SOUTH PACIFIC BOARD FOR EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENT

PACIFIC SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE

Marker Code Candidate Code

CHEMISTRY

2002

QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK

Time Allowed: 3 Hours
THIS PAPER HAS A TOTAL OF 170 MARKS

The following table contains a brief description of, and mark allocation for each Section.

SECTION CONTENT TOTAL MARKS

A 30 Multiple-choice questions 30

B 7 Questions – questions are not of equal value 140

INSTRUCTIONS
1. DO ALL QUESTIONS.

2. Write your code number on the top right hand corner of this booklet and at the top of the fold out
flap on the last page.

3. In SECTION B, you are to write the answers to the questions in the spaces provided in the booklet.
This booklet must be handed in to the supervisor before you leave the examination room.

4. Check that this booklet contains 31 pages plus the flap page.

NOTE: The symbol M is used for molar mass.

For example: M(CO2) = 44 g mol-1

A copy of the Periodic Table of The Elements is supplied for your use. The table gives the Symbol , the
Name, Atomic Number, and the Relative Atomic Mass of the elements. The Groups (vertical) are
numbered I, II, III, IV etc.

TOTAL MARKS 170

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SECTION A
This Section is made up of 30 multiple-choice questions each worth 1 mark.

Answer this Section on the special Answer Sheet found inside the back page of this booklet.

For each question, write the letter of the correct, or best choice, in the box provided.

Example
If you consider B is the correct answer, write it like this B

To change your answer from B to C, B

Cross out B and write the new answer by the box C

Answer ALL questions. Do not spend too long on any one question.

Question 1 Which one of the following substances has the strongest tendency to donate a proton to
water?

A. KOH
B. Ca(OH) 2
C. HNO 3
D. NH4OH
E. CH3COOH

Question 2 The total number of atoms in hydrated sodium thiosulfate (Na2S 2O3.5H2O) is

A. 22.
B. 17.
C. 11.
D. 8.
E. 5.

Question 3 Which of the following is true when an iron nail is dipped in copper sulfate
solution?

A. Iron is reduced and sulfate ions are oxidized.

B. Iron is oxidized and sulfate ions are reduced.
C. Iron is oxidized and copper ions are reduced.
D. Iron is reduced and copper ions are oxidized.
E. None of the above.
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Use the Key List in the box to select the answers for Questions 4 and 5.

I. Na2O II. CaO III. Al2O3 IV. P4O10 V. SO2

Question 4 Which compound dissolves in water to give the most alkaline solution?

A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
E. V

Question 5 Which compound reacts with both sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid?

A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
E. V

Question 6 If X is an element from group III and Y is an element from group VI, the compound formed
between these elements should be

A. covalent, with formula XY3.

B. covalent, with formula X 3Y2.
C. ionic, with formula X3Y2.
D. ionic, with formula X2Y3.
E. covalent, with formula X 2Y3.

Question 7 Examine the following statements:

I. Solutions of strong acids are always conc entrated.

II. Since Fe(OH) 3 is the hydroxide of a metal, it is an alkali.
III. All carbonates are insoluble in water.
IV. If a solution has a pH of 6, then there must be a weak acid present.

Which of the following is correct?

A. Statements I and II are correct.

B. Statements I and IV are correct.
C. Statements II and III are correct.
D. Statement IV is correct.
E. Statements I, II, III and IV are all incorrect.

Question 8 Which electronic configuration represents an element that is easily oxidized?

A. 2, 8, 7
B. 2, 5
C. 2, 8, 8, 2
D. 2, 8, 6
E. 2, 8, 4
 4

Question 9 Which of the following molecules is non-polar yet it contains polar bonds?

A. O2
B. NH3
C. H2O
D. CH4
E. CH3Cl

Question 10 Which of the following is a redox reaction?

A. H2SO 4 + CaO CaSO 4 + H2O

B. Cl2 + Mg MgCl2
C. 2HCl + Ca(OH) 2 CaCl2 + 2H2O
D. Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2 (s)
E. Cr 2O72-(aq) + OH-(aq) Cr 2O42-(aq) + H+(aq)

Use the following information to answer Question 11.

