Power engineering lab

student manual
 SMART GRID- HYDRO

EXPERIMENT N°1

BRUSHLESS

OBJECTIVE

In this module you will learn to drive a brushless servo motor using three different
specific methods.
This system will be used into the next exercise to simulate a system of a turbine.
The student will be able to track a graphic relative at different speed change.

REQUIREMENT

¾ Installation manual

SET UP

¾ Never wire the exercise with the power on.

¾ Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable

EQUIPMENT

¾ 1 DL 2108T26 Brushless control

¾ 1 Brushless motor

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SOFTWARE PANEL

TO KNOW

Brushless DC electric motor (BLDC motors, BL motors) also known as electronically commutated
motors (ECMs, EC motors) are synchronous motors which are powered by a DC electric source via
an integrated inverter/switching power supply, which produces an AC electric signal to drive the
motor (AC, alternating current, does not imply a sinusoidal waveform but rather a bi-directional
current with no restriction on waveform); additional sensors and electronics control the inverter
output amplitude and waveform (and therefore percent of DC bus usage/efficiency) and frequency
(i.e. rotor speed).

The motor part of a brushless motor is often a permanent magnet synchronous motor, but can also
be a switched reluctance motor, or induction motor.

Brushless motors may be described as stepper motors; however, the term stepper motor tends to be
used for motors that are designed specifically to be operated in a mode where they are frequently
stopped with the rotor in a defined angular position.

This page describes more general brushless motor principles, though there is overlap.

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 SMART GRID- HYDRO

PROCEDURE

Switch the Power ON and check the Leds Mains and OK .

1) Note: If the LED OK is off check the green cable connection to the brushless .

2) Press the combo box " control speed " and select ANALOG , press always Apply to confirm
every change.

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3) Press the "Torque" and "Enable" button to enable the torque to the shaft and enabling the ready
starting-up.

4) Set the knob to counter clockwise and Switch on the level Volt.

5) Adjust the speed by varying the knob Volt

6) Check the actual speed on the graphic.

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7) Reduce the speed to 0 Rpm and switch off the level of the analog control.

8) Press the combo box " control speed " and select SOFTWARE and then press Apply to
confirm.

9) Press the "Control Type" to select Speed control

10) Press the "Set Ramp" to select Trapeziodal.

11) Set the Acceleration profile. “0” mean long time acceleration to reach the set point

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SMART GRID- HYDRO

12) Set the Deceleration profile. 0 mean long time acceleration to reach the set point

13) Increment the acceleration by using the button INC & DEC

14) Connect the three phase induction generator DL 1026 and check the mechanical parameter.

15) Measure the Mechanical power with the load to determine the Loss Power.

16) Type in the red block the speed 3000 and check the speed graphic. Observe the time delay of
the actual speed respect the target speed.

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GENERATOR NO LOAD CHARACTERISTIC

OBJECTIVE

In this exercise, the student will learn to start an alternator by using an excitation
system and a drive motor.
In this exercise, the alternator will not be connected to any load.
The student will also have the option either to change the speed of the driver motor
that the excitation of the generator and verify the behavior of electrical parameters.

REQUIREMENT

¾ Alternator and parallel operation theory

¾ Brushless control practice

SET UP

¾ Utilize all the module shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
¾ Wire always the exercise without the power on
¾ Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable.

EQUIPMENT

¾ 1 DL 2108T26 Brushless control

¾ 1 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
¾ 1 DL 2108T23 Feeder manager relay
¾ 1 DL 10065N Module for measuring the electric power
¾ 1 DL 1026A Three-phase asynchronous generator
¾ 1 DL 1067S Programmable automatic power supply unit
¾ 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication
¾ 1 DL 1017R Resistive load
¾ 1 DL 1017L Inductive load
¾ 1 DL 1017C Capacitive load
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CABLING

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 SMART GRID- HYDRO

SOFTWARE PANEL

TO KNOW

Considering the armature per-phase circuit diagram, the following information is required to be able
to analyze machine performance:
1. Armature resistance, RA
2. Voltage induced by the field winding, E
3. Synchronous reactance, XS

Armature resistance is often neglected, as in large machines it is small relative to synchronous

reactance.

