Week 1-Lecture - Elt 8

ELT 8: LECTURE
Week 1: Introduction to Research 1
INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
Definition of Research[ CITATION Cri13 \l 13321 ]

LANGUAGE EDUCATION
Research is a “systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer

questions or solve problems. The ultimate goals of research are to
develop, refine, and expand a body of knowledge” (Plot & Beck, 2004).
RESEARCH
Research plays a very significant role in higher education. Despite being

confronted with various problems, higher education has achieved a
ELT 8
number of developments. Research efforts account for these

developments. Research is carried out for a specific purpose – to answer a
specific question, to solve a particular problem or issue. It primarily seeks
new knowledge and provides useful information in the form of verifiable
data. Ultimately, it contributes to the attainment of the development
goals of a nation. Thus, research must not only be conducted because it I
a prerequisite to obtaining a degree, but more so because it can
potentially mobilize society (Palispis, 2004).
Research is “the continuing discovery and exploration of the unknown”

(Sanchez, 2002).
Research is to search again and again to examine carefully. More

specifically, “research is a diligent, systematic inquiry or investigation to
validate and refine existing knowledge and generate new knowledge”
(Burns and Grove, 2007).
MRS. JENNYFER M. SANTOS
Research is a systematic study of investigation of something in order to

FACULTY-IN-CHARGE
answer the questions posed by the researcher (Parel, 1973).
Research is a systematic “investigation of new facts leading to the

discovery of new ideas” (Sanchez, 1999).
Research is both a critical and self-critical inquiry aimed at contributing

towards the advancement of knowledge and wisdom (Bassey, as cited in
Coleman & Briggs, 2002).
Research is ideally, the careful, unbiased investigation of a problem

based, insofar as possible, upon demonstrable facts and involving refined
distinctions, interpretations, and usually some generalizations (Good, as
cited in Alcantara & Espina, 1995).
ELT 8: LECTURE
What is Language Education Research?
Week 1: Introduction to Research
This entails to the researches that centers on language teaching and learning.
Language teaching research can focus on teaching that takes place in different
contexts and different languages. It also seeks to make a distinction between
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research that focuses on teaching, and research that focuses only on learning,
excluding the latter. This distinction, however, is not always clear cut. What if
the research focuses on the learning that results when learners perform some
instructional task? Is this research on ‘teaching’ or on ‘learning’? The answer
depends on whether the ‘task’ is viewed as ‘teaching’. Ultimately, language
teaching research (as opposed to language learning research) entails the
systematic investigation of some instructional artifact (e.g. a ‘task’) or some
instructional procedure (e.g. small group work). This can be carried out
descriptively in which case it simply documents what happens when the artifact
or procedure is used or by investigating the link between what is taught and what
is learned Ellis, 2012).
Language learning research on the other hand focuses on the acquisition and
learning of learners of a language. This centers on the different processes that
entails language learning.
Characteristics of Research [ CITATION Cri13 \l 13321 ]
1. Systematic
2. Objective
3. Feasible
4. Empirical
5. Clear
Roles of the Researcher (Nieswiadomy in Cristobal & Cristobal, 2013)

1. Principal investigator
2. Member of a research team
3. Identifier of researchable problems
4. Evaluator of research findings
5. User of research findings
6. Patient/client advocate during study
7. Subject/respondent/participant
Importance of Ethics in Research (Resnik, 2007)

1. Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge and truth and avoidance or error. It
also fosters values that are essential to collaborative work. Research often
involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among many people in
different fields or disciplines. Important values are trust, accountability,
mutual respect, and fairness.
2. Many of the ethical norms help ensure that researchers are held accountable to
the public.
3. Adherence to ethical principles also helps build public support for research.
People are more likely to fund researches that promote a variety of important
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moral and social values such as social responsibility, human rights, animal
welfare, health and safety.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research

