs
fireplace side appliance side socketed flue pipe

throat unit connection to lintel flue pipe connection to raft lintel
Where the bottom of the flue is not directly over an appliance, it should be provided with a means of access for cleaning
and inspection.
Adjustable flue draught control units are not permitted where gas burning appliances are installed. Where adjustable throat units
are specified, they should be fitted in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Flue pipes should be jointed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, fixed socket up and correctly aligned.
Table 9: Acceptable standards for flue pipes
Flue material Guidance
Flue pipes for gas appliances BS EN 1856
Cast iron flue pipes BS EN 1856
Mild steel flue pipes BS 1449 (minimum 3mm wall thickness)
6.8
Stainless steel flue pipes BS EN 10088 (minimum 1mm thick) and be one of the
following grades: 1.4401, 1.4404, 1.4432 or 1.4436
Vitreous enamelled flue pipes BS EN 1856, low carbon steel coated internally and externally with acid-resisting enamel
6.8.21
All – flue liners
Flue liners shall be unaffected by flue gases and suitable for their purpose.
To produce a suitable flue path, appropriate components
bend
should be selected to keep cutting and joints to a minimum.
At changes in direction, including bends, offsets and tees,
purpose-made components should be used. 45º max.
offset using
prefabricated bends
weak insulating
concrete
bend
chimney with flue liner suitable for solid fuel
Flue liners should be:

clay or purpose-made concrete, as specified in the design
sealed at their joint with the starter block or throat unit

handled carefully to prevent chipping or cracking
(no cavity should be formed between the linings and the
installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
starter elements)
and the design placed with the sockets or rebate ends facing up.

CHAPTER 6.8
Liners suitable for solid fuel appliances, and generally suitable for other fuels, include liners whose performance is at least equal
to the designation T450 N2 S D 3, as described in BS EN 1443, such as:
clay flue liners with rebates or sockets for jointing meeting
other products that are independently assessed in

the requirements for class A1 N2 or class A1 N1 as accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
described in BS EN 1457
concrete flue liners meeting the requirements for the

classification type A1, type A2, type B1 or type B2 as
described in prEN 1857(e18) January 2001, or
Alternatively, imperforate clay pipes with sockets for jointing as described in BS 65:1991 are acceptable.
Joints should be made in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, generally using:
fire cement, or
refractory mortar

Joints should be fully filled, and surplus material cleared from the inside of each joint as the flue is built.
Spaces between the lining and the surrounding masonry should be:
filled with weak insulating concrete, or
in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations,

with the specified material providing adequate protection.
Ordinary concrete should not be used to fill the space between the lining and the surrounding masonry.
Suitable mixtures for weak insulating concrete include:
one part ordinary Portland cement to 20 parts suitable one part ordinary Portland cement to 10 parts perlite.

lightweight expanded clay aggregate, minimally wetted
one part ordinary Portland cement to six parts
vermiculite, or
6.8.22
All – flues
Flues shall be suitable for their purpose and adequately separated from combustible materials.
Flues should be:
suitable for the type and size of appliance which they serve
tested in accordance with this chapter.

6.8
constructed in accordance with the design and the

Combustible materials close to any brickwork or blockwork chimney should be:

200mm minimum from a flue
metal fixings in contact with combustible materials should

40mm from the face of the chimney, in Scotland, and
be a minimum of 50mm from the flue.
This does not apply to a floorboard, skirting, dado or picture rail, mantel shelf or architrave.
Twin wall flue systems should comply with:
BS EN 1856, or
be assessed in accordance with Technical

Requirement R3.
6.8.23
All – chimneys
Chimneys shall provide fire protective casing for flues, and shall be capable of adequately supporting the
flue liner, while resisting damp penetration and the products of combustion. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) construction of chimneys c) damp penetration and weatherproofing
b) typical construction details d) coring and drying.
Construction of chimneys
Masonry chimneys should be properly bonded to, or supported by, the adjoining walls of the building.
Foundations to a chimney should:
be the same depth as adjacent wall foundations
where the chimney forms part of the wall, be a minimum of

be designed to avoid uneven settlement
100mm wider than the chimney base.
17
CHAPTER 6.8
Height (H) of an unrestrained chimney should:

not exceed 4.5x the smallest dimension on plan of the

H H
chimney (W) (where the density of the masonry is a minimum
of 1500kg/m3), or
be designed by an engineer in accordance with

W W
Chimneys which:
are of block, brick or stone should have a minimum wall
form part of a compartment wall, and are not back to back

thickness of 100mm, excluding the lining thickness with an adjacent chimney, should have a minimum wall
are built in a cavity separating wall should form two leaves,
thickness of 200mm separating it from the other building
each a minimum of 100mm, between the flue and or home.
adjoining building
Factory-made insulated chimneys should be assembled, erected, anchored and protected in accordance with the
Masonry for chimneys:
below roof level may be constructed using the same bricks
should be frost resistant above the roof unless protected

and mortar as used for the general brickwork by a capping projecting by a minimum of 50mm
constructed with hollow or cellular blocks should be
(in Scotland, frost-resistant bricks should be used for all
suitable for the construction of chimneys and filled with facing brickwork).
concrete as the work proceeds
Connections between flue blocks and ridge terminals should be made:
as detailed in the design
using the correct fittings and supports as specified by

the manufacturers of the flue blocks, flue pipe and
ridge terminal.
Typical construction details

External fireplace recess and chimney
6.8
floor joist
above
mineral wool
firestop between 40mm min. air space
frame and chimney where non-combustible
200mm
min. material is less than
200mm thick
100mm
min. plan of chimney at upper floor level
plan of recess
Timber chimney frame construction External chimney breast with masonry inner leaf
40mm min. air space where
chimney is less than 200mm
cripple studs to lintel,

gap to be filled with
mineral wool
timber lintel 300mm min.

from face of flue recess
cavity maintained
around chimney
with cavity wall hearth min.
ties as required 125mm thick
movement gap between timber and

masonry to be filled with mineral wool
for brick capping see Detail C

CHAPTER 6.8
joists on hangers
In Scotland, joists, etc. should be min. 200mm from the inner surface
of the flue; brickwork or blockwork in chimney construction should
be min. 100mm thick with a min. density of 1 600 kg/m3; for brick capping see Detail B
aircrete blocks should be min. 150mm thick.
cavity
cavity tray
prefabricated
throating
see Detail A
Other alternatives may be suitable, provided they meet the appropriate performance standards.
Damp penetration and weatherproofing

Where chimneys exit close to the ridge of a pitched roof, occasional damp penetration may occur below roof level. In this
6.8
situation:
the roof space should be well ventilated
any dampness penetrating downwards should not reach

the living areas.
Where chimneys exit close to the eaves of a pitched roof or through a flat roof, trays and flashings should be installed in the
chimney so that all damp penetration is prevented.
DPCs, flashings and gutters should be provided at the intersection point of the chimney with the surface of the roof through
which the chimney passes. DPCs to the main walls should be carried through the base of chimneys.
Flashings should be made from compatible non-ferrous metal. Lead trays should be bitumen coated where in contact with
cement.
In areas of severe and very severe exposure, the following details should be used. In lower exposure zones, the tray upturn may
be on the outside of the flue liner. All other details are the same.
cover flashing
saddle overlapping back
flashing gutter flashing
stepped flashing
turned in at joints one-piece tray
(min. 25mm) turned down on
cover flashing tray turned four sides
overlapping back up at two sides stepped side
gutter flashing flashing
DPC at front
apron level
turned up apron
at three sides flashing
chimney stack at ridge
combined with DPC tray and flashing

chimney on outside wall
19
CHAPTER 6.8
Coring and drying

Where a core (e.g. a sack full of loose straw, or similar) is used to prevent mortar dropping into the flue liner during construction,
the builder should ensure that it is removed on completion of the chimney.
A chimney should be allowed to dry naturally for a minimum period of 14 days before use.
6.8.24
Masonry
Masonry shall be capable of supporting intended loads and have appropriate resistance to the adverse
effects of frost and sulfates.
Masonry, including bricks, blocks, stone for masonry and reconstructed stone, should:
be in accordance with BS 6461 or BS EN 15287-1 and
where blocks are used, have a minimum block density of

BS EN 771 1500 kg/m3 unless designed by an engineer in accordance
where clay bricks are used in external chimney stacks,
be of durability rating F2,S1 (as described in BS EN 771)
or protected by a projecting capping
In Scotland:
frost-resistant bricks should be used for all external
where 100mm blocks are used for chimney construction,

facing brickwork they should have a minimum density of 1,500 kg/m3.
6.8.25
Mortar shall be batched and mixed to achieve adequate strength and durability.
Mortar should be in accordance with Chapter 6.1 ‘External masonry walls’, and include sulfate-resisting cement where flue gases
are liable to affect the masonry, e.g. above roof level.
6.8.26
DPC
Materials for damp-proofing shall adequately resist the passage of moisture into the building.
6.8
The following are acceptable for use as DPCs:

Bitumen to BS 6398.
Proprietary materials assessed in accordance with

Polyethylene to BS 6515 (not to be used in the chimney
stack above roof level).
6.8.27
Flashings
Flashings and trays shall be capable of adequately resisting the entry of moisture into the building.
Suitable materials for flashings and trays include:
milled sheet lead (minimum code 4) to BS EN 12588
proprietary materials assessed in accordance with

zinc alloy complying to BS EN 988 and 0.6mm thick
6.8.28
Terminals
Flue terminals shall be suitable for their purpose and assist the functioning of the flue. Issues to be taken
a) draught improvement
b) chimney capping.
Relevant standards for flue terminals
BS EN 13502 ‘Chimneys. Requirements and test methods for clay/ceramic flue terminals’.
BS EN 1858 ‘Chimneys. Components. Concrete flue blocks.’
BS EN 1856 ‘Chimneys. Requirements for metal chimneys’.
CHAPTER 6.8
Terminals should be:

purpose-made or formed by extending the flue lining a
the same cross-sectional area as the flue (solid fuel has a

minimum of 20mm above the head of the chimney minimum requirement of a 200mm diameter).
embedded a minimum of 125mm into the chimney,

excluding any flaunching, or 0.25x the length of the
terminal, whichever is the greater
flaunching
purpose-made
chimney cappings
freeze-/thaw-
min. resistant
50mm (F2,S1) bricks
chimney pot
chimney details with brick capping
The terminal of a masonry flue should be jointed to the flue lining with cement mortar to form a seal.
Draught improvement
Where downdraughts may occur, terminals designed to increase updraught should be fitted. However, a terminal will not
overcome problems caused by high pressure zones. Where relevant, the Solid Fuel Association or other authoritative body
should be consulted.
Chimney capping
Where a chimney is to be capped:
a single unjointed concrete or stone capping should be
the slab should project 50mm beyond the sides of the

used chimney, and the withes between flues should be carried to
6.8
it should project and be throated to cast water away from
the underside of the slab.
the face of the chimney
Decorative brick cappings should be carefully constructed to avoid rain penetration and frost damage. The use of frost-resistant
bricks may be required.
In Scotland, bricks used for facing brickwork should be frost-resistant.
6.8.29
Flue testing
Installations shall be tested before use.
Flues should be checked during construction to ensure:
there are no obstructions in the flue when the flue is complete, a visual check should be made

mortar or other blockages are removed and obstructions cleared.
Coring ball test for solid fuel appliances

When a visual test cannot be conducted, or is inconclusive, the coring ball test should be conducted as follows:
A suitable concrete or metal ball should be attached to a
Where a blockage or obstruction is found, it must be

strong cord or rope. removed and the test repeated until the flue is completely
The ball should be slowly lowered from the flue outlet to
clear of obstruction.
the bottom of the flue (the fireplace recess or the
appliance connection).
21
CHAPTER 6.8
Smoke test for solid fuel appliances

This test is designed to show that a flue draws adequately and that there are no leaks between the appliance and the terminal.
It must be conducted when neither the flue to be tested or adjacent flues are in use. The test should be conducted as follows:
The flue should be warmed for 10 minutes with a heat
The whole structure forming the flue should be inspected

source such as a blow lamp. Where an appliance is fitted, externally for smoke leakage. This should include the top
all doors, including flue access doors, should be closed. of cavity walls and any other possible smoke paths, even
Two purpose-made smoke pellets should be placed in the
those terminating some distance from the flue.
appliance firebox or in the bottom of the flue and ignited, The test should be continued for a minimum of five

then, closed or sealed off and the smoke allowed to rise. minutes.
When smoke appears at the top of the flue, the outlet

should be sealed with a blow-up rubber ball or other airtight
closing system.
Flues for gas appliances

For gas appliances, more sophisticated flue tests may be required and should be conducted by the appliance installer.
Flues for oil appliances
Flues for oil fired appliances should be tested as required by the appliance manufacturer.
6.8.30
Further information

Approved Document Part J ‘Heat producing appliances’
Institution of Gas Engineers publications: ‘Guide for gas

Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations installation in timber framed housing’ and ‘Specification for

Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) Technical Booklet L flues for Class II appliances in timber framed housing’.
‘Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems’
6.8
Curtain walling and cladding
CHAPTER 6.9
Technical Requirements for curtain walling
and cladding.
6.9.1 Compliance 03
6.9.3 Certification 03
6.9.4 Loads 03
6.9.5 Support and fixings 04
6.9.6 Durability 05
6.9.7 Interfaces 05
6.9.8 Insulation 05
6.9.9 Damp proofing and vapour control 06
6.9.10 Installation and tolerances 07
6.9.11 Electrical continuity and earth bonding 07
6.9.12 Maintenance 07
6.9.13 Glazing, gaskets and sealants 08
6.9.14 Cavity barriers and firestops 08
6.9.15 Ventilation screens 08
6.9.16 Handling and storage 08
6.9.17 Curtain walling 09
6.9.18 Rainscreen cladding 11
6.9.19 Insulated render and brick slip cladding 13
1
Curtain walling and cladding 2019
CHAPTER 6.9
Introduction
This chapter gives guidance on the forms of curtain walling and cladding acceptable to NHBC. Curtain walling and
cladding systems that do not conform to the descriptions in this chapter will not generally be acceptable.
Conservatories are not covered by this chapter.
Guidance on the use of other types of cladding, including brickwork, rendered masonry, vertical tile and slate cladding
and timber cladding, is given in Chapter 6.1 ‘External masonry walls’ and Chapter 6.2 ‘External timber framed walls’.
Curtain walling 3D
Comprising a prefabricated or site assembled support
framework with infill panels and/or wall sections with glazing
systems which include:
structural silicone glazing
mechanically fixed structural glazing
slope glazing, excluding patent glazing
coupled door and window frame assemblies
(including spandrel panels) which are one storey or more
in height, or not contained between a floor and ceiling.
Rainscreen cladding
3D
Comprising:
an outer skin of panels which have unsealed, open, baffled
or labyrinth (rebated) joints
a minimum 50mm pressure equalised air gap between the
insulation and the panels
an insulated and airtight backing wall.
6.9
Insulated render
3D
Comprising insulated render systems fixed to a backing wall.
Brick slip cladding 3D

Comprising brick slip cladding fixed to a backing wall.
Stone and precast concrete cladding

Stone and precast units should be designed as curtain walling or rainscreen cladding in accordance with this chapter.
Curtain walling and cladding 2019 2
CHAPTER 6.9

Air barrier A continuous layer that limits air leakage through the backing wall.
Air cushion Balancing external and internal air pressure to create a cushion within the air gap.
Air gap The space between the back of the cladding panels and the external face of the insulation in a
rainscreen system.
Backing wall A framed or masonry wall to which the system is fixed.
Brick slip cladding A brick slip system fixed to masonry or framed backing walls, generally supported by a
system proprietary carrier.
Cavity The space between the cladding system and the backing wall. The cavity should be adequately
drained, and ventilated where required.
Cladding panels The outer units of a rainscreen cladding system which provide some protection.
Compartmentation The provision of baffles and cavity closers to form compartments within the air gap of a rainscreen
cladding system to equalise pressure.
Curtain walling A form of enclosure that supports no load other than its own weight and the environmental forces that
act upon it, e.g. wind, water and solar.
Curtain walling The vertical building enclosure system, including frames, brackets, fixings, flashings, gutters, copings,
system glass, panels, gaskets and sealant, that forms the assembly.
CWCT The Centre for Window and Cladding Technology at Bath University.
CWCT Standard The current Centre for Window and Cladding Technology Standard for systemised
building envelopes.
Design life The period for which materials, products and systems should be designed to be durable,
assuming routine inspection and maintenance.
DPC/DPM Prevents the passage of moisture. In curtain walling terminology, a DPC is often referred to as a DPM.
Façade The external facing part of the building envelope.
Fire and smoke Prevention of the transmission of fire and smoke through voids or cavities.
stopping
Fixing Componentry used to attach or secure other components, e.g. curtain walling or a cladding system,
to the structure.
Gasket A compressible material used to form an airtight and/or watertight seal.
6.9
In-service The manner or quality of functioning of a material, product or system.
performance
Insulated render A cladding system applied externally to an insulating layer which is fixed to a backing wall.
system
Interstitial Condensation caused by vapour from within the building condensing on colder surfaces within the
condensation wall construction, often occurring due to a cold bridge.
Negative pressure Where the air pressure on the internal face of the system is greater than that on the external face.
Positive pressure Where the air pressure on the external face of the system is greater than that on the internal face.
Primary components Components and parts of the system that are not easily replaceable. These may include:
cladding panels
insulation
fixings
vapour control layers
framing
weathering components.
Pressure equalisation The creation of an air cushion within the cavity to reduce the amount of water passing through the
joints of a rainscreen. Compartmentation and adequately large joints are required to achieve
pressure equalisation.
Rainscreen The part of the assembly, generally the outermost, that prevents the majority of rain from penetrating
the wall. Some water may pass through the joints of a rainscreen, but this should be limited by
appropriate detailing of open joints or the provision of baffled or labyrinth joints.
Rainscreen cladding A façade that provides a barrier to wind and rain and which typically includes a vapour control layer,
system air barrier, supporting framework and fixings, insulation, breather membrane, cavity/air gap and
cladding panels. Traditional tile hanging and timber cladding are not classed as rainscreen cladding
systems under the definitions of this chapter.
Replaceable Those which are readily replaceable without compromising the design and durability of the building
components or the need for progressive dismantling of the envelope. Where this cannot be achieved, components
should be designed as primary components. A method statement should be provided to demonstrate
how components will be replaced with specific reference to accessibility as detailed in this chapter.
Secondary Components and parts of the system that are easily replaceable. These may include:
components cladding panels internal linings
external finishes seals and sealant
glazing and gaskets window and door furniture.
3
CHAPTER 6.9
Separating floors Floors and walls designed to provide separation between homes.
and walls
Slope glazing A drained and ventilated sloped roofing system.
Systems For the purposes of this chapter, this term refers to acceptable forms of curtain walling,
rainscreen cladding, insulated render systems and brick slip cladding systems.
Spandrel panel A panel used in place of glazing units to hide the edges of floor slabs, ceiling details, insulation, and
other building elements.
Test pressure The pressure at which testing is conducted.
Vapour control layer A layer used to restrict the passage of water vapour into the construction to reduce the risk of
interstitial condensation.
6.9.1
Curtain walling and cladding systems shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Curtain walling and cladding that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
6.9.2
A full set of drawings
Fixing schedules

A schedule of revisions
Manufacturer’s recommendations for proprietary items

Manufacturer’s specification
Details of the on-site testing regime.

Specific details of all interfaces

6.9.3
Certification
6.9
Curtain walling and cladding systems shall be adequately tested, certified and designed in accordance with
appropriate standards.
Curtain walling and cladding systems should have certification confirming satisfactory assessment, undertaken by an indepen-
dent technical authority. Where applicable, certification should be in accordance with CWCT Standard for systemised building
envelopes (or a suitable alternative acceptable to NHBC). Independent technical approvals authorities acceptable to NHBC
include:
British Board of Agrément (BBA)
certification bodies considered by NHBC to be a

Building Research Establishment (BRE), or
suitable alternative.
Certification and test documentation should be:

made available to NHBC before work begins on site
used as reference to ensure compliance.

The use of the system should be within the scope of the certification and test documentation.
6.9.4
Loads
Curtain walling and cladding systems, including brackets and fixings, shall allow movement without
causing damage or deformation, and safely transfer loads to the building.
Dead loads and live loads should:
be transferred safely to the building’s structure
be calculated in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-1 and

without undue permanent deformation or deflection of BS EN 1991-1-4, and take account of internal and external
any component pressures, the location, shape and size of the building.
CHAPTER 6.9
The following should be accommodated without any reduction in performance:

Thermal-induced loads due to differential stresses caused
Stresses in components and materials (these should not

by temperature gradients within materials or components. exceed the permissible values recommended by the
product manufacturer).
Movement within the curtain walling or cladding.

Causes of movement include:

dead and live loads
freezing of retained moisture

changes in temperature
creep.

changes in the moisture content of components

Allowance for movement should be provided in accordance with the design.
6.9.5
Support and fixings
Curtain walling and cladding systems shall be securely fixed with suitably durable fixings to ensure
adequate in-service performance.
The cladding system and associated fixings should be correctly located and securely fixed in accordance with the design and the
manufacturer’s recommendations. Fixings and supports, including the type, size and positioning of anchors, fixing rails, frames,
fixings, fasteners and bracketry, should be in accordance with the design, and:
accommodate specified loads
be installed ensuring dissimilar metals are separated to

account for packing of brackets to achieve surface tolerance,
avoid bimetallic corrosion
in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations be installed ensuring aluminium components are separated

be accurately set out
from direct contact with cementitious surfaces.
generally be stainless steel, suitable non-ferrous metal or

appropriate plastics
Mechanically fixed systems should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, and fixings should:
have the correct embedding, spacing and edge distances
have suitable locking nuts and washers.

be installed to the correct torque settings

Fixings should be manufactured from:
6.9
phosphor bronze
BS EN 573 and BS EN 755 aluminium alloy

silicon bronze
appropriate plastics

BS EN ISO 3506 stainless steel
materials assessed in accordance with

mild steel with coatings to BS EN ISO 2081, BS EN 1461,
or other appropriate treatment in accordance with
BS EN ISO 12944 or BS EN ISO 14713
Materials that comply with recognised standards and which provide equal or better performance to those above will generally be
acceptable to NHBC.
Pull-out or destructive testing of anchors and fixings should:
comply with BS 5080
be carried out in accordance with the design

comply with the Construction Fixings Association Guidance
carried out at a frequency agreed with NHBC.

Note ‘Procedure for Site Testing Construction Fixings’
The test report should be made available to NHBC.

Adhesive-fixed systems should be installed to a suitably prepared backing wall, providing:
an assessment of the backing wall is available to
it is used in accordance with the design.

confirm suitability
Adhesive fixing of rails, frames, fixings and fasteners should:
only be specified where there is no suitable alternative
be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s

recommendations.
Timber should only be used where it is:
easily inspected and replaced without disturbing the curtain
treated in accordance with Chapter 3.3 ‘Timber

walling system preservation (natural solid timber)’.
5
CHAPTER 6.9
6.9.6
Durability Also see: Chapter 3.3
Curtain walling and cladding systems shall provide satisfactory durability (subject to routine inspection
and maintenance). Timber shall be either naturally durable or preservative treated to provide adequate
protection against rot and insect attack.
The system should be designed to avoid the need for disproportionate work when repairing or replacing individual components.
In addition:
primary components should provide satisfactory secondary components should provide satisfactory
in-service performance for the design life of the building in-service performance for a minimum of 25 years.
The curtain walling system should be constructed with corrosion resistant or adequately protected materials. The risk of
bimetallic corrosion should be avoided by the isolation of dissimilar metals.
Systems should not include materials liable to infestation by micro-organisms, fungi, insects or vermin.
6.9.7
Interfaces
Curtain walling and cladding systems shall have suitable interfaces and resist the penetration of water
and wind.
The design should indicate the contractor responsible for constructing interfaces.
Interfaces, including those between curtain walling and cladding systems, and those between curtain walling and cladding sys-
tems and other elements of the building (e.g. walls, roof, doors and windows), should be carefully designed and detailed to be
weather resistant, and prevent moisture reaching parts of the wall that it could adversely affect.
The design should take account of:
differing profile characteristics
tolerances and deviation

movement
the erection sequence

continuity of insulation, vapour barriers and
planned maintenance.

breather membranes
6.9.8
Insulation
6.9
Insulation shall be suitable for the intended use.

in accordance with the design and the manufacturer’s
securely fixed to the support frame or backing wall with

recommendations appropriate fixings and/or adhesive in accordance with the
installed correctly to minimise the risk of thermal bridging,
surface and interstitial condensation returned into window and door openings, and continuous

around penetrations through the wall
neatly cut around fixings and brackets.

Insulation materials should:
be inert, durable, rot and vermin proof
be one of the materials listed in Table 1.

not be adversely affected by moisture

Table 1: Materials for insulation
Insulation type Relevant standard
Mineral wool BS EN 13162
FR grade (flame retardant) expanded polystyrene BS EN 13163
FR grade (flame retardant) extruded polystyrene BS EN 13164
Rigid polyurethane foam and polyisocyanurate BS EN 13165
Phenolic foam BS EN 13166
Cellular glass BS EN 13167
Other materials Technical Requirement R3
Reference should be made to BRE document BR135 – 2003 ‘Fire performance of external thermal insulation for walls of multi-
storey buildings’ when specifying the type of insulation system to be installed.
CHAPTER 6.9
Rainscreen cladding
The backing wall should be adequately insulated, particularly at exposed areas. Where open joints are used, a continuous and
durable breather membrane should be provided over the outer face of the insulation.
Where the insulation is fixed to the backing wall, a minimum of one non-combustible fixing per 1m2 or per insulation batt,
whichever is the lesser, should be provided in addition to the other fixings.
insulation neatly fitted

between support frame
Insulated render
A minimum of one non-combustible fixing per 1m2 or per
insulation batt, whichever provides the greater number,
should be provided in addition to the other fixings.
Non-combustible fixings should be fixed through the
mesh reinforcement. each layer cut
to fit neatly
around flue outlet
Insulation should be suitable to receive the
render finish, and keyed where appropriate.
6.9
Brick slip cladding
Where the insulation is fixed to the backing wall, a minimum
of one non-combustible fixing per 1m2 or per insulation batt,
whichever is the lesser, should be provided in addition to the
other fixings.
insualtion and carrier

neatly cut
around openings
6.9.9
Damp proofing and vapour control
Curtain walling and cladding systems, including damp proofing materials and breather membranes,
shall adequately resist the passage of water into the building and allow water vapour to pass outwards.
Damp proofing should:
be installed correctly to provide a physical barrier to the
use DPCs/DPMs where necessary, including the junction

passage of water, and to ensure water is directed to between the system and any other component
the outside or systems
include cavity trays with stop ends at the base of the
use only appropriate tapes and sealant (but not solely rely

system, above openings, above cavity barriers, interfaces on sealant) in accordance with the design and the
and other interruptions to the cavity where necessary manufacturer’s recommendations.
For curtain walling systems, the DPC/DPM should extend the full height of the system and have appropriate details at each
interface (including floors, walls, roofs, balconies and terraces).
7
CHAPTER 6.9
DPCs/DPMs and flexible cavity trays

Damp proofing should be:
formed from materials which are compatible with
constructed from preformed components at

adjoining components complicated junctions.
the correct dimensions to suit the detailed design

The following materials are acceptable for use as DPCs/DPMs:

BS 6515 polyethylene
Neoprene

EPDM
Materials assessed in accordance with

Flashings
The following materials are acceptable as flashings:
BS EN 12588 rolled lead sheet (minimum Code 4)
BS EN 988 zinc alloys

BS EN 485 and BS EN 573 aluminium and aluminium
Stainless steel.

alloys
Breather membranes
Breather membranes should:
comply with BS 4016
be in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.

(Type 1 in areas of very severe exposure), or
6.9.10
Installation and tolerances Also see: Chapter 9.1
Curtain walling and cladding systems shall:
a) be installed by competent operatives
b) be installed to achieve design tolerances and established standards.
Installation
Systems should be installed by operatives who:
are competent hold a certificate confirming that they have been trained by

6.9
are familiar with the system being installed the system manufacturer, supplier or installer.
Tolerances
Systems should be completed, within reasonable tolerances, in accordance with the design, and allowing for the line, level,
plumb and plane of the completed wall to be within reasonable tolerances for the materials involved.
6.9.11
Electrical continuity and earth bonding
Curtain walling and cladding systems shall ensure electrical continuity and earth bonding.
Curtain walling and rainscreen cladding should comply with:
BS 7671 ‘IET Wiring Regulations Requirements for Electrical Installations’, formerly ‘IEE Wiring Regulations’.
BS EN 62305 ‘Protection against lightning. General principles’.
BS EN 62305-3 ‘Physical damage to structures and life hazard’.
6.9.12
Maintenance
Curtain walling and cladding systems shall have appropriate access arrangements for the purposes
of cleaning, inspection, maintenance and repair.
Provision should be made for safe future access to the façade. Access should generally be provided from a safe working
platform, such as a cradle or mobile elevating platform.
Appropriate arrangements should be made for the replacement of failed insulating glass units without incurring excessive costs
for gaining access.
CHAPTER 6.9
6.9.13
Glazing, gaskets and sealants
Glazing shall be carried out in accordance with relevant standards. Materials used for glazing, gaskets and
sealants shall provide satisfactory performance.
Glazing, including insulating glass units, should be in accordance with Chapter 6.7 ‘Doors, windows and glazing’.
Extruded rubber gaskets should comply with BS 4255 or assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
Sealant and tapes should be selected and applied in accordance with:
BS 6213
BS EN ISO 11600.

Sealant used in locations where differential movement may be expected, e.g. interfaces between the façade and the structure,
should be one of the following:
One or two part polysulphide
One or two part polyurethane

One part silicone
Materials assessed in accordance with

6.9.14
Cavity barriers and firestops
Materials used for cavity barriers and firestops shall be capable of producing adequate resistance to fire
and smoke.
Materials are acceptable where they are:
specified in building regulations

Systems incorporating proprietary intumescent materials should follow the guidance provided by:
the Intumescent Fire Seals Association (IFSA)
the Association for Specialist Fire Protection (ASFP).

6.9.15
Ventilation screens
Ventilation openings shall be protected from the entry of birds and animals.
Where openings are larger than 10mm, a screen to prevent birds and animals entering the cavity should be provided:
6.9
at penetrations through the cladding.

at the top and bottom of the rainscreen

6.9.16
Handling and storage
Materials, products and systems shall be protected and stored in a satisfactory manner to prevent damage,
distortion, uneven weathering and degradation.
The handling and storage of curtain walling or cladding system should ensure:
components are transported, lifted, handled and stored in
insulated glass units are carefully stored and protected in a

accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations sheltered dry area.
Practical steps should be taken to avoid the risk of damage to the curtain walling or cladding system during construction.
9
CHAPTER 6.9
6.9.17
Curtain walling
Curtain walling shall ensure adequate in-service performance. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) acoustic performance
b) weather resistance
c) thermal bridging condensation

d) air infiltration
e) opening doors and lights
f) off-site testing
g) site testing.
Acoustic performance
Noise from the curtain walling system caused by loads, movements and changes in the environmental conditions should be
accommodated without being intrusive.
The curtain walling system should be designed to resist the passage of airborne and impact sound within the building. To reduce
flanking transmission, precautions may be required at the:
edges of separating floors
outer ends of partition walls

outer ends of separating walls
junctions with roof constructions and parapets.

Weather resistance
Curtain walling systems should have: Figure 1: Curtain walling to insulated render system:
external and internal air and water seals with a drained
horizontal section
and ventilated cavity at each interface
3D internal DPC/DPM
drained and ventilated glazing rebates including gaskets

and seals. internal seal
The following illustrations show typical interfaces and

general design principles:
external DPC/DPM
6.9
external seal
Figure 2: Curtain walling to balcony/terrace: vertical section Figure 3: Curtain walling to conventional brick and block wall:
horizontal section
internal seal
internal DPC/DPM
DPC/DPM external
DPC/DPM
linked to
roofing
membrane external
seal
roofing
membrane
CHAPTER 6.9
Figure 4: Curtain walling to soffit: vertical section Figure 5: Curtain walling to roof, including coping detail:
vertical section
external seal external DPC/DPM

linked to
roofing membrane
internal external
DPC/DPM DPC/DPM
roofing membrane
Thermal bridging and condensation

The design and construction of curtain walls should:
ensure interfaces are adequately insulated and installed in
ensure thermal bridging is controlled so that no part of the

accordance with the design curtain wall is more at risk from surface condensation than
minimise the risk of surface and interstitial condensation
the glazing.
by providing thermal breaks and a continuous and
durable vapour control layer in accordance with
the design
Air infiltration
Curtain walling systems should be sealed with preformed
factory-moulded ‘picture frame’ type vulcanised EPDM or
picture frame
silicone internal gaskets. Gaskets and sealants should: gasket
be used to resist the flow of air from the outside to the interior

surface of the curtain walling system
6.9
comply with BS 6213 and be used in accordance with
typical profile
Particular attention should be given to the interfaces between
the curtain walling system and the walls, roof, doors,
windows and cladding system.
Opening doors and lights

Opening doors and lights should:
hang square within the curtain wall frame fit neatly and with minimal gaps to ensure effective

weatherproofing.
Off-site testing
Air and water testing of the ‘prototype’ curtain walling system should be carried out in accordance with, and pass, the CWCT
Standard (test sequence A or B), when tested at a test pressure of 600 pascals. Panels tested should be of a similar size and
configuration to those to be used on the building.
Where the maximum calculated design wind pressure is above 2400 pascals, the test pressure should be increased to 0.25 x the
design wind pressure.
The ‘prototype’ should remain watertight during and after the test.
At a test pressure of 600 pascals, an air infiltration rate no higher than 1.5m3/hr/m2 for fixed glazed panels is permissible,
provided there is no evidence of concentrated leakage.
Wind resistance, serviceability and safety testing should be carried out in accordance with the CWCT Standard.
11
CHAPTER 6.9
Site testing
Site testing should:
be conducted to determine resistance to water penetration,
ensure a minimum of 5% of the completed curtain walling

including joints and interfaces which are intended to be system is tested, especially in vulnerable areas such as
permanently closed and watertight joints and interfaces.
ensure a representative sample of the finished installation

is hose tested in accordance with the current CWCT
Standard for curtain walling
Other testing may be acceptable where it is considered to be a suitable alternative by NHBC.
The results of the test should be made available to NHBC.
6.9.18
Rainscreen cladding
Rainscreen cladding systems shall ensure adequate in-service performance. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) acoustic performance
b) weather resistance
c) thermal bridging and condensation
d) air infiltration
e) compartmentation
f) certification
g) site testing.
Noise from the rainscreen cladding system caused by rain striking the outer surface of panels should be accommodated without
being intrusive through the use of material that is:
noise absorbing, or anti-drumming.
Weather resistance
6.9
To ensure moisture is directed to the outside, DPC/DPM arrangements should be correctly formed with suitable upstands and
stop ends, including at the junction between the rainscreen cladding and any other component or system. External and internal
air and water seals and a drained cavity should be provided at all interfaces.
The air gap between the face of the insulation and the back of the panels should be of sufficient width and have suitably sized
drainage, allowing any water passing the joints to:
run down the back of the rainscreen panels
be discharged externally without wetting the insulation or

the backing wall.
Free drainage
Air gaps should be adequately ventilated and the following
minimum widths maintained behind all rainscreen panels:
10mm
50mm for panels with open joints, or
10mm min. 10mm
min. min.
38mm for panels with baffled or labyrinth (rebated) joints.

Open, baffled or labyrinth (rebated) joints should have a
minimum 10mm opening, unless specified otherwise.
open joint baffled joint labyrinth (rebated)
joint
The system should:
be designed to minimise the risk of thermal bridging,
generally include a vapour control layer fixed to the warm

surface and interstitial condensation side of the wall insulation.
be assessed using a BS 5250 condensation risk analysis

CHAPTER 6.9
Air infiltration
Before installation of the system, the backing wall should be reasonably airtight with:
masonry walls jointed to a high standard, i.e. each joint
framed walls, including a rigid sheathing on the cavity face,

filled with each joint taped or sealed.
Where reasonable airtightness cannot be achieved:

a separate continuous vapour permeable air barrier should
joints should be taped or sealed.

be provided on the outer face of the backing wall
Compartmentation
Rainscreen cladding systems that have open joints between
1.5m max.
the panels should be designed to be pressure equalised. The
cavity should be compartmented by: 6.0m max.
a horizontal cavity closer at each floor level

vertical cavity closers at centres not exceeding 6m

vertical cavity closers at centres not exceeding 1.5m

within 6m of an internal or external corner
horizontal cavity
a vertical cavity closer as close as possible to an external
closer at each
floor level
corner, generally within 300mm.
The NHBC Standard for compartmentation is in addition to building regulations (to control the spread of smoke and fire), but may
be used for the same purpose.
Cavity closers should:
be rigid and installed in accordance with the enable ventilation and drainage to be maintained in

manufacturer’s recommendations accordance with the design.
Certification
Rainscreen cladding systems, including panels, should have current certification confirming satisfactory assessment by an
6.9
appropriate independent technical approvals authority accepted by NHBC.
Site testing
On-site hose or sparge bar testing should be carried out with emphasis on interfaces that are designed to be permanently closed
and watertight.
The building should remain watertight during and after the test.
13
CHAPTER 6.9
6.9.19
Insulated render and brick slip cladding Also see: Chapter 6.2
Insulated render and brick slip cladding shall be designed and installed to ensure adequate
in-service performance. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) weather resistance
b) thermal bridging and condensation

c) air infiltration
d) insulated render: reinforcement and render
e) brick slip cladding: slips, carriers and joints.
Weather resistance
Timber and steel framed backing walls should have a cavity 15mm min. drained 15mm min.
and vented cavity drained cavity
between the wall and the insulation which is:
a minimum of 15mm wide

drained and ventilated (for timber frame)

drained (for steel frame).

A cavity can increase the risk of damage from impact,
especially at low level, around balconies and where cradle
systems etc. can come into contact with the façade. Suitable
precautions to resist impact damage should be provided e.g.
by the provision of a rigid board behind the insulation whilst
maintaining the cavity.
timber frame steel frame
The following illustrations show typical interfaces and general design principles:
Figure 6: Insulated render system to Figure 7: Penetration of gas flue through Figure 8: Brick slip cladding to
windows and doors: insulated render system on insulated render system:
horizontal section light gauge steel frame: horizontal section
horizontal section
6.9
internal seal
external
seal
DPC/DPM
external
seal
external
seal
external seal
Movement joints in the backing wall should be:

continued through the insulated render system
formed in accordance with the


The system should:
be designed to minimise the risk of thermal bridging,
generally include a vapour control layer, fixed to the warm

surface and interstitial condensation side of the wall insulation.
be assessed using a suitable condensation risk analysis

Air infiltration
Before installation of the system, the backing wall should be reasonably airtight with:
masonry walls jointed to a high standard, i.e. each joint
each joint taped or sealed on framed walls, including a rigid

filled sheathing on the cavity face.
CHAPTER 6.9
Insulated render: reinforcement and render

Reinforcement should: additional reinforcement
at points of increased stress
be detailed in the design and be in accordance with the

be formed with appropriate trim at openings, corners, angles,

interfaces and movement joints
include additional mesh where there may be increased stress

in the render system, i.e. at the corners of window or
door openings
be lapped to a minimum of 100mm.

reinforcement continuous
across face of insulation
Render should:
not be applied where the surface has contamination,
be mixed to ensure colour consistency where coloured

dust or loose particles pigments are specified
have the appropriate number and thickness of coats in
be specified and used with the appropriate trims to form

accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations corners, returns and features in accordance with the
Brick slip cladding: slips, carriers and joints

Brick slip systems, including proprietary carriers forming an
integral part of the system, should:
be specified and fixed in accordance with the design and the

manufacturer’s recommendations, taking account of relevant
height restrictions
be set out and designed to ensure that excessive cutting of

6.9
brick slips is avoided, i.e. in the storey heights, at corners and
around openings
have coursing arranged to suit lintel heights.