If needed, armature resistance can be obtained by a DC resistance test.

With the excitation circuit of the alternator not yet fed the e.m.f is detected on the voltmeter due to
residual magnetism.

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SMART GRID- HYDRO

Then supplies the excitation current gradually increasing and read the respective phase voltage on
the voltmeter "V" connected between one phase and the neutral terminal of the alternator.

Only for increasing values of the excitation current Ie is obtained the rising characteristics; similarly,
only reducing the excitation current, without ever increment again, we get the falling characteristics.

Theoretical curve

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 SMART GRID- HYDRO

PROCEDURE

1) Press the button Torque and Enable to set on the brushless driver. Look the picture:

2) Increment the speed of the Brushless until to get 3000 Rpm.

3) Now, with the motor-alternator set at nominal speed of the generator, increment the
EXCITATION of the generator until to generate the armature nominal voltage .

4) Press the button "PARAMETER" to monitor different parameters (Varmature, Iarmature, W, Var, S,
Iexc, Vexc).

5) Press the button "ZOOM" if you want increment the graphic window,

6) Modify the excitation voltage and observe the armature voltage variation.

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7) Design the graphic of the characteristic E0/Ie and indicate the Unominal and Inominal point.

Speed (min-1) 3000 2000 1000

Ie(mA) (Us,Ut,Uw)(V)rms (Us,Ut,Uw)(V)rms (Us,Ut,Uw)(V)rms
100
150
200
250
300
350
400

450
500
550

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 SMART GRID- HYDRO

EXPERIMENT N°2

GENERATOR LOAD CHARACTERISTIC

OBJECTIVE

In this exercise, the generator will be connected to a different load.

The student will learn, by changing the load connected to the generator, to monitor
the electrical parameters and the outgoing current from a generator under load.
The student will also be able to manually change the load and graphically monitor the
electrical parameter changes.

REQUIREMENT

¾ Alternator and parallel operation theory

¾ Brushless control practice

SET UP

¾ Utilize all the modules shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
¾ Wire always the exercise without the power on
¾ Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable

EQUIPMENT

¾ 1 DL 2108T26 Brushless control

¾ 1 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
¾ 1 DL 2108T23 Feeder manager relay
¾ 1 DL 10065N Module for measuring the electric power
¾ 1 DL 1026A Three-phase asynchronous generator
¾ 1 DL 1067S Programmable automatic power supply unit
¾ 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication
¾ 1 DL 1017R Resistive load
¾ 1 DL 1017L Inductive load
¾ 1 DL 1017C Capacitive load
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CABLING

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SOFTWARE PANEL

TO KNOW

Operation with purely resistive load

If you connect to the alternator terminals a three-phase load balanced, purely resistive, the three
e.m.f generated produce a flow of current in the same load and also in the three windings of the
armature.
In fact, the mechanical power that the turbine must first produce, neglecting for the moment the
losses of the alternator, coincides with that generated in electric resistive load, which is the active
power.
That is in fact the equality:

T ˜ ȍ 3 ˜ U pn ˜ Iphase ˜ cosM
T = Torque
ȍ = Speed
Upn = Voltage phase to neutral
Iphase = Phase current

Operation with purely inductive load

Since no active power generated, is consequently also that nothing mechanical request to the
turbine. A pure inductive load creates a demagnetizing effect which require an increase of the
excitation current, in order to reinforce and compensate for the demagnetization.
The decrease of e.m.f. generated is justified by the introduction of a drop of voltage due to the
effect of armature reaction.

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Operation with purely capacitive load

Also in this case the mechanical power request result very low, because there is not active power
request from the load.

Typical results

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PROCEDURE

1) Press the button Torque and Enable to set on the brushless driver. Look the picture.

2) Increment the speed of the Brushless until to get 3000 Rpm.

3) Close the correct bus bar R1 to connect the load R-L. Pay attention the load R- L has to be set
to 0 position at beginning.