Given is the balanced chemical equation for the thermit reaction between aluminium
powder and iron (III) oxide to produce heat for welding:

2Al(s) + Fe2O3 (s) Al2O3 (s) + 2Fe(s)

Question 11 What mass of aluminium powder is needed to react completely with 8.0g of iron (III) oxide?
[Given M(Al) = 27 gmol-1, M(Fe) = 56 gmol-1, M(O) = 16 gmol-1]

A. 1.35g
B. 54g
C. 2.7g
D. 27g
E. 5.4g

Question 12 In which of the following is the valency of phosphorus not five?

A. PCl5
B. P4O10
C. H3PO 4
D. PF 3
E. P2O5

Use the following reaction to answer questions 13 and 14.

4HCl(g) + O 2(g) 2H2O(g) + 2Cl2(g) ∆H = -113 kJmol -1

Question 13 Which of the following would speed up this reaction?

A. Increase the pressure.

B. Increase the temperature.
C. Increase the concentration of HCl.
D. Add a catalyst.
E. All of the above.
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Question 14 Which of the following would increase the yield of chlorine?

A. Decrease the pressure.

B. Increase the temperature.
C. Increase concentration of oxygen to the system.
D. Increase concentration of water vapour to the system.
E. Add a catalyst.

Question 15 Particle A has 17 protons, 18 neutrons and 17 electrons.

Particle B has 17 protons, 20 neutrons and 17 electrons.
From this information, A and B can be described as

A. allotropes.
B. isomers.
C. ions.
D. molecules.
E. isotopes.

Question 16 Substance X dissolves in water to form a colourless solution. When a few drops of barium
nitrate solution is added to the colourless solution, a white precipitate forms. No reaction is
observed when dilute nitric acid is added to the mixture. Substance X is probably

A. a chloride.
B. a carbonate.
C. a nitrate.
D. an iodide.
E. a sulfate.

Question 17 In the manufacture of methanol, hydrogen is reacted with carbon monoxide over a catalyst
of zinc and chromium oxides; and the following equilibrium is established:

2H2(g) + CO (g) CH3OH(g) ∆H = -128.4 kJmol-1

Which of the following changes would increase the percentage of carbon monoxide
converted to methanol at equilibrium?

A. Decreasing the total pressure.

B. Using a different catalyst.
C. Increasing the concentration of hydrogen in the mixture of gases.
D. Increasing the surface area of the catalyst.
E. Increasing the temperature.

Question 18 Which of the following compounds has the highest melting point?

A. NaCl
B. MgCl2
C. AlCl3
D. SiCl4
E. PCl3
 6

Question 19 What combination of numbers, in order from left to right, is required to balance the
following equation?
___C 3H8 + ___O 2 ___CO2 + ___H2O

A. 1, 6, 3, 6
B. 1, 4, 3, 8
C. 1, 5, 3, 4
D. 2, 10, 6, 4
E. 2, 7, 3, 8

Question 20 Sodium hydroxide solution was added, a few drops at a time, to three unknown solutions P,
Q, R and the results tabulated. Study the table and correctly identify the three unknown
solutions.

Solution NaOH added Excess NaOH added

P Brown precipitate formed No change
Q White precipitate formed Precipitate dissolved
R Blue precipitate formed No change

P Q R
A. sodium chloride magnesium nitrate copper sulfate
B. iron (III) nitrate zinc sulfate copper sulfate
C. magnesium nitrate calcium chloride copper sulfate
D. aluminium nitrate calcium chloride zinc sulfate
E. iron (II) chloride aluminium nitrate magnesium sulfate

Question 21 2.86 grams of an oxide of copper is found to contain 2.54 grams of copper.
Which of the following gives the formula of the copper oxide?
[Given M(Cu) = 64 gmol-1, M(O) = 16 gmol-1 ]
A. Cu2O
B. CuO
C. CuO2
D. Cu2O 3
E. Cu3O 2

Question 22 Which of the following is not required when initiating the process for a successful
fermentation process?

A. Carbon dioxide
B. A sugar, such as glucose
C. Warm temperature
D. Water
E. Yeast

Question 23 Which of the following gives the mass of 0.5 moles of K2SO4?
[Given M(K) = 39 gmol-1, M(S) = 32 gmol-1, M(O) = 16 gmol-1 ]

A. 348g
B. 87g
C. 174g
D. 870g
E. 8.7g
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Use the Key List in the box to answer Questions 24 – 27.

