Prepared by: Munir El- Mahdy

Geologist in: Khalda petroleum company

 Well Logging
 Known as borehole logging.
 Making a detailed record (a well log) of
the geologic formations penetrated by a borehole.

Well log

Geological Geophysical
 Well Logging
Points of comparison Geological well logging Geophysical well logging

Data out put Mud log Composite e- log

Logging time Prepared during drilling Recorded after drilling

• Lithology percentage • It represents the only

• Gas percentage & its continuous record of
analysis real lithology.
Type of data
• Rock description • All the runs from the
• Drilling parameters well must be plotted to
• Mud data give one composite plot
Well Logging
Well Logging
 Geological Well Logging

 Geological Well logging is the practice

of making a detailed record (a well log)
of the geologic formations penetrated by
a borehole depending on visual
inspection of samples brought to the
surface.
 Mud logging unit
 The mud logging unit is considered as the
information centre of the rig site as the unit
participates in the monitoring of each and
every rig operation. It serves both
exploration & drilling.
MUD LOGGING UNIT
 MUD LOGGING UNIT
1. Collection, description & examination of the rock cuttings & then packing it
according to the exploration company requirements.
2. Detection & Analysis of the Hydrocarbon gas .
3. Detection of the Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas while drilling which is very
dangerous if it is not detected in the very early stage.
4. Monitoring the drill fluid volume second by second and to immediately inform
the personnel in charge about any change in that volume (Loss/Gain).
5. Generation of mud logs and graphs during the drilling of the well.
6. Monitoring of the drilling parameters such as : WOB, RPM, TRQ...etc.
7. Confirming with the driller about any drilling breaks
8. Trip monitoring & preparing the trip sheet. The trip sheet includes the calculated
hole fill-up or string displacement along with remarks on string overpull, tight
spots and running speed.
9. Detection and evaluation of the formation pressure.
 Mud logging unit team
 SAMPLE CATCHER.
• Collect and prepare sample for mudlogging geologist
 MUDLOGGING GEOLOGIST.
• Cutting & Core Description, Hydrocarbon Show.
 Data Engineer, PRESSURE Engineer.
• Record, monitor & analyse the drilling parameters such as ROP,
RPM, WOB, Torque,
• Mud data: mud tank level (mud loos & gain)
• Mud weight in/out, temperature in/out
• Mud pump data : capacity, eficiency, volume in
Mud logging unit components
 The Gas System

Gas Total Gas

Delivery
Trap System
Chromatograph
(PPM)

Methan Ethan Propan Butan Pentan

CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12
The Quantitative gas measurement
Q.G.M
 Flame Ionization Detector
 The flame ionization detector (FID) is the
most sensitive gas chromatographic
detector for hydrocarbons.
 When many organic compounds are burned
in a hydrogen flame, charged particles or
ions are given off.
 The released ions are forced to travel as a
small current into an amplifier called the
electrometer.
 The current flow is extremely small on the
order of 10-9 to 10-12 amperes and the
electrometer produces a voltage
proportional to this current. In this way the
voltage generated is proportional to the
amount of hydrocarbons present in the
sample.
 Types of Recorded Gases
 Cuttings gas (formation gas).
It is the gas liberated from the drilled cuttings enters the wellbore mud.
Factors affecting the size of the gas show:
 Rate of penetration (ROP)
 Differential pressure & Porosity
 Hole size.
 Depth.
 Background Gas.
Can originate from a previously drilled section, which bleeds a small amount of gas into the
mud.
 Connection Gas.
A brief influx of gas that is introduced into the drilling fluid when a pipe connection is made.
Before making a connection, the driller stops the mud pumps, thereby allowing gas to enter the
wellbore at depth.
 Trip Gas
Gas entrained in the drilling fluid during a pipe trip, which typically results in a significant
increase in gas that is circulated to surface.
 Sensors

PUMP STROCK SEN.

