TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PROPOSED 3-STOREY COMMERCIAL

BUILDING IN ANTIPOLO HVAC DESIGN

IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS IN

ME 504: HVAC SYSTEM DESIGN

SUBMITTED BY:

BARROGA, CHRISTED ALJO

CAPATI, JIM OSLER
FELICIANO, MARVIC JOEL
JACOBE, JAMES PAUL
MANGUA, NORRIS
REQUEJO, JOHN MICHAEL

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. JESUS V. DELA CRUZ, PME

INSTRUCTOR

OCTOBER 2019
TOPIC OBJECTIVE

This study sought to create the design and the process of coming up with the optimal

configuration of the mechanical system which ensures a healthy and comfortable indoor

environment in a building. It is utilized to control the environment within a home, buildings,

apartments or vehicle. It is deigned in a significant manner that regulates the temperature and

provide an acceptable heating and cooling comfort. Thus, the group aims to provide thermal

comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. Maintain the circulation of air within the building.

Lastly would be, the removal of heat, through radiation, convection, or conduction
PREFACE
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is the name given to the profession

and process of determining the heating, cooling, and air changes required to produce a suitable

environment for the people and processes contained within that environment. Environments and

processes all operate best within specified limits of temperature and humidity and this is the

discipline that determines the best means of accomplishing this work. It is necessary to

determine the size of the equipment to move air (in most cases) to provide a safe and healthy

environment to the inhabitants inside and to ensure that every area meets these minimum

requirements. To accomplish these, many questions are needed to be asked and answered so that

both the people and equipment operate at peak performance.

Table of Contents

PROPOSED 3-STOREY COMMERCIAL BUILDING IN ANTIPOLO HVAC DESIGN................1

TOPIC OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................................2
PREFACE..................................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................5
Background of the study...........................................................................................................................5
Statement of the Problem..........................................................................................................................6
Definition of term......................................................................................................................................7
Purpose of HVAC....................................................................................................................................14
Purpose of load Calculation....................................................................................................................14
Principles of cooling load........................................................................................................................15
Indoor design conditions.........................................................................................................................16
Outdoor design condition........................................................................................................................17
VICINITY MAP, LAYOUT AND ELEVATION DRAWINGS..........................................................18
BUILDING LAYOUT.............................................................................................................................19
LAYOUTS................................................................................................................................................20
EXTERNAL LOAD CALCULATION..................................................................................................21
INTERNAL LOAD CALCULATION...................................................................................................26
VENTILATION LOAD CALCULATION............................................................................................29
INFILTRATION LOAD CALCULATION..........................................................................................31
SYSTEM HEAT GAIN...........................................................................................................................35
SUMMARY OF HEAT LOAD...............................................................................................................41
PSYCHOMETRIC PROCESSES..........................................................................................................41
AIR DISTRIBUTION.............................................................................................................................46
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides the purpose for making the project, the problem that the proponents

want to solve, the objectives of the project, the project scope and delimitations, the conceptual

framework that will show the concept of the prototype and the proponents’ solution to the said

problem.

Background of the study

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and

vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air

quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the

principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. "Refrigeration" is sometimes

added to the field's abbreviation, as HVAC&R or HVACR or "ventilation" is dropped, as in

HACR (as in the designation of HACR-rated circuit breakers).

HVAC is an important part of residential structures such as single family homes, apartment

buildings, hotels and senior living facilities, medium to large industrial and office buildings such

as skyscrapers and hospitals, vehicles such as cars, trains, airplanes, ships and submarines, and in

marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are regulated with respect to

temperature and humidity, using fresh air from outdoors.

Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any

space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen

replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon

dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture,
introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the

interior air.

Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the

building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in

buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into mechanical/forced and natural

types.

Statement of the Problem

In most cases, the cause of malfunctions are relatively simple issues. But for those

untrained in HVAC maintenance, the malfunctions are not always easy to diagnose. If an air-

conditioning unit has been showing signs of water damage or fails to ventilate certain areas on

your property, then it could be worth investigating a little further before calling for a

replacement. More often than not, there is a simple solution to the problem and your HVAC

system will be back to its working best in no time at all. Often, building maintenance teams will

be called in to deal with overflowing ducts and drain pans. The drain pan is designed to deal with

surplus water but can quickly become overwhelmed if humidity levels rapidly increased. In most

scenarios, this is caused by the melting ice from frozen component parts. When your HVAC

system is shut down during periods of inactivity, the ice melts and begins to flow out of the unit.
Definition of term

HVAC- heating, ventilation and air conditioning. The goal of HVAC design is to balance indoor

environmental comfort with other factors such as installation cost, ease of maintenance, and

energy efficiency.

ΔT (delta T)- a reference to a temperature difference. It is used to describe the difference in

temperature of a heating or cooling medium as it enters and as it leaves a system.

AIR CHANGES PER HOUR- The hourly ventilation rate divided by the volume of a space. For

perfectly mixed air or laminar flow spaces, this is equal to the number of times per hour that the

volume the space is exchanged by mechanical and natural ventilation. Also called air change rate

or air exchange rate. Abbreviated ACH or ac/hr.