Mortars, proprietary mortars and grouts should be specified: insulation (carrier) neatly cut
around openings and positioned
to enable each joint to be adequately filled and
to avoid excess cutting of slips
appropriately struck
in accordance with the system

Light steel framing
CHAPTER 6.10
Requirements for light steel framed (LSF) construction using
0.7 – 4.0mm thick framing members and:
applies to ‘warm frame’ and ‘hybrid’ construction
applies to primary structural and secondary components
(including external infill LSF walls)
considers LSF flat and trussed roof constructions
provides guidance for key aspects of volumetric
construction
does not apply to LSF walls used in basements, and
does not apply to internal LSF partitions, which are dealt
with in Chapter 6.3 ‘Internal walls’.
6.10.1 Compliance 01
6.10.3 Structural certification 01
6.10.4 Structural design of load-bearing floors and walls 03
6.10.5 Structural design of infill walls 05
6.10.6 Roofs 05
6.10.7 Steel and fixings 06
6.10.8 Detailing of steel joists 07
6.10.9 Restraint 08
6.10.10 Construction of load-bearing walls and
external infill walls 08
6.10.11 Interfaces with staircases 09
6.10.12 Fixing floor decking and ceilings 10
6.10.13 Other design issues 10
6.10.14 Behaviour in relation to fire 10
6.10.15 Acoustic performance 11
6.10.16 Moisture control 11
6.10.17 Insulation 12
6.10.18 Vapour control layers 13
6.10.19 Breather membranes 13
6.10.20 Cladding, lining and sheathing boards 14
6.10.21 Wall ties 15
6.10.22 Services 16
1
Light steel framing 2019
CHAPTER 6.10

Differential movement Movement between the frame and cladding, e.g. due to thermal expansion, shrinkage (in concrete
masonry) and moisture expansion (in clay masonry).
External infill Walls which are built between the floors of steel or concrete frames and are designed to resist wind
loading and to support the weight of the other wall components. They do not provide stability to the
building or resist floor loading. External infill is considered as a secondary structural component.
Hybrid construction Cavity construction where insulation is installed both between the studs and on the cavity side of the
steel frame.
LSF Light steel frame. In this chapter, ‘LSF’ refers to construction framing members made from cold-
formed profiles 0.7-4.0mm thick.
Primary structural Elements of the structure designed to carry and transfer primary loads of the building as a whole,
components including self-weight, dead loads and live loads.
Secondary structural Elements of the structure which do not play a wider role in the structure, but carry loads directly
components imposed on them (and transfer them to the primary structure) such as self-weight, wind loads,
cladding and openings.
Sheathing Board applied to the outside of the steel frame (installed where required by the design).
Warm frame Cavity construction where insulation is installed on the cavity side of the steel frame.
6.10.1
LSF structures shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
LSF structures (i.e. walls, roofs and floors) that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
LSF structures may be:
structurally independent (primary) and used to form
infill walls (secondary), or

whole buildings, additional storeys, annexes, extensions, bespoke facades (where support may be required from

penthouses, etc. other structural elements).
Construction should be ‘warm frame’ or ‘hybrid’ construction, with sufficient insulation outside the steel envelope to ensure that
condensation does not occur within the depth of the light steel members.
6.10
Stud partitions are considered in Chapter 6.3 ‘Internal walls’. LSF systems that do not comply with the principles of this chapter
should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
Where the components of the LSF cannot be inspected on site (e.g. closed panels or fully fitted-out volumetric units), the system
should be subject to review by NHBC. Please refer to the MMC Hub at www.nhbc.co.uk/MMCHub.
6.10.2
Designs and specifications should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers, and include:
a full set of drawings and material specifications
positions and materials for fire stops and cavity barriers in

a typical wall build-up, including wall ties, breather
accordance with relevant building regulations
membranes, sheathing and vapour control layers, where the number and spacing of bolts, screws and rivets

applicable the manufacturer’s recommendations relating to proprietary

fixing schedules and details of each connection that is to be
items
made on site details of how wall panels are to be fixed to the

details of connections with other building elements,
substructure, adjacent panels, and floor and roof framing
including roofs, floors and openings the specification for each type of fixing, including corrosion

information on integration of services and work of
protection.
subsequent trades
6.10.3
Structural certification Contact us: technical@nhbc.co.uk
The LSF system shall be adequately tested and certified. The design of superstructures with primary
structural components formed from LSF shall be checked by an NHBC registered LSF certifier.
Light steel framing 2019 2
CHAPTER 6.10
Primary structural components formed from LSF require two-stage certification confirming that both the system and the project
have been checked. External infill does not require Stage 1 and 2 certification (see Clause 6.10.5).
Stage 1 – system certification

NHBC requires manufacturers of LSF systems, which form primary structural components, to submit a system manual to the Steel
Construction Institute (SCI) for assessment. The manufacturer is the company which assembles the steel frame sections to form
the wall and/or floor panels. If in doubt, consult NHBC Standards, Innovation and Research.
The manual should contain the information described in Table 1. Further performance issues may be considered at the discretion
of SCI and the manufacturer (see Table 7).
Table 1: Items included in the system manual

Topic Description
Description of system Key features

Application Usage, e.g. maximum number of storeys and type of cladding

Durability Demonstrate that design life is at least 60 years (including environment category)

Grade of steel

Corrosion protection

Supplementary protection

Strength and stability Structural design philosophy (including codes of practice referenced and test reports)

Grade of steel (traceability)

Section properties

Loading

Ultimate limit state

Serviceability limit state

Resistance to overturning

Racking resistance

Holding down

Connections within the system

Connections with other building elements

Structural integrity

Positions and sizes of holes through members

6.10
Additional checks where LSF is Module-to-module connections (strength as well as accuracy)

used in volumetric construction Module-to-foundation connections

Rigidity in transportation

Lifting

Where there are various configurations (e.g. types of claddings), the manufacturer will need to specify which options SCI is
to consider in its assessment. Upon satisfactory completion, SCI will approve the manufacturer’s system manual and issue a
numbered ‘system certificate’ which includes:
a detailed description of the system information for reference by the designer and steel frame
details of usage limitations project certifier.
Stage 2 – project certification

The design of all primary structural components should be subject to a Stage 2 certification check by an NHBC registered
LSF certifier.
The LSF certifier should:
be listed on NHBC’s list of LSF certifiers
ensure that the proposals are in accordance with the

be a suitably qualified and experienced civil or structural
manufacturer’s Stage 1 system certificate (issued by SCI)
engineer with appropriate professional indemnity insurance and this chapter
not be the designer of the LSF or be employed by the
provide confirmation that the requirements have been

same practice satisfied for the project
check supporting details and calculations
provide the registered builder with the completed and

ensure the Stage 1 system certificate is valid and current
signed project certificate confirming assessment of
structural adequacy for each specific project.
The registered builder should ensure that the completed Stage 2 certificate is available on site for inspection by NHBC.
Contact NHBC Standards, Innovation and Research:
if you require contact details of frame certifiers, or
to apply to become an LSF certifier.

3
CHAPTER 6.10
6.10.4
Structural design of load-bearing floors and walls
LSF floors and walls shall be designed to support and transfer loads safely and without undue movement.
a) structural floors c) overall stability.
b) structural walls
Structural floors
Floors should:
be of the correct type
have a typical maximum joist spacing of 600mm, although

be fitted in the specified location
greater spacings may be applied when designed by an
have suitably sized trimmers around floor openings
engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5 or
covered by an SCI system-specific Stage 1 assessment
with the project-specific application reviewed and checked
by an NHBC registered LSF certifier.
Light steel joists should be fixed to supporting walls by either:

web cleats
direct attachment to wall studs, or

‘Z’ or ‘L’ hangers
bearing onto the supporting structure (bearing stiffeners

a track connection
may be required).
Joist support cleats should:

be of the correct type
use fixings as specified in the design.

be fitted in the specified location

Where required, web stiffeners should be properly fitted.
Where joists are fitted directly to light steel wall studs, pre-drilled holes should be correctly aligned before making the
final connection.
Fixing holes should not be enlarged, and additional holes should not be cut without prior approval of the designer.
6.10
bolted web to web connection

Static criteria for the maximum permissible deflection of a single joist due to:
imposed load, limited to (span/450)
dead and imposed loads, limited to the lesser of (span/350)

or 15mm.
Dynamic criteria:
The natural frequency of the floor should be limited to
The deflection of the floor (i.e. a series of joists plus the

8Hz for dead load plus 0.2 x imposed load; this can be floor decking) when subject to a 1kN point load should
achieved by limiting the deflection of a single joist to 5mm be limited to the values in Table 2.
for the given loading.
Table 2: Deflection with point loads of 1kN
Span (m) Maximum deflection (mm)
3.5 1.7
3.8 1.6
4.2 1.5
4.6 1.4
5.3 1.3
6.2 1.2
The deflection of a single joist is dependent on the:
overall floor construction
number of effective joists that are deemed to share the

applied 1kN point load (typical values are given in Table 3).
CHAPTER 6.10
Table 3: Typical values

Floor configuration Number of effective joists
400mm joist centres 600mm joist centres
Chipboard, plywood or oriented strand board 2.5 2.35
Built-up acoustic floor 4 3.5
Light steel ground floor construction

Provision should be made to prevent ground moisture affecting light steel floors. This can be achieved by covering the ground
below the floor with either:
50mm oversite concrete or 50mm fine aggregate on 1200
100mm oversite concrete on a compacted clean, inert

gauge (0.3mm thick) polyethylene membrane laid on 50mm hardcore bed. Where necessary, this concrete should be
sand blinding, or protected against sulfate attack by the use of a lapped
polyethylene DPM, not less than 1200 gauge (0.3mm
thick) or 1000 gauge where assessed in accordance with
Floors should have a 150mm minimum void below the floor which is ventilated by:
openings on at least two opposite sides 1500mm2 per metre run of external wall or 500mm2 per m2
of floor area (whichever provides the largest area).
Where there is shrinkable soil, heave can occur. The minimum underfloor void ventilation requirement should be increased
as follows:
High potential – 150mm (300mm total)
Low potential – 50mm (200mm total).

Medium potential – 100mm (250mm total)

See Chapter 4.2 ‘Building near trees’ for definitions of high, medium and low volume change potential.
For concrete ground floors refer to Chapters 5.1 ‘Substructure and ground-bearing floors’ and 5.2 ‘Suspended ground floors’.
Concrete upper floors
Concrete floors may be used with LSF and may be constructed using either thin precast units or in-situ concrete placed on steel
decking. The deflection of simply supported composite floors should be limited to take account of the long-term effects of creep
6.10
and shrinkage. Composite floors should be appropriately propped until the concrete reaches the required strength and should not
be overloaded during construction. Guidance can be found in Section 6.3 of SCI publication P402 ‘Light steel framing in residential
construction’.
Structural walls
The structural design of the building should ensure adequate resistance to loadings including dead loads, imposed loads, wind
loads and snow loads, in accordance with:
BS EN 1991-1-1
BS EN 1991-1-4.

BS EN 1991-1-3

Further guidance on deflection limits can be found in SCI guidance P402 ‘Light steel framing in residential construction’.
Individual studs should generally:
be sized to meet structural requirements, allowing for
consider deflection if not designed to carry vertical loading

board fixings at joints and construction tolerances from the primary structure.
have a maximum spacing of 600mm

Alternative stud arrangements should be agreed with NHBC.
Lintels, including trussed lintels, should be:
provided to any opening in load-bearing panels where

one or more studs is cut or displaced to form the
opening, but are not required where an opening falls
between studs
securely fixed to supporting studs to ensure that loads

are fully transferred.
At openings, additional studs may be required to provide support
or fixing points for wall ties, cladding and wall linings.
Multiple studs should be included to support multiple joists,
unless otherwise specified by the designer.
5
CHAPTER 6.10
Where panels are diagonally braced with a flat strip, the brace should be fixed to each stud at the intersection to minimise
bowing in the bracing member. Alternatively, bracing may be tensioned using alternative methods where included in the scope of
the Stage 1 certification.
Appropriate holding-down devices should be provided to resist uplift, where necessary. The anchorage for holding-down devices
should have sufficient mass to resist the uplift forces (See Clause 6.10.10).
Where roof trusses sit directly on a top track, the design should consider all loads, such as:
wind uplift
vertical loading (assuming that trusses may be offset

lateral support
from studs).
Where included in the design, timber wall plates should be:

fixed to the head rail of wall panels onto which timber roof
sized (including the head rail) to permit single timber

trusses bear trusses to be positioned at any point between studs.
Allowance for movement, including at openings and penetrations, should:
prevent load transfer onto services or flues
be fully coordinated with the whole building design.

consider elastic shortening of the LSF and movement

potential of any panels, cladding or boards
Overall stability
Methods to provide overall stability should either:
be designed to BS EN 1993-1-1, or
be tested to BS EN 594.

Wall panels may provide stability using one or more of the following techniques:
internal bracing
external sheathing board in accordance with Clause 6.10.20

crossed flat bracing
rigid frame action.

Internal lining boards can be used where demonstrated to be suitable for the purpose.
6.10.5
Structural design of infill walls
6.10
Infill walls shall be designed to support and transfer loads to the structure safely and without undue
distortion or movement.
Infill panels should be designed to resist the expected wind loads, any loads transferred by the cladding system, and those im-
posed by windows and doors within the panels. Load concentrations resulting from the presence of openings should also be con-
sidered. The design should be in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-3. Additional information can be found in SCI publication ED017
‘Design and installation of light steel external wall systems’.
6.10.6
Roofs Also see: Chapters 7.1 and 7.2
Roofs supported by LSF constructions shall be designed to support the roof coverings and transfer loads
safely and without undue movement.
Connections between LSF walls and timber or LSF pitched roofs require careful consideration in the design.
LSF pitched or flat roofs should only be used in warm-roof or hybrid construction, i.e. with insulation over rafters (or joists in
flat roofs).
Additional information can be found in the following SCI publications:
‘Building design using cold formed steel sections: ‘Modular construction using light steel framing: design of
construction detailing and practice’ (P165) residential buildings’ (P302).
‘LSF in residential construction’ (P402)
Condensation risk should be considered in accordance with BS 5250.

CHAPTER 6.10
6.10.7
Steel and fixings
Steel and fixings shall be suitable for the intended use. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) steel grade c) connections and fixings
b) protection against corrosion d) holes and notches.
Steel grade
Steel should be in accordance with BS EN 10346 and of any of the following grades:
S280
S390

S320
S420

S350
S450.

Protection against corrosion
All steel should be pre-galvanised in accordance with BS EN 10346 (minimum 275g/m2 zinc coating (Z) or 150g/m2 aluminium-zinc
alloy coating (AZ)). Structural steel members should not be altered without the approval of the designer. Welded zones should be
cleaned and treated with a zinc-rich paint to prevent corrosion.
The junction between the ground floor joists and their support should be designed to maintain the durability of the floor. Light steel
floor joists and ring beams in ground floors should be galvanised to 450g/m2.
Alternatively, they can be galvanised to 275g/m2 with additional protection of a two-coat bitumen-based coating to BS 1070, BS
3416 or BS 6949, or have a two-coat liquid asphaltic composition applied. Ring beams to ground floors should be totally protected,
and joists protected for a minimum of 300mm adjacent to an external wall support or ring beam.
Where steel is used less than 150mm above ground level the guidance in Clause 6.10.16 should be considered.
Connections and fixings

Where two metals are to be joined, they should either be:
compatible and not cause bimetallic corrosion, or
isolated from each other.

Connections should be:
6.10
properly installed
justified in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-3 or a test

securely made by clinching, crimping or by one of the
method acceptable to NHBC.
methods detailed in Table 4
Table 4: Types of connections

Type of connection Relevant standard
Cleats BS EN 1993-1-1
Countersunk bolts (tightened to the correct torque) BS 4933
Hot-dip galvanised fasteners BS EN ISO 10684
Rivets, including self-piercing rivets Manufacturer’s recommendations
Screws BS EN ISO 10666
BS EN ISO 15480
BS EN ISO 15481
BS EN ISO 15482
BS EN ISO 15483
(also see BS EN ISO 4042)
Welded connections BS EN 1011 and BS EN 1090
Zinc-plated bolts BS 7371-3
Holding-down devices
Holding-down devices should be suitable for the environment they will be exposed to, and manufactured from:
mild steel with zinc coating to BS EN ISO 1461
stainless steel to BS EN 10095 (suitable for

most environments).
7
CHAPTER 6.10
Holes and notches

Joists and studs should not be altered without the approval of the steel
frame designer, and the drilling, cutting or punching through of members
grommets or swaging
shall only be undertaken to an engineer’s design in accordance with to punched holes
To prevent damage to services, holes and penetrations should be fitted

with grommets or swaged under factory conditions.
reinforced
End notching of light steel joists may be required for the interconnection service hole
of trimming joists and should be in accordance with the design. Notches
elsewhere in the span are not acceptable. elongated service
hole
Also see Clause 6.10.22.
unacceptable
notch
6.10.8
Detailing of steel joists
Steel joists, fixings and connections shall be suitably detailed and provide satisfactory performance. Issues
a) installation details
b) prevention of roll.
6.10
Installation details
Joists or floor beams should be:
spaced as shown in the design
joined with the correct type, size and number of fixings.

accurately cut to length in accordance with the

manufacturer’s recommendations to ensure a tight fit
Where light steel joists are supported by steel joists, cleats or web stiffeners should be used in accordance with the design.
Joists may be doubled up to support partitions or to form trimmers.
Continuous joists on load-bearing intermediate walls should be reinforced as required by the design.
Where joists overlap on load-bearing intermediate walls, they should be fixed together with bolts or screws. This is to prevent the
floor decking being pushed up, or the ceiling being cracked, when the cantilevered part of the joist moves upwards.
CHAPTER 6.10
Prevention of roll
Bridging and blocking should be provided in accordance with the design to
prevent roll.
Floors constructed using joists with an asymmetric web, e.g. of C or
Sigma profile, can cause the floor to roll. To avoid roll, unless otherwise
specified in the design, one of the following alternatives should be used
where the span exceeds 3.5m for C joists or 4.2m for Sigma joists:
A continuous line, or lines, of proprietary steel herringbone

struts provided between the joists; the pairs of struts should
have a physical gap between them so that they do not rub
against each other at the cross-over point and create noise.
Solid blocking provided to every alternate pair of joists with

ties between them as shown.
Joists alternately reversed and tied together in pairs.

Joists alternately reversed and continuous ties (e.g. resilient

bar) fixed to the joist flanges.
Where joists bear onto steelwork or are supported by cleats, blocking is
not necessary adjacent to the supports.
6.10.9
Restraint
Restraint strapping shall be provided in accordance with the design.
Where external walls, not constructed from LSF, are to be stabilised by a connection to the floor, straps may be required.
Straps will generally be fixed to the web of the joist, to suit the masonry courses.
Where joists run parallel to the wall, straps should be supported on noggings fixed between the joists. Straps should be placed
at a maximum of 2m apart and carried over three joists. Packing should be provided between the wall and the first joist.
Straps should be fixed with suitable bolts, screws or rivets and should bear on the centre of bricks or blocks, not across
6.10
mortar joints.
6.10.10
Construction of load-bearing walls and external infill walls
Construction of load-bearing walls and external infill walls shall ensure adequate stability. Issues to be taken
a) preparation c) accommodation of deflection.
b) anchoring
Preparation
The following should be in accordance with the design:
The setting out of the structure onto which the LSF is to

be erected.
The transfer of loads from the LSF.
where insulation is
stepped, DPC required
with upstand and
The supporting structure may have local deviations in level along its dressed down face of
insulation
length, and packing will be required to achieve the required tolerances
and to provide for effective load transfer.
Concrete kickers should be carefully formed, ensuring that the concrete is
adequately compacted and the top surface is suitably flat and level.
12mm max. refer also to 12mm max. from edge

LSF manufacturer's guidance with ledge protected
9
CHAPTER 6.10
Table 5: Acceptable methods of packing under frames

Gap under base rail Acceptable packing
Less than 10mm Provide shims under each stud position.
10-20mm Provide shims under each stud position, and grout under the whole length of the base rail with cement:
sand mortar.
More than 20mm Obtain advice from the frame designer/manufacturer.

Remedial work to the substructure may be required before erection commences.
Shims should be of pre-galvanised steel or other suitable material, e.g. not timber.
Wall frames should be checked to ensure that they are dimensionally accurate before erection commences.
LSF should be correctly positioned, square and plumb, and within the
following tolerances: nominal line line of
of frame frame
the vertical position of members should be within +/-5mm per

storey relative to the base 5mm max.
the horizontal position of base rails should not vary in

alignment by more than 5mm in 10m.
10m
Anchoring
The frame should be anchored to resist both lateral movement and uplift in accordance with the design, including bolt-down
brackets where required.
anchor fixed
to studs
6.10
anchor in
accordance
with design
anchor built
into masonry
bolt-down bracket
Anchoring should ensure:

that appropriate edge details are provided and minimum
where fixings are into masonry, they are into solid concrete

edge distances specified by the fixing supplier are blocks with a minimum crushing strength of 7.3N/mm2 and
maintained, to avoid spalling of masonry or concrete positioned to receive fixings.
Where the design incorporates gas membranes (methane or radon), fixings should not puncture them, but where this is
unavoidable, the penetration should be sealed.
Accommodation of deflection
Infill walls should accommodate anticipated deflection within the primary frame in accordance with the structural design.
6.10.11
Interfaces with staircases
Floors and walls shall be designed to accommodate installation of any staircases without compromising
performance.
Wall linings should be continuous behind the string of staircases.
Fixing connections should be coordinated to ensure fire protection continuity and structural adequacy.
CHAPTER 6.10
6.10.12
Fixing floor decking and ceilings Also see: Chapter 6.4
Floor decking and ceilings shall be adequately fixed using a material of adequate strength and moisture
resistance.
Joist spacing and decking thickness should be compatible. Material standards and minimum board thicknesses for domestic loads
(imposed load of 1.5kN/m2) are shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Joist spacing and decking type
Material Standard Minimum thickness of decking (mm)
Chipboard BS EN 312 moisture-resistant type P5 18 22
Plywood BS EN 636 15 18
Oriented strand board type OSB3 BS EN 300 15 18
Other materials In accordance with Technical
Requirement R3
In England and Wales, the thicknesses listed above may not achieve the 15 kg/m2 mass required to meet sound insulation
requirements.
Flooring should be fixed at maximum 300mm centres using self-tapping screws or fixings approved by the LSF manufacturer and
in accordance with Chapter 6.4 ‘Timber and concrete upper floors’.
Plasterboard should be fixed in accordance with Chapter 9.2 ‘Wall and ceiling finishes’, using self-drilling, self-tapping screws.
6.10.13
Other design issues
The home shall be designed to adequately address all critical performance issues.
The designer should ensure that all critical performance issues listed in Table 7 are appropriately addressed.
Table 7: Critical performance issues requiring the designer’s consideration

Topic Description
6.10
Behaviour in relation to fire Compliance with building regulations

Internal linings

Fire stops and cavity barriers

Penetrations

Acoustic performance Compliance with building regulations

Moisture control, including thermal Type, thickness and location of insulation material

performance, condensation risk and Protection from water ingress at low levels
water ingress Condensation risk analysis and management of water vapour in the structure

Wall construction Acceptable claddings (see Chapter 6.9 ‘Curtain walling and cladding’)

Provision of cavity

Type of wall ties

Sheathing

Balconies, terraces and parapets Specific design considerations: structural design, durability, weather-tightness

Guidance for some of the performance issues listed in Table 7 may be included in the Stage 1 certificate.
6.10.14
Behaviour in relation to fire
LSF walls and floors shall be in accordance with applicable building regulations.
Guidance within supporting documents to the building regulations should be fully considered in the design and construction of LSF
walls, floors and roofs.
Detailing and specification of components should be in accordance with the steel frame manufacturer’s recommendations and/or
guidance from SCI and supported with representative test evidence to appropriate standards such as BS 476:21 or BS EN 1365:1
for load-bearing walls, BS 476:22 or BS EN 1364:1 for infill walls and BS EN 1365:2 for floors.
The performance of specific details should be taken into account, including:
fire protection to the structure around openings
detailing around service penetrations

detailing of cavity barriers, including moisture protection to
compartmentation including interfaces with fire doors.

the barrier
11
CHAPTER 6.10
6.10.15
LSF walls and floors shall have adequate resistance to the passage of sound.
Internal walls and floors should be in accordance with relevant building regulations.
Separating walls
Separating walls should be in accordance with the design. Care should be taken to avoid gaps:
between mineral wool quilt or batts
between cavity barriers

between internal lining board layers
around openings for services.

Separating floors
The floating part of a floor should be separated from the main structure and surrounding walls by a resilient layer.
Where boards are laid loose over insulation without battens, joints should be glued.
6.10.16
Moisture control
The structure shall be adequately protected from the effects of moisture. Details for LSF at low level shall
fully consider the durability of materials, protection of the building from moisture ingress and thermal
bridging. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) cavities in external walls c) DPCs, DPMs and cavity trays.
b) protection of steel at low level
Cavities in external walls

A clear cavity in accordance with Table 8 should be provided between the cladding and insulation.
Table 8: Minimum cavity widths

Cladding Cavity width
Masonry 50mm
Render on board background 25mm
Vertical tile hanging without underlay No vertical cavity required where a breather membrane is provided
6.10
Other cladding(1) 15mm

Notes
1 See Chapter 6.9 ‘Curtain walling and cladding’.
The cavity should:

extend at least 150mm below the DPC be provided with weep holes or other suitable means

be kept clear to allow drainage of drainage.
Protection of steel at low level

The base rail of LSF should be kept a minimum of 150mm above the
external ground level (or waterproofing layer of a flat roof, balcony or
terrace) and cavity fill.
Locally raised ground levels (up to the internal floor finish) to less than base rail
150mm min.
15% of the external perimeter (of an individual building, e.g. row of above external external wall
ground level insulation to
terraced homes, apartment blocks and detached garages, measured extend 150mm
min. below
on plan) to accommodate level thresholds can be accepted. The cavity steel frame
should be kept clear and allow drainage. Wall insulation should overlap
the base rail by a minimum of 150mm.
CHAPTER 6.10
Alternatively, where the base rail or lowest steel is less than 150mm above ground level (or waterproofing layer of a flat roof,
balcony or terrace), the design should consider the following:
factory-applied protection to the steel frame to achieve
drainage of the cavity (ground conditions should be

a design life of 60 years. This may be LSF: considered where the cavity discharges below
– Galvanised to 600g/m2, or ground level)
– Galvanised to 275g/m2 with the addition of two coats of insulation to limit thermal bridging and interstitial

heavy duty bituminous paint, 200μm total thickness condensation. NHBC may ask for thermal modelling of
sheathing, or backing boards to waterproofing, used
the junction to demonstrate that these issues have been
below 150mm, should be service class 3 in accordance sufficiently limited.
with BS EN 13986
Where levels are raised above the base rail or lowest steel:
local areas of LSF walls (less than 15% of the external
in addition, where more than 15% of the external perimeter

perimeter) retaining up to a maximum of 600mm of ground has ground levels above the internal floor finish (up to a
can be acceptable, subject to appropriate waterproofing maximum of 600mm), the structure should be designed by
design an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
Waterproofing should be designed by a waterproofing design specialist and be in accordance with Chapter 5.4 ‘Waterproofing of
basements and other below ground structures’.
The manufacturer of the waterproofing system should confirm compatibility between the waterproofing and sheathing board, which
should be supported by test evidence.
DPCs, DPMs and cavity trays

DPCs, DPMs and cavity trays should:
be provided at openings to prevent rain penetration
be installed underneath the full width of the base rail and

lap with the DPM where present.
Materials acceptable for use as DPCs include:
BS 6515 polyethylene
materials assessed in accordance with Technical

BS 6398 bitumen
Requirement R3.
6.10
6.10.17
Insulation Also see: BRE Report ‘Thermal insulation:avoiding risks’
Insulation shall be correctly installed, be of a suitable material and thickness to comply with building
regulations and reduce the risk of interstitial condensation.
Insulation should:
be inert, durable, rot and vermin proof, and should not be
extend 150mm below the base rail to minimise thermal

adversely affected by moisture or vapour bridging and maintain a warm frame
cover the whole external face of the wall and be complete
be tightly butted with joints of rigid board insulation taped,

within the frame where required by the design.
Foil-faced insulation boards with an integral facing on one side only should be fixed with the foil face on the cavity side.
Table 9: Acceptable insulation materials

Material Relevant standard
Mineral wool BS EN 13162
Flame retardant (FR) grade expanded polystyrene BS EN 13163
FR grade extruded polystyrene BS EN 13164
Rigid polyurethane foam and polyisocyanurate BS EN 13165
Phenolic foam BS EN 13166
Cellular glass BS EN 13167
Other insulation materials Technical Requirement R3
Account should be taken of Accredited Construction Details where applicable.

Reference should be made to BRE document BR 135 ‘Fire performance of external thermal insulation for walls of multi-storey
buildings’ when specifying the type of insulation system to be installed.
13
CHAPTER 6.10
6.10.18
Vapour control layers
Vapour control layers (VCLs) shall restrict the passage of vapour from within the home to the steel frame and
be correctly installed.
A VCL should be provided, unless a condensation risk analysis shows it is not necessary. An analysis in accordance with BS EN
ISO 13788 (Glaser method), using the following boundary conditions, will generally be acceptable:
>60% internal RH

at 21ºC internally

at -2ºC externally.

Split layers of VCL-type material should be avoided, except where condensation risk analysis shows it to be acceptable.
Where they are provided, VCLs should be:
500g polyethylene sheet, vapour control plasterboard,
placed to cover the external wall, including base rails, head

or material assessed in accordance with Technical rails, studs, lintels and window reveals
Requirement R3 overlapping the base rail

fixed on the warm side of the wall insulation and frame
fully sealed and punctures made good.


Where polyethylene sheet is used:
each joint in the VCL should be located on studs or
double-sided tape or adhesive should be used as a

noggings and lapped by a minimum of 100mm temporary fixing before the wall board is fixed.
Where vapour control plasterboard is used:
joints between sheets should be positioned on studs
care should be taken not to displace the vapour control

or noggings material when cutting vapour control plasterboard.
6.10.19
Breather membranes
Breather membranes shall be capable of allowing vapour to pass into the cavity, and provided to protect the
sheathing and frame from external moisture.
6.10
Breather membranes should be:

vapour resistant to less than 0.6MNs/g (0.12 Sd) when
durable

tested in accordance with BS EN ISO 12572 using the installed so that each joint is protected and moisture

set of conditions C and using five test specimens. drains outwards
capable of resisting water penetration in the
lapped to a minimum of 100mm at horizontal joints and a

anticipated exposure minimum of 150mm at vertical joints.
self-extinguishing

Breathable membranes should be used to protect sheathing board and insulation. Breather membranes may be omitted
where water resistant insulation boards with taped joints are used. Tape should be of a type recommended by the insulation
manufacturer, breathable to allow water vapour to move freely and resist water penetration. Suitable taping should be applied at
the lintel interfaces and other penetrations to direct water outside.
CHAPTER 6.10
6.10.20
Cladding, lining and sheathing boards
Cladding panels, lining and sheathing boards shall be suitable for their intended purpose. Issues to be taken
a) external cladding c) internal lining boards.
b) sheathing
External cladding
The design and construction of the external walls should fully consider:
cavity drainage
restraint

differential movement
fire resistance.

In external walls, a clear cavity should be provided between the external insulation and the cladding. The cavity should:
be drained
have drainage at its base, equivalent to 500mm2/m run,

have cavity trays and weep holes installed where the cavity
e.g. for masonry, one open perpend every 1.5m
is not fully maintained, e.g. at cavity barriers have drainage openings placed to prevent the ingress

be kept clean, free of obstructions and capable of
of rain.
draining freely
Masonry cladding should:
be constructed in accordance with Chapter 6.1 ‘External

masonry walls’
not be supported by the LSF walls unless designed in

accordance with Technical Requirement R5
be tied to the LSF walls with flexible wall ties fixed through

to the studs
compressible joint should
include movement joints as appropriate (e.g. a 1mm gap
be at least 1mm thick per
continuous metre of vertical
per continuous metre of vertical clay masonry should be clay masonry, to allow for
vertical differential movement
provided at openings and soffits) to allow for differential
movement due to thermal expansion, shrinkage (in
6.10
concrete masonry) and moisture expansion (in clay)
in accordance with PD 6697. The brick/block
manufacturer’s advice should be sought on the level
of movement to be expected.
Lightweight cladding should be:

in accordance with Chapter 6.9 ‘Curtain walling
supported by systems assessed in accordance with

and cladding’ Technical Requirement R3 which ensure that cladding
compatible with the LSF system construction
design loads are effectively transferred to the
building structure.
Sheathing
Sheathing boards should be:
of a suitable strength and quality
attached using suitable quality fixings.

compatible with the steel frame

Sheathing boards contribute to meeting many of the critical performance issues described in Table 7 and cannot be easily
replaced, so they should be specified in accordance with the design life of the building.
Sheathing boards should be appropriate for the exposure of the building and suitable for use in humid conditions.
15
CHAPTER 6.10
Table 10: Requirements for sheathing board materials

Material Relevant standards Minimum thickness (mm)
Cement bonded particle board BS EN 13986 By design
BS EN 634
BS EN 12467
Oriented strand board (OSB3 required) BS EN 300 8.0

Plywood BS EN 13986 5.5
BS EN 636
Proprietary materials Technical Requirement R3 Technical Requirement R3
Fixings used to apply sheathing boards should be selected in accordance with the board manufacturer’s instructions and be
suitably specified for strength and long-term durability in the anticipated exposure condition.
Sheathing boards should be adequately protected from weather during construction. This can be done through a combination of:
the use of water resistant boards with accredited proof of
sequencing construction to minimise daily exposure with

performance in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 fully waterproof temporary coverings overnight and during
the use of sealed jointed water resistant insulation to
inclement weather.
reduce water penetration
the application of a breathable membrane to the

sheathing board
For all sheathing board types, junctions between adjacent boards, and at interfaces with other building elements, should be sealed
and/or taped in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
A breather membrane should be used to provide protection to the building during and after construction in areas of very severe
exposure to wind-driven rain.
Internal lining boards

Internal lining boards should be:
fixed in accordance with the design and the manufacturer’s
attached to light steel studs using self-drilling, self-tapping

recommendations screws at a maximum of 300mm centres.
6.10
In addition to the general guidance for internal lining boards, plasterboard should:
be shown to provide adequate fire resistance
be a minimum of 9.5mm for stud spacing up to 450mm

where required be a minimum of 12.5mm for stud spacing up to 600mm.

comply with BS EN 520 and be in accordance with Chapter

9.2 ‘Wall and ceiling finishes’
6.10.21
Wall ties
Wall ties shall be suitable to connect the steel frame to the cladding.
Generally, wall ties should be:

fixed to the studs and not the sheathing

inclined away from the LSF
3D
austenitic stainless steel and of a type which

accommodates the differential movement between the
LSF and the cladding, or assessed in accordance with
Wall ties for masonry cladding should be according to the design and:
installed at a minimum density of 3.7 ties/m2, e.g. spaced

spaced at jambs of openings, a maximum of 300mm

at a maximum of 600mm horizontally and 450mm vertically within 225mm of the masonry reveal (additional
vertically (except where alternative densities have been studs may be needed to achieve this)
demonstrated by building specific calculation and accepted kept clean and free from mortar droppings.

under the Stage 2 certificate)
CHAPTER 6.10
6.10.22
Services
Services shall be adequately protected from damage.
Service mains and service outlets should be:
designed to ensure the fire resistance of walls and floors is
installed in accordance with the design

not impaired on the warm side of the insulation.

designed to ensure that the required sound insulation of

walls and floors is maintained
Light steel joists or studs should not be notched to accommodate services. Holing of structural light steel members should be
carried out in accordance with this chapter and the manufacturer’s recommendations. On-site hole cutting should be avoided,
as badly cut edges can have an adverse effect on the durability of the frame and may cause damage to pipes and cables.
Where on-site adaptation of the frame is unavoidable, it should be undertaken by the manufacturer, with prior notification to
NHBC, and completed in line with the steel frame designer’s remedial details with all cut edges treated and badly cut edges
avoided. Significant adaptations should be overseen by the design engineer.
Grommets should be used around the edge of service holes to protect electrical cables and reduce the risk of bimetallic corrosion
between the LSF and copper pipes. Swaged holes for electric cables and plastic piping do not require grommets.
In Scotland, services are not permitted within:
framed separating walls
separating wall cavities.

6.10.23
Further information

The Steel Construction Institute (SCI), Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7QN
6.10
Render
CHAPTER 6.11
Requirements for factory-made and traditional render
applied to external walls, and render onto
board backgrounds.
Render intended for below ground waterproofing is
outside the scope of this chapter (see Chapter 5.4
‘Waterproofing of basements and other below
ground structures’). Chapter 6.9 ‘Curtain walling
and cladding’ contains guidance for insulated
render systems.
6.11.3 Weather conditions 02
6.11.4 Backgrounds 03
6.11.5 Accommodation of movement 03
6.11.6 Mixes 05
6.11.7 Detailing 07
6.11.8 Render onto board backgrounds 09
6.11.9 Finishes 11
1
Render 2019
CHAPTER 6.11
Introduction
This chapter is arranged in sections covering:
site and factory-made render
render onto board backgrounds
detailing.

Background The surface to which the render is applied.
Base coat The first render coat.
Cured The finished render state when all chemical reactions have taken place.
Decorative finishes An aesthetic finish not generally contributing to weathertightness.
Dry dash Aggregate applied to finish the render.
Factory-made Render mortar arriving on site premixed, generally including admixtures and colouring, and either
ready to use or requiring only the addition of water.
Final coat The last render coat.
Movement joint A joint designed to accommodate predicted movement in the background or render.
Preparation coat An application to provide an appropriate key or bond, including a spatterdash or stipple coat.
Proprietary render Renders and their specified backgrounds with proven compatibility, which fall outside the guidance
systems given for site and factory-made renders.
Ribbed metal lathing Metal lathing that can be used as a carrier for render.
Site-made Renders made on site to recognised designated or prescribed mix proportions.
Structure Structural elements of the building providing support to the render or proprietary render system.
Substrate The wall composition which offers support to the background intended to be rendered (the substrate
and background may sometimes be the same).
Undercoat The coats preceding the final coat.
Wet dash A traditional render consisting of aggregate bound in slurry applied to the undercoat prior to
6.11
setting.
6.11.1
Compliance Also see: BS EN 13914-1 and BS 8000-0
Render, including site-made, factory-made and render onto board backgrounds shall comply with the
Technical Requirements.
Render that complies with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
6.11.2
Design and specifications should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and/or suppliers and, where
relevant, include the following:
A full set of drawings indicating areas to be rendered, and
Mix proportions for site-made render.

construction details, e.g. the position of movement joints Details of the substrate and background.

and how interfaces are formed. Details of any technical assessments

The render manufacturer’s technical information,
(i.e. third-party certifications).
including parts of the system design manual Details of interfaces and abutments, such as joints,

or installation guidance relevant to the specific site and junctions and service penetrations.
construction type. Ancillaries that form part of a rendering system.

Render 2019 2
CHAPTER 6.11
Table 1: Process chart for the application of site - and factory-made render to masonry backgrounds
Process Steps See clause
Structure design Identify a suitable background material compatible with the intended render finish and 6.11.4
consider any preparation requirements
Consider how movement will be controlled, i.e. are movement joints or bed joint 6.11.5
reinforcement needed?
Render design
Select an appropriate render strength that is compatible with the background 6.11.6
Determine the exposure zone which will influence the render's thickness 6.11.6
Construction Protect the background from adverse weather conditions at the earliest opportunity during 6.11.3
and following construction
Assess the likely weather conditions prior to and after rendering 6.11.3
Assess the background, e.g. suction and surface preparation, and apply a preparation coat 6.11.4
where necessary
Protect the completed render as it cures 6.11.3
6.11.3
Weather conditions
Rendering shall only be carried out in suitable weather conditions, unless appropriate precautions are
taken.
6.11
Consideration should be given to likely weather conditions and, where required, measures taken to allow render to cure
satisfactorily.
When applying render in wet conditions:

the background should not be saturated
curing render should be protected from heavy rainfall

downpipes or temporary downpipes should be used
specialist preparation coats should be used in accordance

to prevent the background or completed render from with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
becoming saturated
When applying render in hot conditions the following precautions should be considered:
avoid curing render from being directly exposed to
lightly spray the render with clean water to prevent

strong sunlight rapid drying.
When applying render in cold conditions:
the air temperature should be at least 2°C and rising
the background should not be saturated.

the background should be free from visual signs of frost

Where the air temperature is at, below or likely to fall below 5°C, appropriate precautions such as covering with a hessian sheet
should be used to protect curing render.
Factory-made render should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations for weather conditions.
Acrylic renders have different curing requirements which should be taken into account.
3
Render 2019
CHAPTER 6.11
6.11.4
Backgrounds
Backgrounds shall be appropriate for their intended purpose and suitably prepared to receive render.
a) preparation of masonry backgrounds c) ribbed metal lath.
b) preparation of clay brick backgrounds
Preparation of masonry backgrounds

Masonry backgrounds should be constructed in accordance with Chapter 6.1 ‘External masonry walls’ and include DPCs and
cavity trays. The thickness of single-leaf masonry walls should be in accordance with PD 6697.
The surface to be rendered should be free from dust, loose particles, efflorescence and organic growth, and, where applicable,
be prepared in accordance with the render manufacturer’s recommendations.
Masonry backgrounds with a smooth surface or close texture should be treated to provide an adequate key by either applying:
lath, or
a spatterdash or stipple coat.

The suction of the block should be appropriate for rendering. High or low suction will generally require a preparatory coat. The
likely suction of the block can be gauged by applying a small quantity of water to the surface and observing the effects:
Water being absorbed instantly is an indication of
Water running from the surface with little absorption

high suction. suggests the background has low suction.
A spatterdash coat typically comprises cement and sand at a ratio of 1:3 mixed with water and often a bonding agent, such as
styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). The mix should be applied by dashing onto the background to
give a rough texture approximately 3-7mm thick.
Generally, raking out mortar joints to blockwork will not sufficiently improve the key, and may extend the curing time of the
base coat.
Preparation of clay brick backgrounds

The brick manufacturer’s recommendations for rendering should be followed.
Where S1 bricks are used, the render mix should resist sulfate.
6.11
To provide an appropriate bond, clay brick backgrounds with a water absorption rate of between 9% and 15% should generally
have sufficient suction to provide a mechanical key. Alternatively, when rendering onto bricks, one or more of the following
methods of improving the key can be adopted:
Keyed bricks used.
Mortar joints raked out to a depth of 10-12mm (although

A spatterdash coat applied.
this may increase curing time).
Render on an external leaf of clay bricks (F2,S1 or F1,S1 designation bricks to BS EN 771) in severe or very severe exposures
is not permitted where the cavity is to be fully filled with insulation.
Ribbed metal lath

Ribbed metal lath should be:
fixed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
fixed with the correct side to be rendered facing out

recommendations fixed with a 25mm drained and vented cavity when applied

supported at 350mm and up to 600mm centres for stiffer
to framed structures
metal profiles austenitic stainless steel to BS EN 10088-1.