H H H H H H H

C C H C C OH H C C C OH

H H H H H H H
1. 2. 3.

H O

H C C H O
OH
H H C C H H H
O
4. H C C C H
5.
H H H

Question 24 Which compound can decolourise bromine water?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

Question 25 Which compound can be produced by the fermentation of glucose?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

Question 26 Which compound can be formed by hydration of 1?

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. None of the above.

Question 27 Which of the following is the chemical name for compound 5?

A. Ethyl propanoate
B. Propyl ethanoate
C. Propanol
D. Butyl methanoate
E. Methyl butanoate
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Question 28 A compound has its structural formula shown below.

OH

CH2 CH2 CH CH CH3

CH3

Which one of the following is the name of this compound?

A 3-methyl-1-pentanol
B 3-methyl-2-pentanol
C 2-methyl-3-pentanol
D 1,3-dimethyl-1-butanol
E 2-hexanol

Question 29 How many isomers are there of the molecular formula C5H12?

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
E. 6

Question 30 Which of the following classes of organic compounds does soap belong to?

A. Esters
B. Carboxylic acids
C. Salts of carboxylic acids
D. Alcohols
E. Alkanes
 9

SECTION B
(140 marks)

Write your answers to the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

QUESTION 31 (Total – 18 marks)

A. The diagram shows the nuclei of atoms X and Y.

Proton Neutron

X Y

1. Write the electron configuration (arrangement) of

(a) atom X. ________________________________

(b) an ion of Y. ________________________________ (2 marks)

2. Is atom X a metal or non-metal?

____________________________________________________

Give a reason for your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

3. Explain how the atoms X and Y form a stable compound.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

4. Draw the electron dot diagram (Lewis structure) for the stable compound formed between X
and Y.

(1 mark)

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5. Neon has an electron configuration (arrangement) of 2,8. Use the periodic table provided to
give the formulae of two ions which have the same electron configuration as neon.

__________________ and __________________ (2 marks)

B. 1. Draw the electron dot diagram (Lewis structure) for carbon dioxide, CO 2.

(1 mark)

2. Give the shape of carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule.

__________________________________________ (1 mark)

3. Use the electron dot diagram of CO2 to explain what you understand by the term “double
covalent bond”.
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

C. The table shows some of the properties of methane and water.

Compound Boiling point οC Molecular mass (g mol-1)

Water 100 18
Methane -165 16

1. In terms of forces between the molecules in each compound, explain why water and methane
have similar molecular mass yet they have very different boiling points.

Water ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Methane __________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

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2. Water is known as an excellent solvent for sodium chloride, (NaCl) compound.

Draw a diagram to show how water separates the sodium ions, Na+ and chloride ions, Cl-
when sodium chloride dissolves.

(2 marks)

3. State, with reasons given, whether water is a polar or non-polar solvent.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

4. Water has high specific heat (heat capacity). What does high specific heat mean?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

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Q31 18
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QUESTION 32 (Total - 24 marks)

A. In an experiment to determine the formula of a hydrated magnesium sulfate, (MgSO4.xH2O), 24.92

grams of hydrated crystals were heated to constant mass and gave 12.14 grams of anhydrous
magnesium sulfate.
1. Calculate the loss in mass due to heating.

(1 mark)
2. Calculate x, the number of water molecules in MgSO 4.xH2O.
[Given: M(Mg) = 24.3 gmol-1, M(S) = 32 gmol-1, M(O) = 16 gmol-1 and M(H) = 1 gmol-1 ]

(4 marks)
3. Calculate the percentage composition of water in the hydrated magnesium sulfate.

(2 marks)

B. Limestone (CaCO 3) is a useful substance for reducing sulfur dioxide pollution from stations.
The following equations show how limestone is used to remove sulfur dioxide.
CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g) then CaO (s) + SO2 (g) CaSO 3(s)

What mass of limestone would be needed to deal with an output of 128 tonnes of sulfur dioxide?
[Given: M(Ca) = 40 gmol-1, M(C) = 12 gmol-1, M(S) = 32 gmol-1, M(O) = 16 gmol-1]

(5 marks)

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C. A student was asked to prepare a standard solution of sodium hydroxide using sodium hydroxide
crystals and a 200mL volumetric flask. The student accurately weighed out 4 grams of sodium
hydroxide crystals, dissolved these in distilled water and transferred them into the 200mL volumetric
flask.