AIR CONDITIONER- An appliance, system, or mechanism designed to dehumidify and extract

heat from an area. Usually this term is reserved for smaller self-contained units such as a

residential system.

AIR HANDLING UNIT- A central unit consisting of a blower, heating and cooling elements,

filter racks or chamber, dampers, humidifier, and other central equipment in direct contact with

the airflow.

BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU)- Any of several units of energy (heat) in the HVAC

industry, each slightly more than 1 kJ. One BTU is the energy required to raise one pound of

water one-degree Fahrenheit, but the many different types of BTU are based on different

interpretations of this “definition”. In the United States the power of HVAC systems (the rate of
cooling and dehumidifying or heating) is sometimes expressed in BTU/hour instead of watts.

Abbreviated BTU or Btu.

CENTRIFUGAL FAN- A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases.

CHILLER -A device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption

refrigeration cycle. This cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes through coils

in air handlers, fan-coil units, or other systems, cooling and usually dehumidifying the air in the

building. Chillers are of two types; air-cooled or water-cooled. Air-cooled chillers are usually

outside and consist of condenser coils cooled by fan-driven air. Water-cooled chillers are usually

inside a building, and heat from these chillers is carried by recirculating water to a heat sink such

as an outdoor cooling tower.

COIL -Equipment that performs heat transfer to air when mounted inside an air handling unit or

ductwork. It is heated or cooled by electrical means or by circulating liquid or steam within it.

CONDENSER -A component in the basic refrigeration cycle that ejects or removes heat from the

system. The condenser is the hot side of an air conditioner or heat pump. Condensers are heat

exchangers, and can transfer heat to air or to an intermediate fluid such as water or an aqueous

solution of ethylene glycol to carry heat to a distant sink, such as ground (earth sink), a body of

water, or air (as with cooling towers).

CONSTANT AIR VOLUME- A system designed to provide a constant air flow. This term is

applied to HVAC systems that have variable supply-air temperature but constant air flow rates.

Most residential forced-air systems are small CAV systems with on/off control. Abbreviated

CAV.
CONTROLLER- A device that controls the operation of part or all of a system. It may simply

turn a device on and off, or it may more subtly modulate the set point of components. Most

controllers are automatic but have user input such as temperature set points, e.g. a thermostat.

Controls may be analog or digital.

DAMPER- A plate or gate placed in a duct to control air flow by increasing friction in the duct.

DEEP LAKE WATER COOLING- The heat is rejected onto deep lake regions to cool homes

and offices, reducing the energy costs.

DUCT -Specialized housing for the air flow.

DEHUMIDIFIER -A dehumidifier is the equipment that extracts and removes humidity from the

air. It works by cooling air to the point where water turns to liquid from vapor form and then the

liquid is removed.

DIFFUSER- A diffuser is placed over ductwork, and it separates air with vanes going in

differing directions. It evenly distributes air flow in the desired directions.

DRY BULB TEMPERATURE- is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer which is

freely exposed to the air while it is shielded from radiation and moisture. It is usually thought of

as air temperature, and it is the true thermodynamic temperature. It is a measurement of heat

intensity independently of humidity and a dry bulb thermometer is used to measure it.

DRY BULB THERMOMETER- A dry bulb thermometer is a device that measures air

temperature independently of humidity. It is freely exposed to the air it is measuring and is

protected from the radiation and moisture.

ENTHALPY- For a given sample of air, a measure of the total heat content (the sum of the heat

energy of the dry air and heat energy of the water vapor within it). It is typically used to

determine the amount of fresh outside air that can be added to recirculated air for the lowest

cooling cost.

EVAPOARTOR- A component in the basic refrigeration cycle that absorbs or adds heat to the

system. Evaporators can be used to absorb heat from air or from a liquid. The evaporator is the

cold side of an air conditioner or heat pump.

EXPANSION VALVE- An expansion valve is a piece of equipment that meters the flow of

liquid refrigerant into the evaporator while measuring the vapor refrigerant leaving the

evaporator. It thereby controls the superheating at the outlet of the evaporator.

FAN COIL UNIT- A small terminal unit that is often composed of only a blower and a heating

and/or cooling coil, as is often used in hotels, condominiums, or apartments. Abbreviated FCU.

HEATING COIL- A heating coil is the part of the system that conducts heat. It allows electricity

to act as fire.

HEAT EXCHANGER- A heat exchanger is the part of the system that transfers heat from the hot

parts of the machine or a system to the cold parts of the machine or system.

HEAT GAIN, HEAT LOSS AND HEAT LOAD- Terms for the amount of cooling (heat gain) or

heating (heat loss) needed to maintain desired temperatures and humidity in controlled air.

Regardless of how well-insulated and sealed a building is, buildings gain heat from sunlight,

conduction through the walls, and internal heat sources such as people and electrical equipment.
Buildings lose heat through conduction during cold weather. Engineers use heat load calculations

to determine the HVAC needs of the space being cooled or heated.

HEAT PUMP- A heat pump is a compressor that cycles hot or cold air. It is a device that is

designed to move thermal energy in the opposite direction of heat flow by absorbing heat from a

cold space which is released to a warmer space.

