Design of RC Structure - Day 4

DESIGN OF RCC STRUCTURE
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DIPLOMA SECTION
3RD YEAR_5TH SEMESTER
2020 – 2021
WORKING STRESS METHOD:
■ Design of reinforced concrete structures started in the beginning of this century following purely
empirical approach.
■ Thereafter came the so called rigorous elastic theory where it is assumed that concrete is elastic
and reinforcing steel bars and concrete act together elastically. The load-deflection relation is
linear and both concrete and steel obey Hooke’s law. The method is designated as working stress
method as the loads for the design of structures are the service loads or the working loads.
■ The failure of the structure will occur at a much higher load. The ratio of the failure loads to the
working loads is the factor of safety.
■ Accordingly, the stresses of concrete and steel in a structure designed by the working stress
method are not allowed to exceed some specified values of stresses known as permissible
stresses. The permissible stresses are determined dividing the characteristic strength fck of the
material by the respective factor of safety.
Assumptions for Design of Members by
Working Stress Method:
As mentioned earlier, the working stress method is based on elastic theory, where the
following assumptions are made:
■ Plane sections before bending remain plane after bending.
■ Normally, concrete is not considered for taking the tensile stresses except
otherwise specifically permitted. Therefore, all tensile stresses are taken up by
reinforcement only.
■ The stress-strain relationship of steel and concrete is a straight line under working
loads.
■ The modular ratio m has the value of 280/3σcbc, where σcbc is the permissible
compressive stress in concrete due to bending in N/mm2 . The values of σcbc are
given in Table 21 of IS 456.
MODULAR RATIO (m):
■ In the elastic theory, structures having different materials are made equivalent to
one common material. In the reinforced concrete structure, concrete and
reinforcing steel are, therefore, converted into one material. This is done by
transformation using the modular ratio (m) which is the ratio of modulus of
elasticity of steel and concrete. Thus, m = Es/Ec. where Es is the modulus of
elasticity of steel which is 200000 N/mm2 . However, concrete has different
moduli, as it is not a perfectly elastic material. The short-term modulus of concrete
Ec = 5000*(fck)^(1/2) in N/mm2 , where fck is the characteristic strength of
concrete. However, the short-term modulus does not take into account the effects
of creep, shrinkage and other long-term effects.
■ Accordingly, the modular ratio m is not computed as m = Es/Ec.
■ The value of m = 280/3σcbc, partially takes into account long-term effects.
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE:
■ The values of the factor of safety depend on the grade of the material and the type
of stress. Thus, for concrete in bending compression, the permissible stress of
grade M 20 is 7 N/mm2 , which is obtained by dividing the characteristic strength
fck of M 20 concrete by a number 3 and then rationalizing the value to 7. This
permissible stress is designated by σcbc, the symbol σ stands for permissible
stress and the letters c, b and c mean concrete in bending compression,
respectively.
■ The permissible stress of concrete in direct tension is denoted by σtd. However, for
members in tension, full tension is to be taken by the reinforcement alone. Though
full tension is taken by the reinforcement only, the actual tensile stress of concrete
ftd in such members shall not exceed the respective permissible values of σtd to
prevent any crack. It may be worth noting that the factor of safety of concrete in
direct tension is from 8.5 to 9.5.
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN CONCRETE:
■ The permissible stresses of concrete in bending compression σcbc, in direct compression σcc and
the average bond for plain bars in tension σbd are given in Table 21 of IS 456 for different grades of
concrete.
■ The factors of safety of concrete in bending compression, direct compression and average bond for
plain bars are 3, 4 and from 25 to 35, respectively. For plain bars in compression, the values of
average bond stress are obtained by increasing the respective value in tension by 25 percent, as
given in the note of Table 21 of IS 456. For deformed bars, the values of Table 21 are to be
increased by sixty per cent, as stipulated in cl. B-2.1.2 of IS 456.
PERMISSIBLE STRESSES IN STEEL:
■ Permissible stresses in steel reinforcement for different grades of steel, diameters
of bars and the types of stress in steel reinforcement are given in Table 22 of IS
456.
■ Selective values of permissible stresses of steel of grade Fe 250 (mild steel) and
Fe 415 (high yield strength deformed bars) in tension (σst and σsh) and
compression in column (σsc) are furnished in the Table. It may be noted from the
values of the table that the factor of safety in steel for these stresses is about 1.8,
much lower than concrete due to high quality control during the production of steel
in the industry in comparison to preparing of concrete.
Flexural Members – Singly Reinforced Sections:
■ A simply supported beam subjected to loads. Cross-sections of the beam under
pure flexure. Figures show the cross-section of a singly-reinforced beam, strain
profile and stress distribution across the depth of the beam, respectively due to
the loads applied on the beam.
■ x = kd = depth of the neutral axis, where k is a factor.
■ fcbc = actual stress of concrete in bending compression at the top fibre which should
not exceed the respective permissible stress of concrete in bending compression
σcbc.
■ fst = actual stress of steel at the level of centroid of steel which should not exceed the
respective permissible stress of steel in tension σst.
■ jd = d(1-k/3) = lever arm i.e., the distance between lines of action of total
compressive and tensile forces C and T , respectively.
■ Figures show linear strain profile and stress distribution, respectively. However, the
value of the stress at the level of centroid of steel is fst /m due to the transformation
of steel into equivalent concrete of area mAst.

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DESIGN OF RCC STRUCTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

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