ELT 8: LECTURE
1. Honesty. Maintain honesty in all communications. Never fabricate, falsify, or
misrepresent data.
2. Objectivity. Avoid bias as in the experimental design, data analysis,
interpretation, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
3. Integrity. Keep promises and agreements. After its sincerity and strive for
consistency of thought and action.
4. Care. Avoid careless errors and negligence. Critically examine your work and
the works of your peers. Keep records of research activities in good order and
condition.
5. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, and resources. Be open to criticisms and
new ideas.
6. Respect for intellectual property. Owner patents and copyrights. Do not use
unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. give proper credit
an acknowledgment All authors cited, and the sources used in your research.
7. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications or documents.
8. Responsible publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship
here you would avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
9. Responsible mentoring. Help educate, mentor, and advise students.
10.Respect for colleagues. Treat peers fairly.
11.Social responsibility. Strive to promote social good and prevent social harm.
12.Nondiscrimination. All those eligible to participate in research must be allowed
to do so.
13.Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and
expertise.
14.Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government
policies.
15.Human subject’s protection. Minimize harms and risks to human lives; instead,
maximize benefits, and respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.
Qualities of a Good Researcher
1. He should be a votary of truth; truth should be his goal.
2. He should be able to dispel prejudice. He should not conceive any pre-

conceived notion; rather he should maintain objectivity while gathering
information.
3. The researcher should be capable of gathering accurate and in-depth

information from the respondents.
4
4. The researcher should be a keen observer of the phenomena and should not be
complacent with approximates.
5. He should always maintain precision and must try to avoid unnecessary details.
ELT 8: LECTURE
6. He must analyze and interpret the collected information with a positive spirit
and in the proper sense, notwithstanding his personal requirement or benefit.
7. As a scientific genius, the research investigator must be adequately sensitive to
difficulties “Where less gifted people pass by untroubled by doubt.”
8. He should be in possession of sufficient moral courage to face the difficult

situation and should not be discouraged due to non-cooperation of the
respondents or nature of the research problem under investigation.
9. The researcher should be able to utilize his time properly in a balanced

manner.
10.While making generalizations, the researcher must cautiously bear in mind that
there is no short cut to truth. Therefore, he must wait to obtain complete data
and always eschew hasty statement. As a scientific man, says Karl Pearson, he
should strive at self-elimination in his judgment to provide an argument which
is true for each individual mind as for his own.
11.A good researcher is always apathetic to the approval or disapproval of society.

Rather, he should be bold enough to present his findings of research to the
society, notwithstanding its disapproval.
12.The researcher should be conceptually clear. He should use the terms

uniformly and appropriately. Otherwise, his whole exercise will be defective.
13.The researcher should not only be careful in selecting the research tools but
also properly trained so as to use these tools to procure reliable and valid data.
14.The researcher should also develop proper communicative skill and the ability
to establish rapport with the respondents so as to elicit proper response.
15.Knowledge in the language of the respondents will be of immense help for the
researcher. This will enable him not only to communicate the questions
properly but also to cognize the responses properly.
16.Awareness of the possible drawbacks and shortcomings of research is very

essential on the part of a good researcher. By knowing it before, the researcher
may try to minimize such problems, although it is well high impossible to claim
complete perfection of a research work.
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17.A good researcher will always be well behaved and well clad. These qualities
will attract the respondents towards him; sufficiently motivate them to
produce necessary information required for the purpose of research.
References:
Cristobal, A., & Cristobal, M. (2013). Research Made Easier: A Step-by-Step Process. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc.
Ellis, R. (2012). Language Teaching Research and Language Pedagogy. UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/social-research/researcher/top-17-qualities-of-a-good-
researcher/64487

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ELT 8: LECTURE

Week 1: Introduction to Research 1

Definition of Research[ CITATION Cri13 \l 13321 ]

Research is a “systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer

Research plays a very significant role in higher education. Despite being

number of developments. Research efforts account for these

Research is “the continuing discovery and exploration of the unknown”

Research is to search again and again to examine carefully. More

Research is a systematic study of investigation of something in order to

answer the questions posed by the researcher (Parel, 1973).

Research is a systematic “investigation of new facts leading to the

Research is both a critical and self-critical inquiry aimed at contributing

Research is ideally, the careful, unbiased investigation of a problem

Roles of the Researcher (Nieswiadomy in Cristobal & Cristobal, 2013)

Importance of Ethics in Research (Resnik, 2007)

Ethical Codes and Policies for Research

Qualities of a Good Researcher

1. He should be a votary of truth; truth should be his goal.

2. He should be able to dispel prejudice. He should not conceive any pre-

3. The researcher should be capable of gathering accurate and in-depth

8. He should be in possession of sufficient moral courage to face the difficult

9. The researcher should be able to utilize his time properly in a balanced

11.A good researcher is always apathetic to the approval or disapproval of society.

12.The researcher should be conceptually clear. He should use the terms

16.Awareness of the possible drawbacks and shortcomings of research is very

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