Render onto ribbed metal lath can be vulnerable to damage where impact is likely to occur, such as beside communal paths.
Appropriate reinforcement may be used to help improve the render’s impact resistance.
6.11.5
Accommodation of movement Also see: PD 6697
Rendered walls shall be detailed to reduce the risk of damage due to movement in the background. Issues
a) movement in masonry background c) movement in ribbed metal lath render.
b) dissimilar materials
The construction should include appropriate measures to reduce the risk of damage to the render caused by movement in the
background, such as shrinkage, thermal or differential movement. The designer should follow the guidance in this chapter,
together with the render/background manufacturer’s recommendations. Alternatively, provision for movement should be designed
by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
Render 2019 4
CHAPTER 6.11
Areas of the building to be rendered should be identified prior to construction, and movement control considered as part of
the design.
Movement in masonry background

Render and masonry backgrounds should be detailed to reduce the likelihood of cracking and crazing in the render. Issues to be
the potential for movement in the background and render

the orientation of the building

size, quantity and positioning of openings
thermal shock

compatibility with the background
moisture content of the materials

density of the masonry
exposure conditions.

the size and geometry of rendered panels

Where length/height ratios are greater than 3:1, consideration should be given to providing suitably designed:
movement joints, or
bed joint reinforcement.

Where movement joints are provided, they should:
compressible filler
be continued through the background and render (including any

horizontal beads)
be made weathertight with an appropriate sealant

weathertight seal
not align with openings such as windows, doors or meter boxes.

external render
Bed joint reinforcement should be provided in the first two
courses of the external masonry leaf above and below any
opening. Where possible, the reinforcement should project
600mm beyond the opening.
Table 2: Concrete block categorisation

Category Compressive strength of the blockwork Dry density
Low density aircrete 2.9-3.6N/mm2 <500kg/m3
Normal density aircrete 3.6-9.0N/mm2 500kg/m3+
6.11
Ultra lightweight aggregate 3.6-7.3N/mm 2
<950kg/m3
Lightweight aggregate 3.6-7.3N/mm2 950-1500 kg/m3
Dense aggregate 7.3N/mm + 2
1,500kg/m3+
Table 3: Preparation of blockwork backgrounds(1)

Category Normal movement joint spacing Maximum distance of joint from Suction control
restrained end, i.e. corners
Low density aircrete Specialist advice required(2)
Normal density aircrete 6m 3m (half normal spacing) Yes
Ultra lightweight aggregate 6m 3m (half normal spacing) Not generally required
Lightweight aggregate 7.5 - 9m Half normal spacing Not generally required
Dense aggregate 7.5 - 9m Half normal spacing Not generally required
Notes:
1 The guidance in this table is generally acceptable for render coats in accordance with Table 5 and factory-made one-coat render based on
1:1:6 mix = 3.5N/mm².
2 Specialist advice from the block and render manufacturer should be sought.
3 Specialist advice should be sought where clay brick backgrounds are used.
Dissimilar materials
Backgrounds should not be constructed from materials of

different densities. Where possible, render should not be
continuous across dissimilar materials. Where this cannot be
avoided the render should:
be stopped at appropriately formed movement joints, or

have austenitic stainless steel lath reinforcement carried
min. 300mm metal lath reinforcement and separation strip
across the joint with a separation strip, such as building
paper, behind.
5
Render 2019
CHAPTER 6.11
Where significant differential movement is likely to occur, such as the junction between masonry and board backgrounds, render
should be stopped either side of an appropriately formed joint.
Movement in ribbed metal lath render

To avoid cracking, ribbed metal lath backgrounds should be divided with movement joints into bays no more than 5m wide and:
site-made render should be applied in three coats
factory-made render should be applied in accordance with

6.11.6
Mixes Also see: Chapter 6.1
The render mix shall be appropriate for the intended purpose, be compatible with the background and be
designed to minimise the risk of de-bonding, cracking and crazing. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) sand e) application of site-made render
b) mix design f) factory-made renders
c) admixtures and bonding agents g) lime.
d) coat thickness of site-made render
Render coats should not be stronger than the background or any previous coat to which they are applied. Weaker coats can be
achieved by reducing the cement content of each coat or by using the same mix but decreasing the coat thickness.
Potable water should be used for mixing render.
Sand
Sand for render should be well-graded category 2, in accordance with BS EN 13139. Sand with excessive fine material, clay or
silt can shrink and crack so should be avoided.
A sharp gritty or coarse sand is required for strength in the backing coats, but finer sand should be used for the finishing coat.
Typical sand grades should be:
5mm down to 0.075mm – undercoat(s)
1.18mm down to 0.075mm – final coat.

Mix design
6.11
Designation ii, iii and iv (strength class M6, M4 and M2) mixes are generally used for rendering.
Stronger mixes are generally more moisture resistant; however, they are also more prone to shrinkage, which increases the
likelihood of the render cracking. Weaker mixes may be appropriate for weaker backgrounds in less exposed zones.
For exposure zone classification, see Clause 6.1.6.
Table 4: Designation mix proportions for cement-based mixes

Mix Mortar Mix proportions by volume based on damp sand
designation compressive Cement:lime: Cement:ready-mixed lime/sand(1) Cement:sand(1) Masonry
strength class sand (using plasticiser) cement:sand(1)
equivalent Ready-mixed Cement:
lime:sand ready-mixed
material
i M12 1:¼:3 1:12 1:3 - -
Weaker – stronger
ii M6 1:½:4 - 4½ 1:9 1:4 - 4½ 1:3 - 4 1:2½ - 3½

iii M4 1:1:5 - 6 1:6 1:5 - 6 1:5 - 6 1:4 - 5
iv M2 1:2:8 - 9 1:4½ 1:8 - 9 1:7 - 8 1:5½ - 6½
v - 1:3:10 - 12 1:4 1:10 - 12 - -
Notes:
1 With fine or poorly graded sands, the lower volume of sand should be used.
2 Where soluble salts could be present in the background, mixes should have sulfate-resisting properties.
3 Where pigments are specified, batching should be undertaken with care to ensure colour consistency pigments to BS EN 12878 can be used but should not
exceed 10% of the cement weight, or 3% where carbon black is used (white Portland cement may be used).
Render mixes should be:

in accordance with BS EN 13914 ‘Design,
appropriate to the strength of the background

preparation and application of external rendering and checked against the specification

internal plastering’ of adequate strength and thickness to achieve durability.

Render 2019 6
CHAPTER 6.11
Where enhanced water-resisting properties are required:

Portland cement with a waterproofing agent already
a waterproofing agent should be added to the render mix in

incorporated may be used in the undercoat, or accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Rendering mortar should not be left turning over in the mixer for longer than necessary.
Admixtures and bonding agents

Admixtures and bonding agents should:

be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3
be compatible with the render

not be used with factory-made renders without the prior

manufacturer’s recommendations approval of the render manufacturer.
The effect on the adhesion of subsequent render coats should be considered when water-repelling agents are used.
Plasticisers and air entrainers should comply with BS EN 934 and not be used in mortars containing masonry cement.
Coat thickness of site-made render

The number of coats should be designed to take account of the background and exposure conditions of the site.
The mix and its application should be suitable for the specific background. Items to consider include:
the number and thickness of coats
the strength of the coat (subsequent coats should be

weaker than the background or the previous coat).
Render should have a nominal total finished thickness of not less than:
16mm for sheltered and moderate exposure zones, or
20mm for severe and very severe exposure zones.

Table 5: Site-made render designation and typical thickness

Typical two-coat application
Normal density aircrete
Undercoat 8-12mm designation iii (M4)
Final coat 6-8mm designation iv (M2)(1)
6.11
Ultra lightweight and lightweight aggregate blockwork
Undercoat 8-12mm designation iii (M4)
Final coat 6-8mm designation iv (M2)(1)
Dense aggregate blockwork
Undercoat 8-12mm designation ii (M6)
Final coat 6-8mm designation iii (M4)
Clay brick
Final coat 6-8mm designation iii (M4)
Ribbed metal lath
First coat 8-12mm designation i (M12)
Final coat 6-8mm designation ii (M4)
Notes:
1 Designation iii (M4) should be used for the final coat in severe or very severe exposure zones.
2 For block classifications, see Table 2.
3 Specialist advice should be sought for low density aircrete backgrounds.
Where a three-coat render is used, this should include a second undercoat that is:
the same thickness but a slightly weaker mix than the first
a slightly thinner coat of the same strength mix.

undercoat, or
Application of site-made render

When applying render, previous coats should be allowed to cure before applying the next coat (typically three to four days).
To avoid surface crazing:
properly graded sand should be used with limits on fine
overworking (polishing) of the render should be avoided,

sand proportions as this causes laitance to be drawn to the surface.
7
Render 2019
CHAPTER 6.11
Surfaces should be appropriately prepared to receive following coats. This can be achieved by either combing or scratching.
The final coat should be applied to an undercoat that is suitably keyed.
The size of the background to be rendered should be assessed to determine if it can be rendered in the time available.
This will help to establish the most suitable location for day joints.
The final coat should be of uniform thickness and not used to even out irregularities, which should be accommodated in
previous coats.
Factory-made renders
Factory-made renders should be applied in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, including those for ancillary
components.
Factory-made renders with a declared mix in accordance with Table 4, applied to the thickness recommended in Table 6, and
that otherwise comply with the recommendations for site-made renders, will generally be acceptable to NHBC.
Table 6: Minimum thickness of factory-made single-coat renders

Background Sheltered and moderate exposure zone Severe and very severe exposure zone
Single-leaf masonry wall 20mm In accordance with the render
Masonry cavity wall partially filled 15mm manufacturer’s recommendations.
Masonry cavity wall fully filled 20mm
Lath (1)
15mm
Notes:
1 Lath backgrounds generally require two coats.
2 Alternative single-coat thicknesses may be acceptable when accompanied by appropriate third-party assessment in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
Lime
Render mixes containing hydrated lime can improve the ability of the render to accommodate movement, improving resistance to
cracking and crazing. The use of lime should be in accordance with BS EN 459.
Natural hydraulic lime (NHL) is used without cement, which can allow greater moisture vapour movement through the structure.
6.11
Specialist advice may be required for the use of NHL render.
6.11.7
Detailing
Rendering shall be detailed to ensure appropriate weathertightness and durability. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) copings, cappings and sills e) exposed elements
b) abutments and interfaces f) ancillary items
c) weepholes g) render below the DPC
d) detailing at openings h) resistance to sulfate attack.
Copings, cappings or sills

Render should be protected from damage by copings, cappings or sills made of a material of low permeability or with suitably
detailed DPCs. A minimum 40mm projection with a throating or drip detail should be provided to all copings, cappings and sills.
Extending sills or sub-sills beyond window reveals can help to disperse water and prevent staining.
throating clear
DPC supported of the render metal coping
over cavity tray
40mm plywood plate
optional render
40mm overhang
optional render
150mm
min.
weep holes 150mm
(max. spacing 1m) min.
weep holes
render (max. spacing 1m)
render
Render 2019 8
CHAPTER 6.11
Abutments and interfaces

Where raked roof abutments occur against a rendered masonry wall, preformed cavity trays and appropriate flashings should be
provided. Clauses 6.1.17 and 7.2.20 contain guidance for stepped cavity trays and flashings to masonry walls.
Render abutting exposed features, such as stone string courses or quoins, should be finish neatly without gaps.
Abutments between render and exposed masonry should be detailed to prevent moisture passing in behind the render or
adversely affecting the building.
When rendering into window or door frames, the render should be stopped against a bead and sealed, or a bead of sealant
applied between the frame and render.
Weepholes
Weepholes should be provided:

where required for ventilation to timber

frame construction
to the last tray at stepped abutments

in severe or very severe exposure zones where rendering is

returned back into the window or door head (weepholes are
not required where the render is not returned)
to cavity trays on parapet walls.
min. two weep holes per
opening in severe or very
severe exposure zones
To prevent staining, weepholes should be of a type which restricts render stopped
the entry of wind-driven rain. against corner bead
render returned and

sealed at the window head
Detailing at openings
Design features around openings and at the head of the
6.11
external min. 12mm overlap to frame
rendering should provide shelter and help shed water away
from the surface below. window
sill
In areas of very severe exposure, and in Scotland, a check

reveal should be provided at openings.
sealant
Proprietary render systems should be detailed at abutments in
sealant
internal
Exposed elements
Render to exposed masonry elements, such as parapets, freestanding walls, pillars, retaining walls or chimneys, should be of a
type appropriate for severe exposure conditions.
When rendering both sides of freestanding or parapet walls of single leaf construction, care should be taken to prevent damage
caused by moisture becoming trapped. For example:
the detailing should prevent the masonry from becoming saturated

the wall should be protected from rain during construction

rendering both sides of single leaf walls in areas of very severe exposure to frost attack should be avoided

(see Clause 6.1.6c).
Bricks with S1 or S0 designation are not recommended for exposed elements that are to be rendered.
9
Render 2019
CHAPTER 6.11
Ancillary items
Stop beads and render stops should be austenitic stainless steel or PVC. Long runs of steel beads and stops should be avoided
due to their expansion potential.
Corner beads should have an appropriate projection to prevent thin tapering of the render which reduces the its overall
thickness.
Beads should be:

adhesive-fixed using a material appropriate for external
mechanically fixed using suitably durable fixings.

use and in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations, or
Render below the DPC

To prevent damage caused by prolonged periods of wetting -, it is preferable to stop the render at DPC level. Where rendering is
continued below the DPC, the following precautions should be taken:
for site-made render, use a stronger mix (M4) that is sulfate
factory-made render used in accordance with the

resisting, or manufacturer’s recommendations.
Consideration should be given to providing:

appropriate drainage installed along the perimeter or
adjacent surface finishes which do not promote splashing.

ground falling away from the building
Admixtures may be required to enhance performance.
Resistance to sulfate attack

To prevent sulfate attack, the wall construction should restrict moisture from entering into the background and having a
detrimental effect on the performance of the render.
When detailing between the render and exposed brickwork, it is advisable to use appropriate materials resistant to, or without
sources of, sulfate.
6.11.8
Render onto board backgrounds
6.11
Render onto board backgrounds shall be suitable for the intended use and detailed to provide satisfactory
performance. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) provision of a system manual d) weather resistance
b) compatibility between the render and background e) movement joints
c) fixing back to the structure f) board backgrounds.
Provision of a system manual

Where render is applied to a board background, the render manufacturer should clearly define the system in a manual, including:
materials and components

common details

design guidance

installation guidance.

The system should be used in full accordance with the manufacturer’s guidance and recommendations.
Compatibility between the render and background

The background should be appropriate for its intended use. Issues to be taken into account include:
compatibility between the board and render
durability classification of the board and its suitability for

use in exterior conditions, including resistance to weather
prior to the render being applied.
Render 2019 10
CHAPTER 6.11
Render onto board backgrounds should:

not be applied where the surface has contamination, dust
be mixed to ensure colour consistency where coloured

or loose particles pigments are specified
consider the effects of solar radiation (colour, orientation
be specified and used with the appropriate ancillary items,

and shading) such as trims to form corners and returns.
Boards should not be left exposed prior to rendering for longer than is necessary.
Fixing back to the structure

Board backgrounds should be fixed back to the structure in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
The fixing design should consider:
wind load
pull-through resistance

pull-out strength
anticipated movement.

Fixing battens and rails should be installed vertically and not block drainage paths. Timber battens should be suitably treated.
To reduce the risk of damage from impact, especially at low level, where people have access around balconies and where cradle
systems etc. can come into contact with the façade, appropriate precautions such as closer supports should be considered.
Cavity barriers should be appropriately detailed to ensure satisfactory performance and:
be provided in accordance with building regulations
account for movement in the frame

not block ventilation or drainage paths

Weather resistance
Timber and steel framed backing walls should have a minimum 25mm cavity.
Cavities to timber framed walls should be drained and vented, and cavities to steel framed walls should be drained.
Movement joints
Movement joints should be provided to accommodate movement in timber frame structures. Where board backgrounds are used,
movement joints should be:
6.11
formed in accordance with the system

continued through the background board

positioned to accommodate calculated deflection or
15mm*
movement
provided at floor zones.

movement
across
floor zone
15mm*
25mm vertical batten
15mm*
*10mm for I-joist
Board backgrounds
Board backgrounds to be rendered should be external grade and recommended for use in the render manufacturer’s system
manual.
Boards should be set out in accordance with the system manufacturer’s recommendations, taking account of possible
compression, deflection and alignment of joints in relation to openings in the external wall, such as windows and doors.
The render should have alkali-resistant mesh embedded into the base coat across the whole surface.
Edges of boards should be suitably treated to provide protection from weather during construction and to maintain durability after
the render is completed.
11
Render 2019
CHAPTER 6.11
6.11.9
Finishes
Finishes shall be to a satisfactory standard. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) decorative finishes
b) appearance.
Decorative finishes
The choice of decorative finish should take account of :
the exposure zone
background movement potential.

Scraped or textured finishes can reduce the risk of crazing and can break up the drainage path of rain-water as it runs down the
face of the wall.
Wet dash and dry dash finishes should have an aggregate size generally between 6mm and 14mm. Dry dash should be applied
to the final coat before it has fully cured.
Appearance
Render on external walls should be reasonably consistent in texture, finish, colour and line. Clause 9.1.2b provides further
guidance on tolerances to render finishes.
Consideration should be given to detailing that will avoid obvious staining (e.g. the positioning of discharge pipes).
Completed render should be protected from damage that could be caused by construction activities.
Render may not be resistant to staining and may require periodic maintenance such as cleaning.
6.11
Flat roofs and balconies
CHAPTER 7.1
Technical Requirements for flat roofs and balconies.
Waterproofing using profile sheet is outside the
scope of this chapter.
7.1.1 Compliance 01
7.1.3 Flat roof and balcony design 01
7.1.4 Timber and timber decks 02
7.1.5 Profiled metal decks 04
7.1.6 Concrete decks 04
7.1.7 Thermal insulation and vapour control 05
7.1.8 Waterproofing and surface treatments 05
7.1.9 Green and proprietary roofs 07
7.1.10 Detailing of flat roofs 09
7.1.11 Accessible thresholds 11
7.1.12 Drainage 12
7.1.13 Guarding to balconies 14
1
Flat roofs and balconies 2019
CHAPTER 7.1

For the purposes of this chapter, the following definitions apply:
Flat roof A roof with a maximum slope of 10° from the horizontal. Systems may be used at a greater pitch
where they meet the requirements of this chapter, and materials are adequately held in place.
Deck The structural substrate of the flat roof.

Decking The upper trafficked surface of the balcony.
Warm roof Insulated above the deck.
Cold roof Insulated below the deck.
Inverted warm roof Insulated above the waterproofing.
Intensive green roof Vegetation contained within soil.
Extensive green roof Vegetation contained in the sedum.
7.1.1
Flat roofs and balconies shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Flat roofs and balconies which comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable to NHBC.
Other sources of information include:
BS 6229 ‘Flat roofs with continuously supported coverings.
Mastic Asphalt Council (MAC)

Code of practice’ Single Ply Roofing Association (SPRA)

National Federation of Roofing Contractors (NFRC)
Liquid Roofing and Waterproofing Association (LRWA).

Where the flat roof or balcony is a terrace above another home, it should provide satisfactory acoustic performance in
accordance with relavant building regulations.
7.1.2
Extent and direction of falls, and position of rainwater
Details at critical junctions.

outlets. Details of fixings and fixing methods, including those for

Sections through the construction, indicating how falls are
insulation and surfacing.
formed and ventilation is provided. Specification for intensive, or extensive green roofs.

7.1
Size, specification and position of the components,

Details and fixing methods of balcony support and

including treatments for durability and the position of the guarding components.
vapour control layer, insulation and waterproofing layers.
7.1.3
Flat roof and balcony design
Flat roofs and balconies shall support and transmit loads safely to the structure.
The structural design of flat roofs and balconies should:
be produced by an engineer in accordance with
have adequate provision for movement in larger roofs,

Technical Requirement R5, and be in accordance with particularly where the span of the roof deck changes,
BS EN 1991-1-1, BS EN 1991-1-3 and BS EN 1991-1-4 e.g. in L-shaped buildings; joints should be continuous
resist wind uplift by either being of sufficient self-weight or
through the vertical upstands, walls and edges of
by being anchored to the main structure – where required, the building
holding-down straps should be provided at a maximum include support steelwork and purlins which are square,

spacing of 2m true and free from twists or sagging.
have adequate provision for the additional loads where a

flat roof is to act as a roof terrace, roof garden or
car parking area
Where joists and concrete roof elements are used to provide lateral restraint, they should:
have a minimum bearing of 90mm, or
have restraint straps at 2m centres (maximum) where joists

or concrete beams are parallel to walls.
Flat roofs and balconies 2019 2
CHAPTER 7.1
7.1.4
Timber and timber decks
Timber flat roofs and balconies shall be of adequate strength and durability, and be installed to form a
satisfactory substrate for the waterproofing system. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) structure and durability
b) joist hangers, straps and strutting

c) installing timber substrates.
Structure and durability

Timber should be: surface
treatment waterproofing
checked for conformity with the design upon delivery

rejected where excessively wet, damaged or not of a

suitable quality or shape insulation
vapour control layer
stored under cover to prevent wetting

deck
preservative treated or naturally durable, in accordance

joist and firring
with Chapter 3.3 ‘Timber preservation (natural solid
ceiling
timber)’ finish
retreated along the cut edges with a coloured

preservative, where preservative treated timber has been
falls can be created by
cut. firrings or tapered insulation
Timber decks should:

be in accordance BS EN 1995-1-1 or appropriate load/
have joists which are sized and spaced in accordance with

span tables published by TRADA in support of building the design and at a maximum of 600mm centres
regulations be temporarily covered to prevent wetting, unless the

be from regularised timber, dry graded to BS 4978 and
waterproofing is to be installed immediately
marked ‘DRY’ or ‘KD’ where softwood is used internally be level and, where necessary, using hard packing such

have I-joists or metal web joists specified in accordance
as tiles or slates bedded in mortar to adjust joists (loose or
with the manufacturer’s recommendations and not used soft packing, including timber, should not be used)
where any part of the joist is exposed to external conditions formed with one of the materials listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Materials used for decks

Material Thickness of deck (mm)
Plywood to BS EN 636, Class 3 15 18
Oriented strand board, type OSB3 15 18
7.1
Pretreated timber planking, tongue and grooved (close boarded timber) 19 19
Maximum board width 100mm
Structural elements of balconies should have a service life of at least 60 years.

Timber in balconies should be limited to elements which are supported by materials other than timber. Timber should not be
used for:
gallows brackets supporting a balcony
cantilevered decks or joists

posts or columns supporting a balcony
infill joists.

guardrails or their support

Decking boards should be specified and fixed in accordance with:
guidance from the Timber Decking and Cladding
an engineer’s design, in accordance with Technical

Association, or Requirement R5.
3
CHAPTER 7.1
Joist hangers, straps and strutting

Masonry carrying joist hangers should be level and at the correct height.
Mild steel straps and fixings should be protected against corrosion in accordance with BS EN 845-1.
Joist hangers should be:

fixed in accordance with the design.

the correct size for the timber joist or trimmer

Where holding-down straps are required to prevent the roof from lifting from the supporting structure, they should be:
spaced at a maximum of 2m centres
fixed with the lowest fixing secured within 150mm of the

fixed with a minimum of four hardened nails 4mm in
bottom of the vertical strap
diameter x 75mm long, or No 12. wood screws x 50mm 30mm x 2.5mm and 1m long

long, into plugs (where fixed to masonry) predrilled for fixings.

gap between joist and
hanger is 6mm max.
strap with 30x2.5mm

cross section and
min. 1000mm long
min 4 screw
fixings per
no gap between strap
the hanger
and the wall
lowest fixing max. 150mm

from bottom of strap
notched to keep
ceiling line level
Strutting should be provided to prevent excessive movement, and::

be either herringbone type (timber 38mm x 38mm),
not prevent cross ventilation in cold deck roofs.

solid blocking (38mm thick timber x 0.75 depth of joist)
or proprietary steel strutting
Table 2: Spacing for strutting
Up to 2.5 None needed
7.1
2.5-4.5 One (at centre of span)

Over 4.5 Equally spaced along the span at maximum 2.5m centres
Installing timber substrates

When installing timber substrates:
conditions should be dry, and materials protected from
joints in sheet materials which are precovered or coated

wetting until the roof is complete should be sealed immediately after fixing
the area of deck installed should be of a size which can be
materials that have been damaged or adversely affected

quickly covered in the event of rain by moisture should be discarded.
Plywood and oriented strand board should:
have tongued and grooved boards installed with the
be supported on noggings where the edges of boards

long edge at right angles to the joists, and short edges situated along the roof perimeter do not coincide with joists
supported on a joist or nogging be fixed at a maximum of 100mm centres (unless the

have a maximum movement gap between boards of 3mm
design specifies closer)
for square edge boards be fixed with flat-headed ring shank nails (50mm long x

have a minimum movement gap of 10mm where boards
3mm for plywood, 3mm x 2.5 x board thickness for OSB).
abut a rigid upstand
CHAPTER 7.1
OSB should be: 10mm where OSB

or plywood abut
for square edge
installed over supports in the direction indicated on the
boards, 3mm for
OSB and plywood
a rigid upstand
boards, with the stronger axis installed at right angles to

the supporting joists
fixed a minimum of 9mm from the edge of the board.

Softwood tongued and grooved boarding should be:

closely clamped together with end joints staggered

fixed with two ring shank nails to each joist or firring, with

nail heads punched below the timber surface.
7.1.5
Profiled metal decks
Profiled metal flat roofs and balconies shall form a satisfactory substrate for the waterproofing system.
Profiled metal flat roofs should:
be constructed to ensure they achieve the required
have a crown which is a minimum of 45% of the profile

strength and durability, and be checked for conformity with width (for mechanically fixed systems)
the design upon delivery be side stitched to ensure it performs as a continuous

be suitably stored to prevent damage
plane layer (unless the manufacturer recommends
comply with the manufacturer’s load and span tables and
otherwise)
the relevant applied safety factor be fixed and installed in accordance with the design and

resist loads in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-4 and be
variations approved by the designer
fixed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions be adequately protected from construction loads

be galvanised steel to BS EN 10147 or aluminium to BS
be of suitable quality and finish before the waterproofing

EN 485-2 and used in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-3 and insulation system is installed.
have a crown which is a minimum of 50% of the profile

width (for bonded systems)
surface
treatment waterproofing crown width
insulation
profiled metal deck
plaster or
plasterboard profile width
7.1
firrings or tapered insulation
7.1.6
Concrete decks
Concrete flat roofs and balconies shall form a satisfactory substrate for the waterproofing system.
Concrete flat roofs should be constructed to ensure they achieve the required design, strength and durability, and be in
accordance with BS EN 1992-1-1 and Chapter 3.1 ‘Concrete and its reinforcement’.
In-situ reinforced concrete decks should:
be formed using a mix which has low
be protected until adequately cured and dried

shrinkage characteristics (permanent waterproofing should not be installed until the
have accurately constructed and suitably
deck has fully dried).
supported formwork surface
treatment waterproofing
Precast concrete decks should:
be installed on an even and true supporting structure

insulation
have a minimum 90mm bearing (unless the design
specifies a smaller dimension) screed to falls
have allowance for continuity or anti-crack reinforcement
concrete deck
have allowance for movement approximately every 15m

plaster or
plasterboard
and at abutments
be installed to provide an even surface

be grouted, as specified in the design.
screed or tapered insulation
5
CHAPTER 7.1
7.1.7
Thermal insulation and vapour control Also see: BRE Report ‘Thermal insulation: avoiding risks’ and BS 5250
Thermal insulation, vapour control and ventilation shall ensure satisfactory performance, and prevent the
formation of condensation which could adversely affect the construction.
bonded or mechanically fixed in accordance with the

kept dry and installed in quantities which can be quickly

manufacturer’s recommendations; where mechanically covered if it rains (to aid bonding and to avoid
fixed, it should be installed using fixings of sufficient trapping moisture).
length to ensure adequate penetration into the supporting
structure
Cold flat roofs are difficult to detail correctly but, where used, they should be in accordance with BS 5250 and have:
an effective vapour control layer at ceiling level
adequate cross ventilation (openings at both ends of

an unobstructed 50mm ventilation space above
each joist void).
the insulation
Composite decks should: two continuous beads
of sealant beneath
have two beads of sealant along each board joint at the
each board
foil underface (to maintain the integrity of the vapour

control layer).
ensure adequate
bearing area for
composite deck
noggings are required

to support all cross joints
Insulation for inverted roofs should be:
extruded polystyrene (XPS), extruded polystyrene with a
suitable for the weight of the ballast and able to withstand

cementitious surface or suitably assessed in accordance anticipated traffic
with Technical Requirement R3 protected by a geo-textile layer to prevent fines from

suitable for external use
reaching the membrane surface.
Vapour control layers should be provided to warm roofs, and:
include at least one layer of bitumen roofing membrane
where a mechanically fixed system is used, the vapour

(S2P3) below the insulation, fully bonded or mechanically control layer should consist of suitable polyethylene sheet
fixed to the structural deck as appropriate, or a suitable sealed at all laps.
self-adhesive or torch-on membrane.
sealed at laps to the waterproofing, at the perimeter and at

each penetration, e.g. at outlets and pipes (where the roof
7.1
is a single-ply system, the vapour control is generally not

sealed to the waterproofing).
7.1.8
Waterproofing and surface treatments
Flat roofs, and balconies forming roofs, shall adequately resist the passage of water to the inside of the
building. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) installation of waterproofing
b) waterproofing systems
c) surface treatments.
Installation of waterproofing
Prior to the waterproofing being installed:
the structure and receiving surface should be checked and
the surface should be even and dry and nails should be

approved by the waterproofing contractor punched below the surface
the manufacturer’s recommendations for preparation,
the manufacturer’s recommendations for conditioning,

including priming upstands, roof outlets, etc. and unrolling in advance of laying, should be followed
should be followed to achieve a satisfactory bond with concrete and screed surfaces should be adequately dry.

the waterproofing
CHAPTER 7.1
Environmental conditions should be suitable for installing ballast filter layer

waterproofing. Issues to be taken into account include
the following:
insulation
Sheet membranes should not be installed or handled
waterproofing
when the air temperature is 5°C or less (unless otherwise screed to falls
agreed with the manufacturer). concrete deck

Self-adhesive reinforced bitumen membranes should
plaster or
plasterboard
not be installed below 10°C, and the manufacturer’s
recommendations should be followed.
Membranes should not be installed on damp or frosted

surfaces or when any rain, sleet or snow is falling.
Waterproofing should be:
installed in accordance with the design and the
checked by the contractor to ensure that the deck and

manufacturer’s recommendations insulation boards are waterproofed at the end of each day,
installed by a specialist roofing contractor approved by the
and before inclement weather
manufacturer, where a proprietary system is used installed so that membrane laps near outlets do not

installed by the same contractor who installs the vapour
impede drainage
control layer, insulation and surface finish installed so that successive layers do not trap water.

Inverted roofs should:
not be used for slopes greater than 10°
be ballasted to the depth specified in the design

be designed to support the loads, particularly from ballast
be ballasted using paving slabs or minimum 19mm

needed to retain the insulation material diameter rounded pebbles.
Waterproofing systems
Reinforced bitumen membrane
Reinforced bitumen membrane should be high performance and reinforced with polyester reinforcement, e.g. type 5U, 5B/180,
5B/250 to BS 8747 (type 5 reinforced bitumen membranes are colour-coded blue for identification).
Table 3: Reinforced bitumen membrane used in warm roof construction
Insulation material First/preparatory layer Second layer/underlay Final layer/cap sheet
Rigid urethane foam Type 3G perforated layer S2P3 S5P5 with either integral mineral finish or
(RUF) boards (loose laid and lapped, to separate solar protection.
– polyurethane (PU) and produce partial bonding). Elastomeric underlay Elastomeric capsheet achieving S2P3,
polyisocyanurate (PIR). achieving S2P3 mineral surfaced where exposed.
Compressed cork, rock S2P3 (fully bonded in S2P3 S5P5 with either integral mineral finish or
fibre or glass fibre accordance with separate solar protection.
7.1
boards, cellular glass BS 8217). Elastomeric underlay Elastomeric capsheet achieving S2P3,
slabs, perlite boards or achieving S2P3 mineral surfaced where exposed.
composite products.
Table 4: Reinforced bitumen membrane for an inverted warm roof

Deck material First/preparatory layer Second layer/underlay Final layer/cap sheet
Concrete, or concrete Type 3G perforated layer S2P3 S5P5 with either integral mineral finish or
with sand/cement screed. (loose laid and lapped, to separate solar protection.
produce partial bonding). Elastomeric underlay Elastomeric capsheet achieving S2P3,
achieving S2P3 mineral surfaced where exposed.
Torching onto insulation boards, except rockwool or perlite, is not acceptable.

Elastomeric (i.e. SBS polymer-modified) bitumen membranes offer increased extensibility and flexibility, especially at low
temperatures, and can provide a longer service life.
Mastic asphalt
Mastic asphalt should be:
to BS 6925, type 988 T25, 20mm thick on the flat and
(for green roofs) 3 x 10mm layers on horizontal surfaces

installed on black sheathing felt and 2 x 10mm layers on vertical surfaces, for green roofs.
Polymer modified asphalt should be assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
7
CHAPTER 7.1
Thermoplastic single-ply membranes

Thermoplastic single-ply membranes, including materials such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride) and TPO (thermoplastic polyolefine)
should be:
either bonded to the insulation, mechanically fixed to the welded at laps using either hot air or a specific solvent

deck or loose-laid, and sealed and ballasted in accordance assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.

with the manufacturer’s recommendations
Surface treatments
Surface treatments should be in accordance with Table 5.
Table 5: Surface treatments for flat roofs
Access for maintenance only – roofs up to 10° Access roof, walkway or terrace deck
Reinforced bitumen
Mineral surfaced capsheets (e.g. type S5P5). Precast semi-porous concrete tiles bedded in

membranes Reflective stone chippings(1), bedded in a
bitumen or approved adhesive.
dressing compound. Precast concrete proprietary paving slabs on

A suitable thickness of washed, rounded 20-40mm
supports or sand/cement blinding(2).
shingle ballast laid loose. Proprietary timber decking systems(3).

Mastic asphalt Reflective stone chippings(1), bedded in a bitumen
Precast semi-porous concrete tiles bedded in
based compound. bitumen or approved adhesive.
A solar reflective paint approved by the MAC.
Precast concrete proprietary paving slabs on

supports or sand/cement blinding(2).
Thermoplastic Supplementary solar reflective coatings or other
Proprietary flexible, non-slip walkway sheets or

single-ply finishes not required. tiles, compatible with the membrane product.
membranes Where laid loose, membranes can be ballasted

with a suitable thickness of washed, rounded adjustable supports or suitable non-woven
20-40mm shingle installed on a non-woven polymeric protection layer.
polymeric protection layer. Proprietary timber decking systems with bearers

set on an additional membrane or suitable
non-woven polymeric protection layer.
Cold applied liquid
Products generally do not require supplementary Proprietary surface treatments compatible with

roofing membranes solar reflective coatings or other finishes. the membrane product.
Proprietary flexible, non-slip walkway tiles,

compatible with the membrane product.

supports on a suitable non-woven polymeric
protection layer.
Proprietary timber decking systems with bearers

set on additional pads on a suitable non-woven
polymeric protection layer.
Hot melt rubberised
Use in inverted/buried roof membrane applications or in roof garden/green roofs.
bitumen systems
7.1
Must be protected with a substantial reinforced bitumen membrane protection sheet.

All upstands/details where the membrane becomes exposed need a protective membrane to be applied

to prevent UV degradation.
Notes
1 Loose surface finishes should be prevented from being removed by weather and discharged into gutters and drain pipes. Chippings should be a minimum of
12.5mm limestone or white spar, not pea gravel.
2 Cement/sand blinding should be installed on two layers of waterproof building paper or two layers of 1000 gauge polyethylene separating membrane.
Slabs should be kept back 75mm at perimeters and a 25mm movement gap incorporated for every 9m2 of paving.
3 Timber decking systems should only use compatible preservative treatments. The undersides of the bearers should have large, smooth contact areas, with no
sharp edges or corners.
7.1.9
Green and proprietary roofs
Green roofs and proprietary roofing systems shall be suitable for their intended use.
Green roofs should:
be clearly defined by the supplier as a complete system
include waterproofing suitable for use in the green

have supporting data to demonstrate compliance with
roof system.
relevant standards
Rainwater outlets should be accessible and have a visible inspection hatch.

Green roof systems that do not comply with the principles of this chapter should be assessed in accordance with
CHAPTER 7.1
The complete green roof should be installed by a contractor trained and approved by the system supplier.
Waterproofing for green roofs should be either:
reinforced bitumen membrane
single-ply membrane, or

mastic asphalt
a liquid applied system.

The system should be installed in accordance with the design and the membrane manufacturer’s recommendations.
Before covering:
the membrane should be visually inspected and
any damage to the vapour control layer should be repaired,

electronically tested for waterproofing integrity, faults using a full width section of membrane.
rectified, and retested before further layers are placed: the
results should be made available to NHBC
Other issues that should be taken into account when installing green roofs include the:
provision of root barriers
protection, reservoir and filter layers

height of upstands in relation to soil height and flashings
moisture control of the soil.

Table 6: Principles for green roofs
Intensive Extensive
soil and vegetation sedum blanket and
growing medium
drainage/reservoir layer
filter layer
protection layer filter layer

root barrier root barrier
waterproofing waterproofing
insulation insulation
vapour control layer vapour control layer
screed to falls screed to falls
concrete deck or
concrete deck profiled metal
ceiling finish deck, depending
on loadings
ceiling finish
Features Provides a normal garden environment.

Requires minimal maintenance,

Uses natural topsoil 150mm deep and
i.e. annual attention.
‘normal’ plants. A sedum blanket contains the plants.

Requires regular ‘intensive’ maintenance,

i.e. similar to a normal garden.
Requires protection of the waterproofing

membrane from possible damage during
maintenance of the garden, e.g. from
weeding/planting.
7.1
Structure 20° maximum roof pitch, accounting for full
45° maximum roof pitch deck (profiled metal

weight of wet soil (generally supported by a decks may be an alternative to concrete,
concrete deck). depending on loadings).
Drainage falls 1:60min.

Moisture control Irrigation system may be required.

Can be designed to retain some water in order to maintain the vegetation and to reduce run off.

Vapour control Fully bonded polyester-reinforced RBM (S2P3), a suitable self-adhesive membrane or torch-on

layer membrane.
Insulation Insulation material should have adequate compressive strength to withstand likely applied loads.