1. Calculate the concentration of the standard solution of NaOH in gL -1.

(2 marks)

2. Express the concentration of the standard solution of NaOH in molL-1.

[Given: M(Na) = 23 gmol-1, M(O) = 16 gmol-1, M(H) = 1 gmol-1 ]

(2 marks)

3. The student was then asked to take 10 mL of the standard solution (NaOH) that he prepared,
with concentration calculated in (2) above, and diluted it to 250mL.

(a) Name the apparatus the student used to accurately measure the 10.0 mL of the
standard solution.

____________________________________________ (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the concentration of the diluted sodium hydroxide above, i.e. the 250 mL
standard solution of sodium hydroxide.

(2 marks)

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D. The student performed an acid-base titration to determine the concentration of dilute sulfuric acid in
a solution of unknown concentration. She used a standard solution of 0.050 molL-1 of Na2CO 3, and
methyl orange as an indicator. Using a 20.0 mL sample of sodium carbonate for each titre, the
student obtained the titre values shown in the following table.

Titre Number 1 2 3 4 5
Titre (mL) 27.2 26.5 26.4 26.5 26.4

The equation which represents the reaction is given below:

Na2CO3 (aq) + H2SO 4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

Calculate the concentration of the dilute sulfuric acid. (Leave your answer in 3 sig. fig.)

(5 marks)

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Q32 24
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QUESTION 33 (Total - 22 marks)

A. The table below gives the melting points of chlorides for selected elements from the 3rd period of the
Periodic Table.

Compound Melting points οC

NaCl 801
MgCl2 708
SiCl4 -70
Cl2 -101
HCl -115

1. Name the type of bonding that exists in the crystalline substance magnesium chloride
(MgCl2).

__________________________________________ (1 mark)

2. In terms of bonding, explain the difference in melting points between sodium chloride
(NaCl) and chlorine (Cl2).

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

3. When hydrogen chloride, HCl, is dissolved in water, it conducts electricity but when it is
mixed with liquid hydrocarbon, hexane, it does not conduct electricity. Explain the reasons
to this.
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

4. Write an ionic equation to show the reaction between hydrogen chloride, HCl, and water.

_______________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

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B. A student was asked to prepare salt A using limewater, [Ca(OH) 2 (aq) ], hydrochloric acid, (HCl), and
a solution of potassium carbonate, (K2CO3). Below are the four steps that the student went through
to prepare salt A.

Step 1: ο A few drops of potassium carbonate solution are

ο K 2CO3 added to limewater forming the white precipitate,
ο solution X
ο
Lime-
water

Step 2: White precipitate, X, is filtered.

filtrate

ο
Step 3: ο dilute The white precipitate, X, is transferred to
ο hydrochloric a beaker, then hydrochloric acid is added
ο acid dissolving X. Bubbles of colourless gas
ο Y formed on the addition of hydrochloric
acid, leaving a colourless solution.

Step 4: The remaining colourless solution is

evaporated leaving crystals of salt A.

1. Name the white precipitate, X, formed in step 1.

______________________________________ (1 mark)

2. Write a balanced equation for the formation of the white precipitate in step 1.

______________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

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3. Name the colourless gas, Y, produced in step 3.

_______________________________________ (1 mark)

4. Write a balanced equation for the formation of the colourless gas in step 3.

____________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

5. Name the solid remaining, salt A, after the evaporation process in step 4.

____________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

C. 1. A solution Z of the nitrate of a metal M is colourless in water. When sodium hydroxide

(NaOH) solution is added to Z, a white precipitate is formed, which is soluble in excess
NaOH solution. When sodium sulfide solution (Na2S) is added to a new sample of solution
Z, a black precipitate is formed.

Give one conclusion from each of the tests given above that would allow you to identif y
metal M.