4) Increment the excitation voltage to reach the nominal armature voltage.

5) Change only the resistive load in balance way and observe on the graphic a variation of
VL12,V23,VL31 caused from the variation of loading. Increment the excitation to level the
output.

6) Change only the inductive load in balance way and observe on the graphic a variation of
VL12,V23,VL31 caused from the variation of loading. Increment the excitation to level the
output.

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7) Change only the capacitive load in balance way and observe on the graphic a variation of
VL12,V23,VL31 caused from the variation of loading. Increment the excitation to level the
output.

8) Draws a graphic relating to the excitation current according to the variation of a purely resistive
load, inductive load and capacitive load in balance way.

Us

Resistive Load
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Us

Inductive Load

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SMART GRID- HYDRO

Us

Capacitive Load

9) Change in unbalance mode the resistive load and observe the graphic on the software.

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 EXPERIMENT N°3

AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZATION

OBJECTIVE
In this exercise, the student will learn how to connect a synchronous generator to the
network in automatic mode.
This will allow the student to learn the actual mechanics of an automated
synchronization and evaluate the effects.

REQUIREMENT
¾ Alternator and parallel operation theory
¾ Brushless control practice

SET UP
¾ Utilize all the modules shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
¾ Wire always the exercise without the power
¾ Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable
¾ DL 2108T23 setting Ref Manual MSCOM2

EQUIPMENT
¾ 1 DL 2108T26 Brushless control
¾ 1 DL 2108T02A Power circuit breaker
¾ 1 DL 2108T25 Synchronizing relay
¾ 1 DL 1026A Three-phase asynchronous generator
¾ 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase supply unit
¾ 1 DL 1067S Programmable automatic power supply unit
¾ 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication
¾ 1 DL 10065N Module for measuring the electric power
¾ 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer

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CABLING

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IMPORTANT

Control the sequence of the phase 1-2-3 of the network before to start this exercise.
Connect the module DL 2108TAL-SW to the module DL 2108T29 AD4 and open the instrument
software from the main panel.
If the pop up sequence phase blinking there is a problem in the sequence phase. In this situation to
exchange L1 with L2 phase.

SOFTWARE PANEL

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TO KNOW

Synchronization is a process involved in connecting two AC power supplies.

AC power sources such as transformers and generators need to be operated in parallel.

This may be required for greater reliability and capacity sharing.

In the picture, the incoming power source, a generator(#1) is being synchronized with a busbar
which is already to a generator(#2) which is running.

For synchronizing three conditions need to be satisfied

1. Equal Voltages
By Equal voltages, we mean that the rms value of the voltages should be equal.

2. Equal frequencies
Equal frequencies implies that the two sources should have equal frequencies. A 50/60Hz source
can only be synchronized with another source whose frequency is also 50/60 Hz.

3. Same Phase Sequence

The sources should have similar phase sequence i.e. RYB and RYB or RBY and RBY.

4. Same Phase angle

The vectors of the two sources should have the same phase angle.

It is possible to bring the frequency, phase angle and voltage within synchronizing limits by
adjusting the speed and voltage of the generator.
The circuit breaker connecting the two power sources can be closed when all these conditions are
satisfied. The drawing shows vector diagrams of two three-phase voltages whose phase sequences,
phase angles, voltages and frequencies are equal .

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PROCEDURE

1) Press the button "Torque and Enable" to set on the brushless driver and set the speed to 3000
Rpm.

2) Set the module DL 2108T23 using the software MSCOM2. Ref Manual Mscom2 .Set the
relay R1 to D1 input digital signal. Look the picture.

3) Turn on the equipment DL 2108TAL-SW and observe the voltage and Frequency in the main
side.

4) Set the generator armature voltage to main voltage incrementing the excitation.

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5) Check the angle shift on the instrument DL 2108T25, when is Lower of 20 degrees for almost 5
second, automatically the alternator synchronizes to the network.

