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Student Learning Outcomes

Ateneo de Davao University • The students are able to point out the differences of the skills
acquired per level by letting the students experience each level such
that the learner will develop deeper understanding of skill acquisition
The CASAGRA Transformative Leadership Model necessity for the student to effectively create a plan of care for a
Servant – Leader Formula & the Nursing Faculty’s Transformative Leadership Behavior particular situation

Lectured by:
JENNY-ANN B. SORIANO, RN MAN
Clinical Instructor, Ateneo de Davao
University
Davao City, Philippines

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Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing Elements

• The theory “CASAGRA Transformative Leadership” is a psycho The model is a Three-Fold Transformation Leadership
spiritual model. It is coined after the name of the investigator: Sr. Concept rolled into one, comprising of the following
elements:
CArolina S. AGRAvante
1. Servant-Leader Spirituality;
2. Self-Mastery expressed in a vibrant care
complex;
3. Special Expertise level in the nursing field one is
engaged in.
These elements rolled into one make-up the personality of
the modern professional nurse who will challenge the
demands of these crucial times in society today.

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Elements Purposes
The CASAGRA Transformative Leadership Theory is classified as a Practice 1. The present day demands in the nursing 3. The formation of new nursing leaders is
Theory basing on the characteristics of a Practice Theory stated by McEwen profession challenge nursing educators to urgently needed; leaders with new vision
revisit their basic responsibility of educating who will venture new traits and who have
(2007), which are the following: professional nurses who are responsive gone through new formation in order to
to technological, educational and serve the society as professional nurse.
a) Complexity / Abstractness, Scope - Focuses on a narrow view of reality, simple social changes happening in the Philippines 4. Nurses need competent leaders with a
and straightforward; society today. The reopening of the doors dream of what nursing can be, whose basic
b) Generalizibility /Specificity - Linked to a special populations or an identified of foreign market to Filipino nurses, migration stand is caring and service who are
field of practice; made easy, attractive salaries and benefits
competent in nursing, assertive of their own
c) Characteristic of Scope – Single, concrete concept that is operationalized; way beyond what hospitals can afford to give.
rights with the help profession.
d) Characteristic of Proposition – Propositions defined; 2. Nursing education is faced with a
e) Testability – Goals or outcomes defined and testable; new concern that is globalization of
f) Source of Development – Derived from practice or deduced from middle range nursing services for the international market.
theory or grand theory. Therefore a need to develop globalization of
care with focus on developing caring nurses.
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Main Propositions Main Propositions

1. CASAGRA Transformative Leadership is a 1. CASAGRA Transformative Leadership is a
psycho-spiritual model, was an effective psycho-spiritual model, was an effective
means for faculty to become better teachers means for faculty to become better teachers
and servant-leaders. and servant-leaders.
2. Care complex is a structure in the personality 2. Care complex is a structure in the personality
of the caregiver that is significantly related to of the caregiver that is significantly related to
the leadership behavior. the leadership behavior.
3. The CASAGRA servant-leadership formula is 3. The CASAGRA servant-leadership formula is an
an effective modality in enhancing the effective modality in enhancing the nursing
nursing faculty’s servant-leadership behavior. faculty’s servant-leadership behavior.
4. Vitality of Care Complex of the nursing faculty 4. Vitality of Care Complex of the nursing faculty
is directly related to leadership behavior. is directly related to leadership behavior.

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Key Concepts Key Concepts

• The CASAGRA Transformative Leadership Model have • Servant-leadership behavior refers to the perceived behavior of nursing faculty manifested
concepts of leadership from a psycho-spiritual point of view, through the ability to model the servant leadership qualities to students, ability to bring out
designed to lead to radical change from apathy or indifference the best in students, competence in nursing skills, commitment to the nursing profession,
to a spiritual person. and sense of collegiality with the school, other health professionals, and local community.
• Servant-leader formula is the enrichment package prepared as • Nursing leadership is the force within the nursing profession that sets the vision for its
intervention for the study which has three parts that parallel practitioners, lays down the roles and functions, and influences the direction toward which
the three concepts of the CASAGRA transformative leadership the profession should go.
model, namely: the care complex primer, a retreat-workshop
on Servant-leadership, and a seminar-workshop on • Transformative teaching may also be termed Reflective teaching, an umbrella term covering
Transformative Teaching for nursing faculty. ideas, such as thoughtful instruction, teacher research, teacher narrative, and teacher
• Special expertise is the level of competence in the particular empowerment.
nursing area that the professional nurse is engaged • Care complex is the nucleus of care experiences in the personality of a nurse formed by a
in workshop is the spiritual exercise organized in an ambience combination of maternal care experiences, culture based-care practices indigenous to a race
of prayer where the main theme is the contemplation of Jesus
Christ as a Servant-leader.
and people, and the professional training on care acquired in a formal course of nursing.

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Three-Fold Transformative Leader Concept

II. The Self-Mastery consists of a vibrant care complex possessed to a certain degree
by all who have been through formal studies in a care giving profession such as
nursing.