Where the insulation is above the weatherproofing, only extruded polystyrene (XPS) should be used.
Roots A root resistant element, such as a copper foil or Preventol treatment, is required above the

waterproofing membrane. Alternatively, an approved root resistant waterproofing membrane can be
used.
Protection and A protection layer (or board) should be placed
In accordance with the

filter layers above the waterproofing membrane. manufacturer’s recommendations.
A filter layer should be placed above the

reservoir layer.
9
CHAPTER 7.1
7.1.10
Detailing of flat roofs
Flat roofs shall be detailed to ensure satisfactory performance.
The following illustrations are intended as a guide to demonstrate the general principles of flat roof detailing commonly used
on warm flat roofs and balconies. Where indicated, the principles are applicable to other types of roof construction. Further
information on specific waterproofing systems may be obtained from BS 6229 and BS 8217.
Concrete decks
Upstands Skirting to rooflights or ventilator kerb
Upstands may be fixed to the wall. Similar details apply to inverted roofs.
Upstands should be a minimum of 150mm high. Allow for thickness of ballast to achieve a minimum
Similar details apply to inverted roofs with concrete decks. 150mm upstand.
Preformed preformed
coping OSB or plywood kerb
(e.g.GRP) capping surface treatment
(where required)
min.
150mm
surface treatment
(where required) waterproof membrane
min. insulation
150mm
waterproof membrane screed
insulation
vapour control layer concrete deck
concrete deck
upstand screed
Twin-kerb expansion joint Handrail fixing

Similar details apply to inverted roofs. An upstand should be formed in concrete roofs.
OSB or plywood mineral surfaced top layer
capping fixed to to upstand and over
one kerb only expansion joint
metal flashing
waterproof membrane waterproof membrane

insulation insulation
screed surface treatment
concrete deck
vapour barrier
screed
concrete deck
Timber decks
7.1
Mansard edge Pitched roof abutment

Elements should be firmly fixed to prevent peelback
in high winds. battens, tiles/slates surface treatment
(where required)
surface treatment min.
(where required) 150mm
waterproof membrane
waterproof membrane vapour control layer
vapour control layer insulation
metal flashing
tilting fillet OSB or plywood

battens, tiles/slates layboard
insulation
CHAPTER 7.1
Independent skirting detail Verge detail

Upstand should be kept separate from wall, and allow Similar details apply to inverted decks.
for movement. Upstand should be a minimum of 150mm high.
surface treatment
Similar details apply to cold deck timber roofs. (where required)
edge trim
cavity metal cover
tray flashing built up timber kerb

insulation
min.
min. 150mm
300mm waterproof membrane
insulation
upstand of timber deck

insulation
board
Welted drip to external gutter Pipe passing through roof

Inverted timber decks should be detailed to avoid insulation Vapour control layer should be bonded to the waterproofing.
being lifted by wind suction and an alternative detail used. Detailing of upstand and flashing is similar for all roofs.
surface treatment
(where required)
apron flashing bonded to pipe
waterproof membrane
insulation sleeve around pipe
min.
150mm
waterproof membrane
insulation
insulation around pipe
Upstand to ventilator or rooflight kerb Rainwater outlet

Similar details apply to cold and inverted roofs. Allow for The opening should be properly trimmed.
the thickness of ballast in inverted roofs, to achieve The outlet should be at the lowest point in roof.
upstand dimensions. Ensure that the outlet is fixed securely to decking to prevent
7.1
50mm
displacement by thermal expansion of rainwater pipe.
Similar details apply to concrete roofs.
surface treatment
(where required) vapour control
min. surface treatment layer turned back
mineral 150mm
surfaced (where required) over insulation
top layer to waterproof membrane
face of insulation waterproof
timber kerb vapour control layer membrane
50 x 50mm
triangular fillet
insulation around pipe

and outlet
11
CHAPTER 7.1
7.1.11
Accessible thresholds
Accessible thresholds shall be protected by adequate weatherproofing and drainage.
Accessible thresholds should:
be in accordance with the design – specific fire,
have a minimum 45mm projecting sill to shed rainwater

thermal and acoustic precautions may be required away from the interface with the waterproofing layer
have a maximum 15mm upstand (measured at the door
have a 75mm minimum balcony upstand below the

position) at the door threshold; additional sloping transition underside of the projecting sill, measured from the balcony
elements, such as a small internal ramp and external sill, drainage layer.
may be provided either side of the upstand;
the maximum slope on ramps and sills should be 15
degrees
3D finished projecting sill raised and drained overflow/warning pipe outlet

min. 25mm below the
floor and drip decking or paving
level (min. 45mm overhang) on drained supports underside of the door sill
min. min. 150mm

10mm splash zone
75mm min. upstand fall
supporting position of position of drainage position of rainwater outlet

slab waterproofing layer layer or for an waterproofing layer hopper (should not
for an inverted inverted balcony/roof for a warm deck pass through
balcony/roof balcony/roof accommodation below)
Note
The drainage layer is not necessarily the waterproofing layer (i.e. the top of the insulation of an inverted roof should be considered as the drainage layer).
3D finished projecting sill

7.1
floor and drip balustrading

level (min. 45mm overhang)
low kerb min. 25mm

below underside of
min. the door sill to
min. 150mm act as overflow
10mm splash zone
75mm min. upstand fall fall
supporting waterproofing layer raised and drained rainwater cantilevered alternative hopper
slab with falls to outlet decking or paving outlet balcony discharge
on drained supports
CHAPTER 7.1
Waterproofing layers should:

prevent ponding and associated stagnant water
be fully protected from direct trafficking

generally fall a minimum of 1:80 away from the building to
be capable of withstanding point loads from supports to

the rainwater outlet(s) decking or paving
be subject to specific third-party assessment where falls
be UV resistant or fully protected from daylight.

are zero degrees

be designed to ensure that where falls are towards or

parallel to the building, blockage of the outlet(s) cannot
cause flooding to the building
Drainage arrangements should be effective and have a suitable overflow. The building should not flood where an outlet or
downpipe is blocked. This can be achieved by using:
at least one outlet and an overflow with the capacity of
two outlets connected to independent downpipes, or

the outlet setting the balcony kerb a minimum of 25mm below the

at least one outlet chute and hopper (sized to serve both
door threshold.
the discharge and overflow capacities)
Outlets beneath decking or paving should be clearly identifiable and accessible for maintenance.
To ensure adequate drainage:
gaps should be provided between decking and paving at
spacers and supports which raise decking or paving should

balcony perimeters not obstruct the flow of rainwater to outlet(s).
minimum 10mm gaps should be provided between

individual units of decking or paving and the threshold sill,
perimeter walls and kerbs
A splash barrier should be provided:
to ensure water does not reach any part of the wall that
using an impervious wall finish or cladding, or extending

could be adversely affected by the presence of moisture the waterproofing layer to form an upstand with cover
to a minimum of 150mm above the decking or paving
flashings and cavity trays.
7.1.12
Drainage
Flat roofs and balconies shall have adequate and effective rainwater drainage to a suitable outfall. Issues to
a) falls
b) outlets.
The principles for drainage given in Chapter 7.2 ‘Pitched roofs’ are applicable to flat roofs and balconies.
7.1
Rainwater disposal from roofs and balconies 6m2 or less in area should be considered. Where run-off may cause damage or
staining to a façade, or damage to landscaping, then rainwater gutters and downpipes should be provided. The cumulative effect
of water discharging from multiple balconies in vertical alignment should be taken into account.
Open slatted balcony decking should drain away from the home.
Falls
Flat roofs and balconies should:
be designed with a fall no shallower than 1:40 to ensure

a finished fall of no less than 1:80, unless a detailed
analysis which includes overall and local deflection is outlet
fall
used as justification
have a minimum finished fall of 1:80 (green roofs 1:60),

unless it has a metal sheet covering
account for deflection in the structural design where falls

min.
are achieved using screeds (particularly on large roofs). 150mm
overflow
(invert min.
Where decking or paving is installed above the waterproofing 50mm from
the deck)
and is less than 150mm below the sill, it should be of a type
and design that prevents a build-up of standing water.
fall no less than 1:40
(for design purposes)
fall away from door
13
CHAPTER 7.1
Where tapered insulation is used:

drainage should be designed by the insulation
it should be installed directly onto the vapour control layer,

manufacturer, with falls of no less than 1:60 with the primary waterproofing above
construction should comply with the design and
cross falls should be formed with mitred joints

manufacturer’s recommendations successive roof layers should be installed with a minimum

the sequence of installation should ensure that boards are

of delay, to avoid trapping water during construction.
waterproofed and the roof sealed at the end of each day,
or before the arrival of inclement weather
Metal sheet roofs
Flat roofs with metal sheet roof coverings should be designed with a fall of no less than 1:30 to ensure a finished fall of no
less than 1:60.
Concrete roofs
Concrete roofs can be finished with sand/cement screed topping set to achieve the falls. Screed finishes should be:
free from ridges and indentations
to the minimum thickness in Table 7 where a cement/sand

finished with a wooden float to provide a smooth, even
screed, 1:4 (cement:sand) is used
surface for the vapour control layer and waterproof finish suitably dry and primed to receive the waterproofing

installed by specialist contractors where a lightweight
system.
finish is used, and have a topping of 1:6 (cement:sand),
13mm thick
Table 7: Minimum screed thicknesses
Location of screed Nominal thickness (mm)
Bonded monolithically to in-situ or precast concrete 40 (25 minimum.)
Unbonded (on separating layer) 70 (50 minimum.)
Timber roofs
Firring pieces should be:
used to form falls, unless the design specifies a sloping

joist or ceiling
of the sizes given in Table 8 where installed across the

joists.
Table 8: Size of firring pieces used to form cross falls

7.1
Joist centres (mm) Minimum width (mm) Minimum depth (mm)

400 or 450 38 38
600 38 50
Rainwater outlets
Rainwater outlets should:
be of the size and number required to deal with the
be recessed to facilitate the free flow of water

expected rainfall intensity in accordance with be accessible for maintenance.

BS EN 12056-3
Where a flat roof or balcony has an upstand on all sides, drainage should consist of either two outlets or one outlet plus an
overflow. The overflow should be:
provided through parapet walls or perimeter upstands
of higher capacity than the combined capacity of the

sized and positioned to prevent water from entering
other outlet(s).
the building
CHAPTER 7.1
7.1.13
Guarding to balconies Also see: Chapter 6.1
Balconies, and flat roofs to which persons have regular access other than for maintenance, shall be
adequately guarded to minimise the risk of falling. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) guarding
b) stability of guarding
c) strength and movement of masonry balcony walls
d) durability and fixing of balustrading and guard rails
e) access for maintenance.
Guarding
Guarding should:
not be easily climbed be toughened glass, laminated glass or glass blocks where

be to an adequate height glazed balustrading is used
not be fixed through the waterproofing unless suitable

precautions are taken.
Stability of guarding
Guarding, including parapet walls, and balustrading used as guarding, should be designed in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-1
to resist horizontal loading and as required by the building regulations. Particular care is needed when the design incorporates
balustrading fixed to parapet walls to ensure stability and prevent overturning. End fixings or returns may be needed to
ensure stability.
In balcony walls (especially long balconies) the structural stability should be checked, as the DPC at the base of the wall can
create a slip plane that can seriously limit the ability of the wall to resist horizontal forces. In such cases, it may be necessary to
incorporate a ring beam or other support to ensure stability.
Strength and movement of masonry balcony walls

Masonry balcony walls should be built in accordance with Chapter 6.1 ‘External masonry walls’. In particular:
walls should incorporate strengthening as required by
movement joints should be provided in accordance with
the design the design
copings should be firmly fixed.
Durability and fixing of balustrading and guard rails

Balustrading and guard rails should be of adequate durability and fixed securely. Also see Clause 7.1.4(a).
Access for maintenance

Provision should be made for safe future access to flat roofs for the purposes of maintenance.
7.1
Pitched roofs
CHAPTER 7.2
Technical Requirements for pitched roofs, including:
coverings
vertical tiling
fixings
ventilation
weatherproofing.
7.2.1 Compliance 01
7.2.3 Design of pitched roofs 01
7.2.4 Protection of trusses 03
7.2.5 Durability 04
7.2.6 Wall plates 04
7.2.7 Joints and connections 05
7.2.8 Restraint 06
7.2.9 Bracing for trussed rafter roofs 07
7.2.10 Strutting for attic trusses and cut roofs
that form a floor 09
7.2.11 Support for equipment 09
7.2.12 Access 09
7.2.13 Dormer construction 09
7.2.14 Underlay and sarking 10
7.2.15 Ventilation, vapour control and insulation 11
7.2.16 Firestopping and cavity barriers 13
7.2.17 Battens 14
7.2.18 Roof coverings 14
7.2.19 Fixing tiles and slates 15
7.2.20 Weathering details 18
7.2.21 Valleys and hidden gutters 20
7.2.22 Drainage 21
7.2.23 Fascias and trim 21
7.2.24 Spandrel panels 22
1
Pitched roofs 2019
CHAPTER 7.2
7.2.1
Pitched roof structures and coverings shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Pitched roofs that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Roofs with a tile or slate covering should be in accordance with BS 5534.
7.2.2
Designs and specifications should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers,
The layout of trusses and associated items
Details of restraint/holding-down strapping,

Details of mono-pitch, lean-to roofs and roof intersections
including coatings and fixings
(i.e. hips and valleys) The position and thickness of insulation

Details of girder trusses, multiple trusses and diminishing
The means of providing eaves ventilation

trusses, including how they are to be fixed together and Details of firestopping at separating wall and boxed eaves

supported on truss shoes, layboards or similar Details of coverings and fixings, including number and type

Details of bracing requirements
Details of flashing details at abutments, chimneys, etc

Details of supports for equipment in the roof space
Details of trimming around chimneys, access hatches, etc.

The type and position of vapour control layers

For trusses, the design should be provided to the manufacturer in accordance with PD 6693-1, which includes:
usage, height and location of building, referencing any
size and approximate position of water tanks or other

unusual wind conditions equipment to be supported
rafter profile, referencing camber where required
positions and dimensions of hatches, chimneys and

spacing, span and pitches
other openings
method of support and position of supports
type of preservative treatment, where required

type and weight of coverings, including sarking, insulation
special timber sizes, where required to match

and ceiling materials existing construction.
eaves overhang and other eaves details

7.2.3
Design of pitched roofs Also see: TRADA Eurocode 5 span tables (3rd edition) and BS 8103-3
The sizing and spacing of members shall ensure structural stability and provide restraint to the structure
without undue movement or distortion. Issues to be taken into account include:
7.2
a) trussed rafter roofs

b) traditional cut roofs.
The design of pitched roofs should:
have dead and imposed loads calculated in accordance
ensure stability with the complete structure, including the

with BS EN 1991-1-1, BS EN 1991-1-3 and connections and compatibility with the supporting structure
BS EN 1991-1-4 and adjacent elements
be in accordance with PD 6693-1, and
where trussed rafters and a cut roof are combined,

Technical Requirement R5, where appropriate the designer should provide details of the complete roof
be appropriate for the location, accounting for exposure
(particular care is needed in such circumstances).
and wind uplift
ensure that the structure is coherent and that all forces

are resolved
Roofs should be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5 where:

the roof is not a basic pitched roof
trussed rafters support traditional cut roof members, or

hips, valleys or other special features are included in a
it is a proprietary system (designs supplied by

trussed rafter roof manufacturers will generally be acceptable).
the spans, sizes, spacing or strength classes of the timber

are outside the scope of authoritative tables
Pitched roofs 2019 2
CHAPTER 7.2
Structural timber should be of a suitable grade and specified according to the strength classes in BS EN 338, e.g. C16,
C24 or TR26. When using the BS 4978 grading rules:
the timber specification should be in accordance with
the timber should be marked accordingly.

BS EN 1912, or the timber species and strength
class identified
Trussed rafter roofs

Trussed rafters should be:
installed in accordance with the design, and the structure
vertical and suitably located (where necessary,

or spacing should not be altered without prior consent from temporary bracing should be used to maintain spacing
the designer and to keep trusses vertical)
fixed to the wall in accordance with the design (e.g. using
evenly spaced at maximum 600mm centres.

double skew nailing or truss clips)
Where the maximum 600mm spacing cannot be achieved, e.g. to accommodate hatch openings or chimneys, spacing may be
increased to a maximum of twice the nominal spacing, provided that the spacing X is less than, or equal to, 2A-B where:
X = distance between centres of trussed trimmed rafters
A = design spacing of trussed rafters

and the adjacent trussed rafter B = nominal width of opening.

Where multiple and reinforcing timbers to simple or multiple
trussed rafters are used, they should be:
designed to be permanently fastened together

either fixed together during manufacture, or fully detailed

drawings and specifications showing the fixing method
should be supplied.
Hipped roofs constructed with trussed rafters typically require
a series of diminishing mono-pitched trusses supported by a
girder truss.
The bearing of mono-pitched trusses into shoes should be in
accordance with Table 1, unless designed by an engineer in A
accordance with Technical Requirement R5. X
B
A
X
trussed trimmed rafters
Table 1: Bearing length of mono-pitched trusses into shoes

Span Minimum bearing length Minimum thickness of trussed rafter
Less than 4m 50mm 35mm
7.2
4m or more 75mm 35mm
Ceiling finishes should be fixed according to the spacing of the support members and the thickness of the sheet.
Plasterboard should be fixed as follows:
9.5mm plasterboard should be fixed at a maximum support
Additional members will generally be required to support

spacing of 450mm coverings and finishes where trusses are spaced
12.5-15mm plasterboard should be fixed at a maximum
further apart.
support spacing of 600mm
Where the width of a gable ladder exceeds that of the trussed rafter centres, noggings should be used to reduce the span of the
roofing tile battens.
Traditional cut roofs

For traditional cut roofs:
the design should specify the details of each structural
temporary support to long span members should be used

member and the method of fixing or jointing until framing is complete
the roof should be in accordance with the design and
purlins and binders should be built in where necessary

members accurately located framing should be completed before coverings are

members should be fully supported and tied together
installed.
where necessary, particularly where the roof is not a
simple triangle
3
Pitched roofs 2019
CHAPTER 7.2
Table 2: Basic timber members

Member Notes
Valley rafter Provides support for loads from both sections of the roof and should:
be larger than ordinary rafters to take the additional load

provide full bearing for the splay cut of jack rafters

be provided with intermediate support where required.

Hip rafter Provides spacing and fixing for jack rafters and should:
have a deeper section than the other rafters to take the top cut of the jack rafters.

Purlins should be mitred at hips and lip cut to accept the bottom of the hip rafter.
Ceiling joist or ties Provides support for the rafters and should:
stop the walls and roof spreading outwards

provide support to the ceiling finish and walkways, etc.

Ridge Provides fixings and spacing for the tops of the rafters.
Purlin Provides support to long span rafters to prevent deflection and increase stiffness.
Struts Provides support to purlins to prevent deflection and to transfer roof loads to the load-bearing
structure below.
Collar Ties the roof together at purlin level.
Ceiling binders and hangers Provides support to long span ceiling joists.
Pole plates Similar to purlins, but used where ceiling joists are above wall plate level.
ridge
purlin
collar pole plate
spanning between
hanger load-bearing walls
strut
binder
wall plate
load-bearing
wall
Generally sizes should be as Table 3, unless designed by an jack hip valley

rafter rafter rafter
Table 3: Typical sizes for timber members
Member Minimum size
7.2
Struts 100mm x 50mm

Valleys 32mm thick
Ridges and hips Rafter cut + 25mm
7.2.4
Protection of trusses Also see: International Truss Plate Association Technical Handbook
Trusses shall be protected from damage.
Where the trusses or timber members are damaged, they should be rejected and not repaired. To avoid distortion and to
prevent damage, trusses should be:
protected against weather to prevent the corrosion of truss
stored vertically and propped

plates and the deterioration of the timber stored with level bearers under the joints

adequately ventilated during storage
carried upright (fasteners can loosen when carried flat).

stored clear of the ground

CHAPTER 7.2
7.2.5
Durability
Timber shall be of suitable durability.
The following timber members should be naturally durable or treated in accordance with Chapter 3.3 ‘Timber Preservation
(natural solid timber)’:
Porch posts
Bargeboard

Tiling battens
Fascias and other trim.

Soffits

Where the roof is to include a fully supported weatherproofing membrane, the following timber components should either be
naturally durable or suitably treated:
Rafters
Sarking

Purlins
Wall plates

Ceiling joists
Battens for fixing vertical cladding.

Bracing

7.2.6
Wall plates
Wall plates and the roof structure shall be bedded and fixed to distribute and transmit loads, and to
prevent uplift.
Trussed rafter roofs and traditional cut roofs should be
supported on timber wall plates. Trussed rafters should only be
rafter
supported at the junction between the ceiling tie and rafter,
unless specifically designed otherwise, e.g. as a cantilever.
S
Wall plates should be:
bedded to line and level

fixed using nails or straps
ceiling tie
a minimum of 3m or extend over at least three joists,

rafters or trusses
joined using half-lapped joints, including at corners

max. projection=
38 x 100mm or in accordance with local practice.
50mm or ¹⁄xS
whichever is larger
Fixings used to connect the roof structure to the wall plate should be specified according to the roof construction and exposure of
the site.
Where trussed rafter roofs are not subject to uplift, a minimum of two 4.5mm x 100mm galvanized round wire nails, skew nailed,
7.2
one on each side of the trussed rafter, or truss clips (fixed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions) are acceptable.
Where the roof is required to resist uplift, skew nailing is unlikely to provide sufficient strength, and appropriate metal straps
should be used. Holding-down straps should be:
provided according to the geographical location and
a minimum cross section of 30mm x 2.5mm and spaced

construction type at a maximum of 2m centres (galvanised steel straps are
provided where the self-weight of the roof is insufficient
generally acceptable)
against uplift fixed to the wall, or turned into a bed joint.

provided in accordance with the design

Fixings for straps should be:
in accordance with the design, and the lowest fixing should
where into masonry, hardened 4mm x 75mm nails or

be within 150mm of the bottom of the vertical strap 50mm long No 12 wood screws (into suitable plugs).
of a material or finish which is compatible with the straps

5
Pitched roofs 2019
CHAPTER 7.2
7.2.7
Joints and connections
Joints and connections shall be designed to ensure structural stability without undue movement or
distortion.
Members should:
be accurately cut to fit tightly

not be damaged or split.

The following joints should be used at the main connections of traditional cut roof members:
Rafters to ceiling joists using a nailed lapped joint Rafter to purlin

The rafter should be birdsmouthed and skew nailed to the A birdsmouth joint should be used generally the purlin is
wall plate. fixed vertically.
rafters skew nailed

to wall plate
d
¹⁄d
Purlin connections Scarf joint

Support should be provided directly under the joint or a scarf Used to support the long span of the purlin.
joint used. Scarf joints should be made near to a strut so that
the joint supports the longer span.
scarf joint near

strut supporting
longer span
halving joint in of purlin
purlin when directly wedges and
over strut metal plate to
tighten joint
7.2
Hipped roof joints

Angle ties should be used at the corners of hipped roofs to
prevent the wall plates from spreading.
Where hip rafters are heavily loaded, e.g. carrying purlins, timber angle
they should be jointed using dragon ties, or similar, to prevent tie prevents
wall plates
the hip rafter spreading. spreading
dragon tie
prevents
spread of
hip rafter
notch to fit over

angle tie
steel tie
prevents
angle tie spread of
hip rafter
plywood angle
tie prevents
wall plates
spreading
CHAPTER 7.2
7.2.8
Restraint Also see: Chapter 6.1
Adequate restraint shall be provided to support the structure, distribute roof loads and prevent wind uplift.
Strapping shall be of adequate strength and durability, and fixed using appropriate fixings.
Restraint straps, or a restraining form of gable ladder, should be used where required to provide stability to walls, and be
installed in accordance with the design.

Lateral restraint straps should be located:
for homes up to and including three storeys (two storeys in
for homes four storeys or over, fixed at a maximum spacing

Scotland), at a maximum spacing of 2m of 1.25m.
Lateral restraint straps should be fixed to the roof structure by either:
fixing to solid noggings using four 50mm minimum x 4mm
fixing to longitudinal bracing members using eight 25mm

steel screws or four 75mm x 4mm (8SWG) round nails, x 4mm steel screws evenly distributed along the length of
with one fixing in the third rafter (Figure 1), or the strap (Figure 2). Alternatively, 100mm x 25mm timber
members, fixed over four trusses and nailed in accordance
with Clause 7.2.9 can be used where the position of the
strap does not coincide with a longitudinal binder.
Figure 1 Figure 2
strap underneath solid noggings, strap underneath the 25x100mm bracing fitted
fixed with a minimum of four longitudinal bracing (or an tightly to internal
fixings (at least one in the third rafter) additional timber member) fixed face of block
with a minimum of eight screws inner leaf
block removed
for clarity
packing between
rafter and wall
strap held tightly
against block
inner leaf
nogging fixed horizontally to avoid

twisting the restraint strap strap held tightly against block inner leaf
Lateral restraint straps should be:

ordered and supplied according to the design, i.e. the
a minimum size of 30mm x 5mm and have a minimum

7.2
correct length and number of bends and twists anchorage downturn to 100mm or proprietary straps in
provided at rafter level on gable walls, where the home is
accordance with Technical Requirement R3 and installed in
of masonry construction (larger or separating walls may accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations
require restraint at ceiling level) fixed with the downturn on a substantial piece of

protected against corrosion in accordance with BS EN 845
blockwork, preferably fitted over the centre of an uncut
- Tables A.1 and A.2 (sherardised straps or fixings are not block
acceptable in Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man) in accordance with BS EN 1995-1-1, where the home is of

of sufficient length to be fixed to a minimum of three
timber frame construction.
trusses
In framed roofs, as an alternative, purlins and pole plates can be used to provide restraint where the timber abuts a gable
construction. Where purlins are used to provide restraint, the maximum permissible spacing is 2m unless the design
shows otherwise.
Gable ladders can be used to provide restraint to the external wall where:
there is blocking between the last trussed rafter and the
the soffit board is cut carefully and then fixed securely to

inner leaf (maximum 2m spacing) restrain the outer leaf.
7
Pitched roofs 2019
CHAPTER 7.2
7.2.9
Bracing for trussed rafter roofs Also see: ITPA Technical Handbook BS 5268-3 Appendix A
Trussed rafters shall be suitably braced to support applied loads and self-weight without undue movement.
For the purposes of this chapter, the guidance and use of standard trussed rafter bracing does not apply to homes on or near
exposed sites, e.g. flat coastal fringes, fens, airfields and moorland. In such cases, bracing should be designed by an engineer in

Standard trussed rafter bracing, in accordance with Table 4, is generally acceptable, where the home:
has a rectangular roof (including hip ends) and is either a
has trusses which are only supported at each end

duo-pitched or a mono-pitch structure does not have unsupported masonry spanning more

is not taller than 8.4m (to the underside of the ceiling tie)
than 9m (between buttressing walls, piers or chimneys)
is braced in accordance with this chapter
has a ceiling of plasterboard directly under each truss

is braced according to the conditions of the site and in
(where there is no plasterboard, i.e. garages, additional
accordance with the design diagonal ceiling bracing and longitudinal binder bracing at
does not have trusses which span more than 12m
each ceiling node point is required.
Table 4: Location, height and span for standard bracing conditions

Type Duo-pitch Mono-pitch
Maximum pitch 35° 30° 35° 30° 25°
Storeys 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Maximum England and Wales 10.6 9.1 8.5 12 11.5 10.2 5.6 4.5 4.3 6.6 5.8 5.1 8.1 7.2 6.4
span (m) Scotland 9.8 7.7 7.2 11.6 10.0 8.8 4.9 4.2 3.6 5.8 5.0 4.4 7.3 6.4 5.6
Areas north or west of Ullapool 8.6 7.2 6.0 10.6 8.7 7.5 4.3 3.6 3.0 5.1 4.4 3.7 6.5 5.6 4.5
Northern Ireland and the Isle of 9.8 7.7 7.2 11.6 10.0 8.8 4.9 4.2 3.6 5.8 5.0 4.4 7.3 6.4 5.6
Man
Areas north-east of Londonderry 8.6 7.2 6.0 10.6 8.7 7.5 4.3 3.6 3.0 5.1 4.4 3.7 6.5 5.6 4.5
Roof bracing should be:
in accordance with this chapter or PD6693-1
completed before the roof covering is laid

in accordance with the design and not altered without prior
provided using a minimum timber size of 100mm x 25mm

approval from the designer (3mm tolerance)
appropriate for the site (where the site is in an exposed
nailed twice to each rafter it crosses; fixings should be

location, the design should be checked for additional 3.35mm x 65mm (10 gauge) galvanized round wire nails
requirements, and the bracing completed as specified where braces and binders are not continuous, they should

suitably fixed to the wall plate) be lap jointed and nailed to a minimum of two trusses.
binders abutted tightly binders fixed to ceiling ties of

7.2
against gable and trussed rafters, where necessary

separating walls using two lap-jointed lengths
When bracing pitched roofs:

diagonal and longitudinal bracing should be provided at
longitudinal bracing members should extend the full length

rafter level (this may be omitted where rigid sarking boards of the roof, tightly abut gable and party walls and permit
are used, e.g. chipboard, plywood or OSB, which are fixed diagonal bracing to pass (they may be lap-jointed providing
to each trussed rafter with 3mm x 50mm galvanised round the overlap is nailed to a minimum of two trussed rafters)
wire nails at 200mm spacing) there should be a minimum of four diagonal rafter braces in

diagonal and chevron bracing should pass across each
each roof; in narrow fronted roofs and mono-pitched roofs,
rafter in the roof, however, small gaps, such as two trussed where the braces cross, the intersection detail (below)
rafters between sets of bracing, or one trussed rafter should be used.
adjacent to gable or separating walls, is permitted in the
middle of an otherwise fully braced roof
Diagonal rafter bracing
Applicable to all trussed rafter roofs unless rigid sarking, such as timber boarding or plywood, is used.
Diagonal rafter bracing should be approximately 45° to the rafters on plan.
CHAPTER 7.2
Bracing for roofs that are approximately square Bracing for larger roofs
truss span truss span truss span
truss span truss span truss span
Bracing for roofs less than 6.6m wide on detached or Bracing for mono-pitch trusses
staggered/stepped buildings
intersection intersection intersection

detail detail detail
truss span truss

truss span
span truss
truss span
span truss span
truss span
Intersection details should be formed by:

22mm x 97mm x 600mm timber splice plate
nailing, using a minimum of four 35mm x 65mm galvanised

round wire nails to each side of the intersection, with nails
driven through bracing and clenched over.
Longitudinal bracing member at ridge node point Longitudinal bracing member at rafter node point
Applicable to all trussed rafter roofs. Not necessary where rigid Applicable to all rafter node points. Not necessary where:
sarking, such as OSB, timber boarding or plywood sheeting,
spacing between braced nodes is less than 4.2m, or

is used.
rigid sarking, such as OSB, timber boarding or plywood

sheeting, is used.
less than 4.2m
7.2
Longitudinal binders at ceiling node points Chevron bracing between webs
Applicable to all ceiling node points. Not necessary where the Where the span exceeds 8m. For mono-pitch roofs of any
spacing between braced nodes is less than 3.7m. span and duo-pitch roofs over 11m span, bracing should
be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical
Requirement R5.
It should be approximately 45° to the web members.
less than 3.7m
more than 8m
Diagonal bracing to end vertical of mono-pitch trusses

Applicable where the truss is not restrained by:
a masonry wall, or

cladding, i.e. plywood.

9
Pitched roofs 2019
CHAPTER 7.2
7.2.10
Strutting for attic trusses and cut roofs that form a floor
Strutting to attic trusses shall be provided to support the applied loads and self-weight without undue
movement or distortion.
Strutting should be provided:

using herringbone (38mm x 38mm timber) or solid strutting

where the span between the node points which form the
(a minimum of 0.75x the depth of the floor and a minimum
width of the floor of the attic truss exceeds 2.5m of 38mm thick).
where the span between the supports to a floor within a cut

roof exceeds 2.5m
Table 5: Provision of strutting

Span of floor Rows of strutting
Under 2.5m None required
2.5m-4.5m One (at centre of span)
Over 4.5m Two (at equal spacing)
7.2.11
Support for equipment
Permanent equipment in roof voids shall be adequately supported.
Where equipment (e.g. water tanks and MVHR fan units) is located in the roof void, the structure should be designed in
accordance with PD 6693-1 and the truss manufacturer’s recommendations, to support the additional load.
7.2.12
Access Also see: Clause 7.2.15
Roof voids shall be provided with suitable access.
Access should:
be provided to the main roof space and voids which
include securely fixed boarded walkways between the

contain cisterns and tanks etc. though it is not required to opening and the cistern or other permanent equipment;
roof spaces which contain only water pipes boarding should be securely fixed without compressing
permit the removal of permanent equipment (e.g. heating
the insulation; at each piece of permanent equipment or
and ventilation plant) located in the roof space cistern, a minimum 1m2 platform should be provided to
have a minimum opening width of 520mm in each direction
facilitate maintenance.
not be located directly over stairs or in other

hazardous locations
7.2
Access hatches should be in accordance with Clause 7.2.15. Where an access hatch is required to provide fire resistance,
the fire-resistance period should be supported by test evidence.
7.2.13
Dormer construction
Dormer constructions shall be of adequate structural stability.
dormer cheek dormer rafter where carrying
studs dormer cheek studs
layboard
lintel supports
dormer roof
plate
trimmer takes double rafter supports

load from dormer cheek studs and
cut rafters load from the trimmer
double joist carrying

dormer cheek studs
CHAPTER 7.2
For dormer roofs:

construction should be in accordance with the design
trimming members should be large enough to

cheek studs should be supported by either a double rafter
support additional loads from the main roof members,
or a double floor joist dormer framing and cladding
where cheek frames do not extend to floor level, two fixed
a suitable lintel should be provided over the opening

rafters should be used to provide the necessary support lintels should be structurally independent from the

window frame.
7.2.14
Underlay and sarking
Underlay and sarking shall be provided to resist the passage of moisture.
Underlay and sarking should:
take account of the type and fixing of the roof covering

recommendations be used in accordance with relevant assessments.

In areas of severe exposure, a rigid sarking with underlay is recommended.
Table 6: Acceptable materials for use as underlay and sarking
Material Standard
Tongued and grooved or square-edged boarding BS 1297
Exterior grade plywood BS EN 636 service class 3
Chipboard (type P5) BS EN 312
OSB (type OSB3) BS EN 300
Felt BS EN 13707
Proprietary products Technical Requirement R3
Underlay should:
be provided to all tiled roofs
be cut neatly, fit tightly and not be torn, i.e. where pipes

where it is above rigid sarking (fully supported), be of low
project through the underlay
vapour resistance, i.e. less than 0.25MNs/g (where the be dressed into the gutter and cut neatly to fit tightly

underlay is highly vapour-resistant, increased ventilation to around service penetrations
the roof space or between the underlay and sarking should where traditional mortar pointing is used to bed ridge tiles,

be provided as necessary) extend over the ridge
where exposed at eaves level, be UV resistant or of type
continue over hips to form a 150mm minimum lap parallel

5U felt or a proprietary eaves guard used (type 1F may be with the hip rafter
used for the remainder of the roof) at abutments, be supported and turned up by a minimum

7.2
be supported by a continuous fillet or proprietary eaves
of 100mm
support tray to prevent sagging (which can form a water trap) be draped to allow water to drain behind the tiling battens.

be securely fixed

at vertical laps, be fixed only over rafters, and at horizontal

laps, be held in place by battens
Table 7: Horizontal laps for unsupported underlay

Pitch Minimum horizontal laps
Less than 15o 225mm
15-34o 150mm
35 and above
o
100mm
At valleys:
the main roof underlay should be cut to the valley

batten line
a strip of underlay should be laid under the main roof
lapped to suit
pitch of roof
underlay and held down by the valley battens (where
underlay supported
used). by tilting fillet and
dressed into gutter
11
Pitched roofs 2019
CHAPTER 7.2
7.2.15
Ventilation, vapour control and insulation
Roofs shall have adequate precautions against condensation and cold. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) ventilation, vapour control and insulation c) pipework.
b) dormer construction
Ventilation, vapour control and insulation

To provide adequate ventilation and to avoid condensation in roof voids, pitched roofs that have insulation at ceiling level should
be ventilated to the outside air:
Ventilation openings should prevent the entry of birds, etc.
A spacer in the eaves should be used to allow insulation to

(fabrications with 3mm-10mm openings are acceptable) be installed over and beyond the wall plate to minimise the
Ventilation paths should remain clear, i.e. not blocked by
cold bridge without blocking the ventilation path (the spacer
insulation or the structure should be of sufficient length to maintain ventilation above
the insulation)
Where proprietary eaves ventilators are used, they should

be fixed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Ridge or high-level ventilation equivalent to a continuous opening of 5mm should be provided at the highest point of each roof
slope in accordance with BS 5250 in the following situations:
Unventilated cold roofs have insulation placed over a
The roof is covered with high water vapour resistant (type

horizontal ceiling and a vapour-permeable underlay HR) underlay and the pitch exceeds 35° or the span
(type LR) is used exceeds 10m (this is in addition to eaves ventilation).
Vapour permeable underlays are used on sloping roofs

with areas covered by non-permeable materials (e.g. flat
roofed areas of mansard roofs)
5mm opening where 5mm continuous

pitch exceeds 35° or high level ventilation
span exceeds 10m with LR underlay
10mm 10mm
opening opening
7.2
roof pitch over 15°
Where high water vapour-resistant (type HR) underlay (e.g. types 1F/5U felts) is used, eaves ventilation should be provided on
opposite sides of the roof to permit cross ventilation, and:
where the roof pitch is 15°or more, ventilation equivalent to
for mono-pitched roofs, cross ventilation should be in

a 10mm slot running the full length of the eaves should accordance with BS 5250 and have ventilation equivalent
be provided of a continuous high-level 5mm slot, in addition to
where the ceiling follows the slope of a roof, regardless
eaves ventilation.
of pitch, or where a cold roof has a pitch less than 15°,
ventilation equivalent to a 25mm slot running the full length
of the eaves should be provided (a nominal clearance of
50mm should be maintained between the insulation and
the roof underlay)
CHAPTER 7.2
clear airway clear airway

(min. 50mm) (min. 50mm)
5mm
opening 5mm 5mm
opening opening
10mm or 25mm
opening to suit pitch
mono-pitched roof
25mm 25mm
opening opening
room-in-roof (partially sloping ceiling) room-in-roof (completely sloping ceiling)
10mm or
25mm opening
to suit pitch
25mm 25mm
opening opening
roof pitch below 15°
pitched roof dormer
25mm min. 50mm

opening clear airway cold roof
5mm spacer maintains
opening 25mm clear airway
above insulation
insulation above
min. 50mm cavity closer and
clear airway wall plate avoids
5mm a cold bridge
opening
ventilation
opening
25mm
opening
25mm
opening
7.2
room in roof (flat roof dormer)
To reduce moist air entering the roof space:

gaps should be sealed where services pass through
where used, downlighters should be specified and sealed

the ceiling to limit air leakage.
Vapour control layers should be provided in accordance with the design, and where required should be:
placed on the warm side of insulation
used in roof constructions where the ceiling board is fixed

to the rafters.
Where the ceiling below a cold pitched roof includes a vapour control layer, the design should ensure adequate ventilation is
provided to the habitable areas to prevent condensation problems in the home.
Access hatches to cold roof voids should have:
an air leakage rate not more than 1 M3/h at a pressure of
a push-up cover with a minimum weight of 5.5 kg and

2 Pa when tested to BS EN 13141-1, or compress a closed cell seal or ‘o-ring’ between the cover
and frame (clamps may also be required to ensure that the
cover compresses the seal).
13
Pitched roofs 2019
CHAPTER 7.2
The thermal performance of the access hatch should

contribute to the overall thermal performance of the ceiling or
wall in which the hatch is located, and avoid cold bridging.
Proprietary hatches should be fitted and sealed to the
surrounding construction in accordance with the
Insulation should be of sufficient thickness to meet the
requirements of Building Regulations, and laid over the whole
loft and wall plate. ventilation
opening
loft hatch
draught stripped
gaps sealed
at services
Table 8: Suitable materials for roof insulation

Material Standard
Mineral fibre mats BS EN 13162
Blown mineral fibre BS 5803-2
Blown cellulose fibre BS 5803-3
Dormer construction
Ventilation to dormers should be provided from eaves to eaves or from eaves to ridge.
Pipework
To reduce the risk of freezing or condensation forming
pipes insulated
on pipework, the following precautions should be taken: when above
loft insulation
Where possible, water pipes should be below the main

roof insulation lap the tank
insulation
Water pipes should be insulated in accordance with
and the loft
insulation
Chapter 8.1 ‘Internal services’
Roof insulation should be placed above and around water

tanks, but not below them
‘Cold rising’ pipework above ceiling level should be

rising main insulated
insulated, even where it is below the main roof insulation. above ceiling level
In England and Wales, account should be taken of Accredited Construction Details.
7.2.16
Firestopping and cavity barriers Also see: Chapter 6.8
7.2
Pitched roofs shall be constructed to provide adequate fire resistance and separation.
Firestopping should be provided in accordance with building regulations, including:
at the junctions between a separating or compartment wall
above separating walls

and a roof within the boxed eaves at separating walls.

at the junctions between cavities

When providing firestopping:
3D
gaps between compartments should be sealed
firestop between
batten and above
separating walls should stop approximately 25mm below
underlay
the top of adjacent roof trusses, and a soft fire-resistant
packing, such as mineral wool, should be used to allow for firestop
movement in roof timbers and prevent ‘hogging’ of the tiles below underlay
a cavity barrier of fire-resisting board or a wire reinforced

mineral wool blanket (50mm minimum) nailed to the rafter cavity closed
and carefully cut to fully seal the boxed eaves should be at eaves
installed (ordinary mineral wool quilt is acceptable as

firestopping above separating walls) cavity barrier of mineral wool
or fire-resisting board in boxed eaves
a minimum 30min fire separation should be provided

between the home and an integral garage.
Combustible material, such as roof timbers and sarking felt, should be kept away from heat sources.
CHAPTER 7.2
7.2.17
Battens
Battens and counter battens shall be adequately sized and spaced to support the roof covering.
Battens and counter battens should be:
in accordance with BS 5534, accompanied by a delivery
cut square, butt jointed over rafters and nailed to each

note and marked with the supplier, origin, grade and size rafter they span
preservative treated
fixed by skew driven nails on each side of the joint.

where cut ends are in contact with mortar,

treated with preservative
Counter battens should be fixed to the rafters and not only to sarking boards.
Battens should be:
a minimum of 1.2m long and span a minimum of
fixed through counter battens to rafters

three rafters where on rigid sarking boards, supported on counter

set out in straight lines parallel to the ridge and to the
battens
gauge required for the tile or slate (the lap should not be at verges, tile battens should finish 25mm-50mm from the

decreased as this would reduce weathertightness) face of the protecting undercloak
set out so that the tiles project a minimum of 50mm over
sized in accordance with the roof covering manufacturer’s

the gutter recommendations, but not less than shown in Table 9.
Table 9: Suitable batten sizes