6) Observe the green LED, when the led is always stable the mechanical power goes to the right
direction, when it’s blinking mean that the mechanical power is wrong direction.
Increment the speed of the brushless.

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

EXPERIMENT N°4

TRANSMISSION LINE : NO-LOAD PERFORMANCES

OBJECTIVE

The student will be able to measure the voltage in no load operation in a line
transmission, He will learn then to understand the effect of the capacitors in a line
transmission without a load.

REQUIREMENT

¾ Theory included in the software.

¾ DL 2108T23 Technical documentation

SET UP

¾ Utilize all the modules shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
¾ Wire always the exercise without the power
¾ Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable

EQUIPMENT

¾ 1 DL 1017R Resistive load

¾ 1 DL 1017L Inductive load
¾ 1 DL 1017C Capacitive load
¾ 1 DL 7901TT Overhead line model - Long
¾ 1 DL 7901TTS Overhead line model - Medium
¾ 2 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
¾ 1 DL 2109T29 Three-phase power meter
¾ 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
¾ 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase supply unit
¾ 1 DL 2108T23 Feeder Manager Relay
¾ 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication

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CABLING

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

SOFTWARE PANEL

INFO

In no-load operation the transmission line requires a very small active power due to low current
flowing from the beginning to the end of the line and across half the operating capacitance.

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SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

PROCEDURE

1) Close the Relay R1 and check the output voltage coming from the secondary transformer.
Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to line model.

2) Close the Relay R2 and monitoring the electrical parameter.

3) Set the load R and L,C to 0 and observe that in no-load operation the transmission line requires
a very small reactive power due to low current flowing from the beginning to end of the line
and across half the operating capacitance.

4) Increment the capacitor load in balance way and observe the increment of the current.

5) Compare the measured charging reactive power with that which it requires according to the
calculation
Qc = ZCB · UN2 = Var

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

MATCHED-LOAD PERFORMANCES

OBJECTIVE

Measurement of current and voltage relationships of an overhead line in matched-load

operation.

REQUIREMENT

¾ Theory Transmission line

¾ DL 2108T23 Technical documentation

SET UP

¾ Utilize all the module shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
¾ Wiring the exercise without the power
¾ Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable

EQUIPMENT

¾ 1 DL 1017R Resistive load

¾ 1 DL 1017L Inductive load
¾ 1 DL 1017C Capacitive load
¾ 1 DL 7901TT Overhead line model - Long
¾ 1 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
¾ 1 DL 2109T29 Three-phase power meter
¾ 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
¾ 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase supply unit
¾ 1 DL 2108T23 Feeder Manager Relay
¾ 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication

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CABLING

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

SOFTWARE PANEL

INFO

In electronics, impedance matching is the practice of designing the input impedance of an electrical
load (or the output impedance of its corresponding signal source) to maximize the power transfer or
minimize reflections from the load.

In the case of a complex source impedance ZS and load impedance ZL, maximum power transfer is
obtained when

ZS* = ZL

where * indicates the complex conjugate. Minimum reflection is obtained when

ZS = ZL

The concept of impedance matching was originally developed for electrical engineering, but can be
applied to any other field where a form of energy (not necessarily electrical) is transferred between
a source and a load.

Adjusting the source impedance or the load impedance, in general, is called "impedance matching".

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PROCEDURE

1) Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram.

Set the primary-side of the three-phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using
bridging plugs set the secondary-side to star.

2) Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitance to overhead line model.
Connect a three-phase balanced resistive load to end terminals of the line; set the load
resistance value to R1.
Power on the supply voltage (DL2108TAL_SW).

3) Beginning from the R1 value reduce the resistive load in steps till the R7 value.
For each step measure the following quantities:
U1= VOLTAGE NPUT LINE
I1 = CURRENT INPUT LINE
Pi = ACTIVEPOWER
Q1= REACTIVE POWER
U2 = VOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE

4) Enter the measured value into the following table:

R U1 (V) I1 (A) P1 (W) Q1 (Var) U2 (V) I2 (A)

R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7

5) Determine the particular value of resistive load at which the line no longer consumes any
reactive power (i.e. at which matching is achieved) and compare this with the theoretical value
specified for the characteristic wave impedance.