HEAT TRANSFER- Heat transfer happens when heat moves from one area to another. It is an

important and vital step in the process of cooling a space.

MINIMUM OUTSIDE AIR- The lowest amount of fresh air flow that can be allowed into a

recirculating system. This limit is set to ensure that the interior air remains safe and comfortable

to breathe.

OUTSIDE AIR DAMPER- An automatic louver or damper that controls the fresh air flow into

an air handler and modulates to the most energy efficient setting.

OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE- A measure of the air temperature outside a building. The

temperature and humidity of air inside and outside the building are used in enthalpy calculations

to determine when outside air can be used for free heating or cooling. Abbreviated OAT.

PSYCHROMETRIC- The study of the behavior of air-water vapor mixtures. Water vapor plays

an important role in energy transfer and human comfort in HVAC design.

RADIANT CEILING PANELS- Usually metal panels suspended under the ceiling, insulated

from the building structure. The primary cooling/heating agent temperature is close to the room's

temperature.
RADIANT FLOOR- A type of radiant heating system where the building floor contains channels

or tubes through which hot fluids such as air or water are circulated. The whole floor is evenly

heated. Thus, the room is heated from the bottom up. Radiant floor heating eliminates the draft

and dust problems associated with forced air heating systems.

RADIATION- The transfer of heat directly from one surface to another (without heating the

intermediate air acting as a transfer mechanism).

SPLIT SYSTEM- A split system is the combination of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit. This is

the most common type of system.

SUPERHEAT- The number of degrees a vapor is above its boiling point at a specific pressure.

SUBCOOLING- The condition where liquid refrigerant is colder than the minimum temperature

required to keep it from boiling which would change it from a liquid to a gas phase. Subcooling

is the difference between its saturation temperature and the actual liquid refrigerant temperature.

SYSTEM- General term used to refer to the set or a subset of components that perform a specific

HVAC function within a building.

TERMINAL UNIT- A small component that contains a heating coil, cooling coil, automatic

damper, or some combination of the three. Used to control the temperature of a single room.

Abbreviated TU.

THERMOSTAT- A thermostat is a system that monitors and regulates a heating or cooling

system. It can be used to set the desired temperature at which it keeps the environment either

heated or cooled.
TXV (THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE)- A thermostatic expansion valve is a piece of

equipment that meters the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator while measuring the

vapor refrigerant leaving the evaporator. It thereby controls the superheating at the outlet of the

evaporator.

VARIABLE AIR VOLUME- An HVAC system that has a stable supply-air temperature and

varies the air flow rate to meet the temperature requirements. Compared to constant air volume

systems, these systems conserve energy through lower fan speeds during times of lower

temperature control demand. Most new commercial buildings have VAV systems. VAVs may be

bypass type or pressure dependent. Pressure dependent type VAVs save energy while both types

help in maintaining temperature of the zone that it feeds. Abbreviated VAV.

ZONING SYSTEM- A zoning system sections a building or a space into zones which are

controlled independently of each other. This is beneficial when different areas or rooms of a

building have different temperatures as well as when the desired temperatures in different rooms

are different. Temperature is controlled by different thermostats.

Purpose of HVAC

Your HVAC system is probably the most used, and hardest working appliance in your
residence or business. It is the silent partner that keeps you, your family, pets and employees
comfortable. It is fair to say that the purpose of an HVAC system is creating an ambient
temperature, and therefore a comfortable environment where people can relax, yet also be
productive.

Its primary function is to move heat around and cool air to the degree people require. It
sounds simple but achieving this is quite complicated and dependent on a detailed system of
components. A furnace pushes heat through a space, while the air conditioner removes the heat.
The air is distributed throughout different rooms normally by a system of ducts and the
thermostat regulates the temperature. Fans, filters, return air inlets, supply air outlets and heat
exchangers play a large part in all of this as well.

Purpose of load Calculation

The importance of the heat load calculations can be understood from the fact that right
from the designing of the building itself, the HVAC designer works closely with the building
architect to making recommendations for the locations of the various air-conditioning systems of
suitable sizes. Before the actual construction of the building, the architect must design the
building and with them the HVAC designer contributes important recommendations that will
affect the building design significantly.

Load calculations will check several specific areas to find the right sized system including:
 Verify the total square footage of the property,
 Count how many windows, doors and entry ways there are for a property
 Check the insulation; not only the location but what type of materials, how it’s installed
and even the density of the insulation used
 How many floors a home has and how much living space vs. attic space is available, what
landscaping is outside of the home that can block sun from entering the house
Principles of cooling load

The total building cooling load consists of heat transferred through the building envelope
(walls, roof, floor, windows, doors etc.) and heat generated by occupants, equipment, and lights.
The load due to heat transfer through the envelope is called as external load, while all other loads
are called as internal loads. The percentage of external versus internal load varies with building
type, site climate, and building design. The total cooling load in HVAC on any building consists
of both sensible as well as latent load components. The sensible load affects the dry bulb
temperature, while the latent load affects the moisture content of the conditioned space.