450mm span 600mm span
Double lap slates Natural: sized or random 25mm x 50mm 25mm x 50mm
Fibre cement or concrete 25mm x 38mm 25mm x 50mm
Clay/concrete tiles Double lap 25mm x 38mm 25mm x 38mm
Single lap 25mm x 38mm 25mm x 50mm
Notes
1 Actual size should be within +/3mm of the nominal size).
too many battens (in a group
Battens should be set out to avoid joints occurring over the of four) joined over the same rafter
same rafter. Where batten spacing is:
more than 200mm, no more than one batten in any group

of four should be joined over any one truss or rafter
200mm or less, no more than three joints should be made

over any 12 consecutive battens.
7.2
200mm
spacing
Batten fixings should be:

cut or wire nails in accordance with BS 5534
hot dip galvanised steel or aluminium, when used in

a minimum of 3.35mm x 65mm long (10 gauge) and
coastal areas
a minimum of 30mm longer than the batten thickness in accordance with manufacturer’s guidance where

ring shank nails where specified (where the maximum
mechanical nail guns are used.
basic wind speed is over 26m/s (National Annex Figure
NA.1 of BS EN 1991-1-4), galvanized smooth round nails
are not acceptable and ring shank nails should be used)
7.2.18
Roof coverings
Roof coverings shall be of a suitable quality and durability to protect the building from weather.
When covering a pitched roof:
coverings should be in accordance with the design and
recovered materials may be used where prior approval

established building practices by NHBC has been granted (independent certification of
suitability may be required).
15
Pitched roofs 2019
CHAPTER 7.2
Table 10: Standards relevant to roof coverings

Material Standard
Clay tiles and fittings BS EN 1304
Concrete tiles and fittings BS EN 490 and BS EN 491
Dry fixed systems BS 8612
Natural slates BS EN 12326

Fibre cement slates and fittings BS EN 492
Natural stone Established practices
Lead sheet roofing BS 6915
Rolled lead sheet BS EN 12588
Thatch Standards set by the Thatching Advisory Services or other
appropriate authority, in accordance with Technical Requirement
R3
Shingles should be of western red cedar Grade 1 to the Canadian Standards Association
Sheet metal roofing, including lead, copper and zinc Technical Requirement R3
Proprietary roofs, roof lights and coverings Technical Requirement R3
Other roof coverings CP 143
Where slates and concrete or clay tiles are designated AA to BS 476-3, they can be used without limitation on pitched roofs.
Table 11: Acceptable characteristics for natural slates
Characteristics Grade (to BS EN 12326)
Water absorption less than 0.6% A1
Thermal cycle T1
Carbonate content less than 20% S1
7.2.19
Fixing tiles and slates Also see: BS 5534
Coverings shall be suitably fixed to protect the building from weather. Issues to be taken into account
include:
a) eaves, ridge and hip tiles c) mortar
b) verges d) vertical tiling and slating.
Careful setting out will improve the finished appearance of the roof, help avoid problems such as unequal overhangs, and reduce
excessive tile cutting at abutments, chimneys and similar obstructions.
When installing coverings:
7.2
clay tiles that do not meet the dimensional and geometric

double tiles, tile-and-a-half or half tiles can be used when

requirements given in BS EN 1304 should not be laid at available from the manufacturer (to avoid the use of
pitches less than 40° small sections of cut tiles). Alternatively, where the tile
joints between tiles and slates should be slightly open,
manufacturer provides guidance, small sections of single
which provides some flexibility in setting out and should lap tile can be bonded to full tiles
help to avoid tile cutting (single lap interlocking tiles have a the bottom edges of double-lapped slate and plain tile roofs

tolerance of approximately 3mm at the joint) should be finished with an under-eaves course.
Table 12: Pitch, gauge and lap

Type or tile Gauge Minimum headlap Minimum permissible pitch (°)
Plain (double lap) Maximum 1/3 length lap 65mm generally for clay tiles 35 (clay)
75mm in severe exposure conditions 35 (plain concrete)
Concrete (single lap Comply with the 75mm or to the manufacturer’s 30(2)
interlocking) manufacturer’s recommendations
recommendations
Slates (double lap) Maximum 1/3 length lap 54mm(1) minimum, increased with lower 20 subject to headlap
pitch and severe exposure conditions
Notes
1 For pitches greater than 45° in sheltered and moderate exposure zones only.
2 For pitches below 30°, evidence shall be provided as to suitable performance.
CHAPTER 7.2
When fixing coverings to a pitched roof:

the fixing schedule should be produced by the tile
galvanized steel nails should not be used for slates and

manufacturer; fixings for single and double lap tiles should tiles (but are acceptable for fixing battens or underlay)
be in accordance with BS 5534 and BS EN 1994-1-4 fixings should be a minimum of 38mm long, and penetrate

(evidence of calculations in compliance with Technical a minimum of 15mm into battens
Requirements R3 and R5 may be required) tile clips should be of plastic, aluminium or stainless steel

coverings should be fixed in accordance with the design
slates should be fully nailed over the whole roof, and nailed

and the manufacturer’s recommendations twice where centre nailed.
slates and tiles should be fixed using clout or slate nails

(these should be either silicon bronze, aluminium
to BS 1202-3 or copper to BS 1202-2).
Eaves, ridge and hip tiles

At eaves:
tiles should project a minimum of 50mm across the gutter

when using slates or plain tiles, an under-eaves course

should be used coverings to project
the height of the facia should maintain the tile pitch, in
a min. of 50mm
across the gutter
accordance with the tile manufacturer’s recommendations.
Where ridge tiles are mortar bedded:

the underlay should extend over the ridge.

underlay dressed
into gutter below
under-eaves tiles
At hips:
underlay should continue to form a 150mm minimum lap
where wet bedded tiles are used, they should be supported

parallel with the hip rafter at the base by a galvanized hip iron and project to the
centre line of the gutter.
Ridge and hip tiles should be mechanically fixed with self-sealing non-ferrous fixings into timber battens, and have a nominal
joint thickness of 10mm where wet bedded. Wet bedded ‘baby’ hip/ridge tiles to low level roofs, such as those over porches and
ground floor bay windows, do not require mechanical fixing, unless recommended by the manufacturer.
Proprietary dry fixed systems should be in accordance with BS 8612.
7.2
underlay ridge tiles bedded
carried in mortar and
over ridge mechanically fixed
Verges
Unless a proprietary dry verge system or cloaked verge is used, tiles should be bedded into a 100mm wide bed of mortar on
an undercloak of cement-based board, plain tile or slate. Plain tiles should not be used as an undercloak below 30°pitch or
on a bargeboard.
17
Pitched roofs 2019
CHAPTER 7.2
Undercloak should be:

fixed in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations
bedded on roofing mortar and struck off flush with the

installed to a true line
external surface of the wall (alternatively, a suitable exterior
installed at the correct level to ensure that the line of the
grade bedding sealant should be used in accordance with
tiling is maintained where it passes over the wall, and not the manufacturer’s recommendations)
securely nailed to a true line where a bargeboard is used.

tilt inwards
verge tiles bedded in underlay taken

mortar on undercloak over wall cavity
100mm
cut tiles
avoided
at verges
38-50mm
tile-and-a-half or
tiles used 30-60mm
for correct
coursing
Where verge tiles and slates are wet bedded, pointing should be completed as soon as possible using the same mix.
Verge clips should be in full contact with the tile to resist uplift, nailed twice to battens and sized to ensure that they are in direct
contact with the top surface of the verge tile.
Where plain tiles and slates are used at the verge:
they should project 38-50mm beyond the gable wall
natural slate verges should be formed with full slates and

or bargeboard either slate-and-a-half or half slates that are a minimum of
cut plain tiles are not acceptable, and purpose-made plain
150mm wide.
tile-and-a-half tiles should be used
Where interlocking tiles are used at the verge:
they should project 30-60mm beyond the gable wall
small sections (less than a half tile width) of cut interlocking

or bargeboard tiles should not be used.
Mortar
When bedding tiles or slates in mortar:
the mortar should be 1:3 cement:sand with plasticiser
pointing should be completed as soon as possible using

the mortar should be a mix based on sharp sand with soft
the same mix.
7.2
sand added to achieve workability; the proportion of sharp tiles should be wetted on their contact surface, and surface

sand should not be less than one third of the total sand water allowed to drain away before fixing
content (proprietary mixes may be accepted by NHBC concealed or decorative dentil tiles should be fully bedded

where they are shown to have similar strength, durability into joints in excess of 25mm thick.
and workability)
Vertical tiling and slating

When fixing vertical tiling and slating:
a suitable moisture barrier should be used
at internal or external angles, purpose-made corner tiles or

where the wall structure is solid brickwork or blockwork,
soakers should be used to form a weathertight joint
the moisture barrier should be underfelt or equivalent where pitched roofs abut tiled walls, a stepped flashing

where the supporting structure is of timber construction,
should be specified and turned in behind the tiles
the moisture barrier should be used with a breather at dormer cheeks, the tiles or slates should be specified

membrane to be cut close to the slope of the roof and over a flashing
batten sizes should be in accordance with this chapter
fixed to the side of the dormer.
every tile or slate should be nailed twice and the bottom

edges should be finished with an under-course tile
CHAPTER 7.2
7.2.20
Weathering details Also see: Chapter 6.8
Weatherproofing shall be provided at abutments, flat roof intersections, changes in slopes and projections
to resist the passage of moisture to the inside of the building. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) abutments c) projections through the roof
b) flat roof intersection or changes in slope d) copings.
Flashing details should be appropriate for the roof and the type of roof covering used, in accordance with BS 5534. Where
flashings come into contact with metal, they should be formed using non-ferrous material.
Table 13: Suitable materials for flashings
Material Standard Additional information
Aluminium and BS EN 515 0.6-0.9mm thick, and protected from contact with mortar by a coating of
alloys bituminous paint
Copper BS EN 1172 Flashings, soakers and saddles should be:
fully annealed

0.55mm thick (0.7mm thick is suitable for gutters)

Rolled lead sheet BS EN 12588 Flashings, gutter linings etc. should:
be a minimum of code 4, and soakers a minimum of code 3

sections should not exceed 1.5m in length

Zinc alloy BS EN 988 Should be a minimum of 0.6mm thick
Proprietary Technical Requirement R3 Should be securely fixed in accordance with the
products manufacturer’s recommendations
Abutments
At abutments:
flashings, soakers and gutters should be
joints between the masonry and flashing should be pointed

provided as necessary with cement mortar or suitable exterior grade sealant in
lead flashings should have a minimum lap of 100mm
flashings should be tucked 25mm into a brick joint and

wedged in place at not more than 450mm centres, or a
minimum of one per step for stepped flashings
Where a flat or pitched roof over an enclosed area abuts a wall, or a balcony abuts a wall, cavity trays should be linked to the
flashing to prevent water penetrating into an enclosed area. Horizontal flashings should provide weathering to a minimum of
75mm above the intersection with the roof.
Where a pitched roof abuts the wall at an angle:
a stepped cavity tray linked to a stepped flashing
stepped flashings should be a minimum of 65mm wide

7.2
should be used where slates, flat interlocking tiles or plain tiles are used,

stepped flashings should be cut from a strip a minimum of
soakers (or a secret gutter) should be installed.
150mm wide
3D 3D soakers beneath each

tile and overlapped
stepped lead flashing
held in mortar joints
by the flashing with lead wedges
lead flashing
wedged into joint
min. below wall DPC
75mm min. 150mm
clip free edge of

flashing; method
depends on
exposure
underlay turned
underlay turned up at abutment
up behind flashing
19
Pitched roofs 2019
CHAPTER 7.2
Flat roof intersection or changes in slope

Where there is a change in the slope, or an intersection with a flat roof and:
the change is 5° or more (e.g. at mansards and sprockets),
a ridge meets the main roof, a saddle flashing should

flashings or soakers should be used be used where a ridge meets the main roof.
Where a flat roof adjoins a pitched roof:

the waterproof membrane should be carried up under the
where the flat roof is over a dormer, the flat roof should

tiling to a height of 150mm above the flat roof, and lapped have a fall to the front or sides.
by the roofing underlay
the lowest course of tiles or slates should not touch the

roof membrane
3D lead saddle flashing dressed underlay overlaps

over GRP valley gutter weatherproofing
approx.
150mm
fall
min. 150mm
GRP valley gutter
Projections through the roof

Where there is a projection through the roof:
components should be installed according to the
where pipes penetrate tiling, a weathertight joint should

manufacturer’s recommendations be formed using a lead slate flashing and upstand or a
flashings should be provided (e.g. at chimneys)
purpose-made one-piece accessory (supplied by the roof
covering manufacturer); where lead slates are used they
should be supported (e.g. using exterior grade plywood) to
prevent sagging.
7.2
3D
cover flashing
cover
flashing
min. back gutter back gutter

150mm flashing supported flashing
by gutter boards
upper DPC tray
stepped side
flashing
lower DPC tray
back gutter
front apron
flashing
CHAPTER 7.2
Copings
Copings, including those manufactured from natural stone reconstituted stone, and GRP, should be securely fixed to gable walls
using suitably durable fixings, and be weathertight.
To resist wind uplift and gravitational forces, L-shaped brackets should be used to secure stone copings to masonry walls.
The brackets should:

have dowel bars that fit into restraint holes in the copings
be fixed to a solid piece of masonry, with fixings of a

be manufactured from stainless steel
suitable length, gauge and durability.
(such as type 304 to BS EN 10088-2)
DPCs should be installed under the coping to ensure that the wall is weathertight. The DPC should:
be bitumen-based material to BS 6398, or other material
be fully bedded in mortar

assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3 be supported over the cavity.

extend the full width of the wall

Fixing methods that penetrate the DPC should be designed to ensure weathertightness. This can be achieved by extending the
lower DPC under the bracket, and installing the next section of the DPC over it to create a lap that covers the fixing point.
stainless steel continuous

DPC support brackets DPC clip fixing strip
GRP coping
plywood plate
compression
lead flashing seal
lead soakers cavity closer
adjoining roof covering and

DPC support flashing omitted for clarity
Where GRP copings are used, they should:

be fixed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
allow for normal downward movement in the timber frame.

include a DPC

Further guidance can be found in Chapter 6.2 ‘External timber framed walls’.
7.2.21
Valleys and hidden gutters
7.2
Valleys shall have suitable weathering details, including flashings, to resist the passage of moisture to the
inside of the building.
Valleys, and the components used, should:
have a lead flashing (minimum code 4) or other suitable

have a finished pitch which complies with the minimum
saddle flashing, at the head of each valley
recommended for the roof be formed using either preformed GRP, valley coursing

be fixed in accordance with the
tiles (plain tiles), valley trough tiles (interlocking tiles),
manufacturer’s recommendations non-ferrous metal or a proprietary system to Technical
small cut tiles should be avoided
Requirement R3.
Where the roof covering is slate or plain tiles, the following may be used:
A laced valley
A mitred valley with soakers.
A swept valley

Valleys using valley tiles
Where valleys are formed using valley tiles:
purpose-made valley coursing tiles should be used where
they should be mechanically cut to the correct rake

the roof uses plain tiles adjacent coverings should be neatly cut to form a smooth

purpose-made valley trough tiles should be supported by
junction, and preferably be cut from tile-and-a-half tiles
gutter boards where the roof uses single lap interlocking they should be bedded in mortar with a minimum 100mm

tiles wide channel (minimum 125mm for pitches below 30°).
21
Pitched roofs 2019
CHAPTER 7.2
Lead-lined valleys
For lead-lined valleys, the tiles should be cut and bedded as for valley tiles, except that the mortar should be bedded on an
undercloak (to prevent direct contact between the lead and the mortar). Mortar should not bridge the welt detail.
Lead should be:
either code 4 (colour-coded blue) or code 5
laid in strips no longer than 1.5m

(colour-coded red) lapped by a minimum of 150mm, where pitches are

supported on gutter boards of 19mm exterior grade ply, or
above 30°.
as specified in the design
Proprietary gutter or valley systems

Proprietary gutter or valley systems should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, and securely fixed to
suitable supports (exterior grade materials should be used).
7.2.22
Drainage
Roof drainage shall adequately carry rainwater to a suitable outlet.
Drainage should be:
provided where roofs are greater than 6m2; however,
fixed in accordance with the design, using the correct type

consideration should be given to providing drainage to of fittings for internal and external angles, outlets etc. to
smaller roofs such as dormer, porch roofs and balconies ensure efficient drainage of the roof
(see Clause 7.1.12) supported and jointed in accordance with the

of a sufficient size to accommodate normal rainfall,
and sized to cope with concentrated flows, i.e. where insulated when passing through a home, in accordance

there are dormer roofs with Chapter 8.1 ‘Internal services’
designed and fitted to prevent erosion of the lower surface,
installed ensuring gutters are provided with stop ends,

where water from a large roof surface discharges onto and are laid with a sufficient fall towards the outlet,
another surface unless designed to be flat.
Where gutters are behind parapet walls, a suitably sized overflow should be provided.
Where a downpipe discharges above ground level, or above a drainage gully, the downpipe should be fitted with shoes.
7.2.23
Fascias and trim Also see: Chapter 3.3
Fascias, bargeboards and soffits shall be appropriately fixed and treated against decay.
Table 14: Materials acceptable for facia boards
Exterior grade plywood BS EN 636 Class 3
7.2
High density fibre reinforced calcium silicate board BS EN 12467

Glass fibre reinforced cement (GRC) board BS EN 12467
When installing fascia boards and soffits:

timber for external feature work should be free from waney
where timber is to be painted, it should be knotted and

edges, large knots, resinous pockets, splits and other primed on all surfaces before fixing
unsightly defects where timber requires a stained finish, one coat of stain

timber for fascias, bargeboards and soffits should be
should be applied before fixing
pretreated with preservative each joint should be cut and fixed neatly.

where preservative treated timber is cut or planed,

preservative should be applied to the cut edge
Fascia boards should be fixed:
twice to each rafter
with splayed butt joints.

CHAPTER 7.2
7.2.24
Spandrel panels
Spandrel panels shall provide satisfactory performance.
Spandrel panels used in cold roof voids to create separation between dwellings or to form the inner leaf of gable walls should be
designed, manufactured and installed to provide satisfactory performance. Items to be taken into account include:
fire resistance structural stability.

acoustic transfer
Spandrel panels that comply with guidance from the Structural Timber Association or the Trussed Rafter Association will
generally be acceptable to NHBC.
7.2
Internal services
CHAPTER 8.1
the Technical Requirements for
internal services, including:
the supply of hot and cold water
plumbing
gas
electrical installations.
8.1.1 Compliance 01
8.1.3 Water services and supply 01
8.1.4 Cold water storage 03
8.1.5 Hot water service 04
8.1.6 Soil and waste systems 05
8.1.7 Electrical services and installations 06
8.1.8 Gas service installations 07
8.1.9 Meters 07
8.1.10 Space heating systems 08
8.1.11 Installation 08
8.1.12 Extract ducts 10
8.1.13 Testing and commissioning 11
1
Internal services 2019
CHAPTER 8.1
8.1.1
Internal services shall comply with the Technical Requirements and take account of service entries, ground
hazards and chemical attack.
Internal services which comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Adequate precautions against ground hazards and the entry of gas i.e. radon or gas, from landfill sites, should be provided
as necessary. Further guidance can be found in BRE Report 211 ‘Radon: guidance on protective measures for new dwellings’,
and BRE Report 212 ‘ Construction of new buildings on gas-contaminated land’.
8.1.2
Designs should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers, and include the following
information:
Location of sanitary fittings.
Central heating pipe runs.

Drainage runs.
Underfloor heating pipe runs.

Location and size of water storage cisterns and cylinders.
Gas supply pipe runs.

Hot and cold water pipe runs.
Electrical outlets, switches and consumer units.

8.1.3
Water services and supply Also see: water regulations and guides, BS EN 806
Water services shall be based on the pressures and flow rates supplied from the incoming main.
Components shall be selected and installed to ensure satisfactory service for the life of the system,
with suitable precautions taken against corrosion and damage. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) suitability of materials and components c) durability
b) adequate supply d) protection from the cold.
Suitability of materials and components

Relevant standards for materials and components used in domestic water systems include:
BS EN 806 ‘Specifications for installations inside buildings conveying water for human consumption’.
BS EN 12897 ‘Water supply. Specification for indirectly heated unvented (closed) storage water heaters’.
BS EN 1057 ‘Copper and copper alloys. Seamless, round copper tubes for water and gas in sanitary and heating applications’.
BS 1566 ‘Copper indirect cylinders for domestic purposes’.
BS 3198 ‘Specification for copper hot water storage combination units for domestic purpose’.
BS 7291 ‘Thermoplastics pipe and fitting systems for hot and cold water for domestic purposes and heating installations in
buildings’.
BS 8558 ‘Guide to the design, installation, testing and maintenance of services supplying water for domestic use within
buildings and their curtilages. Complementary guidance to BS EN 806’.
8.1
Internal services 2019 2
CHAPTER 8.1
Adequate supply
The design and installation of the water services supply should:
be in accordance with building regulations, statutory
ensure that stop valves within the curtilage and outside the

requirements and the recommendations of the water supplier home are protected by a shaft or box
ensure drinking water is provided at the kitchen sink direct

ensure service pipes are a minimum of 750mm below the

from the supply pipe or, where this is impracticable, from a ground surface – where this is not possible, adequate
storage cistern containing an adequate supply of precautions should be taken against frost and
drinking water mechanical damage
be based on a minimum 1.5 bar dynamic pressure at the
ensure that underground ducts are sealed at both ends to

stop valve inside the home prevent the entry of fluids, vermin and insects
ensure a minimum 20L/min flow rate is available at the
be of materials which are safe and minimise the risk

stop valve inside the home of corrosion
account for pressure and flow rate reductions (a wider
be in accordance with the recommendations of the water

supply pipe may be required inside the home) supplier, including compatibility of the supply with the
account for pressure fluctuations and surges, which may
materials and fittings.
occur within the system and potentially damage fittings
(surge arresters may be required)
The water system should be capable of being drained (hot and cold services separately).
Durability
The hot and cold water service should be installed using corrosion resistant pipes and fittings.
In areas where pitting corrosion of copper cylinders occurs, it may be necessary to fit aluminium protector rods. These should be
fitted during manufacture in accordance with the relevant British Standard. Sacrificial anodes should be installed where required
by the water supplier.
Protection from the cold

To reduce the risk of freezing, water services should be located in the warm envelope of the home. Where they are located in
unheated spaces, they should be insulated and not affected by cold. Insulation should be provided:
around water services, including pipework (in accordance
as specified in the design (but not beneath a cold water tank)

with Tables 1 and 2), cisterns and vent pipes on each side of raised tanks in unheated roof spaces

(particular care is needed around bends and junctions, in accordance with BS 6700 or BS EN 806 and BS 8558.

especially near openings to the outside air, such as eaves)
insulation
thickness
insulated
water pipes
cold air
Table 1: Minimum insulation thickness to delay freezing inside domestic premises for cold water systems
8.1
Outside pipe Minimum insulation thickness (mm)

diameter (mm) Thermal conductivity of material at 0°C W/(mK)
0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040
15 30 45 70 91
22-28 12 15 19 24
The conditions assumed for the table are:

air temperature -6°C
ice formation 50%.

water temperature +7°C

3
CHAPTER 8.1
Table 2: Examples of insulating materials:

Thermal conductivity W/(mK) Material
Less than 0.020 Rigid phenolic foam.
0.020-0.025 Polyisocyanurate foam and rigid polyurethane foam.
0.025-0.030 PVC foam.
0.030-0.035 Expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, cross-linked polyethlene foam, expanded nitrile
rubber and improved polyethylene foam.
0.035-0.040 Standard polyethylene foam, expanded synthetic rubber and cellular glass.
Where the floor is of suspended construction, the underfloor ventilated void

to suspended floor
water service should be insulated as it passes through the
ground and the ventilated space.
min.
750mm
any distance
8.1.4
Cold water storage
Cold water service shall be provided in accordance with statutory requirements and be adequate.
Cold water storage should be provided with suitable capacity and include primary feed cisterns where indirect water heating
systems are installed. Cold water storage should be provided:
to supply an open vented hot water storage system
to supply cold water outlets (where not connected to the

(where required by the water supplier) mains supply).
Cisterns should:
be accessible for inspection and maintenance
have holes neatly formed with a cutter in the positions

be protected by a rigid close-fitting cover (non-airtight) that
shown in the design
also excludes light and insects be suitably supported.

BS 6700 provides the following recommendations:
Storage capacity for small homes – only cold water
Storage capacity for small homes

fittings – 100-150L. – supplying hot and cold outlets – 200-300L.
Storage capacity for larger homes – 100L per bedroom.

Warning and overflow pipes:
should be provided at each cold water cistern, to a suitable
should be situated 25mm from the shut-off water level in

external discharge, unless permitted by water regulations the cistern
where it may be internal if it is conspicuous may dip below the water level in accordance with water

8.1
should be adequately sized (19mm minimum)

regulations, terminate vertically downwards or be fitted with
a horizontal tee where it discharges.
The cistern bottom should be continuously supported by materials such as:
softwood boarding
oriented strand board type OSB3 to BS EN 300, laid with

marine plywood
the stronger axis (as marked on board) at right angles to
chipboard type P5 to BS EN 312
the bearers.
CHAPTER 8.1
Access should:
be provided to the main roof space and voids that contain
include a minimum 1m2 platform located for

cisterns and tanks, etc. (not required to roof spaces maintenance purposes
containing only water pipes) include securely fixed boarded walkways between the

be via an opening (access hatch) with a minimum width of
opening and the cistern or other permanent equipment
520mm in each direction (boarding should be securely fixed without compressing

not be located directly over stairs or in other
the insulation).
hazardous locations
8.1.5
Hot water service Also see: BS 8558
Hot water service shall be provided in accordance with statutory requirements and be adequate for the
demand and consumption.
Hot water services should be designed in accordance with Tables 3, 4 and 5, and:
the minimum flow rate should be in accordance with the
have the design flow rate available at each outlet when the

statutory requirements and generally be available; it may total demand does not exceed 0.3L/s (where simultaneous
be less where the pressure and flow rate of the incoming discharge occurs, the flow rate at individual outlets should
supply falls below 1.5 bar not be less than the minimum rate).
Table 3: Flow rate and temperature requirements
Outlet Design flow rate (1) Minimum flow rate (2) Supply temperature °C (3)
L/sec (L/min) L/sec (L/min)
Bath (from storage) 0.30 (18) 0.15 (9) 48
Bath (from combi) 0.20 (12) 0.15 (9) 48
Shower (non-electric) 0.20 (12) 0.10 (6) 40
Wash basin 0.15 (9) 0.10 (6) 40
Sink 0.20 (12) 0.10 (6) 55
Notes
1 The design flow rate should be used to establish the hot and cold pipe sizes to provide the flow rate quoted at each outlet when that outlet is used on its own.
2 The minimum flow rate should be available at each fitting when that fitting is used simultaneously with one or more other fitting(s) as shown in Table 4.
3 The supply temperature is the temperature at the outlet. In accordance with BS 8558 the water temperature at an outlet or thermostatic mixing valve should be at
least 50°C within 1 minute of running the water.
Table 4: Hot water demand and simultaneous use

Bathroom Shower room Hot water demand (5)
Bath only Bath + Shower (1) 1st Shower room 2nd Shower room L/sec (L/min)
 (2) 0.20 (12)
 (3) 0.15 (9)
  0.25 (15)
   0.35 (21)
 (2) 0.20 (12)
8.1
 (4)
 0.20 (12)
 (4)
  0.30 (18)
  0.20 (12)
Notes
1 Shower may be over the bath or in a separate enclosure within the bathroom.
2 Demand based on ‘Design’ flow rate of bath.
3 Demand based on minimum acceptable boiler output.
4 Demand based on use of the shower in preference to the bath.
5 The hot water system should supply at least the hot water demand stated and take account of distribution heat losses through the pipework. The suitability of
instantaneous systems (combination boilers) will be limited by their performance as quoted by the boiler manufacturer.
Hot water storage should comply with the minimum capacity in Table 5 (based on a draw-off temperature of 60°C), and where
appliances require greater volumes, the capacity should be increased accordingly.
5
CHAPTER 8.1
Table 5: Minimum storage requirements

Shower only Bath only Bath and shower(s)(1) Two baths
60L 120L 145L 180L
Note
1 Maximum of two showers (excludes instantaneous electric showers).
Where systems are heated by off-peak electricity, the storage capacity should be in accordance with the recommendations of the
electricity supplier.
Where homes have one bathroom or shower room, the system should be able to provide adequate hot water:
immediately after the bath has been filled, for tasks such
for a second bath after 20 minutes.

as washing
Where homes have two or more bathrooms, the system should be able to provide adequate hot water immediately after each of
the baths have been filled, for tasks such as washing.
Where a shower is installed, adequate provision should be made to ensure that the outlet temperature of the water is not
significantly affected by the use of other hot or cold outlets in the home. This may be achieved by the provision of a thermostatic
shower mixing valve, the appropriate design of pipe sizes or dedicated supplies.
Instantaneous systems (using combination boilers) produce hot water on demand (generally at lower flow rates than
storage systems), and should only be used where:
simultaneous demand for hot water is limited. Where there
storage combination boilers have the capacity as required

are three or more outlets, the design for simultaneous in Table 5. Where boilers can control and prioritise
discharge can omit the outlet at the kitchen sink hot water outputs the storage capacities can be less
than the figures in Table 4 subject to manufacturer’s
recommendations on meeting the demand.
Storage systems provide higher flow rates than instantaneous systems, and:
require a suitable space for the siting of the storage vessel
where vented, should be provided with an expansion pipe.

Unvented hot water storage systems should be:
assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3, or
installed by competent installers.

meet the requirements of BS EN 12897 and be the subject
of third-party certification, e.g. Kitemarking (applies to both
the assembled system and components)
Hot water cylinders should be:
supported in accordance with accessible for maintenance

manufacturer’s recommendations insulated as specified in the design.

installed vertically, unless designed otherwise
Where an immersion heater is fitted, it should be:
appropriate for the type of water supplied to the home
located to facilitate replacement

controlled by a thermostat
fitted with an on/off switch.

8.1.6
Soil and waste systems Also see: BS EN 752 and BS EN 12056
8.1
Soil and waste systems shall be in accordance with relevant building regulations and installed to ensure
that effluent is removed without affecting health or creating unnecessary noise and smell.
Soil and waste systems should be:
in accordance with the requirements of the water supplier
900mm
min.
adequately ventilated at the head of underground drains

(this may be by a soil pipe or separate ventilation pipe)
openings soil pipe or
adequately ventilated at each branch
ventilation
pipe
arranged to ensure foul air from the drainage system cannot
less than 3m
enter homes (e.g. ventilated to 900mm above openings when
within 3m)
fixed neatly and securely to provide the correct falls

fitted to prevent the entry of vermin.

CHAPTER 8.1
Air admittance valves should:

be used to allow air to enter the drainage system (but do
have free movement of air around them which can be

not avoid the need to ventilate it adequately) achieved by ventilation grilles, discreet gaps around the
where used to terminate a soil pipe, comply with
boxing or ventilation of the boxing into a ventilated roof
BS EN 12380 or be assessed in accordance with void (the ventilation area should be 2500mm2 minimum
Technical Requirement R3 unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer)
not be positioned in areas which are liable to freezing

where positioned within the home, be accessible

for maintenance.
Sound insulation should be provided to soil pipes passing
through homes by:
timber framing
an encased boxing, using a minimum 15kg/m2

board material either line the
enclosure or wrap
wrapping the pipe with a minimum 25mm of unfaced
the pipe with 25mm
mineral fibre (the insulation should be continued through unfaced mineral fibre
the thickness of each sound-insulating floor). the material of the enclosure

should have a mass of
15 kg/m2
Sanitary fittings should be:

installed with accessories, such as chains and plugs
fitted without using excessive packing

secured using non-ferrous or stainless steel screws or
fitted to ensure WC lids and seats are stable when open.

fixings appropriate to the weight of item being secured
Waste disposal units should be:

provided with adequate support
connected to the drainage system in accordance with the

fitted with a tubular trap (not bottle or resealing)
The junctions of wall tiling with baths and showers should be made watertight using a flexible sealant to accommodate
movement. The manufacturer’s instructions should be followed.
8.1.7
Electrical services and installations Also see: BRE report ‘Thermal insulation: avoiding risks’
Electrical installations shall be provided in accordance with relevant regulations, codes and standards.
The installation shall ensure safe and satisfactory operation and be protected from chemical attack.
Electrical services and installations should:
comply with BS 7671 ‘Requirements for
be installed in accordance with the

electrical installations’ manufacturer’s recommendations
comply with BS 6004 ‘Electric cables. PVC insulated and
ensure cables are not placed under, against or within

PVC sheathed cables for voltages up to and including thermal insulation, unless they have been appropriately
300/500 V, for electric power and lighting’. sized and derated
have fittings and components located in accordance with
ensure PVC covered cables are not in contact with

relevant building regulations polystyrene insulation.
Rooms should be provided with the minimum number of 13A outlets listed in Table 6 (dual outlets count as two).
Table 6: Minimum number of outlets
8.1
Room Outlets Notes

Kitchen/utility 8 Where homes have separate areas, the kitchen should have a minimum of four outlets and the
utility room four. Where appliances are provided, a minimum of three outlets should be free for
general use.
Living or family room 8 A minimum of two outlets near the TV aerial outlet.
Bedrooms 6 (4) A minimum of six outlets for the main bedroom and a minimum of four outlets for other bed-
rooms.
Dining room 4
Landing 2
Hall 2
7
CHAPTER 8.1
Cables without special protection, such as an earthed vertically or horizontally in shaded zone
to switch or outlet 150mm wide
metal conduit, should be positioned:
vertically or horizontally from the outlet or switch being served
within the shaded zone in the diagram, or
a minimum of 50mm from the surface of a wall, or a minimum
of 50mm from the top or bottom of a timber joist, or batten in

a floor or ceiling.
Where the position of switches or sockets can be determined
from the reverse side of the wall or partition, the zone on one
side of the wall or partition applies to the reverse side.
Lighting outlets
Lighting outlets should be provided:
in each room, hall, landing and staircases
in the common areas of homes and controlled by either

with two-way switching at each floor level in a staircase
manual switching or automatic light-sensitive controls.
Cooking spaces
Cooking spaces should:
have a minimum 30A supply which is suitably switched
where provided, have cooker panels located to the side of

and terminated the cooker space.
have a 13A socket outlet where there is a gas supply

Electrical supply to gas appliances
Where a gas appliance requires an electrical supply, a suitable fixed spur or socket outlet should be provided.
TV
Aerials are not required; however, one of the following should be provided:
a concealed, coaxial cable from the roof void to a terminal
a conduit and draw wire or suitable alternative.

outlet in the main living room
8.1.8
Gas service installations Also see: Chapters 6.2, 6.8, BS 6400 and BS 6891
Gas service installations shall be adequate and comply with the gas safety regulations, and be in
accordance with relevant standards and codes to ensure safe and satisfactory operation.
Gas service installations should ensure:
service pipework up to and including the emergency control
where there is a gas supply to the home, a gas point at

valve and meter is in accordance with the requirements of the cooker space should be provided. This is not required
the gas transporter, gas supplier and primary meter owner where an electric hob is provided
installation of pipework and appliances complies with
where gas pipework is to be installed in timber frame,

relevant standards and codes including those published by allowance is made for differential movement.
the Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers (IGEM) or
Gas Safe Register (GSR)
8.1.9
Meters Also see: Chapter 6.1
8.1
Openings in walls for meter cabinets shall be structurally adequate and prevent dampness entering the home.
Openings set into external walls should be provided with: cavity tray
DPCs and cavity trays

lintels (except for purpose-designed built-in meter boxes).

Meters and associated equipment should be located to be
reasonably accessible and not subject to damage.
Domestic meters may be of the following type:
Built-in (to the outer leaf of the wall).

Surface-mounted (on an external wall).

Semi-concealed (sunk into the ground adjacent to the

outer wall).
meter box
Individually purpose-made compartments in accordance

with the recommendations of BS 6400.
CHAPTER 8.1
8.1.10
Space heating systems Also see: Chapter 6.8
Where space heating is provided, it shall be in accordance with the relevant codes and standards, and
ensure safe operation.
Where appropriate, space heating systems should comply with the following:
BS 5410 ‘Code of practice for oil firing’.

BS EN 14336 Heating systems in buildings. Installation and commissioning of water based heating
systems.
BS 8303 ‘Installation of domestic heating and cooking appliances burning solid mineral fuels’.
BS EN 12828 ‘Heating systems in buildings. Design for water-based heating systems’.
BSRIA guide BG 4/2011 ‘Underfloor heating and cooling’.
Space heating appliances, including all components and controls, should be of a type approved by the relevant authority,
including:
Solid fuel – Solid Fuel Association, Heating Equipment
Electricity – British Electrotechnical Approvals Board

Testing & Approval Scheme Oil – OFTEC.

The provision of whole home or central heating is discretionary. Where provided, it should be designed in accordance with
Table 7, recognised standards, and:
the number of air changes per hour from kitchens and
design temperatures should be verified by calculations and

bathrooms should account for any mechanical ventilation not by performance tests
where rooms contain open flued appliances, the rate of
the main living room should have a heating appliance or a

air change used for the design should be increased in heat output as part of a whole home heating system
accordance with BS EN 12828 temperature calculations should be based on

a -3°C external temperature.
Table 7: Room temperatures and ventilation rates
Room Room temperature °C Ventilation rate (air changes per hour)
Living room 21 1.5
Dining room 21 1.5
Bedroom 18 1
Hall and landing 18 1.5
Kitchen 18 2
Bathroom 22 2
Toilet 18 2
8.1.11
Installation
Internal services shall not adversely affect the stability of the home and be installed to ensure
satisfactory operation. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) fitting of pipes and cables c) concealed services.
b) notching and drilling of joists
8.1
Fitting of pipes and cables

Services should:
comply with Chapter 5.1 ‘Substructure and ground-bearing
not be located in the cavity of an external wall, except for

floors’ where they pass through the substructure electricity meter tails
be protected by a sleeve, or ducted, when passing through
not be buried in screeds unless permitted by relevant

structural elements and not solidly embedded codes of practice.
Where copper pipes are permitted in floor screeds, they should be:
sleeved or wrapped so that they can move freely along the
jointed with capillary joints.

length and at joints and bends
Pipes should:
be adequately secured with suitable clips or brackets
have adequate falls (where appropriate)

be installed neatly with clips spaced to prevent sagging,
be installed with adequate room for thermal expansion and

but not restrict thermal movement contraction to avoid damage and noise.
9
CHAPTER 8.1
Metallic tape should be placed behind plastic pipework, where it is concealed behind wall surfaces, and would otherwise not be
located by a metal detector or similar equipment.
Joints in pipes should be made:
strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions
using lead-free flux recommended by the pipe

manufacturer, with traces removed immediately after
jointing.
Fire stopping should be provided around any services which penetrate fire-resisting floors, walls or partitions. Where a proprietary
system, such as an intumescent seal is used, it should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Notching and drilling of joists

Notching, drilling and chasing to accommodate service pipes and cables should either:
comply with the clauses below, or
be designed by an engineer.

Solid timber and studs
Table 8: Limits for notching and drilling solid timber members
Location Maximum size
Notching joists up to 250mm in depth Top edge 0.1-0.2 x span 0.15 x depth of joist
Drilling joists up to 250mm in depth Centre line 0.25-0.4 x span 0.25 x depth of joist
Drilling studs Centre line 0.25-0.4 x height 0.25 x depth of stud
holes separated
by a min. 3 x
hole diameter
100mm min. holes located on the centre line in a

between notches zone (0.25-0.4 x span) from the end
and holes and max. diameter = 0.25 x joist depth
notches located in a zone
(0.1-0.2 x span) from the end and
max. notch depth = 0.15 x joist depth
Where the structural strength is impaired by notching or drilling, the element should be replaced or correctly repaired.
Holes should be spaced at a minimum of three times the hole diameter.
Notches and holes in the same joist should be separated by a minimum horizontal distance of 100mm.
Instructions should be obtained from the designer when notching and drilling, where:
the joist is deeper than 250mm, or
it is close to heavy loads, such as those from partitions,

the dimensions are not in accordance with Table 8, or
cisterns, cylinders and stair trimming.
I-joists
Preformed holes are provided, and additional holes and notches should not be cut without the approval of the manufacturer.
Metal web joists
Services should run in the gaps between the metal webs. Conduits may need to be inserted before the joists are fixed in position.
8.1
Lightweight steel
Light weight steel should be used in accordance with Chapter 6.10 ‘Light steel framed walls and floors’.
Concealed services
Services concealed in walls or floors should be located so that significant cracking of the surface does not occur. Where chases
in walls are necessary, their depth should not exceed:
1/6 thickness of the single leaf for horizontal chases
1/3 thickness for vertical chases.