(i) Conclusion from the addition of NaOH solution: ____________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

(ii) Conclusion from the addition of Na2S solution: ____________________________

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

2. A piece of copper metal is dropped into a beaker containing silver nitrate solution.
The copper metal becomes coated with grey crystals and the solution slowly turns blue.

Identify the grey crystals, giving reason(s) for your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

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D. A class used a variety of reagents to test for an unknown solution, A. One student identified solution
A correctly. His method and observations are recorded on the table below.

The students were told of the possible ions in the unknown solution, A.

Cations: Al3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Zn2+

Anions: CO32-, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-

Method Observation Conclusion

1. Study the sample solution Pale green solution (i)

2. Add a few drops of NaOH solution to 1 mL of the sample leaf green precipitate forms (ii)

3. Add 1 mL of dilute HNO3 solution to 1 mL of fresh sample No change CO32- not present

4. Add a few drops of AgNO 3 solution to 1 mL of fresh sample No change (iii)

5. Add 1 mL of BaCl2 solution to 1 mL of fresh sample. White precipitate (iv)

1. Use the information in the table to fill in the missing conclusions.

(i) ___________________________________________________

(ii) ___________________________________________________

(iii) ___________________________________________________

(iv) ___________________________________________________
(4 marks)

2. What is the name of Solution A?

___________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

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Q33 22
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QUESTION 34 (Total - 14 marks)

A. Early breathalyser testing require motorists to blow through a tube containing crystals of potassium
dichromate (K2Cr2O7) with concentrated sulfuric acid. Under acid conditions, alcohol in the breath
will change the colour of the crystals. The concentrated sulfuric acid also generates heat as it reacts
with moisture from the breath sample. This heat increases the speed of the oxidation reaction. A
motorist is considered to be over the limit if there is sufficient alcohol to change the colour of the
crystals.

Below is the redox reaction (not balanced) used in the breathalyser test.

K2Cr 2O7 + CH3CH2OH + H2SO4 CH3COOH + K2SO 4 + Cr2(SO 4)3 + H 2O

The two half equations for the above reaction are:

(i) Cr2O72- Cr 3+

(ii) CH3CH2OH CH3COOH

1. Balance each of the half equations.

(i) ___________________________________________________________________

(ii) ___________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

2. Combine the two balanced half equations in (1) above to give the balanced ionic equation
for the reaction. (ALL working must be shown when combining the two half equations).

(2 marks)

3. Which one of the two half equations in (1) above, represents a reduction reaction.

______________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

4. Describe the colour changes of crystals that would be observed during the reaction.

__________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ (2 marks)

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B. Aluminium is one of the reactive and useful metals obtained from the ore bauxite alumina (Al2O3).
The diagram below shows the production of aluminium during the electrolysis process.

carbon anodes -
To electricity supply
+

carbon cathode
crust of cryolite

alumina dissolved in
molten cryolite

molten aluminium

1. Name the ion in the electrolyte that is oxidised in the process.

___________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

2. Write a balanced half equation that represents the reaction at the cathode.

___________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

3. The gas produced immediately reacts with the carbon anode to produce CO 2 gas.
The equation below shows this reaction.

C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)

Which reactant is acting as a reducing agent (reductant)?

___________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

4. Give the oxidation state of carbon in carbon dioxide, CO 2.

(1 mark)

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C. 1. Tin cans are iron cans coated with tin. They do not rust as long as the tin coating remains
unbroken, but when scratched, the can rusts rapidly.

Explain why the scratched can rusts rapidly, while the can where the tin coating remains
unbroken does not rust.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

2. Four metals are labelled W, X, Y and Z. Metal W reduces an oxide of Y to the metal Y.
Metal X dissolves in a solution of W, but X does not displace metallic Z from a sulfate
solution of nitrate.

List the four metals in order of strength as reducing agents, from weakest to strongest.

_________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

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Q34 14
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QUESTION 35 (Total - 22 marks)

A. A lump of chalk (calcium carbonate) is added to nitric acid. The carbon dioxide gas given off is
collected as shown in the diagram.

gas syringe

CO2 (g)
water bath
dilute nitric acid
lump of chalk

The volume of carbon dioxide gas produced each minute was recorded and tabulated as follows.