III. The Special-Expertise level is shown in a creative, caring, critical, contemplative

and collegial teaching of the nurse faculty who is directly involved with the formation
of the nursing.

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Meaning of the Theory

• Based on the study, the effect of the CASAGRA Leadership model using the
servant leader model on the leadership behavior of the nursing faculty, the
care complex in the personality of the nursing faculty is highly correlated to
their leadership behavior.
• The care complex is necessary given as a stimulant in the performance of the
leadership activities.
• The leadership behavior of the faculty after going to the servant leadership
formula was significantly higher in the two-post test periods than during the
pre-test.
• It improved the leadership behavior of the nursing faculty in both groups.
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The Paradigm of the Theory The Paradigm of the Theory

• The conceptual framework is logical because the variables are very well • Servant-leadership formula runs parallel to the
explained on how transformative-leadership model be applicable through generic elements of the transformative-
care complex, transformative teaching servant-leader spirituality, and leadership model.
servant-leader behavior. • Transformative teaching is the guide that desired
• A person with dynamic care complex is the cornerstone of nursing for the modern educative process designed to
leadership. According to care complex of Agravante, caring personality rests
form the millennium professional nurse.
on the possession of a care complex with in a person as an energy source of
• Expertise is the practice of caring and proactive in
caring.
• The framework explains and predicts the continuous formation of nursing face of challenges for the profession go hand-in-
leadership behavior in nursing faculty that will eventually affect their teaching hand. Education and practice bring this about.
function.
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Strengths Weaknesses and Limitations

• CASAGRA transformative leadership limits only on
• It provided the task of the formation of the
Roman Catholic and Christians nursing educators; it
nurse leaders at the baccalaureate level did not consider other religion to this study. In the
so that the profession assured the Philippines we have a variety of religion present.
graduates possess the mind and heart of Every religion has its own traditions and practices to
a nursing leader who is of the nursing be considered.
profession. • According to the study, the control and study groups
were selected from the same faculty in the two
• It can also be use in other educational schools, it is highly possible that experience could
settings not just on nursing profession. have been discussed casually in faculty room and in
some way must contaminated the intervention.

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Implications to Nursing Practice Implications to Nursing Practice

• As nurses practicing in the field, it is very common for nurses to take on • While the charge nurse mainly serves leadership functions, there are times
different roles. that they also become educators, especially to young nurses who are just
starting their careers.
• One of the common roles taken by the nurse practitioner is the
• The servant-leader formula can be a useful tool to charge nurses as this will
leadership role which is one of the topics discussed in the CASAGRA enable them to become leaders and educators while following the footsteps of
Transformative Leadership Model by Sr. Carolina S. Agravante. our Lord, Jesus Christ.
• In our shifts, it is important that one of the nurses will take on the lead, • Shifts are unpredictable; it can be easy in the early hours but they can
in our institution, it is the charge nurse who takes on this role. become toxic as the hours progress.
• The charge nurse will serve as the captain of the ship, so it is vital that • It is important for the charge nurse to keep his vibrant care complex in check,
he or she take on the job with outmost care and compassion. aspiring other nurses to lead and serving the others to lead selflessly just like
the way Jesus did.
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Implications to Nursing Education Implications to Nursing Education

• In Agravante's Theory of Transformative Leadership Model, she initially This concept was coined by 1. Listening
Robert K. Greenleaf, and in 2. Empathy
mentioned the concept of servant-leadership spirituality. the later years, Larry S. Spears 3. Healing
• For nurse educators, they can apply this concept by being passionate added that in order to 4. Awareness
about their craft. accomplish this concept, a 5. Persuasion
• They can also show willingness to impart their acquired knowledge to servant leader should have 6. Conceptualization
the following important 7. Foresight
their students and colleagues in a selfless way. characteristics: 8. Stewardship
• These educators, contemplate first by attending a vareity of workshops 9. Commitment to the growth of people
regarding new trends in nursing, applying evidenced- based practices 10. Building community
through patient simulation, and cascading it to the target learning group.

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Implications to Nursing Education Implications to Nursing Education

1. These characteristics including Agravante's theory emulate how committed a servant 3. Lastly, Agravante introduced the concept of The Special Expertise which states that
leaders are to their passion. Furthermore, this also shows their eagerness to it is the level of competence of a professional nurse in the particular nursing area is
strengthen the personal and professional well- being of their students and colleagues. engaged into. In other words, professionals should be aware on what area they are
As a result, servant leaders motivate their staff to bring out the best in them. expert at.
2. Moving forward, Agravante introduced her second concept which is "The Self- 4. In nursing education, the preceptorship program is essential for learning of novice
Mastery." In spite of our world's empirical culture wherein newly accepted norms that nurses in the unit. The preceptors must educate newly hired nurses through hands
focus on the external rather the internal or mental thought process, people tend to -on experience, and evidence-based practice as well as the demonstration of
have a direct reaction and an emotional response. personal values and character needed n the specific unit. In addition, expectations
This theory aims to promote self- discovery by knowing strengths and weakness as well as and other activities are subsequently done in the said unit.
to practice controlling internal thought processes that will eventually influence emotions,
ideas and behaviors. In the academe, knowing one's strengths and weak points can help in
becoming a better individual and professional resulting to an effective teaching on
students and staff.
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Implications to Nursing Administration Implications to Nursing Administration