Buildings may be classified as externally loaded and internally loaded. In externally

loaded buildings the cooling load on the building is mainly due to heat transfer between the
surroundings and the internal conditioned space. Since the surrounding conditions are highly
variable in any given day, the cooling load of an externally loaded building varies widely. In
internally loaded buildings the cooling load is mainly due to internal heat generating sources
such as occupants, lights or appliances. In general, the heat generation due to internal heat
sources may remain constant, and since the heat transfer from the variable surroundings is much
less compared to the internal heat sources, the cooling load of an internally loaded building
remains constant. Obviously from energy efficiency and economics points of view, the system
design strategy for an externally loaded building should be different from an internally loaded
building. Hence, prior knowledge of whether the building is externally loaded or internally
loaded is essential for effective system design.

 Heat Flow rates

In air-conditioning design, four-related heat flow rates, each of which varies with time,
must be differentiated into Space heat gain, how much energy is entering the space; Space
cooling load, how much energy must be removed from the space to maintain the desired
temperature and relative humidity of a system; Specific heat extraction, how much energy is the
HVAC removing from the space and; Cooling load, how much energy is removed by the cooling
coil serving various spaces plus any loads external to the spaces such as duct heat gain, duct
leakages, fan heat and outdoor makeup air.
  Space Heat Gain

This immediate rate of heat gain is the rate at which heat enters and/or is generated within
the area. The way it enters the space from walls, doors, ceilings, floors, occupants, lights and
projector room is a result of heat gain.

Indoor design conditions

COOLING- The indoor design temperature for comfort cooling will be 15degrees F (8 degrees
C) less than the 1.0 percent outdoor design temperature but will not be lower than 75 degrees F
(24 degrees C) nor higher than 78 degrees F (26degrees C). The indoor design specific humidity
will not exceed the outdoor design specific humidity; otherwise, the indoor design relative
humidity will be 50 percent. The indoor design temperature provided by evaporative cooling or
comfort mechanical ventilation will be 80 degrees F (27 degrees C); the above requirements for
specific humidity do not apply where evaporative cooling is used.

HEATING- The indoor design temperature for comfort heating will be 68degrees F (20 degrees
C) in areas with low levels of physical activity and 55 degrees F (13 degrees C) in areas with
moderate to high levels of physical activity. The indoor design temperature for freeze protection
will be 40 degrees F (4 degrees C). Where the indoor relative humidity is expected to fall below
20 percent for extended periods, humidification may be added to increase the indoor relative
humidity to 30 percent.

INFILTRATION- Design air distribution systems for central HVAC systems to maintain a
slightly positive pressure within the area served in order to reduce or eliminate infiltration unless
there is a valid need to maintain a negative pressure in that area.

INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)- Ventilation for acceptable IAQ will be in accordance with
ASHRAE Standard 62.1. Successful application of IAQ principles and criteria plays a role with
regards to HVAC systems in ensuring occupant comfort and health. Good IAQ design practice
increases worker productivity.
Outdoor design condition
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
Location of mechanical equipment such as Chillers, Air Handling Units, and Pumps etc.
is quite critical, particularly, where low noise criteria is a key requirement. It is advisable to have
the AC plant room and the air handling unit room in a separate area, which is structurally
isolated from the Theater or Auditorium. The locational constraints sometimes force us to accept
an air handling unit room within the same structure as that of the Auditorium and sometimes
very near the Auditorium. It is essential to ensure, that in such installations, the air handling unit
(AHU) is mounted on correctly selected vibration isolators and the chilled water pipe is provided
with a flexible connection to avoid transmission of vibrations to the structure.
NOISE
We will deal with this topic of ‘Noise’ and ‘Noise Control’ in detail, since this is one of
the most critical parameters in such applications. The major sources of noise in any air
conditioning system are.

SUPPLY AND RETURN FANS

Fans generate the maximum noise. Centrifugal fans produce noise across the entire audio
frequency band having maximum value between 31.5 to 250 Hz. Thus, it is evident that these
values are maximum in the low frequency band. The lowest noise levels are produced when the
fan is operated in the region of its peak efficiency on its performance curve.

DUCTING, DAMPERS, AIR TERMINAL DEVICES

Deflectors such as vanes, fins, etc. used to deflect air for even distribution of the same
throughout the airconditioned space leads to some generation of noise. The greater the
deflection, higher is the noise level produced.
VICINITY MAP, LAYOUT AND ELEVATION DRAWINGS

Introduction

The proposed building will be a 3-storey commercial building. The whole building will

be fully enclosed and will be fully air conditions to maximize the cooling capacity of our air

handling unit. The material that will be used are of that high-quality materials that are very

expensive and would last a long time. Special materials were used to maximize the strength and

the quality of the building. Additionally, restroom is also fully air condition for the luxurious feel

of our building.

The building is located at Antipolo, Rizal. The building surrounding is a commercial

vicinity where a lot of modern buildings and roads are present.