Time (minutes) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Volume (mL) 0 20 38 52 63 72 80 87 87

1. What is the role of the water bath in the experiment?

_____________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

2. How long did the reaction proceed before it stopped?

_____________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

3. Give two ways in which you could have made the reaction proceed faster.

(i) ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

(ii) ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

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B. Magnesium is a reactive metal that rapidly produces hydrogen gas when dissolving in dilute
hydrochloric acid. The following diagrams show the magnesium ribbon dissolving in acid.

magnesium ribbon ..
:∴:
.∴

. ∴ magnesium
hydrochloric acid : : chloride
∴: solution

heat energy given off

1. Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic? Give a reason for your answer.

Reaction: __________________________________________________________________

Reason: ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

2. Draw an energy diagram to show how the energy contents change in the reaction of
magnesium and hydrochloric acid as shown above.

(2 marks)

3. Is the heat of reaction (∆H, the change in energy content) in the diagram in (2) above
positive or negative? Give a reason for your answer.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

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C. The equation for the decomposition of methanoic (formic) acid gas to carbon dioxide and hydrogen
is

HCOOH (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g)

By rearranging and combining the TWO equations below, calculate the enthalpy change for the
decomposition reaction above. Show ALL working.

C (s) + H2 (g) + O2 (g) HCOOH (g) ∆H = -379 kJmol-1

C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) ∆H = -393 kJmol-1

(3 marks)

D. The reaction between ammonia gas and oxygen gas to give nitrogen monoxide (NO) and steam
(H2O) is represented by the equilibrium equation:

4NH3 (g) + 5O 2 (g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O (g) ∆H = -46.2 kJmol-1

What effect would each of the changes below have on the position of equilibrium for the above
reaction? Give a reason for your answer to each effect.

1. Increasing the temperature.

Effect: ___________________________________________________________________

Reason: ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

2. Decreasing the concentration of O2.

Effect: ___________________________________________________________________

Reason: ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

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3. Decreasing the total pressure.

Effect: ___________________________________________________________________

Reason: ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

E. 1. The equation for the reaction of nitric acid, HNO3 , with water is

HNO 3 (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+(aq) + NO 3- (aq)

(a) If HNO 3 dissociates completely in water, what happens to the concentration of

HNO 3 and the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution?

___________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

(b) Give the conjugate base of HNO3.

_______________________________________ (1 mark)

2. Calculate the pH of a 0.1 molL -1 sodium hydroxide solution.

(1 mark)

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Q35 22
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QUESTION 36 (Total - 22 marks)

A. Three different samples of water (A, B and C) were tested by shaking measured samples with soap
solution. The amount of soap solution needed to produce a good lather on shaking is noted. A good
lather is a lather that lasts for more than 20 seconds.
Soap solution was added from a burette to 50 mL of each water sample. The experiment was
repeated using water samples that have been boiled for several minutes and then cooled. The table
below shows the results of the experiment.

Volume of soap solution needed (mL)

Water Sample (50 mL)
Before boiling After boiling

A 0.5 0.5

B 9.5 0.5

C 21 21

1. Use the results given in the above table to determine whether each sample of water is Soft or
Hard. If a sample is Hard, specify whether it is Temporary or Permanent Hardness.

Sample A: __________________________________________________

Sample B: __________________________________________________

Sample C: __________________________________________________
(3 marks)

2. Which water sample would produce the most scum with the soap solution?

_______________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

3. Give one method of decreasing the volume of soap solution needed to form a good lather
with sample C.

Method: ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

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B. The production of the polymer polythene from ethene is an important industrial process. This
polymer is manufactured in high density and low density forms with a wide variety of uses.

1. Write an equation, using the structural formulae of the reactants and the product, to show the
formation of polyethylene from ethene.

(2 marks)
2. What is this type of reaction (in 1) called?
_____________________________________________ (1 mark)

3. Polythene made under low temperatures and pressures is called high-density polythene
(HDP). Give two uses of this type of polythene.
(i) ___________________________________________________________________

(ii) ___________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

C. Ethyne can be made in the laboratory by reacting water with solid calcium carbide (CaC2). The gas
produced can be collected under water. The diagram below shows the production of ethyne gas.

water

rubber tube
ethyne gas

calc ium carbide water

1. Write a balanced equation for the production of ethyne gas.

(2 marks)

2. In air, ethyne burns with a luminous, smoky flame showing incomplete combustion.
Name the two products formed when ethyne burns this way.