Hollow blocks should not be chased unless specifically permitted by the manufacturer.
CHAPTER 8.1
Pipes under floor screeds should:

min. 25mm cover
be protected by wrapping or ducting

have adequate allowance for thermal expansion,
insulated pipe
particularly at changes of direction. within screed
Screed cover should be a minimum of 25mm over pipes and

insulating material, and:

where pipes cross, it may be necessary to form a duct to
for in-situ suspended concrete floors, the location and

achieve adequate cover depth of pipes should be approved by the designer.
8.1.12
Extract ducts Also see: Chapter 8.3
Ductwork to intermittent and continuously running mechanical extract ventilation systems shall ensure
satisfactory performance and durability. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) building integration d) installation
b) resistance to airflow e) terminals.
c) control of condensation
Building integration
The route of ductwork should take account of other building elements. Ductwork passing through structural elements should not
adversely affect the structural or fire performance of the building. Where alterations to structural elements, such as I-joists,
are required, this should only be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, or be designed by an
The fire requirements of the building should be in accordance with relevant building regulations and standards. Issues that
should be taken into account include:
suitable detailing of components passing through other the integrity of protected stairs and halls
elements of the building the integrity of walls and floors.
the location and type of dampers and firestops to be used
Resistance to airflow
Ductwork systems should be designed to minimise the resistance to airflow, and be formed from compatible components.
Rigid duct is preferable to flexible, but where flexible duct is used, it should be restricted in length to ensure that the airflow
resistance does not prevent the designed ventilation rate from being achieved. Flexible duct should be installed:
straight
in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.

Bends should generally be formed with proprietary rigid components. Where flexible duct is used to form bends on an
intermittent extract system, they should be restricted to a maximum of:
two for systems up to 30 L/s one for extract rates higher than 30 L/s.
Control of condensation
Where extract ductwork passes through unheated spaces, it should be continuously insulated to achieve a thermal resistance
equivalent to a minimum of 25mm of insulating material with a thermal conductivity of 0.04W/(mK). This can be achieved by
using:
suitable pre-insulated ductwork, or
a proprietary insulation system.

8.1
Alternatively, the ductwork can be fitted with a condensate trap that discharges to the outside or installing the duct to slope to
the outside.
unheated
unheated space
space
pipe to drain duct sloping to

condensate to eaves the outside
condensate trap
11
CHAPTER 8.1
Installation
Ductwork should be installed in a neat and workmanlike manner, be securely fixed, and have:
adequate support throughout its length
sealed mechanically fixed joints and connections.

Where ductwork passes through an external wall, it should be positioned to slope slightly outwards to prevent water entering
the building. Clips and supports for ductwork should be spaced at equal distances and in accordance with the ductwork
manufacturer’s recommendations. For rigid ductwork, they should not generally be more than 750mm apart.
Ductwork should not be in direct contact with other surfaces, such as plasterboard ceilings, that may transfer noise to the home.
Terminals
Ventilation systems should terminate freely to open air.
The air flow resistance of terminals should not adversely affect the performance of the ventilation system. Airflow resistance of
terminals can be obtained through testing in accordance with BS EN 13141-2.
terminal extracting
to open air
insulation removed
for clarity
8.1.13
Testing and commissioning
Services shall be tested and commissioned to ensure satisfactory operation.
Services should be tested:
in accordance with all relevant regulations and codes
to ensure leaks or other defects are made good prior to the

of practice application of finish and handover of the home.
where pipes are located under screeds (including air or

water testing before and after the screed is laid)
Before completion and handover of the building services should be commissioned in accordance with relevant regulations and
codes of practice.
8.1
Low or zero carbon technologies
CHAPTER 8.2
Technical Requirements for low or zero carbon
(LZC) technologies.
8.2.1 Compliance 02
8.2.3 Clean Air Act 03
8.2.4 System design 03
8.2.5 Access 04
8.2.6 Handling, storage and protection 04
8.2.7 Sequence of work 04
8.2.8 Location 04
8.2.9 Building integration 04
8.2.10 Fixing 05
8.2.11 Electrical installation requirements 06
8.2.12 Pipes, insulation and protection from cold 06
8.2.13 Ground collectors 06
8.2.14 Fuel storage 07
8.2.15 Safe discharge 07
8.2.16 Testing and commissioning 07
8.2.17 Handover requirements 07
1
Low or zero carbon technologies 2019
CHAPTER 8.2
Introduction
This chapter provides guidance on low or zero carbon (LZC) technologies acceptable to NHBC. Other systems that
follow the general principles of this chapter may also be acceptable, subject to specific agreement with NHBC.
Additional requirements for solid fuel and oil fired boilers are given in Chapter 6.8 ‘Fireplaces, chimneys and flues’.
Guidance on other internal services is given in Chapter 8.1 ‘Internal services’.
This chapter provides guidance on the following technologies:
Biomass boiler Heat pump

Systems which burn wood pellets or chips for space and/or Systems which transfer heat from low energy sources. The
water heating. most common sources are ground, outdoor air and exhaust air.
input output compressor
evaporator condenser output
expansion pump
vessel
feed
feed
biomass boiler hot water store

ground collector expansion
valve
hot water store
Solar photovoltaics (PV) Solar thermal water heating

Systems which convert solar radiation into electricity. Systems which convert solar radiation energy to space and/or
water heating.
output
(demand)
generation export
inverter meter meter
pump
output
(export)
output
solar
consumer import thermal
unit meter
PV array
expansion
vessel +
relief valve discharge
AC mains supply storage
feed vessel
boiler hot water store
Wind turbine
Systems which convert wind energy into electricity.
8.2
output
(demand)
generation export
inverter meter meter
output
(export)
consumer import
unit meter
AC mains supply
The illustrations provided within the introduction are generic and do not indicate the only possible systems acceptable to NHBC.
Low or zero carbon technologies 2019 2
CHAPTER 8.2

Controls Controls are used to operate and/or regulate the system and may be electrical or mechanical.
Exclusion zone An area where entry is restricted during periods when maintenance is in progress, to prevent risk of
injury or loss of life.
Ground collectors The component of a ground source heat pump system which absorbs heat from the ground.
Collectors can be installed either horizontally or vertically in the ground. They may also be
incorporated into proprietary foundation systems.
Interstitial Condensation occurring within, or between, the layers of the building envelope.
condensation
Inverter A device that converts direct current into alternating current.
Islanding (island Where an LZC technology feeds the network or local distribution system during a planned or
mode operation) unscheduled loss of mains supply.
Low or zero carbon A term applied to renewable sources of energy, and also to technologies which are significantly more
(LZC) technologies efficient than traditional solutions, or which emit less carbon in providing heating, cooling or power.
Open loop A heat pump system that extracts water from an underground source, pumps it through a heat
system stem exchanger and returns it underground.
Parallel electrical A system in which building loads can be fed simultaneously from the national grid or electricity supply
generation grid and on-site sources such as wind turbines and photovoltaic panels.
Performance The manner or quality of functioning for a material, product or system.
Refrigerant pipework Carries refrigerant between the indoor and outdoor unit of a split system. Normally made of copper
and must be insulated and protected from damage.
Renewable energy Energy from naturally available sources that can be replenished, including energy from the sun,
the wind and tides, and from replaceable matter such as wood or other plant material.
Split system A type of heat pump in which the condenser is located indoors, the evaporator is located outdoors,
and the two are linked by refrigerant pipework.
Switchgear The combination of electrical switches, fuses and/or circuit breakers used to isolate electrical
equipment.
8.2.1
Compliance Also see: Chapter 2.1 and www.microgenerationcertification.org
LZC technologies shall comply with the Technical Requirements. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) relevant standards
b) product certification
c) operative competency.
LZC technologies that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Relevant standards
LZC should comply with relevant standards including where applicable:
BS EN 12975-1 ‘Thermal solar systems and components. Solar collectors’.

BS EN 12976-1 ‘Thermal solar systems and components. Factory made systems’.
BS EN 61215 ‘Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design qualification and type approval’.
BS EN 14511 Parts 1-4 ‘Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for
8.2
space heating and cooling’.

BS EN 61400-1 ‘Wind turbines’.
BS EN 61400-2 ‘Wind turbines. Small wind turbines’.
BS EN 14785 ‘Residential space heating appliances fired by wood pellets’.
BS EN 12809 ‘Residential independent boilers fired by solid fuel’.
BS EN 303-5 ‘Heating boilers for solid fuels, hand and automatically fired, nominal heat output of up to 300kW.
Terminology, requirements, testing and marking’.
3
CHAPTER 8.2
Product certification
LZC technologies should have current certification confirming satisfactory assessment by an appropriate independent authority
acceptable to NHBC.
Systems, products and installations that are assessed through the Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS) will generally be
acceptable to NHBC. Certification and test documentation should be made available to NHBC upon request.
Other certification bodies or test documentation may be acceptable where they are considered by NHBC to be a suitable
alternative.
Operative competency
LZC systems should be installed by operatives:
competent and familiar with the system being installed, and
certified to a standard acceptable to NHBC.

Installers who have been trained in accordance with the MCS installer standards will generally be acceptable to NHBC.
8.2.2
Indication of which manufacturer and/or installer is
Interface details.

responsible for each system and interface. Specification for controls.

A full set of current drawings.
On-site testing requirements.

Manufacturers’ specifications.
Commissioning schedule.

Fixing schedule.

8.2.3
Clean Air Act
Biomass boilers installed in smoke controlled areas shall comply with relevant legislation.
Biomass boilers to be installed within a smoke controlled area should comply with the Clean Air Act 1993 or
Clean Air (Northern Ireland) Order 1981.
8.2.4
System design
LZC technologies shall be designed to ensure satisfactory performance. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) location
b) acoustics
c) systems
d) compatibility
e) performance.
LZC technologies should be designed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, certification scheme
8.2
requirements and appropriate standards.
Location
The design and location of LZC technologies should take account of factors such as orientation, roof pitch and shading.
For stand-alone wind turbine systems, suitable exclusion zones should be provided in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations and geographical location.
Acoustics
Design and location should take account of:
internal and external noise
the effect on neighbouring properties, particularly the

vibration
positioning of the LZC technology in relation to openings.
CHAPTER 8.2
Systems
Each system should generally be supplied from one manufacturer as a package and not as individual components or materials.
However, where components from more than one manufacturer are used, they should be compatible to ensure
satisfactory performance.
Compatibility
LZC technologies should be installed so as not to adversely affect the performance of the building to which they are fixed, and in
Multiple systems should be compatible with each other.
Performance
LZC technologies designed to contribute towards space and water heating should be designed in accordance with the
performance requirements in Chapter 8.1 ‘Internal services’.
8.2.5
Access
Appropriate arrangements shall be provided for the purposes of cleaning, inspection, maintenance and
repair of LZC technologies.
Safe access should be provided to the LZC technologies, including switchgear, inverters, meters and controls. This is to
enable the cleaning, inspection, maintenance and repair of systems. Access should be provided in accordance with the
8.2.6
Handling, storage and protection
Materials, products and systems shall be handled, stored and protected in a satisfactory manner to
prevent damage, distortion, weathering and degradation.
LZC technologies should be:
transported, lifted, handled and stored in accordance with
delivered in sequence to avoid storage

the manufacturer’s recommendations protected to avoid the risk of damage.

8.2.7
Sequence of work
LZC technologies shall be installed in accordance with a suitable schedule.
To ensure performance, certain LZC systems and ancillary components should be installed in a logical and timely sequence in
8.2.8
Location
LZC technologies shall be correctly located.
LZC technologies, including ancillary components should be located and identified in accordance with the
8.2
8.2.9
Building integration
LZC technologies shall be securely fixed and not adversely affect the weather resistance of the building.
Foundations and anchor points for stand-alone LZC technologies should be designed by an engineer in accordance with
Technical Requirement R5 to withstand the structural forces acting upon them.
The structure to which the LZC technology is attached should be assessed according to its ability to accept the loadings and
prevent detrimental effects arising from movement or vibration. The design of the structure should take account of:
the self-weight of the LZC components snow loads
imposed loads dynamic loading (where relevant).
wind loads
5
CHAPTER 8.2
Notching, drilling or chasing of structural components to

3D mounted
accommodate service pipes or cables should either comply
with Chapter 8.1 ‘Internal services’, or be designed by an integrated
Fixings, supports, bracketry and mounting frames should:
accommodate all static and dynamic loads in accordance

with the manufacturer’s recommendations
be designed to take account of ventilation and drainage

requirements of the LZC technology
3D
have adequate protection against corrosion.
flashing support
and head flashing
Where two metals are to be joined, they should either be
compatible or isolated, to prevent bimetallic corrosion. solar panel
Aluminium and aluminium alloys should not come into contact flow – in
with cementitious material.
seal with membrane
flow – out
sill flashing
All interfaces between the LZC technology and the building should ensure adequate weather resistance, sealed to limit air
leakage and prevent moisture from reaching the interior or any part of the structure that could be adversely affected by its
presence. The envelope should be weatherproofed using appropriate flashings and fixings. Weatherproofing details that rely
solely on sealant are not acceptable. Flashings should be formed from the materials listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Materials for flashings
Flashing material Guidance
Rolled lead sheet Minimum code 4. BS EN 12588.
Aluminium and aluminium alloys BS EN 485 and BS EN 573, 0.6-0.9mm thick and protected from contact with mortar by
a coating of bituminous paint.
Zinc alloys BS EN 988 and 0.6mm thick.
Copper BS EN 1172 0.55mm thick and fully annealed. Where two metals are to be joined,
they should be compatible and not cause bimetallic corrosion in that environment
Alternatively, they should be isolated from each other.
Proprietary flashing, Assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
including plastic and composite.
To avoid potential surface or interstitial condensation, the design should take account of thermal bridging, particularly where any
part of the system, including fixings, penetrates the thermal envelope.
8.2.10
Fixing Also see: Chapter 2.1
LZC technologies shall be fixed using durable materials.
Fixings should comply with the types listed in Table 2.
8.2
Table 2: Materials suitable for fixings

Fixing material Guidance
Phosphor bronze NA
Silicon bronze NA
Stainless steel BS EN ISO 3506
Mild steel Coatings to BS EN ISO 2081, BS EN ISO 2082, BS EN 1461, or other appropriate treatment in
accordance with BS EN ISO 12944 or BS EN ISO 14713.
Aluminium alloy BS EN 573 and BS EN 755
Stainless steel BS EN 10088
Mild steel BS EN 10346
Other materials Assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
Materials that comply with recognised standards, which provide equal or better performance to those above, are also acceptable.
CHAPTER 8.2
The type, size, number, position and fitting tolerance of fixings should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations. Issues that should be taken into account include:
the provision of suitable locking nuts and washers
the isolation of aluminium from cementitious material.

the isolation of dissimilar metals

8.2.11
Electrical installation requirements
The electrical installation shall be in accordance with relevant regulations.
Electrical installations should comply with BS 7671 ‘Requirements for Electrical Installations’.
Where parallel electrical generation occurs, inverters should have a current Engineering Recommendation G83/2 type test
certificate and comply with all other parts of ER G83/2 for standard installations. Larger installations should comply with ER
G59/3-2.
The electrical installation should be capable of being isolated from all other electrical sources when required, for maintenance
or testing.
LZC technologies which generate electricity and are connected to the mains should automatically disconnect when there
is a mains power failure. This is to prevent them from feeding the network or local distribution system during a planned or
unscheduled loss of mains supply. This is known as ‘islanding’.
8.2.12
Pipes, insulation and protection from cold
All pipework and insulation, including refrigerant pipework, shall ensure adequate performance and be
designed to prevent freezing.
Materials used for pipes and insulation should be suitable for the intended purpose and provide satisfactory performance for the
life of the system. Pipes should comply with relevant codes and standards or be independently assessed for their intended use
in accordance with Technical Requirement R3. Insulation materials should be inert, and durable, and should not be adversely
affected by moisture or vapour. They should also comply with relevant codes and standards or be independently assessed for
their intended use in accordance with Technical Requirement R3.
Where there is a risk of pipes freezing, they should be internal unit
insulated, particularly when at, or close to, ground level.
Refrigerant pipework connecting split systems should
be of refrigerant quality copper pipe or other material as heat
provided
recommended by the manufacturer. The pipe should be to space
insulated, and the insulation should incorporate a vapour

control layer to prevent ice build-up. external unit
Air source systems should incorporate an automatic defrost insulated refrigerant

quality copper pipe
cycle and suitable condensate drainage. heat absorbed
from the
outside air
8.2.13
Ground collectors
8.2
The installation of ground collectors shall take structural and environmental factors into account.
The depth and layout of ground collectors should be specified to avoid freezing of adjacent ground. Where open loop systems
are proposed, consultation with the appropriate environment agency should be made and may require one or more of the
following:
A licence to investigate groundwater.
A discharge consent.

An abstraction licence.

Excavations for the installation of ground collectors should not adversely affect aquifers, foundations, drainage, water supply
pipes and other services. Design should take account of local planning authority guidance, including excavations that are close
to trees and hedgerows.
Ground collectors should be protected and tested prior to backfilling.
7
CHAPTER 8.2
8.2.14
Fuel storage Also see: The HVCA Guide to Good Practice Installation of Biofuel Heating (TR/38)
Fuel storage for biomass boilers shall be suitable for the installation.
Fuel stores should have appropriate:
access for delivery
volume to take account of peak load and period of demand

fire detection and extinguishing equipment where elevated

fire resistance and separation to prevent fire and gases

dust levels are expected entering other parts of the building.
8.2.15
Safe discharge
Discharge from LZC technologies shall terminate safely.
Solar thermal water heating systems should discharge into a storage vessel. The discharge pipework and vessel should be
suitable to withstand high temperatures.
8.2.16
Testing and commissioning
LZC technologies shall be tested and commissioned in accordance with the commissioning schedule.
The installer should check that the system is in accordance with the certification requirements, the manufacturer’s
recommendations and the design. Issues to be taken into account include:
the safety of the system
the correct operation of the system.

the correct installation of the system

Upon completion, the installer should provide a certificate to confirm that the LZC technology has been installed, tested and
commissioned in accordance with the above.
8.2.17
Handover requirements
Detailed information and instructions shall be provided to the homeowner.
The pack of information provided to the homeowner should include:
user instructions for the systems installed
a completed installer’s certificate from an acceptable

contact details for the manufacturer and installer
independent assessment organisation,
key components installed
MCS or suitable alternative
a completed manufacturer’s certificate from an acceptable
details of the fuel type and source

independent assessment organisation, maintenance and servicing requirements

MCS or suitable alternative warranties and/or guarantees for the LZC technology.

8.2.18
Further information

BRE Digest 489
CE72

BRE Digest 495
CE131

British Wind Energy Association
ER G59/3-2

BS EN ISO 9806
ER G83/2
8.2

BS EN ISO 14713: Part 1-4
Photovoltaics in buildings.
Mechanical ventilation
with heat recovery
CHAPTER 8.3
Requirements for mechanical ventilation with heat
recovery (MVHR) systems acceptable to NHBC.
8.3.1 Compliance 01
8.3.3 Building integration 01
8.3.4 Noise 02
8.3.5 Design considerations 02
8.3.6 Access and operation 04
8.3.7 Ductwork 04
8.3.8 Fixing and jointing of ductwork 04
8.3.9 Commissioning and balancing 05
8.3.10 Handover requirements 05
1
Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery 2019
CHAPTER 8.3

Air valve Wall or ceiling mounted fittings used
(extract and supply) to balance the flow rate of air between terminal (exhaust)
rooms; may be referred to as grilles.
terminal (intake)
Exhaust ductwork Carries air from the fan unit and

exhausts it to the external atmosphere. exhaust ductwork
intake ductwork
Intake ductwork Carries air from the external atmosphere
to the MVHR fan unit.
MVHR fan unit Unit that contains the fan(s), MVHR fan unit
heat exchanger and filter(s). service ductwork (extract)

Service ductwork Carries air between the air valves and service ductwork (supply)
extract and supply the MVHR fan unit.
air valve (extract)
Terminal fittings Located on the outside of the building to
finish the intake and exhaust ductwork. air valve (supply)
8.3.1 Also see: Chapter 2.1, Approved Document F, Domestic Ventilation Compliance Guide, Section 3 of the
Compliance Technical Handbooks, Domestic Ventilation Guide in Scotland and Technical Booklets in Northern Ireland
MVHR design, materials and sitework shall comply with the Technical Requirements, and be installed by
competent operatives.
MVHR systems that comply with the guidance in this chapter and are in accordance with the relevant British Standards and
building regulations will generally be acceptable.
MVHR systems should be installed by operatives:
competent and familiar with the system being installed, and
trained in accordance with the BPEC installer scheme,

or other suitable scheme acceptable to NHBC.
8.3.2
Location of all ductwork runs, the fan unit and controls.
Type and location of ancillary components, including those

Type, size and position of ducts and terminals.
used for fire safety and acoustic purposes.
Direction of fall for ‘horizontal’ ductwork.
Designed airflow-balancing figures for the system.

Type and spacing of clips and fixings.

8.3.3
Building integration Also see: Chapter 7.1 and 7.2
MVHR systems shall ensure compatibility with other building elements and not adversely affect the
performance of the building. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) weathertightness c) firestopping.
8.3
b) fixing of fan units
Weathertightness
Proprietary roof terminals should be used to ensure the weathertightness of the roof covering.
Fixing of fan units

MVHR fan units should only be fixed to parts of the building capable of taking the load. Where MVHR fan units are supported by
framed structures, additional components such as noggings may be required to provide a secure fixing point.
Fan units should be located, orientated and fixed in accordance with the design, using the clips, brackets and fixings
recommended by the manufacturer.
Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery 2019 2
CHAPTER 8.3
Firestopping
The MVHR system should not adversely affect the fire performance of the building. Issues to be taken into account include:
ensuring that the fire requirements of the building are in
location and type of firestops to be used

accordance with relevant building regulations integrity of protected stairs and halls

suitable detailing of components passing through other

integrity of walls and floors.

elements of the building
Proprietary fire components should be suitably tested, and specified to take account of the test conditions.
BS 476 ‘Fire tests on building materials and structures.’
BS EN 1365-2 ‘Fire resistance tests for loadbearing elements. Floors and roofs.’
BS EN 1366-3 ‘Fire resistance tests for service installations. Penetration seals.’
8.3.4
Noise
MVHR systems shall be designed to minimise disturbance caused by noise.
MVHR fan units should be sized to run at their optimum speed and to provide suitable performance whilst taking the resulting
noise and vibration into account. Specifying MVHR fan units that can provide the required airflow rates when running at less than
full speed can reduce unnecessary noise.
Ductwork should be sized to allow air to pass freely without causing excessive noise disturbance. To reduce noise transfer
along ductwork, a short length of flexible duct can be installed adjacent to air valves and fan units. Other issues to be taken into
account include:
noise between habitable rooms
location of the MVHR fan unit

external noise
the type of mountings used to secure the MVHR fan unit.

8.3.5
Design considerations Also see: Chapter 9.1
MVHR systems shall ensure compatibility and satisfactory performance. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) performance d) control of condensation
b) systemised approach e) protection from cold.
c) type and position of air valves and terminals
Performance
The MVHR system should be designed to provide satisfactory performance and be installed according to the design and
manufacturer’s recommendations. Variations from the design should maintain the satisfactory performance of the system and be
approved by the designer.
Issues that should be taken into account include:
ventilation rates as set out in appropriate building
ensuring the even distribution of airflow, taking into account

regulations and standards airflow resistance, including from bends and fittings.
fan capacity, accounting for airflow resistance of

8.3
the system
Airflow resistance should be calculated using figures for air valves and terminals determined in accordance with BS EN 13141-2
and data supplied by the duct manufacturer. Ductwork should be as direct as possible to reduce the number of bends.
Allowance should be made for air transfer within the home. Where gaps between the underside of internal doors and the floor
finish are used for air transfer, the guidance in Chapter 9.1 ‘A consistent approach to finishes’ should be considered.
Systemised approach
The MVHR system should be designed as a complete package, taking into account the performance of all components
and materials, to ensure compatibility and the performance requirements of the system.
Particular consideration should be given where components from different manufacturers are specified on the same system.
3
CHAPTER 8.3
Type and position of air valves and terminals

Air valves should be selected according to location and function, ensuring appropriate specification for:
wall or ceiling location
the velocity of the system.
supply or extract function

To create cross-ventilation within a room and to ensure satisfactory operation, air valves on low velocity systems should be:
positioned on the opposite side of the room from internal a minimum of 600mm (on plan) from hobs in kitchens
door openings positioned to account for the likely location of tall furniture
a minimum of 200mm from walls, where located on a and to avoid draughts over beds and seating areas
ceiling lockable, where adjustable.
a maximum of 400mm from the ceiling, where located
on a wall
To prevent cross-contamination, intake terminals should generally be separated from exhaust terminals and other potential
sources of pollution by a minimum of 1m measured on plan. Increased separation distances may be required between the intake
and any:
soil and vent pipe terminal
biomass or solid fuel chimney terminal.

boiler flue outlet

Terminals should prevent the entry of birds and animals.
Control of condensation
Ductwork should be insulated to prevent condensation formation where:
it passes through spaces outside the insulated parts of carrying cold air through spaces that are within the
the home, such as a roof void insulated parts of the home.
This can be achieved by using suitable pre-insulated ductwork, or a proprietary insulation system with a thermal resistance
equivalent to a minimum of 25mm of insulating material, with a thermal conductivity of 0.04W/Mk.
Ductwork insulation, including that used for proprietary duct insulation systems and pre-insulated ducts should be:
inert, durable and suitable for use with the ductwork
installed in a neat and workmanlike manner to ensure that

system there are no gaps
continuous and vapour resistant
installed in accordance with the

not adversely affected by moisture vapour
Where a vapour control layer is incorporated, the joints should be sealed using appropriate tapes or sealants as recommended
by the manufacturer.
Table 1: Ductwork insulation
Type of duct Ductwork continuously insulated
Ductwork located inside the insulated Ductwork located outside the insulated part of
part of the home the home
Intake Yes Yes
Exhaust Yes Yes
Service (supply and extract) No Yes(1)
8.3
Notes
1 Additional insulation should be provided to protect the system from the cold.
Any condensate that forms within the fan unit or ductwork should be able to drain to a suitable outfall. Fan units should be
located to enable connection of the condensate drain to the soil and waste system via a dry trap.
Protection from cold

MVHR systems should be protected from the effects of cold. Issues to be taken into account include:
performance in relation to indoor air quality
insulation of ductwork and other system components.
the manufacturer’s recommendations where any parts are

located outside the insulated part of the home
To prevent damage to the components and ensure satisfactory operation, MVHR systems should be fitted with automatic
frost protection.
Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery 2019 4
CHAPTER 8.3
Horizontal sections of service ductwork, outside the insulated pre-insulated to achieve a thermal
performance equivalent to at least 25mm
parts of the home, should be insulated to achieve a thermal of insulating material with a thermal
conductivity of 0.04W/Mk
resistance equivalent to at least 150mm of insulating material
with a thermal conductivity of 0.04W/Mk. This may be
achieved by installing the ductwork between the layers
of horizontal insulation.
Condensate drains located outside the insulated part of the
home should be insulated to prevent freezing.
loft insulation used to achieve a total thermal performance
equivalent to at least 150mm of insulating material with
a thermal conductivity of 0.04W/Mk
8.3.6
Access and operation
MVHR systems shall be designed and installed to ensure that the fan unit and associated controls are
easily accessible.
Table 2: Guidance for the suitable functioning of, and access to, the MVHR system
Fan unit located inside the insulated part of Fan unit located outside the insulated part of
the home the home
Access Access should not be obstructed and panels should A safe means of access, including a suitable walkway
be located and sized to enable routine servicing to be and a working platform 1m2 immediately adjacent to the
carried out. MVHR fan unit, should be provided. The walkway and
platform should be designed to ensure the continuity of
any insulation, and the supporting structure should be
designed to take account of the additional load.
Control and Where a ‘boost’ function is provided, it should switch off automatically and be located in, or adjacent to, the room
functionality it serves. Where a ‘summer bypass’ function is provided, it should operate automatically and divert the airflow
around the heat exchanger. The MVHR system should be capable of being isolated by a switched fused spur.
Indication MVHR systems should include visual indicators showing maintenance and servicing requirements, and mode
and controls of operation. These should be visible from within the insulated envelope, not obscured from view,
and be simple to use.
Cleaning To maintain operating performance, extract service ductwork and air valves should either be fitted with filters,
or ductwork should be accessible for cleaning.
8.3.7
Ductwork
Ductwork design and the materials used should be suitable for the intended purpose and not adversely
affect the performance of the building.
Ductwork should:
provide satisfactory performance for the life of the system

be routed as directly as practicable

be of a rigid or semi-rigid material suitable for use in MVHR

systems
be fixed in accordance with the manufacturer’s

recommendations.
8.3
air valve
Bends, connections and junctions should be formed using proprietary components that are part of the ductwork system.
Flexible ducting should:
only be located adjacent to fan units or air valves
not be used to form bends.

not be more than 300mm in length

Where ductwork routes require alterations to structural elements, these should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations or in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
8.3.8
Fixing and jointing of ductwork
MVHR ductwork and insulation shall be installed to a satisfactory standard. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) fixing
b) jointing.
5
CHAPTER 8.3
Ductwork should be securely installed in a neat and workmanlike manner.
Fixing
Parallel ductwork runs should be positioned to maintain a reasonably even gap.
To prevent condensate collecting, horizontal ductwork should be to a suitable outfall in accordance with the design, and installed
to a true line to avoid localised dips.

Where ductwork passes through an external wall, it should be positioned to slope slightly outwards to prevent water entering
the building.
Ductwork should be securely held in position by evenly spaced clips no more than 750mm apart, or in accordance with the
ductwork manufacturer’s recommendations.
Ductwork should not be in direct contact with other surfaces, such as plasterboard ceilings, that may transfer noise to the home.
Jointing
The method and materials used for jointing ductwork should be specified by the duct manufacturer, and be:
durable and airtight
sealed with purpose-designed connections in accordance

securely fixed
with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Where tapes and sealants are used, they should be suitable for the intended purpose and be recommended by the
ductwork manufacturer. Issues to be taken into account in relation to the durability of the jointing method include:
thermal movement
temperature

moisture
compatibility with the duct material.

Tape should be installed in a neat and workmanlike manner, and surfaces should be dry and free from grease and dust
before applying. Excess sealant should not extrude to the inside of the duct.
8.3.9
Commissioning and balancing
MVHR design, materials and sitework shall be tested and commissioned in accordance with the
commissioning schedule.
Upon completion of the installation MVHR systems should be protected from dust during the construction of the home. Where
possible the system should be switched off and dust covers applied to air valves.
Prior to completion of the home, the system:
including ductwork and filters, should be checked to ensure
should be adjusted by using the air valves and controls to

it is clear from dirt and dust that may have accumulated achieve the correct balancing and airflow rates
during construction should have air valves locked in position after correct

should be commissioned to confirm performance
commissioning and balancing.
Where the system cannot be balanced using the air valves and system controls, the complete system should be checked to
ensure that it complies with the design.
Any changes from the design should be referred back to the designer. Adjusting the fan speed above the designed output may
result in noise disturbance, and should be avoided.
8.3
A copy of the commissioning certificate should be made available to NHBC upon request.
8.3.10
Handover requirements
MVHR systems shall be provided with clear and detailed information and instructions that are handed over
to the end user.
The pack of information should be in a format intended for a non-technical user and include:
the commissioning certificate
guidance for the use of summer bypass and boost settings,

user instructions for the system and its controls
where installed
user-friendly description and explanation of the system,
contact details of the manufacturer and installer

including the location of components details of the installed system, including part numbers

details of routine maintenance, e.g. changing/cleaning
for consumables
the filters details of any maintenance and servicing agreements.

method of cleaning the ductwork, where required

A consistent approach to finishes
CHAPTER 9.1
Technical Requirements for finishes in new homes.
9.1.1 Compliance 01
9.1.2 External walls 01
9.1.3 Walls and ceilings 03
9.1.4 Doors and windows 05
9.1.5 Floors 05
9.1.6 Glazing 06
9.1.7 Ceramic, concrete, terrazzo
and similar tile finishes 06
9.1.8 Fitted furniture 06
9.1.9 Joint sealants 06
9.1.10 Other surfaces and finishes 07
9.1.11 External works 07
1
A consistent approach to finishes 2019
CHAPTER 9.1
9.1.1
Finishes shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Finishes that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
This guidance:
is intended to apply when the home is substantially
uses tolerances and finishes considered to be appropriate

complete and ready for NHBC pre-handover inspection for the house-building industry and takes precedence over
will be used by NHBC both during the construction process
other recommendations
and when conducting resolutions under section 2 of the is not intended to deal with every situation which may

Buildmark insurance cover arise, and discretion should be exercised.
should be considered in conjunction with relevant

performance standards and guidance contained elsewhere
within NHBC Standards
Some elements may be subject to the effects of normal thermal or drying movement, and this may occur both before and
after completion.
Some materials are not uniform and are not intended to be; this includes reclaimed materials. Some colour and texture variation
is inevitable; this is often used as an aesthetic feature and should be recognised in appropriate tolerances or considered
separately.
The nature and extent of work necessary to remedy minor variations from the tolerances and finishes given should be
proportionate and appropriate to the circumstances.
9.1.2
External walls Also see: Chapter 6.11
External walls shall be built to appropriate tolerances and have an acceptable finished appearance. Issues
a) fairfaced masonry e) brick slip cladding
b) render f) timber cladding
c) curtain walling g) tile hanging
d) rainscreen cladding h) cast stone sills.
Tolerances and appearance should be considered:

for the entire wall (e.g. panels and interfaces), and not
in daylight, and from a minimum distance of 10m.

for the individual elements of the construction, such as
bricks, or design features and details (e.g. quoins, soldier
courses and plinths)
Fairfaced masonry
Fairfaced masonry should:
be reasonably uniform in texture, finish and colour,

including mortar
not have excessive colour banding
max. 4mm
not have significant cracks in the facing bricks or other
deviation
damage, such as chips and marks greater than

15mm in diameter 1m straight edge
be within a maximum deviation of 4mm over 1m at

external reveals.
Where a fairfaced finish can only be achieved on one side
(such as half brick walls), the other faces should be left neat
9.1
and tidy.
Also note:
Some mortar blemishes will occur on individual
Efflorescence occurs naturally in some types of masonry.

masonry units. It is not harmful and generally disappears over time.
Some variation will occur in the texture, finish and colour of
Some brick products have features or marks which may be

mortar, in individual masonry units and generally over in excess of 15mm in diameter.
the wall. Some minor shrinkage cracking may occur between

masonry units (bricks and blocks) and mortar joints.
A consistent approach to finishes 2019 2
CHAPTER 9.1
Fairfaced masonry should be:

adequately straight on plan, with a ±8mm maximum
a maximum of 8mm from plumb in any storey height

deviation in any length of wall up to 5m (2.5m storey height)
adequately straight in section, with a tolerance of ±8mm
a maximum of 8mm from plumb in total for walls up to 5m high
per storey height (approx. 2.5m) a maximum of 12mm from plumb in total for walls over 5m high.
masonry
line
5m
masonry line
25x25mm spacing block 50x50mm spacing block

25x25mm reference nominal line of wall
spacing block line with max. ±8mm reference line plumb line
deviation (17-33mm
from reference line)
plan
2.5m storey height
Example:
Using 25mm wide spacing blocks, the masonry line should be
17-33mm from the reference line. nominal line of wall
with max. ±8mm
Spacing block dimensions are a guide and final dimensions should deviation (17-33mm
ensure reference line is kept clear of the wall face. from reference line)
section section
Example: Example:
Using 25mm wide spacing blocks, the masonry Using 50mm wide spacing block,
line should be 17-33mm from the reference line. the plumb bob should be 42-58mm from the wall.
Spacing block dimensions are a guide and final Note:

dimensions should ensure reference line is kept Spacing block dimensions are a guide and
clear of the wall face. final dimensions should ensure plumb line
is kept clear of the wall face.
Bed joints should:

5m
not have frequent variations in level
max.
deviation max.
have a maximum deviation of ±8mm, in walls 5m long (a pro
deviation
rata tolerance is applicable for walls less than 5m long),
have a maximum deviation of ±12mm in walls more than

horizontal no frequent variations in line of
5m long. reference line the level of the bed joints bed joint
The thickness of an individual bed joint should not vary from the average of any eight successive joints by a maximum of 5mm.
The vertical alignment of perpend joints should not deviate significantly from the perpendicular. As bricks can vary in length, not
all perpend joints will align; however, there should not be a cumulative displacement of the perpend joints in a wall.
Render
Render should:
equal spacing blocks
be reasonably consistent in texture, finish and colour

be flat, within a maximum ±8mm vertical and horizontal

deviation in 5m, though this may increase where render is reference line
in close proximity to features
not have crazing more than 0.2mm wide.

Also note: 5m
There may be some colour variation in appearance due to

differences in suction of the background and orientation
nominal line of wall
of the wall. with max. ±8mm
deviation
Daywork joints, patching and other repairs may be visible

but should not be unduly obtrusive.
9.1
Some hairline cracking and crazing is likely to occur in

both traditional render and proprietary render systems. section
Such cracking and crazing should not impair the Example:
performance of the render. Using 25mm wide spacing blocks, the masonry
line should be 17-33mm from the reference line.
Areas of render in close proximity to features
Spacing block dimensions are a guide and final
(e.g. bell casts) are excluded from the tolerance. dimensions should ensure plumb line is kept
clear of the wall face.
Flatness is measured in a similar way to straightness on

plan and plumb of masonry.
3
CHAPTER 9.1
Curtain walling
Curtain walling should be within:
reasonable tolerances and appearance for the materials
a maximum deviation of ±2mm in any storey height or

structural bay width, and ±5mm overall, unless otherwise
specified in the design.
Rainscreen cladding
Rainscreen cladding should be within:
a maximum deviation of ±3mm in any storey height or

structural bay width, unless otherwise specified in
the design.
Brick slip cladding

Brick slip cladding should be within:
a tolerance of ±8mm maximum deviation for each 5m

±8mm maximum vertical and horizontal deviation from
section of wall for bed joints (a pro rata tolerance is
flatness in 5m applicable for walls less than 5m long).
Timber cladding
Variation in colour may occur in uncoated timber exposed to the weather, and the rate and extent may vary.
Also note:
The effects of normal weathering may cause certain

uncoated timber, over time, to develop a silver/grey colour.
Tile hanging
Panels should be reasonably uniform in appearance, particularly at abutments, and may vary in colour and size depending on
the manufacturing process.
Cast stone sills

Surface abrasions and chips which occur on site should be removed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations,
which may include filling, polishing out, respraying or painting as appropriate.
Also note:
Cast stone is manufactured with natural products and
Efflorescence, fungicidal growth and colour variation may

colour variations are inevitable. occur due to orientation, shading and pollution.
9.1.3
Walls and ceilings
Walls and ceilings shall be built to appropriate tolerances and have an acceptable finished appearance.
a) plastering and dry lining
b) blockwork walls in garages
c) skirtings.
For walls and ceilings:
surfaces should be reasonably uniform, although there
jointing tape should be fully covered and unobtrusive in the

may be minor textural differences around lights and other finished surface.
fittings
there should be no visible gaps between fittings and the

surface (e.g. around switch plates)
9.1
Plastering and dry lining

For plastered and dry lined surfaces:
board joints should be within a maximum 3mm deviation,
the finish should be a maximum 8mm from plumb for walls

measured using a 450mm straight edge with equal offsets up to 2.5m
walls should be adequately flat and within a ±5mm
the finish should be a maximum 12mm of plumb for a

deviation measured using a 2m straight edge with continuous wall height over 2.5m.
equal offsets
CHAPTER 9.1
max. 10mm
deviation in 2m
plumb of wall finish: flatness of wall finish:
max. 8mm out of plumb max. ± 5mm deviation
in a storey height of from a 2m straight edge
up to 2.5m with equal offsets
(applies in all directions)
max. 12mm out of plumb 2m
in a continuous wall height

greater than 2.5m
level of ceiling
±5mm maximum deviation using

2m straightedge with equal offsets
2m
flatness of ceiling
Setting out of corners, duct casings, access covers and any associated framing should be:
square
provided with an appropriate decorative finish.

neat and tidy

max. 10mm
max. 10mm
±5mm maximum
deviation in 250mm
±5mm maximum
±10mm deviation in 500mm deviation in 250mm
±10mm deviation of square in 500mm
Also note:
In plastered walls and ceilings, some tooling marks may
Small cracks may occur in wall finishes which pass

be visible. across floors (e.g. in staircase walls).
Some cracking (up to 2mm wide) may occur at wall,
Where stair strings abut a wall, a crack of up to 4mm may

floor and ceiling junctions, due to shrinkage and differential appear as a result of shrinkage of materials.
movement of materials.
Blockwork walls in garages

Cracks, up to 2mm wide, in unplastered blockwork walls may be evident due to thermal movement and shrinkage.
Skirtings
Where skirtings are installed:
the gap between the floor finish (without coverings) and the
joints should present a continuous appearance when

bottom of the skirting should not exceed 5mm viewed from a distance of 2m in daylight (some initial
shrinkage of the skirting may already be evident at
completion of the property).
9.1
Also note:
The gap between the floor finish and the skirting may
Gaps may appear at joints and corners due to shrinkage,

increase due to of normal drying out, shrinkage and/or and between the wall finish and skirting due to drying out,
deflection, particularly in timber floors. shrinkage and fixing position.
5
CHAPTER 9.1
9.1.4
Doors and windows
Doors and windows shall be installed to appropriate tolerances, including openings in walls, and external
openings viewed from the inside.
Openings in walls (including external openings viewed from
head and sill: max. 5mm out of

the inside) should: level for openings up to
1.5m wide
be flat along the length of sills and window boards, with a
max. 8mm out of level for
maximum deviation of ±3mm in every 1m openings over 1.5m wide
be level within 3mm across the sill measured from the

± 5mm maximum deviation of
square for reveals up to
frame (tiled sills may slope away from the window) 250mm deep
max. 3mm out of level across
have level heads and sills, a maximum of 5mm from level
reveal (measured from frame)*
for openings up to 1.5m, and 8mm where larger reveals: max. 5mm out of plumb
have plumb reveals, a maximum of 5mm for openings up
for openings up to 1.5m high
to 1.5m, and 8mm where larger max. 8mm out of plumb

for openings over 1.5m high
be square within a ±5mm maximum deviation for reveals

up to 250mm deep *tiled sills, in bathrooms for ±3mm maximum
example, may be intentionally deviation in 1m
flatness along
Window frames should not be distorted in the opening, and a laid sloping away from
the window length of sills and
window boards
maximum from plumb of:
5mm when up to 1.5m in height
5mm
8mm where larger.

window distortion:
max. 5mm out of
Doors and frames should always be installed in accordance plumb for windows
less than 1.5m
with the manufacturer’s recommendations, not be distorted in
max. 8mm out of
the opening, and: plumb for windows
over 1.5m
frames should be within 8mm of plumb over the height of

frames should not
the frame and not out of plumb in two directions be distorted in
the opening
the gap between the door and head or jamb limited to

a maximum of 4mm (for double doors, the gap at the max. 8mm out of plumb
over height of frame
meeting stiles should be within 4mm) (in one direction only)
5mm
distortion across doors limited to a maximum 9mm in the

±5mm deviation of square into reveal up to 250mm deep
height, and 5mm in the width
the gap between the underside of the door and unfinished
frames should
not be distorted
floor limited to between 10-22mm (the covering should in the opening
max. 4mm gap between
be selected accordingly, or the door height adjusted; in door and head or jamb
(for fire doors the
England and Wales, where a builder provides a floor door distortion: manufacturer’s
max. 5mm recommendations
finish, there should be a gap of 10mm between the bottom across width should be used;
for double doors the
of 760mm wide doors and the floor finish). max. 9mm
across height gap at the meeting stiles
should be
The tolerances in this clause are without prejudice to maximum 4mm
satisfactory performance for weathertightness, exclusion of the gap between the

draught and fire resistance. underside of an internal
door and unfinished floor
should be 10-22mm
9.1.5
The maximum gap should not exceed 22mm, however, homeowners
Floors will need to choose a covering to suit or adjust the door height
accordingly.
Floors shall be built to appropriate tolerances. In England and Wales, where the builder provides a floor finish there
should be a gap of 10mm between the bottom of the door and
floor finish (for a 760mm wide door)
Floors should be: the dimensions are without prejudice to satisfactory performance
in terms of weathertightness, draught exclusion and fire resistance
level within a 4mm deviation per 1m for floors up to 6m across
flat within a ±5mm deviation, measured using a 2m straight

a maximum of 25mm out of level for floors over 6m across
edge with equal offsets.
Underfloor service ducts should be constructed so that the cover is level with the adjacent floor finish. The selection of floor finish
9.1
should take into account that drying shrinkage of the floor may result in minor differences in level between the floor and duct
cover, which may become evident with some types of thin floor coverings.
Also note:
The effects of normal drying shrinkage on screeded floors
Timber floors and staircases naturally shrink as they dry.

may cause minor cracking. As this drying occurs, it may result in squeaking
components as they move against each other. This is
normal and to be expected.
CHAPTER 9.1
9.1.6
Glazing
Glass shall be free of undue defects.
Glass should be checked in daylight, from within the room and from a minimum distance of 2m (3m for toughened, laminated or
coated glass). The following are acceptable where they are not obtrusive or bunched:
Bubbles or blisters.
Fine scratches not more than 25mm long.