VICINITY MAP
BUILDING LAYOUT
 LAYOUTS

EXTERNAL LOAD CALCULATION

Introduction
 External load factors are components that are considered while computing for the cooling

load. These are load factors due to the external elements that affects the desired outcome of the

design. When it comes to the designing of a fully air-conditioned 3-storey commercial building,

these are the following external load factors that should be considered;

1. Heat Conduction through walls and roof; and

2. Heat Conduction through partition walls and floor.

Heat Gain through Building walls:

Formula:

Q= AULMTD

Where:

𝑄𝑊𝐴𝐿𝐿 = Heat Flow through Wall (𝑘𝑊)

𝑈 = Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer (𝑊/𝑚2𝐾)

𝐴 = Cross-Sectional Area (𝑚2)

LMTD = logarithmic average of the temperature difference between the hot and cold

feeds at each end of the double pipe exchanger

Heat Gain from walls

 North=15596.91 ft 2−4973 ft 2=1 0623.91 ft 2

 South=15596.91 ft 2−1518 ft 2=1 4078.91 ft 2
 West=12304.84 ft 2−1088 ft 2=1 1216.84 ft 2
 East =12304.84 ft 2−1270 ft 2=1 1035 ft 2

U =0.63(Table 3−5:Trane Air Conditioning Manual)

Q= AULMTD−North wall

BTU
Q=10623.9 ft 2 × 0.63× ( 95−74 ) ° F=140554.33
HR

Q= AULMTD−South wall

BTU
Q=1 4078.91 ft 2 × 0.63× ( 95−74 ) ° F=186264
HR

Q= AULMTD−West wall

BTU
Q=1 1216.84 ft 2 × 0.63× ( 95−74 ) ° F=148399
HR

Q= AULMTD−South wall

BTU
Q=1 1035 ft 2 ×0.63 × ( 95−74 ) ° F=149565.15
HR

BTU
Total wallheat gains=624783
HR

Q= AULMTD−Roofdeck

BTU
Q=41611 ft 2 ×0.63 × ( 95−74 ) ° F=550514
HR
Heat Gain from Windows

 North=4973 ft 2
 South=1518 ft 2
 West=1088 ft 2
 East =1270 ft 2
Q= AULMTD−North Exterior Windows

BTU
Q=(4973 ft 2)(1.07) ( 95−74 ) ° F=111743
HR

Q= AULMTD−South Exterior Windows

BTU
Q=(1518 ft 2 )(1.07) ( 95−74 ) ° F=34109.5
HR

Q= AULMTD−West Exterior Windows

 BTU
Q=(1088 ft 2 )(1.07) ( 95−74 ) ° F=24447.4
HR

Q= AULMTD−East Exterior Windows

BTU
Q=(1270 ft 2 )(1.07) ( 95−74 ) ° F=28536.9
HR

BTU
Total windows heat gains=198836.8
HR

SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL HEAL LOAD

WALL HEAT GAIN

HEAT GAIN WALLS U (95−74) ° F AULMTD

NORT 1 0623.91 ft 2 0.63 (95−74) ° F BTU

140554.33
H HR

SOUTH 1 4078.91 ft 2 0.63 (95−74) ° F BTU

186264
HR

EAST 1 1216.84 ft 2 0.63 (95−74) ° F BTU

148399
HR

WEST 1 1035 ft 2 0.63 (95−74) ° F BTU

149565.15
HR
TOTAL BTU
624783
HR

WINDOW HEAT GAIN

HEAT GAIN U (95−74) ° F ULMTD

WINDOWS

NORTH 4973 ft 2 1.07 (95−74) ° F BTU

111743
HR
 SOUTH 1518 ft 2 1.07 (95−74) ° F BTU
34109.5
HR

EAST 1270 ft 2 1.07 (95−74) ° F BTU

28536.9
HR

WEST 1088 ft 2 1.07 (95−74) ° F BTU

24447.4
HR

TOTAL BTU
198836.8
HR

INTERNAL LOAD CALCULATION

Introduction

The next component of the space cooling load is the heat that originates within the space.

Typical sources of internal heat gain are people, lights, cooking processes, and other heat-

generating equipment, such as motors, appliances, and office equipment. While all these sources

contribute sensible heat to the space, people, cooking processes, and some appliances (such as a

coffee maker) also contribute latent heat to the space.

FORMULA:

Q S =Q S +Q L

Heat Gain from People

QS = number of people × sensible heat gain/person

QL = number of people × latent heat gain/person

Area Floor=41611 ft 2

3 floors : Lower ground ,Upper Ground , 2nd floor

Total Floor Area=41611 ft 2 ×3 floors=124833 ft 2

1 m2=10.76 ft 2
Presumed:

5 m 2 / person=54 ft 2 / person

ft 2
124833 =2312 persons
54 ft 2

Sensible Heat Gain

BTU
Q S =(2312)(250 )
HR

BTU
Q S =578000
HR

Latent Heat Gain

BTU
Q L=(2312)( 200 )
HR

BTU
Q L=462400
HR

BTU
Total heat gains ¿ people=1,040,400
HR

Heat Gain from Lighting and Appliances

Description Volt Ampere

 LPP3 25300

LPP2 37200

LPP1 19900

PP2 27350

PP1 34036

MCB 440V 674337

MC 561610

LPPRD 50400

LPPFD 29790

DPM-E 420344

Total 1880267

1 WATT = 1 VOLT AMPERE

1880267 × powerfactor ( 0.8 )=1504214 Watts

BTU
HR
Q=(1504214 Watts)(3.41 )(1.2)
Watts

Q=6,137,191.5 BTU /HR

Total heat gains ¿ lightings/appliances=6,137,191.5 BTU / HR

VENTILATION LOAD CALCULATION

Introduction

Outdoor air is often used to dilute or remove contaminants from the indoor air. The

intentional introduction of outdoor air into a space, using the building’s HVAC system, is called
ventilation. This outdoor air must often be cooled and dehumidified before it can be delivered to

the space, creating an additional load on the air-conditioning equipment.

Formula:

OATH=OASH+OALH

Ventilation Air

Table 6.2,2.1-ASHRAE (mi. Ventilation rates for Mall/Supermarket = 7.5 CFM)

2312 persons @ 7.5 CFM/person = 17340 CFM

Sensible Heat

Q S =1.08 Q(T o−T i)

QS =1.08(17340 CFM )(95 ° F−74 ° F)

Q S =393271 BTU / HR

Latent Heat

Q L=0.7Q ( HR o−HR i)

Outside Air Condition (Psychrometric Chart)

95 ° F DRY BULB
74 ° F WET BULB
HR o 98.7 grains/lb.
Of dry air

Indoor Air Condition (Psychrometric Chart)

78 ° F DRY BULB
65 ° F WET BULB
 HR i 71.5 grains/lb.
Of dry air

Q L=0.7(17340 CFM )( 98.7−71.5)

Q L=330154 BTU / HR

BTU
Total heat gains ¿ Air Ventilation=723425
HR

INFILTRATION LOAD CALCULATION

Introduction

Air infiltration is the unintentional and uncontrolled entry of outdoor air into an enclosed

space. Infiltration occurs through cracks and unintentional gaps in the building envelope and due

to pressure differences between inside and outside. The outdoor air entering through open doors

and windows is considered infiltration. Air infiltration not only adds to the quantity of air

entering the building but may also change the intended air flow pattern to the loss of overall

indoor air quality and comfort. Although the degree of air infiltration can be considerable,

designers frequently overlook this problem. The consequences are substandard performance,

excessive energy consumption, and an inability to provide thermal comfort.

Formula

Outdoor Air Sensible Heat due to Ventilation

OASH=0.0204(cmm) (∆𝑇)
Where:

OASH= Outdoor air sensible heat, kw

Qv= Volume of air, cmm

∆T= Inside and temperature difference, kg/kg

Outdoor Air Latent Heat due to Ventilation:

OALH = 50*(cmm)*( ∆𝑇)

Where:

OALH= Outdoor air total heat, kw

OASH= Outdoor Air Sensible Heat, kW

OALH = Outdoor Air Latent Heat, kW

INFILTRATION AIR REQUIREMENT

Outdoor condition

T out= 34°C

Rh out=67°C

Indoor Conditions

T in=24°C

Rh in=50%

From the psychometric charts:

ʷout=0.02270 kg/kg

ʷin=0.00930 kg/kg
DESCRIPTION cmm/m2 Cmm
Area

No use Average No vestibule Vestibule

use

Revolving Doors - 0.24 1.58 - -

Normal Operation

Revolving Doors - - - 34 25
Panels Open

Glass Door – 4.75 1.37 3.0 20 14

mm Crack

Wood Door 0.3 1.98 20 14

Double Door – 0.61 1.37

Weather Stripped

Ramp garage door 0.61 2.06 - -

INFILTRATION RATE
DOORS CRACKS: Unused doors

IR= (no. of doors) (area of doors) (cmm/m2)

IR=2X3.44X0.61
IR=4.1926 cmm

DOORA CRACKS: Average used

IR= (no. of doors) (area of doors) (cmm/m2)

 IR=4X3.44X1.37
IR=18.8512 cmm

TOTAL INFILTRATION

TIR=4.1926 + 18.8512
TIR=23.0438cmm

TOTAL INFILTRATION LOAD

Solving for outside air sensible heat

OASH=0.0204(cmm)((∆𝑇)

OASH=0.0204 X 23.0438 X (34−24) ° C

OASH=4.7009352KW =16040.25 BTU/HR

Solving for Outside Air Latent Heat

OALH=50(cmm)(∆𝑇)

OALH=50 X 23.0438 X (0.02270-0.00930)

OALH=15.439346KW = 52681 BTU/HR

Total outside air due to ventilation

OATH = OASH+OALH =4.7009352+ 15.439346

OATH=20.1402812 KW = 68721 BTU/HR

SYSTEM HEAT GAIN

SUPPLY FAN HEAT LOAD

Supply and/or return fans that circulate or supply air to the space add heat to the space or system

depending on the location relative to the conditioned space. The heat added may take one or all

of the following forms:

 Instantaneous temperature rises in the air stream due to fan drive inefficiency.