FLOW OUT SEN
TORQUE SEN.
PIT VOLUME SEN.
DEPTH SENSOR
ROTARY SPEED SEN
HOOK LOAD SEN
 Sensors (computers).
DEPTH SENSOR

HOOK LOAD SEN

TORQUE SEN

FLOW OUT SEN

ROTARY SPEED SEN

PUMP STROCK SEN

PIT VOLUME SEN

 Sensors (computers).
DEPTH SENSOR

HOOK LOAD SEN

TORQUE SEN

FLOW OUT SEN

ROTARY SPEED SEN

PUMP STROCK SEN

PIT VOLUME SEN

 Sensors (computers).
DEPTH SENSOR

HOOK LOAD SEN

TORQUE SEN

FLOW OUT SEN

ROTARY SPEED SEN

PUMP STROCK SEN

PIT VOLUME SEN

 Sensors (computers).
DEPTH SENSOR

HOOK LOAD SEN

TORQUE SEN

FLOW OUT SEN

ROTARY SPEED SEN

PUMP STROCK SEN

PIT VOLUME SEN

 Sensors (computers).
DEPTH SENSOR

HOOK LOAD SEN

TORQUE SEN

FLOW OUT SEN

ROTARY SPEED SEN

Flow

No Flow PUMP STROCK SEN

PIT VOLUME SEN

 Sensors (computers).
DEPTH SENSOR

HOOK LOAD SEN

TORQUE SEN

FLOW OUT SEN

ROTARY SPEED SEN

PUMP STROCK SEN

PIT VOLUME SEN

 Sensors (computers).
DEPTH SENSOR

HOOK LOAD SEN

TORQUE SEN

FLOW OUT SEN

ROTARY SPEED SEN

PUMP STROCK SEN

PIT VOLUME SEN

Microscope
 Samples
 Types of samples:
1. Wet samples.
2. Dry samples.
3. Geochemical Samples.
4. Coring.
 Several reasons for sample collection and shipping are:
1. Paleontological/ Palynological analysis.
2. Geochemical analysis.
3. Oil company partners.
4. Governmental requirements.
5. Future reference/library samples.
 The sampling interval is usually set by the client, and is normally:
every 10 feet (3 meters) OR
every 30 feet (10 meters)
 Wet samples
 Collected at the shale shaker.
 Normally the drilling fluid is not rinsed off.
 This is bulk sample material used mainly for
paleontology.
 Dry samples
 Obtained from the washed samples collected from the 80-mesh sieve.
 A heat source is used for drying purposes.
 Do not oven dry oil-based mud samples
 Do not over-dry samples, because they will burn (the burning can
be mistaken for oil staining)
 Clay samples should not be oven dried - only air dried
 Geochemical Sampling
 Taken over larger intervals and are composites of unwashed wet samples.
 When collected in a metal or plastic container, fresh water and the bacteriocide
are added, leaving approximately 3 cm of air-space for gases to collect.
 Once sealed, they are best stored upside down in their shipping containers. Fast
transport to town is indicated
 The geochemist in town will first punch a small hole in the cans to take the
headspace gas for chromatographic analysis.
 The cutting material is used to extract organic compounds for chromatography
and kerogen determination.
 Coring
 A core sample is a piece of rock that is carved, using a piece of equipment that works a
lot like an apple-corer.
 Primarily a core allows quantitative measurements of the following:
• Porosity - The volume of voids within a unit volume of rock.
• Permeability - The quality of the connections between the voids.
• Saturation - The composition of the fluids filling the voids.
 Secondary importance is the additional information relating to
formation boundaries, sedimentary structures, undisturbed
paleontological data, and uncontaminated geochemical sampling.

Coring

Conventional Sidewall
coring coring
 Conventional coring
 An assembly called a "core barrel" is made up on the
drill string with a special type of bits called "Core
Head” and run to the bottom of the hole. As the core
barrel is rotated, it cuts a cylindrical core a few
inches in diameter that is received in a tube above the
core cutting bit.
 Macroscopic Examination of Cores
1. The lithology, thickness & dip of major lithologic units
2. The size and dip of bedding, sedimentary and diagenetic structures
3. Type, amount and distribution of secondary porosity
4. Surface condition of natural fracture surfaces
5. Any hydrocarbon staining or odor
6. An estimation of permeability
a. Excellent: The core will be poorly consolidated and may fall apart during recovery
b. Very Good: Fluid will be bubbling from the core.
c. Good: It will be impossible to wipe the core dry. Any fluid wiped off will be
replaced from within.
d. Fair: The core can be wiped dry, but after a period of time it will become wet
again.
e. Tight: The drilling fluid on the surface will dry in air without wiping.
 Sidewall Coring
A core taken from the side of the borehole by a wireline tool.
Advantages:
1. Lithology and mineralogy of sections are readily obtained, and
2. Oil shows from cuttings analysis can be confirmed.
Disadvantages:
1. Detonation often induces fractures in the sample and strata,
2. The small volume of rock is not highly representative of the strata, unless
multiple shots are taken, and
3. Sidewall cores are easily broken when handled after collection