__________________________ and __________________________ (2 marks)

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D. Propane C 3H8, and 2-propanol (propan-2-ol) C 3H8O, are carbon compounds used for domestic
purposes and in industry.

1. Draw the structural formulae for propane and 2-propanol.

propane, C 3H8:

2-propanol, C 3H8O:

(2 marks)

2. Give one common use of propane, and describe the property that makes propane suitable for
such use.

Use: ______________________________________________________________________

Property: __________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

3. 1-propanol is an isomer of C3H8O, which oxidizes to compound A, using acidified

potassium permanganate. Name compound A, and give its constitutional formula.

Compound A: ________________________________________________

Formula: ________________________________________________ (2 marks)

4. Compound A in (3) above reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.

Write an equation to show the reaction between compound A and NaOH solution.

______________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

5. What type of reaction is this?

______________________________________________________________ (1 mark)

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Q36 22
 29

QUESTION 37 (Total - 18 marks)

A. One important application of carbon chemistry is the saponification of fats to make soap.
O
CH3(CH2)14C (glyceryl tripalmitate)
O CH2
O
CH3(CH2)14C
O CH
O
CH3(CH2)14C
O CH2

The fat glyceryl tripalmitate is boiled with excess sodium hydroxide solution to form glycerol and
the sodium salt of the fatty acid-better known as soap.

1. Complete the following equation to show the structures for the products of this
saponification reaction.

O
CH3(CH2)14C
O CH2
O
CH3(CH2)14C + NaOH +
O CH
O
CH3(CH2)14C
O CH 2

glyceryl tripalmitate (fat) [sodium salt (soap) + glycerol]

(2 marks)

2. Draw the structural formula of the palmitate ion and label the hydrophobic end.

(2 marks)

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 30

3. The soap molecule consists of two main groups, a long hydrocarbon chain and the carboxyl
group. Use the palmitate ion to explain clearly how the two main groups of the soap
molecule remove the grease deposits on a fabric. (diagrams can be used for the explanation)

(2 marks)

B. With the expansion of the food industry and the intense competition for cheaper ingredients,
chemists in industry seek to artificially prepare the active ingredients for food flavourings. Esters
are frequently used for this purpose.

1. List the three chemicals, from the list below, that you would use to prepare an ester in a
school laboratory?
butane, methyl alcohol (methanol), acetone (propanone), acetaldehyde (ethanal),
butyric (butanoic) acid, concentrated sulfuric acid.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)
2. Using constitutional formulae, write the equation for the formation of the ester from the
reagents you selected in (1) above.

(2 marks)

3. The reaction in (2) is called esterification and can be dangerous. One precaution used when
this experiment is performed in the school laboratory is the type of heating required for the
reactants.
Explain how the reactants should be heated and give a reason for your answer.

Method of heating: __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Reason: ___________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(2 marks)

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4. Why is it necessary to reflux the reagents during the esterification process?

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
(1 mark)

C. A chemist working in industry wants to carry out the following conversions.

X Y
1-propanol propene 2-chloropropane

1. Name the reagent X and the type of organic reaction involved in this conversion.

Name: ___________________________________________________________________

Type of reaction: _________________________________________________________ __

(2 marks)

2. Write a balanced equation for the conversion of 1-propanol to propene.

(1 mark)

3. Name the reagent Y and the type of organic reaction involved in this conversion.

Name: ___________________________________________________________________

Type of reaction: _________________________________________________________ __

(2 marks)

4. Give the molecular formula for 2-chloropropane.

(1 mark)

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Q37 18
 32

Candidate Code
ANSWER SHEET

Remember you are to write the letter of the correct answer only.

1. 16.
SECTION B
2. 17. (Markers Only)
3. 18.

4. 19. Q 31 18
5. 20.

6. 21. Q 32 24

7. 22.
Q 33 22
8. 23.

CHECK QUESTION NUMBER

Q 34 14
9. 24.

10. 25. Q 35 22
11. 26.

12. 27. Q 36 22

13. 28.
Q 37 18
14. 29.

15. 30.

SECTION A SECTION B TOTAL

30 140 170