6) As typical result when the resistive load is above R4 there is a capacitive behavior:
inductive behavior results at values below that. Between R4 and R6 load values the line
consumes no detectable reactive power.

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

7) Leaving the resistive load unchanged to the approx value of the characteristic wave impedance
(R5 = 213 :)) measure voltage and current at both ends of the line for all possible supply
voltage, which can be set on the secondary side of the three-phase transformer.

8) Enter the measured values into the following table:

U1 I1 P1 U2 I2 P2 'P K
Supply voltage
(V) (A) (W) (V) (A) (W) (W) (%)
UN + 5%
UN
UN – 5%
UN – 10%
UN – 15%

In case of matched load only the active power is transmitted so, in accordance with the
equation
P 3˜U˜I

calculate the total active power P1 at the start end and the total active power P2 at the end of the
line.

Calculate the line transmission losses

'P = P1 – P2

and the line transmission efficiency

P1
K% = 100
P2

and enter the results in the table.

Since the line and the load form a series circuit the ratio of the transmission power converted in
the two elements and thus the efficiency are independent on the magnitude of the supply
voltage.

However, if a constant power is supposed to be transmitted, then a higher supply voltage would
be more favorable, because the line losses drop as current decreases.


Note: In real overhead lines corona losses also arise, which have a slight negative effect on
the efficiency.
Furthermore, the value determined above only applies for the exceptional case of
matched load.

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

EXPERIMENT N°5

TRANSMISSION LINE: OHMIC-INDUCTIVE LOAD

OBJECTIVE

Measuring and interpreting the current and voltage ratios of a transmission line with
mixed ohmic-inductive and pure inductive loads.

REQUIREMENT

¾ Theory Included in the software

¾ DL 2108T23 Technical documentation

SET UP

¾ Utilize all the module shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
¾ Wiring the exercise without the power
¾ Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable

EQUIPMENT

¾ 1 DL 1017R Resistive load

¾ 1 DL 1017L Inductive load
¾ 1 DL 1017C Capacitive load
¾ 1 DL 7901TT Overhead line model - Long
¾ 2 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
¾ 1 DL 2109T29 Three-phase power meter
¾ 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
¾ 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase supply unit
¾ 1 DL 2108T23 Feeder Manager Relay
¾ 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication

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CABLING

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

SOFTWARE PANEL

INFO

In all measurements the voltage at the line end is considerably lower than the voltage at the line
beginning and decreases as the load current increases.

A not true-to-scale current-voltage vector diagram for the case of a mixed ohmic-inductive load
with power factor of 0.8 is illustrated in the following figure (The operating capacitance of the line
is disregarded here).

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SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

PROCEDURE

1) Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram,

2) Set primary-side of the three-phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using bridging
plugs set the secondary-side to star UN + 5%.

3) Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitance to overhead line model.

4) To end terminals of line connect a three-phase balanced ohmic-inductive load: set the load
resistance value to R1 and begin with the value L4 = 1.27 H of the inductive load.

5) Close the Relay1

6) Starting at R1 value reduce the resistance value in steps to R3, R4 and R5 in that order.
U1= VOLTAGE NPUT LINE
I1 = CURRENT INPUT LINE
Pi = ACTIVEPOWER
Q1= REACTIVE POWER
U2 = VOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
cosij2= Cosij

7) Enter the measured values into the following table:

Inductive load: L4 = 1.27 H.

R U1 (V) I1 (A) P1 (W) Q1 (Var) U2 (V) I2 (A) cosM2

R1
R2
R3
R4

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

8) Repeat the above measurements for inductive loads of 0.9 H and 0.64 H.
Inductive load: L5 = 0.9 H.

R U1 (V) I1 (A) P1 (W) Q1 (Var) U2 (V) I2 (A) cosM2

R1
R2
R3
R4

Inductive load: L6 = 0.64 H.