 Temperature rise in the air stream when the air is brought to static equilibrium and the

static and kinetic energy is transformed into heat energy.

The location of the fan and motor relative to the cooling coil and space being conditioned

determines how the heat is added to the system. If the fan is downstream of the cooling coil

(draw-thru) then the fan heat load is added to the space cooling load. If the fan is upstream of the

cooling coil, then the fan heat load is added to the system cooling coil load.

The heat energy is calculated as follows:

Q = 2545 x [P / (Eff1 x Eff2)]

P = Horsepower rating from electrical power plans or manufacturer’s data

2545 = conversion factor for converting horsepower to Btu per hour

Eff1 = Full load motor and drive

Eff2 = Fan static efficiency

P = 25 HP (Fresh air and exhaust blower horsepower as indicated in the design)

Eff1 = 91.8%

Eff2 = 90.0%

Q = 2545 x [25 / (0.918 x 0.90)]

Q = 77009.19874 BTU / HR (For both exhaust and fresh air blower)

Power Loads

The industrial and commercial applications use various equipment’s such as fans, pumps,

machine tools, elevators, escalators and other machinery, which add significantly to the heat

gain.

The heat transferred can be calculated as

Q = 2545 * (P / Eff) * FUM * FLM

P = Horsepower rating from electrical power plans or manufacturer’s data

Eff = Equipment motor efficiency, as decimal fraction

FUM = Motor use factor (normally = 1.0)

FLM = Motor load factor (normally = 1.0)

FOR CHILLED WATER PUMP

P = 15 HP

Eff = 90.5%

FUM = 1.0

FLM = 1.0

Q = 2545 * (15 / 0.905) * 1 * 1

Q = 42182.32044 BTU / HR (per chilled water pump (2pcs))

FOR COOLING TOWER

Q = 2545 * [P/Eff - P] * * FUM * FLM

P = Horsepower rating from electrical power plans or manufacturer’s data

Eff = Equipment motor efficiency, as decimal fraction

FUM = Motor use factor (normally = 1.0)

FLM = Motor load factor (normally = 1.0)

P = 5 HP

Eff = 86.7%

FUM = 1.0

FLM = 1.0

Q = 2545 * [5/0.867 - 5] * 1 * 1

Q = 3078.877329 BTU / HR
SUMMARY OF HEAT LOAD
LOAD SENSIBLE HEAT (BTU/HR)

Q wall 624783

Q roof 550514

Q window 198836.8

Q light and appliances 6137191.5

Q occupancy 1040400

Q infiltration 86365.783653

Q air ventilation 723425

Total Heat Load 8811000.8

LOAD SENSIBLE HEAT (KW)

Total Heat Load 2582.2491561

Tons of Refrigeration 780.126 TR

PSYCHOMETRIC PROCESSES
INTRODUCTION

In the domestic and industrial air conditioning applications, some psychrometric processes have to be
performed on the air to change the psychrometric properties of air so as to obtain certain values of
temperature and humidity of the air within the enclosed space. Some of the common psychrometric
processes carried out on air are: sensible heating and cooling of air, humidification and dehumidification
of air, mixing of various streams of air, or there may be combinations of the various processes.
Illustrating and analyzing the psychometric properties and psychrometric processes by using the
psychrometric chart is very easy, convenient and time-saving. In the next few paragraphs, we shall see
some of the most commonly employed psychrometric processes in the field of HVAC and how they are
represented on the psychrometric chart.

Effective Room Sensible Heat (ERSH) is the sum of all sensible heat gain that occurs in the room
including the gain due to the portion of the ventilation air which is bypassed.

Effective Room Latent Heat (ERLH) is the sum of all latent heat gain that occurs in the room
including the gain due to the portion of the ventilation air which is bypassed
FORMULAS

The calculation of psychrometric processes are achieved using the following basic formulas enumerated
below:

Effective Room Sensible Heat:

ERSH = RSH + (OASH)(BPF)

Where:

ERSH = Effective Room Sensible Heat (kW)

RSH = Room Sensible Heat (kW)

OASH = Outdoor Air Sensible Heat (kW)

BPF = By Pass Factor

Effective Room Latent Heat

ERLH = LSH + (OALH)(BPF)

Where:

ERLH = Effective Room Latent Heat (kW)

RLH = Room Latent Heat (kW)

OALH = Outdoor Air Latent Heat (kW)

BPF = By Pass Factor

Effective Sensible Heat Factor

ERSH
ESHF= ERSH + ERLH

Where:

ESHF = Effective Sensible Heat Factor

ERSH = Effective Room Sensible Heat (kW)

ERLH = Effective Room Latent Heat (kW)

A 5% allowance of heat load is needed for safety for both on RSH and RLH, therefore:

Room Sensible Heat (RSH)

RSH = QTOTAL SH + (5% Allowance) *(QTOTAL SH)

RSH = 8811000.8Btu/h + (0.05) *(8811000.8Btu/h)

RSH =9251550.84 Btu/h

Room Latent Heat (RLH):

 LOAD LATENT HEAT (BTU/HR)