Hairlines or blobs.
Minute particles.

The above does not apply to areas within 6mm of the edge of the pane, where minor scratching may occur.
9.1.7
Ceramic, concrete, terrazzo and similar tile finishes
Ceramic, concrete, terrazzo and similar tile finishes shall have an appropriate appearance.
For ceramic, concrete, terrazzo and similar tile finishes:
joints should be straight and in alignment, unless the
should limit the effect of dimensional irregularities.

tiles are, by design, irregular in shape Joints should be ‘evened out’ to maintain a
wall tile joints should be a minimum of 1mm
regular appearance
floor tile joints should be a minimum of 3mm,
the variation in surface level should be within ±3mm

unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer measured using a 2m straight edge with equal offsets
joints in floor tiles should generally not exceed the tile
the variation in surface level between adjacent tiles should

thickness, although wider joints up to 10mm may be be; 1mm or less where the joint is up to 6mm wide, or 2mm
necessary to accommodate dimensional irregularities in or less where the joint is over 6mm wide.
some tiles
9.1.8
Fitted furniture
Fitted furniture shall have an appropriate appearance.
Fitted furniture, including doors and drawers, should:
be visually aligned (vertically, horizontally and in plan),
have uniform gaps between adjacent doors and/or drawers

and there should not be significant differences in level at where appropriate
the intersection of adjacent worktops not have conspicuous abrasions or scratches on

operate as intended by the manufacturer
factory-finished components when viewed in daylight from
a distance of 0.5m.
Also note:
No dimensional tolerance has been set for gaps between
Fitted furniture should be viewed from a distance of 2m.

adjacent doors and/or drawers or for their alignment, Conspicuous surface abrasions caused during installation

because some variation will be necessary to take account should be removed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
of adjustments as part of the fitting process. recommendations which may include filling, polishing out,
No dimensional tolerance has been set for the abutment of
respraying or painting as appropriate.
adjacent worktops due to the variety of materials available In rooms or areas where there is no daylight, scratches

and because minor variations, even with manufactured should be viewed in artificial light from fixed wall or ceiling
products, are inevitable and small differences in height outlets and not from portable equipment.
may be unavoidable.
9.1.9
Joint sealants
Joint sealants shall have a neat and tidy appearance.
Sealants should be tooled to:
remove blisters and irregularities
achieve a compact, smooth neat surface finish.

9.1
Also note:
Joints should be viewed from a distance of 2m, but may be

less, depending on the location (e.g. showers and baths).
7
CHAPTER 9.1
9.1.10
Other surfaces and finishes
Other surfaces and finishes shall have an appropriate appearance.
Other surfaces and finishes should:
be reasonably smooth and free from nail holes,
have joints filled

cracks and splits be reasonably uniform in colour, texture and finish.

Where there are two or more adjacent socket, switch or service outlets, they should be aligned horizontally.
Where garage floors have not been sealed, dusting may occur.
Painted and varnished surfaces should be even in appearance and free from conspicuous runs and prominent brush marks.
Also note:
Surfaces should be viewed in daylight from a distance of
Where painted surfaces are touched up, minor colour

2m and not by shining artificial light on the surface. variations may occur.
Wall lights or uplighters should be switched off. External finishes will dull over time, depending on a

Timber surfaces may show limited raised grain, and the
number of factors such as exposure to sunlight, rain and
colour and texture may also vary. pollutants.
Drying shrinkage of timber may cause cracking of the
Resin is likely to exude from knots, causing discoloration

paint finish, particularly where joints occur in plaster of paintwork, even though modern primers contain a
and woodwork. compound to limit this.
9.1.11
External works
External works (including drives, paths, decks, terraces and balconies) shall have appropriate finishes.
Drives, paths, decks, terraces and balconies should be:
within a maximum ±10mm deviation measured using a 2m
designed and constructed minimise the potential for

straight edge with equal offsets; however, localised falls standing water.
into gulleys and channels are acceptable
One hour after rain has stopped, areas of temporary standing water should not be deeper than 5mm or exceed 1m².
Temporary standing water is not permitted adjacent to entrance doors.
Also note:
Displacement and variations in surface levels,

including scuffing and pitting, may arise due to settlement,
natural ground movement and traffic.
Drainage covers should:
align with the adjacent ground or surface finish (for
the difference in height between a cover and the adjacent

channels, the cover should be set below the adjacent hard surfaces should allow for future settlement.
ground)
9.1
Wall and ceiling finishes
CHAPTER 9.2
Technical Requirements for internal wall and
ceiling finishes.
9.2.1 Compliance 01
9.2.3 Plastering 01
9.2.4 Dry lining 02
9.2.5 Ceramic wall tiling 05
1
Wall and ceiling finishes 2019
CHAPTER 9.2
9.2.1
Wall and ceiling finishes shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Wall and ceiling finishes that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
9.2.2
Schedule of finishes.
Fixing specification.

Plaster thickness, mix and special requirements.
Extent and detail of tiled surfaces.

Installation details of vapour checks behind dry lining.
Location of services adjacent to tiled surfaces.

9.2.3
Plastering Also see: Chapter 8.1, BS EN 13914-2 and BS 8000-0
Plastering shall provide an adequate substrate for the decorative finish.
Materials for plastering should be in accordance with BS 8481 and those listed in Table 1.
Where plaster is intended to contribute to fire resistance or sound insulation, overall performance should be in accordance with
the building regulations.
Table 1: Materials for use in plastering
Plasters BS EN 13279 ‘Gypsum binders and gypsum plasters’.
BS 5270-1 ‘Specification for polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) emulsion bonding agents for
indoor use with gypsum building plasters’.
Metal laths and beads BS 405 ‘Specification for uncoated expanded metal carbon steel sheets for
general purposes’.
BS EN 13658-1/2 ‘Metal lath and beads. Definitions, requirements and test methods’.
The background should be:

given an appropriate treatment before plastering,
checked to ensure adequate and even suction

in accordance with BS 8481 sufficiently even to provide a reasonably flat plaster finish

suitably finished to provide an adequate key
(excessive ‘dubbing out’ should be avoided).
Mixed background materials and associated differential movement can lead to cracks and should be avoided. Suitable
precautions should be taken, e.g. using metal lathing.
Metal beads should be used to provide edge protection, and be fixed with zinc-plated fasteners, as recommended by
the manufacturer.
Table 2: Recommended treatments for substrates
Surface Treatment
High-density clay, or concrete bricks and Suitable bonding treatment, hacking, spatterdash, or stipple.
blocks and dense concrete (including soffits)
Mixed backgrounds, May require expanded metal to provide key for plastering and to reduce the
e.g. concrete with bricks/blocks effects of differential movement.
Lightweight concrete blocks Plaster should not be stronger than recommended by the blockwork manufac-
turer.
Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks Plastering should be conducted in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations, accounting for the moisture content of the blocks.
9.2
Normal clay brickwork and concrete block May require raked joints or the use of keyed bricks.
Plasterboard Guidance is contained in BS 8212.
Wall and ceiling finishes 2019 2
CHAPTER 9.2
Where services are to be concealed by plaster, they should be:

completed and tested before plastering
protected against the adverse effects of chemical action or

thermal movement.
To avoid surface cracking; metal lathing or wire netting should be used where there is an insufficient depth of plaster.
The plaster mix should be:

as specified, or as recommended by the plaster
checked to ensure undercoats and finishing coats

manufacturer for the particular location and use are compatible
appropriate for the strength and surface characteristics of
applied by suitably trained operatives (specifically where

the background plastic compound finishes are used)
an appropriate quality for the intended finish
of a type that does not include Portland cement and

gypsum plaster in the same mix.
When plastering:
completed work, especially timber, chipboard and glazing,
avoid mixing excessive quantities of plaster (plaster should

should be protected from damp and damage not be retempered)
in cold weather, follow the guidance in chapter
the background surface of each coat should be fully set

3.2 ‘Cold weather working’ (plasterwork damaged by frost (the surface should not be overworked, and adequate time
should be removed and replaced) should be left between coats to allow strength and suction
dubbing out should be conducted well in advance of the
to develop)
application of the first coat the number of coats should be sufficient to achieve a

surfaces should be dry, clean and free from laitance,
reasonably plane finish
grease, loose material or substances likely to prove finished surfaces, reveals, soffits to openings,

harmful to the bond or the intended finished appearance external angles, etc. should be in accordance with
of the plaster Chapter 9.1 ‘A consistent approach to finishes’
ensure plaster is thoroughly mixed but avoid
the plaster should be applied to a thickness,

prolonged mixing excluding dubbing out, in accordance with Table 3.
Table 3: Plaster thickness
Surface to be plastered Minimum number of coats Thickness of plaster
Walls Metal lathing 3 13mm (nominal from lathing)
Brickwork 2 13mm maximum
Blockwork 2 13mm maximum
Plasterboard or concrete 1 Sufficient to provide a
crack-free surface
Ceilings Concrete 2 10mm maximum
Plasterboard 1 Skimcoat
9.2.4
Dry lining
Dry lining shall provide an adequate substrate for the decorative finish. Issues to be taken into
account include:
a) installation
b) vapour control
c) detailing and support
d) fixing.
Installation
Dry lining should:
not be started until the building is
provide performance in accordance with building

9.2
substantially weatherproofed regulations where it contributes to fire resistance

be programmed so that finishes are applied as soon as
ensure that gap sealing is specified where necessary to

possible after completion prevent draughts.
Table 4: Standards relevant to dry lining
BS EN 520 ‘Gypsum plasterboards. Definitions, requirements and test methods’.
BS 8212 ‘Code of practice for dry lining and partitioning using gypsum plasterboard’.
3
CHAPTER 9.2
Vapour control
Vapour control layers should be used to reduce the risk of interstitial condensation, and be installed in accordance with:
Chapter 6.2 ‘External timber framed walls’ Chapter 7.2 ‘Pitched roofs’.
Chapter 7.1 ‘Flat roofs, porches and balconies’
Detailing and support

Support should be provided to plasterboard in accordance with Table 5.
Table 5: Frequency of support for plasterboard
Board thickness (mm) Maximum timber support Intermediate noggings required Perimeter noggings required
centres (mm)
9.5 400 No Yes
450 Yes Yes
12.5 400 No Yes
450 No Yes
600 Yes Yes
15 600 No No
When fixing boards:

damaged boards should not be used
there should be adequate support for light points,

they should be fixed face side out, appropriate for
socket outlets and other service installations
plastering or directly applied finishes openings for services and electrical outlets should be

cut edges should finish over a support or nogging
accurately cut (gaps in vapour control layers should be
(though are permitted, where necessary, at perimeters) taped and sealed)
additional intermediate noggings may be required where
ceiling boards should be staggered to minimise any risk

fire resistance is necessary of cracking.
Joints between boards should be neatly formed, flush,
and suitably finished:
with scrim tape or paper tape, where boards are to

be plastered
lines of noggings
with tape, and filled, where boards are not to be plastered
at board edges
first layer second layer of second layer
(tapered edge boards should be used for directly applied
finishes), or
as recommended by the manufacturer.

Where double layers of plasterboard are used, they should:

be positioned so joints are staggered between layers

have the first layer fully fixed and have all cut

edges supported
have the second layer supported on all edges with noggings

provided to suit. cut board perimeter noggings
Dry lining should be:

completely taped and filled at board joints and at the finished to an appropriate standard and in accordance with

abutments to ceilings and internal walls Chapter 9.1 ‘A consistent approach to finishes’.
Fixing
Plasterboard should be fixed to:
timber using plasterboard nails or dry wall screws
masonry using adhesive dabs.

top shelf
9.2
metal using dry wall screws, or

1500mm max.
above finished
floor level
Where insulated dry lining is used, nailable plugs should be specified in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations,
min. 300mm
total area of shelving
and at a minimum of two per board. min. 0.5mm² spacing
using full width and
depth of
Nails or screws should not project above the board surface and should be: airing cupboard
10mm minimum from paper-bound edges
6mm minimum from edges of timber members.

13mm minimum from cut ends of boards

Wall and ceiling finishes 2019 4
CHAPTER 9.2
Table 6: Acceptable fixing centres and fixings

Fixing Location and spacing Coating
Nail Walls and ceilings: approximately 150mm centres Hot dip galvanised, zinc electroplated or sheradised
(eight per linear metre) steel
Screw Ceilings: approximately 230mm centres Zinc electroplated or black phosphate
(eight per two linear metres) (or to the board manufacturer’s recommendations)
Walls: approximately 300mm centres (five per linear metre)
Table 7: Acceptable fixing lengths

Board thickness (mm) Nail length (mm) Screw length (mm) into timber Screw length (mm) into steel
9.5 30 32 22
12.5 40 36 22
15 40 36 25
Where dry lining is fixed with adhesive dabs, it should be:

securely fixed and filled at external and internal corners,
installed with a continuous ribbon of adhesive to the

including door and window openings perimeter of external walls, and around openings and
filled with jointing compound where required, at gaps
services, to prevent air infiltration.
around service points, electric sockets, light switches, etc.
Adhesive dabs should be at 300mm centres measured vertically, and in accordance with Table 8.
Table 8: Dabs according to board dimensions
Thickness of wall board (mm) Width of wall board (mm) Dabs per board (rows)
9.5 900 3
9.5 1200 4
12.5 1200 3
Dry lining to receive ceramic wall tiling should be supported in accordance with Table 9 or the guidance given in BS 8212.
Table 9: Board fixing guidance for walls to receive ceramic tiles
Description Board thickness Support centres Additional support Maximum Comments
(mm) (mm) height (mm)
Timber frame 12.5, 15 400-450 No 3 600
(including stud walling) 600 Timber noggings 600mm 3 600
centres (measured vertically)
Timber battens 12.5, 15 400 Battens at head, base and 3 600
intermediate positions not
exceeding 1200mm centres
Direct bond 9.5 450 dabs of Horizontal dabs at 3 600 Complete at
adhesive in rows mid-storey height least 10 days
before tiling
Independent steel 2 x 12.5 400 Mid-point support 3 000
stud lining, 48mm or
60mm
48mm metal stud 15 400 2 700
partitions 2 x 12.5 each side, 400 3 600
or 2 x 15 each side
15 400 3 600
70mm metal stud 2 x 12.5 each side, 400 3 600
partitions or 2 x 15 each side
2 x 15 each side 600 Additional stud at 300mm up 3 600
to tile height
146mm metal stud
9.2
partitions
5
CHAPTER 9.2
9.2.5
Ceramic wall tiling
Ceramic wall tiling shall provide a surface adequate for its location and intended use (including appearance
and durability).
Where a fixed shower or showerhead fixing is provided over a bath, at a height that will permit persons to stand under it:
a screen or other suitable means of containing the water

surfaces which will become regularly wetted should be tiled

should be provided or have an appropriate alternative water-resistant finish.
Backing surfaces for tiling should:
be in accordance with Table 9 and BS 8212
avoid differential movement; where this may occur,

be strong enough to support the weight of the adhesive
precautions should be taken, e.g. metal lathing or wire
and tiling (where separate coats are used, they should be netting fixed across junctions
well bonded) be moisture resistant, where frequent wetting occurs

provide an adequate mechanical key
be dry, clean and free from laitance, grease, loose material

be sufficiently even to achieve an even and plane
or any substance likely to affect the bond or finish
tiled surface be reasonably even (i.e. not have gaps greater than 3mm

provide adequate and reasonably consistent suction
for thin bed adhesives or 6mm for thick bed adhesives,
when using a 2m straight edge).
Where the backing surface contains soluble salts, and where cement mortar is used as an adhesive, precautions should be
taken, such as the use of mortar with sulfate-resisting cement.
Gypsum plasters should not be used where:
repeated or persistent heating occurs, e.g. on flues or near
repeated or persistent wetting may occur.

heat sources
Backgrounds may be improved by:

raking out masonry joints
applying a bonding agent (particularly on very smooth and

hacking and scratching
dense surfaces).
Tiles should be appropriate for their location and intended use. When specifying tiles, consideration should be given to:
surface finish
edge shape

size and thickness
fittings (coves, skirtings, etc.)

colour
accessories (soap tray, paper holder, hooks, etc.).

Tiles should be:
fixed in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions
solidly bedded in water-resistant adhesive on a

suitable for the location, intended use and background; their
moisture-resistant background, where frequent
weight on lightweight plaster should not exceed 20kg/m2 wetting occurs.
fixed according to the background, using cement mortar or

proprietary adhesive
Table 10: Standards for tiling

BS EN 14411 ‘Ceramic tiles. Definition, classification, characteristics, assessment and verification of constancy of
performance and marking’.
BS EN 12004 ‘Adhesives for ceramic tiles’.
BS EN 13888 ‘Grouts for tiles. Requirements, evaluation of conformity, classification and designation’.
When tiling:
courses should be straight and even to form a plane and
spacing should be sufficient to allow for expansion

regular surface, especially around fittings and fixtures up to sanitary fittings and fixings, the sealing method should

there should be no cut or unfinished tiles at exposed edges
be in accordance with the design and account for movement
or external corners proprietary water-resistant grouting should be used in

joints should be even and cut neatly
9.2
Appropriately designed movement joints should be:

built into tiling at centres at a maximum of 4.5m,
located at junctions where there are variations in surfaces

vertically and horizontally or backgrounds
provided at vertical corners in large tiled areas
1-2mm where tiles are without spacer lugs.

Grouting should be:
as specified in the design, including mix and colour
waterproof in and around shower enclosures and where

cement-based epoxy resin or a proprietary product
tiling can be saturated.
Floor finishes
CHAPTER 9.3
Technical Requirements for floor finishes, including:
integral insulation
screeds
ceramic, concrete and similar tiles
flexible sheet and tiles
woodblock
asphalt.
9.3.1 Compliance 01
9.3.3 Insulation 01
9.3.4 Screed 01
9.3.5 Ceramic, concrete, terrazzo
and similar tile finishes 03
9.3.6 Wood finishes 04
9.3.7 Flexible sheet and tile finishes 05
9.3.8 Asphalt finishes 06
9.3.9 Staircase finishes 06
1
Floor finishes 2019
CHAPTER 9.3
9.3.1
Compliance Also see: Chapters 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.4 and 8.1
Floor finishes shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Floor finishes which comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable (structural floors should be in
accordance with the relevant Standards chapter).
9.3.2
Schedule of finishes.
Extent and detail of tiled surfaces.

Screed thickness and mix.
Location of services adjacent to tiled surfaces.

Details of sound insulating floors.
Details of staircase finishes.

9.3.3
Insulation
Thermal and acoustic insulation shall provide appropriate performance, and be suitable for the intended
location and use.
Materials and constructions which are in accordance with building regulations are generally acceptable.
Suitable sound insulation materials include:
flexible material
proprietary products which have been assessed in

mineral fibre quilt insulation
board material for use under screeds (e.g. impact sound

duty (ISD) grade pre compressed expanded polystyrene)
Table 1: Thermal insulation materials
Material Standard Grade or description
EPS (expanded polystyrene) BS EN 13163 70
PUR (rigid polyurethane) BS 4841 For use under screeds
PIR (rigid polyisocyanurate)
Fibre building board BS EN 622 Insulating board (softboard)
Proprietary material Technical Requirement R3
9.3.4
Screed Also see: Chapters 3.2 and 8.1
Non-structural floor screeds shall be adequate for the location and intended use, and provide a suitable
background for floor finishes. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) installation
b) screed thickness
c) screed over insulation.
Installation
Before screeding, background surfaces should be:
clean and free of debris (e.g. dust and gypsum removed);
suitably prepared to provide an adequate mechanical key,

concrete should be wetted and brushed where bonded screeds are required, cement grouting
or a bonding agent should be specified to provide
9.3
adequate adhesion.
Damp proofing should be completed before screeding starts.

Screeding should not take place in weather conditions which could adversely affect the finished construction, and:
should be scheduled to allow suitable drying time before
in cold weather, screeds should not be installed

following trades (screed damaged by cold should be removed and
in hot or dry weather, precautions should be taken to
replaced).
prevent the screed surface drying out too quickly
Floor finishes 2019 2
CHAPTER 9.3
Non-structural screed should be:

installed to the specified thickness and provide an even
(where the floor is to include a monolithic slab) installed

surface, suitable for the intended finish in accordance with within three hours of the concrete sub-floor being poured.
the relevant British Standards and the floor finish mixed using only proprietary additives that have been

manufacturer’s recommendations assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3
of a suitable sand cement mix (generally between 1:3 and

thoroughly compacted, where required by the design, using

1:4½ cement:sand). Where deeper than 40mm, concrete either a heavy tamper, mechanical compactor or vibrator.
may be used
Proprietary non-structural screeds should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Surface sealers or hardeners should only be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Where services are bedded in the screed:
there should be a minimum 25mm of cover over the
pipes should be protected against chemical attack

highest point of pipes and insulation (e.g. by using purpose-made sleeves or ducts).
provision should be made for the thermal movement of

water pipes
Non-structural screed over underfloor heating should:
be sub-divided into bays not exceeding 40m2, with a
have expansion joints which are consistent with those in

maximum length of 8m, or installed per room the slab.
Where concrete floor slabs are to serve directly as a wearing surface without an additional topping, they should be in accordance
with BS 8204-2 and power floated.
Completed floor finishes should be protected against damage from traffic.
Standards relevant to screeding include:
BS 8204 ‘Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings. Code of practice’.
BS 8201 ‘Code of practice for installation of flooring of wood and wood-based panels’.
BS 8203 ‘Code of practice for installation of resilient floor coverings’.
Non-structural screed thickness

Thickness of cement and sand screeds should be in accordance with with Table 2.
Table 2: Thickness of non-structural screed
Method of laying Minimum thickness at any point (mm)
Installed monolithically with base 12
Installed on, and bonded to, a set and hardened base 20
Installed on a separating membrane (e.g. 1000g polyethylene) 50
Installed on resilient slabs or quilts (screed reinforced with wire mesh) 65
Above services, reinforcement or insulation to services 25
For concrete ground-bearing floors, a maximum 20mm monolithic screed may be acceptable as part of the required thickness.
Screed over insulation

Where screed is to be installed over insulation, the screed
screed reinforced
should be reinforced, and the insulation should: as specified in
the design
provide adequate compressive strength to support wet

construction screeds and floor loads
be tightly butted and, where required, turned up at perimeters
perimeter
membrane
separating membrane
between resilient
to prevent cold bridging turned up insulation and screed
at perimeter
9.3
be separated from the screed by a membrane (the membrane

should be compatible with the insulation, and have joints
lapped and taped, and be turned up at the perimeter).
Sound insulating floating floors should be in accordance with
3
Floor finishes 2019
CHAPTER 9.3
9.3.5
Ceramic, concrete, terrazzo and similar tile finishes
Tile flooring shall provide a suitable wearing surface for the location and intended use.
Before tiling is started:
ensure that the substrate is sufficiently dry (generally, six
differences in level should be dubbed out

weeks for concrete bases and three weeks for screed is the surface should be clean and free from laitance, dirt,

adequate) dust, grease and materials incompatible with the adhesive.
ensure the substrate is reasonably true and flat

(±3mm using a 3m straight edge), and installed to falls
where required
When installing tiles to floors:
they should be bedded on a solid bed of mortar or
accessories, such as covings and skirtings, should match

proprietary adhesive, of a thickness appropriate the tile pattern, and be fixed so that joints are aligned with
for the material those in the floor
the manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed
they should be installed with minimum 3mm joints, unless

where proprietary adhesives are used otherwise specified by the manufacturer.
they should be arranged to minimise cutting and to provide

joints which are straight, neat, and of even width
Where tiles are to be fixed to a wood-based substrate:

the floor should be designed to take the additional loads of
they should be bedded with deformable (flexible)

tiles, and any other materials (e.g. overlays) tile adhesive, e.g. C2S1, and grouted in accordance with
they should be suitable for laying over a timber base
the manufacturer’s recommendations
Timber floor decking should be:

plywood for use in exterior conditions (minimum 15mm
chipboard floor decking overlaid with minimum 10mm

for joists at 400/450mm centres and minimum 18mm for plywood suitable for exterior conditions, acclimatised,
joists at 600mm centres) screwed to the joists at 300mm sealed and fixed as previously indicated, or proprietary
centres with all square edges supported on joists or separating/decoupling layers, tile backer boards or tile
noggings (plywood should be installed with a 1.5-2mm bedding reinforcement sheets used in accordance with the
movement gap between boards and at abutments, and manufacturer’s recommendations.
be acclimatised to the room conditions and sealed on the
underside and square edges, before laying, with a suitable
sealer such as polyurethane varnish) or
Movement joints should be:

provided around the floor perimeter and at rigid upstands,
used to separate bays at 8-10m centres

where tiled areas are wider than 2m a minimum of 3mm wide unless otherwise specified by

the manufacturer.
Grout should be:

cement-based epoxy resin or a proprietary product
water resistant, where tiles may become saturated.

Standards relevant to floor finishes include:
BS 8204-3 ‘Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings. Polymer modified cementitious levelling screeds and wearing screeds.
Code of practice’.
BS EN 13748-1 ‘Terrazzo tiles for internal use’.
BS EN 14411 ‘Ceramic tiles. Definition, classification, characteristics, assessment and verification of constancy of
performance and marking’.
BS 5385 ‘Wall and floor tiling’.
9.3
CHAPTER 9.3
9.3.6
Wood finishes Also see: BS 5250 and BRE Report ‘Thermal insulation: avoiding risks’
Wood and wood-based flooring shall provide a suitable wearing surface for the location and intended use.
a) thermal insulation and DPMs
b) sound insulation
c) condition of the substrate
d) directly applied finishes
e) indirectly applied finishes.
Wood and wood-based flooring should be installed ensuring that:
services beneath the floor finish are tested before the floor
wood finishes are conditioned to the appropriate

is installed moisture content
underfloor heating is kept on, before and during the
where required, DPMs are incorporated, in accordance

floor laying with manufacturer’s recommendations and the design.
Standards relevant to wood floor finishes include:
BS 8201 ‘Code of practice for installation of flooring of wood and wood-based panels’.
BS 1187 ‘Specification for wood blocks for floors’.
BS 4050 ‘Specification for mosaic parquet panels’.
BS 1202 ‘Specification for nails’.
BS 1297 ‘Specification for tongued and grooved’.
Thermal insulation and DPMs

Methods of providing insulation include:
insulation positioned above in-situ concrete slab
insulation positioned above dry, precast system

(DPM required) (DPM not required).
floor finish vapour control layer

(under wood-based floors)
insulation
DPM
floor finish
ground-bearing slab
insulation
precast floor
ventilated void
Proprietary insulated flooring should be in accordance with:

Technical Requirement R3 manufacturer’s recommendations on vapour control layers

and DPMs.
Sound insulation
Floating floor finishes should be designed and constructed to:
isolate the floor finish from the supporting floor and walls
avoid the use of fixings which penetrate the insulation layer

avoid excessive movement or squeaking
ensure there are no airpaths, especially at the perimeter.

Where flooring is to be installed on a resilient material on a separating floor, edges should be isolated from walls and skirtings by
a resilient layer.
Where a floor relies on a soft floor covering to provide the minimum standard of sound insulation, the covering should be fixed
permanently in position.
Condition of the substrate

Screeds or concrete to receive wood flooring should be dry. The floor should:
9.3
be tested and the moisture content suitable, in accordance

have a DPM or vapour control layer incorporated in the

with BS 8201 floor construction to protect the wood finishes (moisture
be allowed to cure for a sufficient period of time (generally
should not be trapped between the layers).
two months for 50mm screed, and six months for concrete
slabs), or
5
Floor finishes 2019
CHAPTER 9.3
Screeds or concrete to receive wood flooring should:

be free from high spots, nibs and major irregularities
have differences in level dubbed out.

Directly applied finishes (wood blocks, parquet, wood mosaic, etc.)
Directly applied finishes should be installed:
in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations

using evenly spread adhesives

using the correct adhesives, e.g. bitumen rubber emulsion
according to the specified pattern, and leaving gaps around

in accordance with BS 8201 or proprietary adhesives the perimeter for movement.
assessed in accordance with Technical Requirement R3
Screeds or concrete surfaces should be treated with a suitable primer in accordance with the adhesive
Indirectly applied finishes (softwood boarding, wood-based panel products)

Indirectly applied finishes should be installed with:
vapour control layers where required
battens fixed to prevent excessive movement

preservative treated battens, in accordance with Chapter
battens spaced in accordance with Table 3.

3.3 ‘Timber preservation (natural solid timber)’
provision made to support heavy items, such as

storage heaters and boilers
Table 3: Spacing of battens for indirectly applied floor finishes

Thickness of finish (mm) Maximum batten centres (mm)
Chipboard (type P5) 18/19 450
22 600
Plywood 15 450
18 600
Oriented strand board (type OSB3) 15 450
18/19 600
Other types of floor In accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Chipboard and oriented strand board should be fixed to battens:

with flathead ring shank nails or screws
at 200mm-300mm centres at perimeters

with fixings 2.5 x the thickness of the board
at 400mm centres on intermediate supports.

Plywood should be fixed to battens:
with 10 gauge nails or screws
at 150mm centres at perimeters

a minimum of 10mm from the edges of boards
at 300mm centres on intermediate supports.

9.3.7
Flexible sheet and tile finishes Also see: BS 5250 and BRE Report ‘Thermal insulation: avoiding risks’
Flexible sheet and tile finishes shall provide a suitable wearing surface for the location and intended use.
Flexible sheet and tile finishes should be:
installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
reasonably level and smooth, particularly at doorways

recommendations, and generally be fully bonded and junctions
installed on a backing surface which is even and without
fitted with skirtings, coves, coverstrips and other preformed

high spots or cracks; where necessary, using a levelling components, where required, and in accordance with the
underlay of a type and thickness recommended by the manufacturer’s recommendations.
flooring manufacturer or in accordance with Table 4
Table 4: Acceptable types of underlay for boarded surfaces

9.3
Type of underlay Minimum thickness (mm)

Hardboard 3.2
Plywood 4
Chipboard 9
Oriented strand board 6
CHAPTER 9.3
Chipboard and oriented strand board underlay should be fixed to battens:

with flathead ring shank nails or screws
at 200mm-300mm centres (9mm from edges)

with fixings 2.5 x the thickness of the board
across the boards, at 400mm centres.

Plywood or hardboard underlay should be fixed:
with ring shank nails or staples

around perimeters, at 100mm centres (12mm from edges)

with nails/screws at least 10mm from the edge of the panel
across the sheets, at 150mm centres.

Flexible sheet flooring materials should:
be stored in a clean and ventilated place
not be exposed to temperatures less than 18°C for a period

not be stored in cold conditions, unless permitted by
of 24 hours before, or during, laying.
the manufacturer
The substrate should be sufficiently dry to prevent adverse effects on the flooring, and where:
there is a risk of trapping moisture or interstitial
flexible sheet or tile flooring is installed on ground bearing

condensation, permeable finishes should be used concrete floors, a DPM should be incorporated to prevent
rising moisture adversely affecting floor finishes.
When installing flexible sheet or tile flooring:
ensure underfloor services are not damaged
surplus adhesive should be removed

it should be cut so that it fits neatly around fittings, pipes,
welded joints should be provided in accordance with the

etc. manufacturer’s recommendations
adhesives should be spread evenly and left for the correct
adjustment after initial contraction or expansion should be

period of time to ensure full bonding made where necessary.
the surface should be pressed down firmly, loaded or rolled

as necessary to prevent curling, lifting or bubbling
Standards relevant to flexible sheet and tile finishes include:

BS EN ISO 10581 ‘Resilient floor coverings. Homogeneous poly(vinyl chloride) floor covering’
BS EN ISO 10595 ‘Resilient floor coverings. Semi-flexible/vinylcomposition (VCT) poly(vinyl chloride) floor tiles’
BS EN 650 ‘Resilient floor coverings. Polyvinyl chloride floor coverings on jute backing or on polyester felt backing or
on a polyester felt with a polyvinyl chloride backing’
BS EN 651 ‘Resilient floor coverings. Polyvinyl chloride floor coverings with foam layer’
BS EN 12104 ‘Resilient floor coverings. Cork floor tiles’
BS 8203 ‘Code of practice for installation of resilient floor coverings’.
9.3.8
Asphalt finishes
Asphalt finishes shall be suitable for the location and intended use.
Asphalt should be:
in accordance with BS 6925 (limestone aggregate)
in accordance with the floor manufacturer’s

Grade I or II and 15-20mm thick (which applies to the floor
recommendations when used with a suspended
finishes and underlay) floor system.
applied as one coat when used as underlay for other

finishes
9.3.9
Staircase finishes Also see: Chapter 6.6
Staircase finishes shall permit safe usage and be suitable for their intended use.
The rise and going should remain uniform after application of the staircase finish, including at the top and bottom of the flight.
9.3
For communal stairs (e.g. in escape routes in blocks of flats), non-slip nosings or inserts should be:
provided where specified
fixed in accordance with the

Finishings and fitments
CHAPTER 9.4
Technical Requirements for finishings and fitments
(including cupboards and internal trim).
9.4.1 Compliance 01
9.4.3 General provisions – cupboards and fitments 01
9.4.4 Finishings and internal trim 01
9.4.5 Joinery 02
9.4.6 Airing cupboards, cupboards,
worktops and fitments 02
9.4.7 Ironmongery, prefabricated items
and other materials 02
9.4.8 Protection and handover 03
1
Finishings and fitments 2019
CHAPTER 9.4
9.4.1
Finishings and fitments shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Finishings and fitments which comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
9.4.2
Designs and specifications should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers.
9.4.3
General provisions – cupboards and fitments
The builder shall provide fixed and built-in fitments in accordance with the specification.
In kitchens, the specification should allow for:
preparation and cooking of food
storage of domestic cleaning appliances (part of which

washing up, drying and storage of dishes and utensils
should be suitable for brooms, upright cleaners and
storage of dry foods
similar equipment)
storage of perishable foods
1m circulation space in front of all work surfaces,

laundering
cupboards and appliances.
A depth of 600mm can be assumed for appliances (where intended but not provided).
Space or facilities for laundering and cleaning items may be provided outside the kitchen area.
Space should be provided for general storage, clothes, linen and bedding. Airing cupboards are required in homes which do not
have central or whole home heating.
Shelving supports should be fixed securely and so that shelves are level.
9.4.4
Finishings and internal trim Also see: Chapter 6.8
Finishings and internal trim shall be suitable for their location and intended use, securely fixed, and
finished to established standards of workmanship.
When fixing trim and components:
they should be in accordance with the specification
nails should be punched below the surface of timber,

fireplace surrounds, panelling and features should be
and holes filled
complete and suitably joined to the adjacent surfaces damage should be avoided (where damage does occur,

it should be made good).
Trim and finishings should be:
sufficiently wide to mask joints around built in fitments,
selected and installed to give a neat appearance

etc. allowing for movement and shrinkage installed in accordance with the

fixed in accordance with building regulations (e.g. with
minimum separation distances where near heat sources)
Architraves should be:
parallel to frames and linings
fixed with an equal margin to each frame member

accurately mitred, or scribed, to fit tightly and neatly
securely fixed to prevent curling.

Skirting should:
be mitred and scribed at external and internal angles,
tightly abut architraves

9.4
as appropriate run level and scribed to floors.

Proprietary trim, skirting and architraves should be fixed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Finishings and fitments 2019 2
CHAPTER 9.4
9.4.5
Joinery
Wood and wood-based materials shall be of the quality and dimensions required by the design.
Joinery and the materials used should be installed to established standards of workmanship, and have no visible defects after
the finish has been applied. Issues that should be taken into account include:
fit and construction of joints (including finger joints)

construction of moving parts

gluing and laminating
surface finishes.

BS EN 942 ‘Timber in joinery. General requirements’
BS EN 312 ‘Particleboards’
BS 1186 ‘Timber for and workmanship in joinery’.
9.4.6
Airing cupboards, cupboards, worktops and fitments
Airing cupboards, cupboards, worktops and fitments shall be installed to provide satisfactory appearance
and performance. The builder shall provide fixed and built-in fitments in accordance with the design.
Cupboards, worktops and fitments should be:
checked to ensure they are undamaged before they
installed as shown in the design (worktops spanning

are installed between units may require additional support)
plumb, level and scribed to wall faces, where necessary.

Cupboards should be installed ensuring that:
doors operate freely and fit openings closely and evenly
drawers run smoothly, and locks and catches

properly engage.
Cupboards (including wall-hung units) should be securely fixed, using:

fixings of an appropriate size, and in accordance with the
the predrilled holes in units and brackets provided by

manufacturer’s instructions (generally, plugs and screws to the manufacturer.
masonry and screws to timber)
Where worktops or unit panels are cut, edges should be sealed using a metal or plastic strip glued to the edge with
waterproof adhesive. Alternatively, an appropriate waterproof joint may be used. Sinks and hob units which are inset in worktops,
and vanity units, should be sealed with a waterproof joint.
Where appropriate, gaps between fitments and wall tiling should be sealed with a waterproof joint and brought to a smooth finish.
Wardrobes should be fitted with hanging rails, and intermediate supports used where necessary to avoid bending.
Internal doors (including airing cupboard doors) should be fitted in accordance with Chapter 6.7 ‘Doors, windows and glazing’.
Airing cupboards should:
be separated from other storage

have a minimum 0.5m2 of easily reached shelving suitable

for the airing of clothes top shelf
1.5m max.
have a 300mm minimum spacing between shelves
above finished
floor level
have a suitable heat source, such as a hot water cylinder
min. 300mm
total area of shelving
spacing
not have shelving higher than 1.5m.
min. 0.5m2 using
full width and depth
of airing cupboard
9.4.7
Ironmongery, prefabricated items and other materials
9.4
Ironmongery, prefabricated Items and other similar materials shall be suitable for the intended use.
Relavant standards include:
BS EN 1935 ‘Building hardware. Single-axis hinges.

Requirements and test methods’.
3
Finishings and fitments 2019
CHAPTER 9.4
9.4.8
Protection and handover
Finishings and fitments shall be suitably protected during construction, and be undamaged at handover.
Appropriate protection should be provided to finishings and fitments (including to doors, trim, balustrades, fireplace surrounds,
panelling and other special features) to ensure they are not damaged. Kitchens, including cupboards, doors, fittings and
worktops, should be suitably protected.