1. The Casagra Transformational Leadership Model is suitable for nursing 2. The model is a powerful tool in achieving the organization’s vision and mission as it is
educators, particularly those who are administrators in the educational designed and aimed in developing a network of innovative, competent and
empowered educators towards excellence and nation building.
setting (Magallanes, 2009).
Since it is spiritual and religious, a paradigm of peace is embedded to engage and prepare
It has a psycho-spiritual model which can be utilized as a formula for nursing administrators and educators to modern world-challenges today. The theory is
faculty and administrators to become better teachers and servant leaders. based on Biblical teachings of Jesus Christ, which would impact on the ethical practice that
must be followed in the nursing field. In contrast, the theory might not be accepted in
Muslim countries as it is Bible-Based and does not conform to diversities in culture, which
might face hesitation among other theorists, and scholars in the field of Nursing
particularly among those that are based in the GCC countries. The theory is designed to
transform a servant leader; an example would be, Agravante possesses Jesus.
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Implications to Nursing Administration Implications to Nursing Administration

On the other hand, the effect of the CASAGRA leadership model using the servant The CASAGRA Transformation 1. Complexity / Abstractness, Scope – Focuses on a
leader model on the leadership behavior in the nursing facility is an effective formula Leadership Theory is classified narrow view of reality, simple and straightforward
as a Practice Theory basing on 2. Generalizability / Specificity – Linked to a special
in organizing one direction in achieving organizational goals. the characteristics of a Practice populations or an identified field practice.
Theory stated by McEwan
The servant leader formula is an enrichment package prepared as intervention. It has (2007), which are the 3. Characteristic of Scope – Single, concrete concept that
three parts that parallel the three concepts of the Casagra transformative leadership following: is operationalized.
model, namely: 4. Characteristic of Proposition – Propositions defined;
5. Testability – Goals or outcomes defined and testable;
1) the care complex primer, and
2) 2) a retreat-workshop on servant leadership and 6. Source of Development – Derived from practice or
3) 3) a seminar workshop on Transformative Teaching for nursing faculty. deduced from middle range theory or grand theory.

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Implications to Nursing Administration Implications to Nursing Research

These functions, once utilized accordingly will be an effective leadership tool • Like other aspects of nursing, nursing research has been influenced by recent and
in the nursing academe and administration fields. And also would be progressive changes in the health care system. The CASAGRA Theory is one of
applicable to those who are interested to be a nursing educators in the these game changers. Sr. Agravante's theory of Transformational Leadership
future. Theory is focused primarily on the educational and psycho-spiritual aspect of
nursing.
This theory can serve as a guide for nursing administrators and teachers to • We believe that Sr. Agravante emphasized the need for nursing faculty specially
learn something new, and it would be beneficial to those who would like to trained to develop holistic nurses who will become leaders in health service.
learn more about transformational leadership. • There were no citations about its use in research but her approach to the
development of the theory can be modified to include nurses with different
religion and employ nursing educators from a wider variety of schools to attain
practicability.
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Implications to Nursing Research Implications to Nursing Research

• However, the particular light on its spiritual aspect, specifically Christianity that was • With the increasing demands for nurses that need to surpass the ordinary
used as its main subject needs to be explored and studied further. practices of the current norms, not only in the Philippines but all over the world,
• It is essential that nursing management fosters not only to a specific faith but also to it is just in time that we develop our new leaders that will protect and nurture the
a broader spectrum of faith and tradition, in a society where in there is an abundant quality of the nursing care.
number of beliefs and culture. It can also help to develop an understanding of the
ways in which individuals engage in spiritual practice outside the traditional religious • The concept of CASAGRA Transformative Leadership model could be of great help
setting. on the goal of developing a new set of servant-leaders that are designed to
• The theory identifies spirituality as a beneficial variable in management, training or transform them from apathy or indifference to a spiritual person, embedded in
any other scenario. Critical studies of nursing management involving spiritual her greatest model, Jesus Christ.
initiatives should be done for other religions or systems of faith, aside from
Christianity. This could add considerably to the growing body of research and theory
in this field.
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Conclusion References
• Indeed, Sr. Carolina’s CASAGRA Transformative Leadership Theory is 1.http://casagramodel.blogspot.com/p/
timely in this ever fast-paced world.

• Nursing as a profession is inevitably changing and the demand to be

at par with technology made it more competitive.

• Nursing students need nursing teachers to look up to. Embodied with

these three concepts, it is timely to put this theory into practice.

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