OCCUPANTS 426400

INFILTRATION 52681.240939

TOTAL 479081.2409

RLH = QTOTAL LH + (5% Allowance) *(QTOTAL LH)

RLH = 479081.2409Btu/h + (0.05) (479081.2409Btu/h)

RLH = 503035.303 Btu/h

Outdoor Air Sensible Heat (OASH):

OASH = 9.87196392kW

= 33684.542714 BTU/HR

Outdoor Air Latent Heat (OALH):

OALH = 15.439346KW

= 52681.240939 BTU/HR

EFFECT OF BY PASS FACTOR

From table 19.8 Page 642. C.P. Aurora., use 0.05 for higher latent heat loads or large outdoor-air
load
Effective Room Sensible Heat (ERSH):

ERSH = RSH + BFP (OASH)

ERSH = 2711.3616139kW + (0.05) (9.87196392kW)

ERSH = 2711.855212Kw

Effective Room Latent Heat (ERLH):

ERLH = RLH + BFP (OALH)

ERLH = 147.42507873kW + (0.05) (15.439346kW)

ERLH = 148.197046kW

Effective Sensible Heat Factor (ESHF):

 ERSH
ESHF=
ERSH + ERLH

2711.855212 Kw
ESHF=
2711.855212 Kw+ 148.197046 kW

ESHF=0.9481837978 KW

AIR DISTRIBUTION
INTRODUCTION

Air distribution refers to the distribution of air to and from conditioned spaces within a building. An
air distribution system includes all sub-components, such as fans, filters, dampers, ductwork, etc. Air
distribution systems come in a variety of material types, for example, fiberglass and galvanized metal.
In fact, many different kinds of ducts may be found in a single air distribution system.

Duct are conduits or passages used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to deliver and
remove air. The needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air, and exhaust air. Ducts
commonly also deliver ventilation air as part of the supply air. As such, air ducts are one method of
ensuring acceptable indoor air quality as well as thermal comfort.
Ground floor
Upper Ground
Second Floor
Roof Deck
Calculating the size of pipe:

Flowrate of 150 GPM

Using the “high pressure” table

Interpolate:

1.5 -x} over {2−1.5 } = {200-150 GPM} over {200-126 GPM ¿

SIZE OF WATER CHILLED PIPE= 1.662162162 INCHES

= 2 INCHES
Recommendation

The researchers recommend optimizing and minimizing the system’s heat gains. The
researchers observed that the higher the system’s heat gain has, the more capacity the system
needs in order to cool it. The researchers recommend reducing the external heat gain by reducing
the shading coefficient of solar radiation; to do this the researchers suggests shading techniques
such as fixed sun breakers and usage of solar windows in the buildings where the system is. The
researchers also suggest using equipment that requires low power in order to reduce the internal
load heat gain.

The researchers also recommend to properly maintain all the components that involves
the cooling of the system. This is recommended since a dysfunctional equipment even minor
ones could lead to the discomfort of the consumers. Additionally, expensive repairs will have to
be done if the equipment are poorly maintained.

The researchers also recommend the use of R-290 Refrigerant since compared to other
refrigerants, it has a low global warming potential and Zero ozone depletion potential.

Ozone Depletion
Refrigerant Global Warming Potential
Potential

R-22 1810 Medium

R-410A 2088 Zero

R-32 675 Zero

R-134A 1430 Zero

R-290 3 Zero

R-600A 3 Zero
Source: Abhishek Jain. (2017, August 7). Comparison of various refrigerants used for air conditioners and refrigerators. Retrieved from
September 29, 2019. https://www.bijlibachao.com/air-conditioners/comparison-of-various-refrigerants-r-410a-r-22-r-290-r-134a-used-for-air-
conditioners-and-refrigerators.html

References

My Service Depot. (2017, October 13). HVAC Formulas a quick and easy guide. Retrieved from
September 29, 2019. https://www.smartservice.com/smart-service-blog/hvac-formulas/

Ashrae. (2018). 2018 HVAC Design Calculations. Retrieved from September 29, 2019.
https://www.ashrae.org/communities/student-zone/competitions/2018-hvac-design-calculations

Activair. (2003). Determining the size of air conditioner required. Retrieved from September 29,
2019. http://www.tombling.com/cooling/heat-load-calculations.html

A. Bathia. (N.D.). Cooling load calculations and principles. Retrieved from September 29.2019.
chrome-
extension://oemmndcbldboiebfnladdacbdfmadadm/https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/Co
oling%20Load%20Calculations%20and%20Principles.pdf

Bob. (N.D.). Your guide to HVAC Formulas. Retrieved from September 29, 2019.
https://hvactraining101.com/hvac-formulas/

Mike Gestwick. (N.D.) HVAC Right sizing Part 1: Calculating loads. Retrieved from September
29, 2019, https://hvactraining101.com/hvac-formulas/

Abhishek Jain. (2017, August 7). Comparison of various refrigerants used for air conditioners
and refrigerators. Retrieved from September 29, 2019. https://www.bijlibachao.com/air-
conditioners/comparison-of-various-refrigerants-r-410a-r-22-r-290-r-134a-used-for-air-
conditioners-and-refrigerators.html