Prior to completion and handover:
work should be left in a clean state
temporary coverings and protection should be removed,

decorating should be completed in accordance with
and the fitments and finishings cleaned and dusted.
chapter 9.5 ‘Painting and decorating’
9.4
Painting and decorating
CHAPTER 9.5
This chapter provides guidance on meeting the
Technical Requirements for painting and decorating.
9.5.1 Compliance 01
9.5.3 Storage 01
9.5.4 Conditions for painting and decorating 01
9.5.5 Timber 01
9.5.6 Steel 02
9.5.7 Walls 02
9.5.8 Wallpapering 03
9.5.9 Other surfaces 03
9.5.10 Completed painting and decorating 03
1
Painting and decorating 2019
CHAPTER 9.5
9.5.1
Painting and decorating shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Painting and decorating that complies with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
Paint finishes should be selected and applied in accordance with BS 6150 ‘Painting of buildings. Code of practice’.
Chapter 9.1 ‘A consistent approach to finishes’ provides further guidance on the quality of painting and decorating finishes.
9.5.2
Designs and specifications should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers, and include:
specification of preparatory work
details of specialist finishes.

schedule of finishes

9.5.3
Storage
Materials for painting and decorating shall be adequately protected from the cold.
Painting and decorating materials should:
be protected against frost before use
not be used where they have been damaged by frost.

9.5.4
Conditions for painting and decorating
Painting and decorating shall take account of the climatic and building conditions to ensure a suitable finish.
The painting and decoration of external surfaces should not be undertaken where:
weather conditions may adversely affect the completed work
surfaces are moist

frost occurs, or is due to occur, before the paint has been
rain is expected before the paint dries.

applied or has dried
When decorating internal walls:

cold surfaces may cause problems with water-borne paints,
surfaces should be free from condensation before applying

even though the air temperature may be above freezing paint and coatings; they should not be applied until the
paintwork should not be adversely affected by dust
moisture has evaporated from the surface.
9.5.5
Timber
The painting and decorating of timber and timber-based materials shall be compatible with the species
of timber, provide adequate protection and be suitable for the intended use and location. Prefabricated
components and joinery shall be finished to a suitable quality, and protected.
When painting or decorating timber, the moisture content should be a maximum of 18%.
Paint and paint systems should be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, and be compatible with the
surface to be decorated.
Preparation should ensure:
door and window furniture is removed
sharp arrises are rubbed down (to enable an even coating)

unsound wood, loose or highly resinous knots, etc.
surfaces are free from dirt, dust and moisture

are cut out, replaced and made good where there is deterioration of the primer or seal coat,

raised grains, tool and machine marks are removed
surfaces are rubbed down and a second coat applied
9.5
surfaces are refinished with fillers and glasspaper

where joinery is delivered preprimed, priming meets the

as appropriate requirements in this chapter
nail holes, splits and other imperfections are stopped
where joinery is prefabricated, the first coat of paint or stain

is applied before fixing.
Knotting should:
comply with BS 1336 ‘Specification for Knotting’ (this may
be applied using a brush, or as part of the priming process

not be effective against heavy exudation of resin) for joinery.
Painting and decorating 2019 2
CHAPTER 9.5
One full round coat of primer should be applied to all surfaces to be painted, including:
hidden surfaces of external woodwork
rebates for glazing and backs of glazing beads.

cut ends of external woodwork

Primers should be in accordance with BS 7956 ‘Specification for primers for woodwork’.
Paint or stain should be applied to external timber to provide protection and stability, even where the timber has been
preservative treated (unless the preservative treatment manufacturer confirms otherwise). Primer, paint and stain finishes should
be compatible with preservative treatment.
Undercoat and gloss should be applied ensuring that it provides a satisfactory finish, and:
it is not thinned (unless recommended by the
a minimum of one priming coat, one undercoat and

manufacturer) one finishing coat are used (unless an alternative
each application is a full round coat and surfaces are lightly
recommendation is made by the manufacturer)
rubbed down with glasspaper between coats each coat is applied within one month of the previous.

Stain and varnishes should be:
applied as recommended by the manufacturer to provide
applied when the substrate is dry

appropriate cover suitable for the species of timber.

applied to surfaces which have been suitably prepared to

provide adequate adhesion and an acceptable appearance
Varnish should be applied with a minimum of three coats on interior surfaces. On exterior surfaces, varnish should be suitable for
the conditions (yacht or high gloss) and applied with a minimum of four coats. Surfaces should be sanded
between coats.
Stain should:
be a two-coat system or be in accordance with the
not be applied to door or window rebates which are to be

manufacturer’s recommendations glazed with linseed-oil putty.
BS EN 927-1 provides guidance on exterior wood coating systems.
Prefabricated joinery and components should be:
protected from damage
stored under cover and primed, where supplied untreated,

supplied with, or given, a coat of primer before fixing
as soon as possible after delivery
reprimed where primer is damaged.

9.5.6
Steel
Steelwork shall be coated to provide adequate protection and be suitable for the intended use and location.
Decorative finishes may be applied to galvanised steel following suitable preparation with a mordant wash.
Decorative finishes applied to steelwork that has been protected by coatings (including intumescent paint for fire resistance) in
accordance with Chapter 6.5 ‘Steelwork’, must be compatible with the protective coating. The manufacturer’s recommendations
should be followed. Any damage to the protective coatings should be made good prior to decorative finishes being applied.
9.5.7
Walls
Walls shall be finished to provide an even and consistent appearance, to established levels of
workmanship. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) external masonry and rendering b) plaster and plasterboard surfaces.
External masonry and rendering

Paint or decorative finishes to external masonry and rendering should:
be appropriate for the substrate, and be in accordance with
not be applied to external brickwork or render where they

9.5
the manufacturer’s recommendations could trap moisture in the construction and cause frost
be applied to surfaces which are clean, free from dust and
damage, sulfate attack or other detrimental effects.
loose deposits
Where bricks have no upper limit on their soluble salt content, the brick manufacturer’s written agreement to the application of a
finish should be obtained.
3
Painting and decorating 2019
CHAPTER 9.5
Where the decorative system is part of the weather resistance of the rendering, it should be assessed in accordance with
Where surfaces have varying suction, they should be stabilised with a treatment recommended by the manufacturer.
Plaster and plasterboard surfaces

A sealing coat should be applied to dry lining, and surfaces prepared for decoration, in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
Plaster and plasterboard surfaces should be prepared in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and the design.
Where plaster and skim coat is applied to plasterboard:
surfaces should be visibly sound, without signs of
surfaces should be stabilised, either with a coat of

powdering or crumbling thinned paint or with a sealant as recommended by the
joints should be completed and cracks, nail holes and
manufacturer
surface imperfections filled a minimum of two coats of paint should be applied.

the surface should be rubbed down with glasspaper

and dusted, where necessary
Where building boards are used, coatings should be in accordance with the board manufacturer’s recommendations.
9.5.8
Wallpapering
Wallpapering shall be finished to provide an even and consistent appearance, to established levels
of workmanship.
Where wallpaper or coverings are used:
surfaces should be dry, even and smooth before wallpaper
they should be properly aligned and neatly fixed

is applied electrical switch plates should be temporarily removed and

surfaces should be sized or sealed as necessary
the papering accurately trimmed so that it will tuck behind
adhesives should be in accordance with the wallpaper
the fitting upon completion.
9.5.9
Other surfaces
Surfaces shall be finished to provide an even and consistent appearance, to established levels
of workmanship.
For glazing rebates in windows and doors treated with stains:
linseed-oil putty should not be specified
appropriate sealants should be used in accordance with

The insides of metal gutters (other than aluminium) should be painted with a suitable protective paint.
Non-ferrous pipework (e.g. copper pipes) should be painted with the normal decorative finishes.
9.5.10
Completed painting and decorating
Completed paintwork shall be to established levels of workmanship and suitably protected.
Painting and decorating should be complete, and:
surfaces that are not intended to be painted should be free
where ironmongery has been removed, it should be

of paintmarks correctly replaced
evenly applied, free from conspicuous runs or prominent
removed and reapplied where spilt, splashed or

brush marks, and the background or undercoat should not badly applied
be visible protected against dirt and damage until handover.

9.5
Garages
CHAPTER 10.1
the Technical Requirements for integral,
attached and detached garages.
10.1.3 Garage foundations 01
10.1.4 Garage floors 02
10.1.5 Garage walls 03
10.1.6 Resistance to fire spread 03
10.1.7 Security 04
10.1.8 Doors and windows 04
10.1.9 Garage roofs 04
10.1.10 Permanent prefabricated garages
and carports 05
10.1.11 Services 05
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Garages 2019
CHAPTER 10.1
10.1.1
Garages shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Garages which comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
10.1.2
Designs and specifications should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers,
Location of garages.
Construction details of the roof structure and coverings.

Relevant levels, in relation to an agreed reference point.
Construction details for walls.

Details of foundations.
External and internal finishes.

Waterproofing arrangements.
Services, where applicable.

10.1.3
Garage foundations
Garage foundations shall transmit all loads to the ground safely and without undue movement. Issues to be
a) hazardous ground d) adjacent structures
b) type of foundation required for e) underground services
integral/attached garages f) provision for movement.
c) type of foundation required for detached garages
and blocks of garages
Garage foundations should adequately support the imposed loads, taking account of ground conditions.
Further guidance is given in Chapter 4.3 ‘Strip and trench fill foundations’.
Hazardous ground
For foundations on hazardous ground, the following chapters are relevant:
4.1 ‘Land quality – managing ground conditions’.
4.4 ‘Raft, pile, pier and beam foundations’.

4.2 ‘Building near trees’.

Any existing fill on the site of the garage should be examined and identified. Where any potential health hazard or risk of damage
is indicated, appropriate precautions should be taken, as described in the following chapters:
4.1 ‘Land quality – managing ground conditions’.
5.1 ‘Substructure and ground-bearing floors’.

Type of foundation required for integral/attached garages
Foundations for integral or attached garages should be the same as those for the home, unless proper consideration is given to
each foundation, and the possibility of differential movement between them.
Type of foundation required for detached garages and blocks of garages

Foundations for detached individual garages or blocks of garages should avoid damage caused by differential loads and
uneven settlement.
Where the ground is uniform and provides a satisfactory foundation bearing, an unreinforced edge thickened concrete slab may
be used.
Unreinforced concrete slabs should: ground level
have a minimum thickness of 100mm

have a minimum downstand thickening of 350mm below
min. 100mm
ground level around the whole perimeter of the slab

min. 100mm
have a minimum width of edge thickening of 300mm
min. 350mm hardcore
be constructed on 100mm minimum of properly

compacted hardcore
have dimensions not exceeding 6m in any direction

– for dimensions greater than this, movement joints
10.1
min. 300mm
should be provided.
Garages 2019 2
CHAPTER 10.1
Adjacent structures
Foundations for garages should not impair the stability of the home or any other adjacent structure.
Underground services
Garage foundations that are to be above or near services should be constructed so that no excessive settlement of foundations
or damage to services occurs (see Chapter 5.3 ‘Drainage below ground’).
Provision for movement

Movement joints in foundations should be provided:
between homes and attached garages where there is a
at 6m intervals where unreinforced concrete slab

change of foundation type or depth foundations are used.
10.1.4
Garage floors
Garage floors shall transmit all loads to either the foundations or the ground safely and without
undue movement. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) bearing capacity of the ground d) floor drainage
b) resistance of the floor to moisture from the ground e) structural topping.
c) thickness of floor slabs
Garage floors will be acceptable where they are in accordance with:

Chapter 5.1 ‘Substructure and ground-bearing floors’
the guidance given in this chapter.

Chapter 5.2 ‘Suspended ground floors’

Unless ventilation is specifically required, the void beneath a garage floor which is suspended precast concrete may be
unventilated where:
the floor has adequate durability
there is unlikely to be a build-up of soil gases.

the ground beneath is well drained

Bearing capacity of the ground

Where the depth of fill exceeds 600mm, concrete floors should be in accordance with Chapter 5.2 ‘Suspended ground floors’
and BS 8103-1.
Supporting fill should comply with the requirements in Chapter 5.1 ‘Substructure and ground-bearing floors’.
Where protection is needed to prevent attack by sulfates in either the ground, ground water or fill below the slab, an impervious
isolating membrane should be provided between the concrete and the ground.
Resistance of the floor to moisture from the ground

Generally, a DPM is unnecessary, except where:
it is needed to prevent dampness entering the home, or
the floor has to be protected against chemical attack from

the ground.
Where no DPM is provided, the floor may show signs of dampness.
Where the floor is below ground level, precautions should be taken to prevent the entry of ground water, and tanking may
be required.
Thickness of floor slabs

Ground-bearing floors, where provided, should not be less than 100mm thick, including a float finish.
Floor drainage
When practicable, garage floors should to be laid to falls to ensure that water or spillage is directed out of the garage via the
vehicle doorway.
Structural topping
Where reinforced screeds are to be incorporated as structural topping, they should be designed by an engineer in accordance
10.1
3
Garages 2019
CHAPTER 10.1
10.1.5
Garage walls
Walls for garages shall transmit all loads to foundations safely and without undue movement. Issues to be
a) stability of walls above ground c) provision for movement
b) stability of walls retaining ground d) adequate resistance to rain and ground water.
Garage walls will be acceptable where they are in accordance with:

Chapter 5.1 ‘Substructure and ground-bearing floors’ the guidance given below.
Chapter 6.1 ‘External masonry walls’
Stability of walls above ground

Walls for detached garages and external walls for attached garages should:
be not less than 90mm thick
in the case of walls up to 200mm thick, have piers at the
have adequate lateral restraint against wind loading
corners (unless buttressed by a return) and at intermediate
centres not exceeding 3m.
Stability of walls retaining ground

Garage walls retaining ground should be:
suitable for the ground conditions
structurally adequate.

Where garage walls act as retaining walls, they should be designed in accordance with Chapter 5.1 ‘Substructure and
ground-bearing floors’ or by an engineer in accordance with Technical Requirement R5.
Provision for movement

Movement joints in garage walls, as described in BS EN 1996-2, should be provided:
between homes and attached garages
where there are movement joints in foundations.

Adequate resistance to rain and ground water
To protect the wall from rising ground moisture, a DPC should be provided at a level at least 150mm above the level of
adjacent ground.
Garage walls constructed from a single leaf of masonry, such as brickwork or blockwork approximately 100mm thick, will not be
impervious to wind-driven rain and consequently could become damp.
In areas of severe exposure, single leaf walls may require a high standard of workmanship and possibly surface treatment to
prevent an unacceptable level of rain penetration.
Where a garage is integral or attached, the design should ensure that dampness cannot enter the home.
Where a wall is below ground level, precautions should be taken to prevent the entry of ground water by:
tanking (see Chapter 5.4 ‘Waterproofing of basements and
the use of DPCs and DPMs

other below ground structures’) drainage of ground behind the wall.

10.1.6
Resistance to fire spread
Garages shall be constructed so as to prevent fire spread to the home from the garage.
Fire resistance between homes and integral or attached garages, may be provided by:
a wall in brickwork, blockwork or fire-resisting studwork up
constructions where nominal half-hour fire resistance can

to the underside of the roof covering be proven.
a half-hour fire-resisting floor or ceiling

10.1
Garages 2019 4
CHAPTER 10.1
home
fire-resisting fire-resisting
wall partition
insulation required where

floor is fire resisting
garage garage garage

home home
fire-resisting ceiling or floor
10.1.7
Security
Garages shall be constructed to provide reasonable security against unauthorised entry, in particular where
garages are linked.
Where garages of different ownership are linked, walls should prevent direct access from one garage to another.
10.1.8
Doors and windows
Garage doors and windows shall be adequate for their purpose. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) robustness
b) ease of operation.
Doors and windows will be acceptable where they are in accordance with Chapter 6.7 ‘Doors, windows and glazing’.
Robustness
Frames should be selected and fixed having taken into account the type and weight of the garage door.
Ease of operation
Proprietary doors and door gear should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Care should be taken to ensure that garage doors are in proper working order at handover.
10.1.9
Garage roofs
Garage roofs shall satisfactorily resist the passage of rain and snow to the inside of the building, support
applied loads and self-weight, and transmit the loads to the walls safely and without undue movement.
a) holding down d) movement
b) bracing e) adequate disposal of rainwater.
c) detailing at abutments
Garage roofs will be acceptable where they are in accordance with:

Chapter 7.1 ‘Flat roofs, porches and balconies’, or Chapter 7.2 ‘Pitched roofs’.
Holding down
To prevent uplift, flat roofs and, where necessary, pitched roofs should be provided with holding-down straps at not more than 2m
centres where the roof members bear on the supporting wall. Straps should have a minimum cross-section of 30mm x 2.5mm,
be at least 1m long and have three fixings to the wall.
Bracing
The building designer should specify all bracing. Trussed rafter roofs should be braced in accordance with Chapter 7.2
‘Pitched roofs’, unless the roof is designed and braced in accordance with PD 6693-1.
All timber bracing to trussed rafters should be at least 100mm x 25mm in section and nailed twice to each trussed rafter.
Nailing should be 3.35mm (10 gauge) x 65mm long galvanized round wire nails.
10.1
5
Garages 2019
CHAPTER 10.1
Detailing at abutments
Precautions should be taken at abutments between a garage roof and the main building or between stepped garages, including:
flashings and weatherproofing that allow for
cavity trays that divert water from inside the cavity to the

differential movement external surface of the roof.
cover flashings formed from metal or other

approved material
Movement
Movement joints in foundations and the structure should be continued through roof coverings and be provided with appropriate
weather protection.
Adequate disposal of rainwater

The provision of rainwater should be in accordance with building regulations.
Individual roofs, or combinations of roofs that drain from one to another, with a total area greater than 6m2, should have a
rainwater drainage system.
Where rainwater from a large roof surface discharges onto a garage roof, precautions should be taken to prevent premature
erosion of the lower surface.
Rainwater should not discharge from the roof directly to a drive or path.
For details on the design of rainwater disposal systems, reference should be made to the following chapters, as appropriate:
7.1 ‘Flat roofs, porches and balconies’
7.2 ‘Pitched roofs’.

10.1.10
Permanent prefabricated garages and carports
Permanent prefabricated garages and carports shall be suitable for their intended purpose.
Permanent prefabricated garages and carports should:
have appropriate foundations
provide adequate separation between linked garages of

be structurally adequate
different ownership.
provide appropriate weathertightness

Prefabricated garages should be erected in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
Particular care should be taken to ensure adequate holding down of carports and other light structures against wind action.
10.1.11
Services
The provision of any service or appliance within a garage shall be in accordance with relevant regulations.
a) protection of water services against frost c) risk of fire or explosion.
b) provision of electricity
Where services or appliances are provided in garages, they should comply with the guidance below and with the following
chapters, as appropriate:
5.3 ‘Drainage below ground’
8.1 ‘Internal services’.

Protection of water services against frost
A rising main should not be located within a garage.
A water supply or outlet in a garage should have adequate provision for isolating and draining down.
Pipes should be insulated and located so as to minimise the risk of freezing.
Provision of electricity
The provision of electric lighting and socket outlets in a garage is at the discretion of the builder.
All electrical installations should comply with BS 7671 ‘Requirements for Electrical Installations. IET Wiring Regulations’.
Risk of fire or explosion

Installation in a garage of an oil or gas burning boiler or heating appliance should be in accordance with any relevant
10.1
statutory regulations.
Drives, paths and landscaping
CHAPTER 10.2
This chapter provides guidance on meeting
the Technical Requirements for drives,
paths and landscaping, including:
private roads
shared private drives
private drives
car parking areas.
10.2.3 Stability 01
10.2.4 Freestanding walls and retaining structures 01
10.2.5 Guarding and steps 01
10.2.6 Drives, paths and landscaping 02
10.2.7 Materials 06
10.2.8 Garden areas within 3m of the home 07
10.2.9 Garden areas 07
10.2.10 Timber decking 07
10.2.11 Landscaping 07
1
Drives, paths and landscaping 2019
CHAPTER 10.2
10.2.1
Drives, paths and landscaping shall comply with the Technical Requirements.
Drives, paths and landscaping that comply with the guidance in this chapter will generally be acceptable.
In this chapter ‘home’ includes a house, bungalow, flat or maisonette. The ‘garden area’ is the land within the curtilage up to 20m
from the habitable parts of the home (i.e. not garages/outbuildings). This distance is measured from the external walls.
All works should be completed in accordance with:
the design, and
the ground remediation statement (where applicable).

Formation levels should be set out in accordance with the design.
10.2.2
All works relating to drives, paths and landscaping should be fully specified.
Designs and specifications should be issued to site supervisors, relevant specialist subcontractors and suppliers.
10.2.3
Stability
Precautions shall be taken to ensure stability of the ground.
Where the ground may become surcharged during construction, precautions should be taken to ensure stability.
Gabion and timber structures should not be used to provide support to homes, garages, roads, drives, car parking areas or
drainage systems.
Retaining structures that give support to the foundations of a home should be completed before work starts on the construction
of the foundations of the home.
10.2.4
Freestanding walls and retaining structures
Freestanding walls and retaining structures shall be adequate for their intended purpose.
Freestanding walls should be in accordance with:
BS EN 1996-1 ‘Design of masonry structures’
BRE Good Building Guide 14.

Retaining structures should be in accordance with:
BS EN 1992 ‘Design of concrete structures’.
BS EN 1996 ‘Design of masonry structures’.
BS EN 1997-2 ‘Geotechnical design. Ground investigation and testing’.
BRE Good Building Guide 27 ‘Building brickwork and blockwork retaining walls’.
All retaining structures, more than 600mm high, should be designed by an engineer in accordance with Technical
Requirement R5.
Where timber structures more than 600mm high are used for retaining ground in boundary situations, they should be designed
with a desired service life of 60 years.
Where planters are provided, they should be designed to support the volume of retained soil and the plant species.
10.2.5
Guarding and steps
Retaining structures and steps shall be adequately guarded and allow safe use.
Guarding should be provided where:
structures are retaining land more than 600mm high to
a path is adjacent to a vertical difference in level of more

which people have access than 600mm (including where ground adjacent to the
a retaining structure is more than 600mm high and the
path falls away at an angle of more than 30° from the
dimension from the top of the retaining wall to the higher horizontal).
10.2
ground level is less than 300mm, or

Drives, paths and landscaping 2019 2
CHAPTER 10.2
The guarding should: guarding may be required

where the top of a retaining
be a minimum of 1100mm high
wall is more than 600mm
from the lower ground level
not be readily climbable by children
1100mm (even where it is retaining
less than 600mm of land)
not allow a 100mm diameter sphere to pass through.

External steps that are not considered under building
<300mm
regulations should:
have a maximum rise of 220mm
>600mm
have a minimum going of 220mm

be reasonably uniform.

A handrail should be provided where the total rise of a flight of
external steps is more than 600mm and the going of individual
steps is less than 600mm.
Guidance for the provision of handrails to steps that form an
accessible approach can be found in supporting documents to
10.2.6
Drives, paths and landscaping
Appropriate access (including private roads, shared private drives, private drives, car parking and paths)
shall be provided to and around the home. Issues to be taken into account include:
a) general construction considerations
b) drainage
c) construction details
d) minimum sub-base thickness
e) house paths and patios.
Homes should be provided with suitable access through the provision of private roads, shared private drives, private drives,
car parking areas and paths, as appropriate.
General construction considerations

Private roads, shared private drives, private drives, car parking areas and paths should comply with relevant building regulations.
Where abutting the home, they should be at least 150mm below the DPC, and laid to falls away from the home (unless a channel
or other suitable means of collection and disposal is provided).
All vegetable matter should be removed from the area of the proposed works.
Only suitable fill material comprising clean, well-consolidated crushed rock, hardcore, slag or concrete should be used to make
up levels.
Sub-bases should be mechanically consolidated in layers not exceeding 225mm.
Finished ground levels should be compatible with:
DPC levels
depth of underground services (gas, electricity,

cover levels of drainage access points
water and drains)
adjacent surfaces.

Private roads, shared private drives and private drives should: 500mm 500mm
be appropriate for the loads

provide reasonable access to and from a garage or car

parking area 500mm 500mm
have a maximum gradient of 1:6

where the gradient is more than 1:10 and the gradient

changes, have suitable transition lengths to reduce the
risk of vehicles grounding. ramp
10.2
3
CHAPTER 10.2
Underground drainage or services that are below a private road, shared private drive, private drive, car parking area, path or
patio should be protected against damage, as described in Chapter 5.3 ‘Drainage below ground’.
Edge restraint or kerbing should have a profile and foundation, which is suitable to form a permanent supporting edge for the
expected vehicle loads on the road or drive.
Pedestrian access should be provided via a path within the curtilage of each home to the main entrance and the secondary
entrance where present:
Where entry to the home can be gained directly from a
Where a garage, carport or car parking area is provided

garage, a path to a secondary access door is not required. within the curtilage, a path should be provided to it from
Where the secondary entrance is to a mid-terrace home or
the home.
ground floor flat, a path to a secondary access door is not
required.
Where appropriate, a drive can be regarded as a path for the provision of access.
Paths should have a maximum slope of 1:6. On steeper sloping ground, steps may be required.
Table 1: Suitable path widths
Location and use Minimum width of hard Minimum overall width
standing (mm) (mm)
Within curtilage to main entrance, or any entrance designated by 900 900
Building Regulations.
Paths used for the removal of refuse to the collection point. 750 900
Paths adjoining a home (with hard standing 100mm or more from the 450 700
wall of the home).
All other cases. 450 600
Drainage
Private roads, shared private drives and private drives should have adequate rainwater drainage and disposal.
Paved areas should:
have vertical alignment, finished levels,
have surfaces with a minimum finished fall of 1:80

transition arrangements and gradients in accordance where they form private drives and paths
with the design drain away from the home (and garage), or drain to a

have surfaces with adequate falls, cross-falls and drainage
channel or other suitable means of collection and disposal
to ensure that surface water is suitably drained adjacent to the home
have sub-base levels with the same longitudinal gradient
not drain surface water from private areas onto

and cross-fall as the finished level adopted areas
have surfaces not flatter than 1:40 or have a camber of
not be within 2m of a soakaway.

1:40 where no fall is available to avoid ‘flat spots’
Where paving slabs are laid abutting drainage channels and gully grates, etc., the upper surface of the paving slab should be set
approximately 5mm above the grating.
Where it is intended to use porous or permeable surfaces as part, or all, of the rainwater drainage system, reference should be
made to CIRIA report C522 – Sustainable urban drainage systems design manual for England and Wales.
10.2
CHAPTER 10.2
Construction details
The construction of private roads, shared private drives, private drives and car parking areas should be constructed in
accordance with the tables below, or an equivalent alternative.
Table 2a: Private road having frequent use by commercial vehicles
Construction(1) Road type

Road Road Footpath
(bituminous (block pavers) (bituminous
macadam) macadam)
Sub-base Granular sub-base material type 1 to Table 3 Where California Bearing 225(3)
clause 803 table 8/2 MCHW Volume 1 Ratio (CBR) is 5% or less
Series 800(2) = 150(3)
Where CBR is greater than
5% = Table 3
Base Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen 100 (0/32mm size N/A N/A
(road base) paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock to clause 5.2)
aggregate to BS 4987 (group 1 mix)
Concrete designation N/A N/A N/A
(BS 8500-2:2015+A1:2016 table 6)
Binder course Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen 60 (0/20mm size 60 (0/20mm size to 60 (0/20mm
(base course) paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock to clause 6.5) clause 6.5) size to
aggregate to BS 4987 (group 2 mix) clause 6.5)
Surface course Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen 30 (0/10mm size N/A 20 (0/6mm
(wearing course) paving grade bitumen) with crushed rock to clause 7.4) size to
aggregate to BS 4987 (group 3 mix) clause 7.5)
Hot rolled asphalt to BS 594-1 40 (designation N/A N/A
30% 0/14)
Mastic asphalt to BS 1447 30 (grade S – 40% N/A N/A
0/10mm size)
Concrete designation N/A N/A N/A
(BS 8500-2:2015+A1:2016 table 6)
Bedding course Sharp sand to BS 7533-3 category II of N/A 50 N/A
annex D
Pavers Block pavers to BS 6717 of class markings N/A 80 N/A
W2, A2 and S3 (weathering, abrasion and
slip/skid classes)(6)
Table 2b: Shared parking and associated access areas having frequent use by commercial vehicles
Bituminous macadam Block pavers
Sub-base Granular sub-base material type 1 to clause 803 table 8/2 Table 3 Table 3
MCHW Volume 1 Series 800(2)
Base Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen paving grade 80 (0/32mm size to N/A
(road base) bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (group 1 mix) clause 5.2)
Concrete designation (BS 8500-2:2015+A1:2016 table 6) 100 grade GEN2(4) N/A
Binder course Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen paving grade 60 (0/20mm size to N/A
(base course) bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (group 3 mix) clause 6.5)
Surface course Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen paving grade 30 (0/10mm size to N/A
(wearing course) bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (group 2 mix) clause 7.4)
Hot rolled asphalt to BS 594-1 N/A N/A
Mastic asphalt to BS 1447 N/A N/A
Concrete designation (BS 8500-2:2015+A1:2016 table 6) N/A N/A
Bedding course Sharp sand to BS 7533-3 category II of annex D N/A 50
Pavers Block pavers to BS 6717 of class markings W2, A2 and S3 N/A 80
(weathering, abrasion and slip/skid classes)(6)
10.2
5
CHAPTER 10.2
Table 2c: Shared drives having infrequent use by commercial vehicles

Bituminous Concrete Block Gravel
macadam pavers
Sub-base Granular sub-base material type 1 to clause 803 table 8/2 Table 3 Table 3 Table 3 Table 3

Base Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen paving grade (5)
N/A N/A N/A
(road base) bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (group 1 mix)
Concrete designation (BS 8500-2:2015+A1:2016 table 6) N/A N/A N/A N/A
Binder course Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen paving grade 80 (0/32mm size N/A N/A N/A
(base course) bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (group 2 mix) to clause 6.4) or
(0/20mm size to
clause 6.5)
Surface Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen paving grade 30 (0/10mm size N/A N/A (7)
course bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (group 3 mix) to clause 7.4)
(wearing
course) Hot rolled asphalt to BS 594-1 40 (designation N/A N/A N/A
30% 0/14)
Mastic asphalt to BS 1447 30 (grade S-40% N/A N/A N/A
0/10mm size)
Concrete designation (BS 8500-2:2015+A1:2016 table 6) N/A 150 grade N/A N/A
PAV2
Bedding Sharp sand to BS 7533-3 category II of annex D N/A N/A 50 N/A
course
Pavers Block pavers to BS 6717 of class markings W2, A2 and S3 N/A N/A 80 N/A
Table 2d: Private drives and parking areas having use by cars and light vehicles
Bituminous Concrete Block Gravel
macadam pavers
Sub-base Granular sub-base material type 1 to clause 803 table 8/2 Table 3 Table 3 Table 3 Table 3
Base Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen paving grade N/A N/A N/A N/A
(road base) bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (group 1 mix)
Concrete designation (BS 8500-2:2015+A1:2016 table 6) N/A N/A N/A N/A
Binder course Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen paving grade 60 (0/20 mm N/A N/A N/A
(base course) bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (group 2 mix) size to clause
6.5)
Surface Dense bituminous macadam (100/150 pen paving grade 20 (0/6mm size N/A N/A (7)
course bitumen) with crushed rock aggregate to BS 4987 (group 3 mix) to clause 7.5)
(wearing
course) Hot rolled asphalt to BS 594-1 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Mastic asphalt to BS 1447 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Concrete designation (BS 8500-2:2015+A1:2016 table 6) N/A 100 grade N/A N/A
PAV 1
Bedding Sharp sand to BS 7533-3 category II of annex D N/A N/A 50 N/A
course
Pavers Block pavers to BS 6717 of class markings W2, A2 and S3 N/A N/A 50 N/A
Notes
1 In the first column, European harmonised names are used and UK names are in brackets.
2 Where a capping layer is specified, sub-base thickness can be reduced. DMRB Volume 7 Section 2 Part 2 HD 25/95 Foundations Chapter 3 Capping and
Sub-base gives guidance on capping and sub-base thickness design based on CBR values with and without a capping layer.
3 Thickness is based on the provision of a geotextile membrane underneath the sub-base. Where no geotextile membrane is provided, see Table 3.
4 Bond and tack coat should be provided for bituminous mixtures in accordance with BS 4987-2 or BS 594-2.
5 Asphalt-based materials can be used as a partial replacement of a full thickness granular sub-base type 1 material.
6 Where laid to either a 90 or 45 degree herringbone pattern, the edge perimeter should be laid with one single row of stretcher bond set parallel to the edge
restraint. Where block pavers are laid abutting drainage channels, gulley grates, etc. the upper surface of the block pavers should be set 3-6mm above the
grating. Manufacturer’s declared value markings W3 and S4 are acceptable. Where W3 is 1.0 kg/m2 or less and S4 is 45 or more based on ‘C scale unit’ (for
abrasion, class A2 = maximum result is 23mm, class A1 = no performance determined).
7 A 38mm thickness of graded 15/20mm unbound aggregate to BS EN 13242 (gravel), well rolled and compacted, should be used.
10.2
8 Thicknesses are in mm.

9 Reference to clauses are in relation to the relevant British Standards.
CHAPTER 10.2
Minimum sub-base thickness

The thickness of any required capping layer and the sub-base should be determined after investigations and on-site tests have
been carried out, with consideration to the:
CBR value
frost susceptibility of the sub-grade; where susceptible

to frost, a suitable capping layer should be included below
the sub-base to a depth to ensure that construction will not

be affected by frost heave.
Table 3: Minimum sub-base thickness for paved areas

CBR values Minimum thickness (mm) of sub-base
(consolidated in accordance with MCHW Volume 1 clause 801, table 8/1)
Without geotextile underneath With geotextile underneath
Less than 2% N/A 300
2-3% 325 225
3-5% 250 150
5-7% 150 N/A
7-20% 100 N/A
House paths and patios

Paths and patios should be supported on a suitable sub-base such as 100mm thickness of clean, well consolidated crushed
rock, hardcore (maximum size 75mm), slag or concrete, and laid on 25mm of sand blinding or 1:4 cement:sand mortar.
Concrete paths and patios should be not less than 75mm thick and have a tamped or textured finish. The concrete mix should
be suitable to give a durable and frost resistant surface, as described in Chapter 3.1 ‘Concrete and its reinforcement’. Movement
joints, not less than 10mm wide, should be provided across the full width of the path at not more than 4m centres. A movement
joint is not required at the abutment with a wall unless the opposite edge of the concrete is also restrained.
10.2.7
Materials
Materials shall be suitable for their intended use. Concrete shall be of a mix design which will achieve
sufficient strength for its purpose and be sufficiently durable to remain unaffected by chemical or frost
action.
Sub-base material should be type 1 to clause 803 Table 8/2, MCHW Volume I Series 800.
Hot rolled and mastic asphalts and macadam should comply with relevant standards, including:
BS EN 13108-1 ‘Bituminous mixtures. Material specifications. Asphalt Concrete’.
BS EN 13108-4 ‘Bituminous mixtures. Material specifications. Hot Rolled Asphalt’.
Aggregates used in asphalt and macadam mixtures and unbound aggregate (graded 15/20mm gravel) for surfacing should
comply with relevant standards, including:
BS EN 13043 ‘Aggregates for bituminous mixtures and surface treatments for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas’.
PD 6682-2 ‘Guidance on the use of BS EN 13043’.
BS EN 13242 ‘Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials’.
PD 6682-6 ‘Guidance on the use of BS EN 13242’.
Blocks, slabs, pavers, edgings, etc. should comply with relevant standards, including:
BS EN 771 ‘Specification for masonry units’.
BS EN 1344 ‘Clay pavers. Requirements and test methods’.
BS EN 1339 ‘Concrete paving flags. Requirements and test methods’.
BS 7533 ‘Pavements constructed with clay, natural stone or concrete pavers’.
Topsoil should be of a quality that will not present a hazard to users of the garden area. BS 3882 and the Contaminated Land
Exposure Assessment (CLEA) guidelines provide advice on determining the suitability of topsoil.
10.2
7
CHAPTER 10.2
10.2.8
Garden areas within 3m of the home
In order to provide for adequate access to and utility immediately around the home areas up to 3m from the
habitable parts of the home shall not be waterlogged.
Waterlogging of garden areas within 3m of the habitable parts of the home should be prevented by drainage or other suitable
means.
10.2.9
Garden areas
Garden areas within 20m of habitable accommodation shall be adequately prepared, stable and provided
with reasonable access.
The stability of new or existing slopes in garden areas should be determined by an engineer in accordance with Technical
Requirement R5. Alternatively, the following maximum gradients should apply:
Unsupported granular soil should be 5° less than its natural
Unsupported cohesive soil should not exceed 9° (1:6).

angle of repose.
Garden areas should have:
old foundations, concrete bases and similar obstructions
a minimum thickness of 100mm topsoil provided. Topsoil

within 300mm of the finished ground surface removed should not contain contaminants which may present a
appropriate action, such as rotavating, undertaken to
hazard to the occupants. Disturbed topsoil should be
restore the drainage characteristics of soil that has been reinstated.
compacted during construction
ground disturbed during construction re-graded to conform

to the general shape of the adjacent ground
Subsoil should not be placed over topsoil. Construction rubbish and debris should be removed from the garden and other areas
around the home.
Access is not required to small isolated garden areas, such as narrow strips of land at the top or bottom of retaining walls, but
should be provided to other areas where appropriate by steps or other suitable means.
10.2.10
Timber decking Also see: Chapter 3.3
Patios and decking shall be suitable for their purpose.
Timber decking, including support, should be naturally durable or treated with preservative.
Decking that is more than 600mm above ground level should be:
in accordance with guidance published by the

Timber Decking Association, or Technical Requirement R5.
10.2.11
Landscaping
Planting shall be completed in a manner appropriate for the site conditions and layout. Possible future
damage to the home caused by planting shall be minimised.
Where trees or shrubs have been removed, are to be retained or are to be planted by the builder, precautions should be taken to
reduce the risk of future damage to homes and services in accordance with Chapter 4.2 ‘Building near trees’.
10.2
NHBC is authorised by the Prudential

Regulation Authority and regulated
by the Financial Conduct Authority and
the Prudential Regulation Authority.
NHBC is registered in England

under company number 00320784.
NHBC’s registered address is NHBC
House, Davy Avenue, Knowlhill,
Milton Keynes, Bucks MK5 8FP.
NHBC Standards 2018 have

been printed on material
which is produced from
sustainable forests and is fully
recyclable and biodegradable,
ECF (elemental chlorine free)
and is made to ISO 14001
Enviromental Certification.
NHBC, NHBC House,

Davy Avenue, Knowlhill,
Milton Keynes,
Bucks MK5 8FP
Tel: 0344 633 1000
Fax: 01908 747255
www.nhbc.co.uk
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Effective from 1 January 2019

How we can help you

Technical helpline For technical help and advice,

Minor technical changes

Application of the Standards

and they apply throughout the UK, unless otherwise stated.

Composition of the Standards

Standards and codes of practice

maintenance, repair or replacement during that period.

R5 Structural design requirement

insurance) is accepted by NHBC:

Table 1: Guidance for site-mixed concrete

Admixtures, other than BS EN 934-2.

Table 3: Mix proportions by volume using a maximum 20mm aggregate size

the Quality Scheme for Ready-Mixed Concrete (QSRMC),

Concrete in non-hazardous conditions

Table 4: Minimum specifications for general purpose concrete mixes

Table 4 (continued): Minimum specifications for general purpose concrete mixes

Garage floors not designed as suspended and not reinforced.

Exposure to climatic and atmospheric conditions

Concrete in aggressive ground

with a pH value greater than 2.5

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l %

Explanation of suffix symbols to ACEC class number:

Exposure to sulfates and acids in groundwater

Effects of alkali-silica reaction

Also see: BS EN 1992-1-2

Compliance with appropriate standards

Shape, placing and condition of reinforcement bars

Main reinforcing Should be parallel to the span, or as

main bars secondary bars

Reinforcement should be:

Lapping bars and mesh

Support for reinforcement

spacers staggered to avoid planes of weakness

is a delay in pouring structural concrete reinforcement is maintained, or

Formwork shall be structurally adequate and constructed in a workmanlike manner.

the aggregate is free of frost and snow

In prolonged or very severe cold weather:

Internal joinery, Architraves, internal doors, 1 60 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Unless a specific request

Table 1 (continued): Timber component groups and preservative treatment

External walls/ Timber frames, 2 60 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Where timber used is

Table 2: Natural durability of building timbers (heartwood only)

Table 2 (continued): Natural durability of building timbers (heartwood only)

western red) tamarack, western, ponderosa, radiata, Scots,

(Caribbean pitch, western white)

Suitable persons for the level of investigation

Geotechnical and contamination issues

If any unforeseen hazards are found during the course of

Documentation and verification No

the site has been properly assessed and investigated

Table 1: Potential hazards and associated risks

subsidence, settlement and/or excessive tilt

A consultant or specialist acceptable to NHBC should be appointed to:

The consultant or specialist should:

managed and verified.

Contamination hazards present: Yes Yes No No

appropriate for the range of ground materials encountered