R U1 (V) I1 (A) P1 (W) Q1 (Var) U2 (V) I2 (A) cosM2

R1
R2
R3
R4

9) Now remove the connection to the resistive load and repeat the measurement for L4 = 1.27 H.

U1 (V) I1 (A) P1 (W) Q1 (Var) U2 (V) I2 (A) cosM2

The inductive load also consume an active power due to ohmic resistance and iron losses of the
inductor.

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

OHMIC-CAPACITIVE LOAD

OBJECTIVE

Measuring and interpreting the current and voltage ratios of a transmission line with
mixed ohmic-capacitive and pure capacitive loads.

REQUIREMENT

¾ Theory included in software

¾ DL 2108T23 Technical documentation

SET UP

¾ Utilize all the module shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
¾ Wiring the exercise without the power
¾ Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable

EQUIPMENT

¾ 1 DL 1017R Resistive load

¾ 1 DL 1017L Inductive load
¾ 1 DL 1017C Capacitive load
¾ 1 DL 7901TT Overhead line model - Long
¾ 2 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
¾ 1 DL 2109T29 Three-phase power meter
¾ 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
¾ 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase supply unit
¾ 1 DL 2108T23 Feeder Manager Relay
¾ 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication

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CABLING

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SOFTWARE PANEL

INFO

In all measurements the voltage at the line end is considerably higher than the voltage at the line
beginning and decreases as the load current increases.

A not true-to-scale current-voltage vector diagram for the case of a mixed ohmic-capacitive load
with a power factor of 0.8 is illustrated in the following figure (The operating capacitance of the
transmission line can again be disregarded here).

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PROCEDURE

1) Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram.

2) Set primary-side of the three-phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using bridging
plugs set the secondary-side to star UN - 15%.

3) Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitance to overhead line model.

4) To end terminals of line connect a three-phase balanced ohmic-capacitive load: set the load
resistance value to R1 and begin with the value C1 = 2 PF of the capacitive load.

5) Starting at R1 value reduce the resistance value in steps to R2, R3 and R4 in that order.
U1= VOLTAGE NPUT LINE
I1 = CURRENT INPUT LINE
Pi = ACTIVEPOWER
Q1= REACTIVE POWER
U2 = VOLTAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
cosij2= Cosij

6) Enter the measured values into the following table:

Capacitive load: C1 = 2 PF.

R U1 (V) I1 (A) P1 (W) Q1 (Var) U2 (V) I2 (A) cosM2

R1
R2
R3
R4

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7) Repeat the above measurements for capacitive loads of 3 PF and 5 PF.

Capacitive load: C2 = 3 PF.

R U1 (V) I1 (A) P1 (W) Q1 (Var) U2 (V) I2 (A) cosM2

R1
R2
R3
R4

Capacitive load: C3 = 5 PF.

R U1 (V) I1 (A) P1 (W) Q1 (Var) U2 (V) I2 (A) cosM2

R1
R2
R3
R4

8) Remove the connection to the resistive load and repeat the measurement for C3 = 5 PF.

U1 (V) I1 (A) P1 (W) Q1 (Var) U2 (V) I2 (A) cosM2

Unlike chokes, capacitors demonstrate practically no losses so that here nearly no active
power is consumed.

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

EXPERIMENT N°6

AUTOMATIC COMPENSATOR

OBJECTIVE

In this exercise, the student will learn the techniques of automated compensation
necessary in the electrical power transmission.

REQUIREMENT

¾ Theory included in the software

¾ DL 2108T23 Technical documentation
¾ DL 2108T19 Technical documentation

SET UP

¾ Utilize all the module shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
¾ Wiring the exercise without the power
¾ Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable

EQUIPMENT

¾ 1 DL 1017R Resistive load

¾ 1 DL 1017L Inductive load
¾ 1 DL 1017C Capacitive load
¾ 1 DL 7901TT Overhead line model - Long
¾ 1 DL 7901TTS Overhead line model - Medium
¾ 3 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
¾ 1 DL 2109T29 Three-phase power meter
¾ 1 DL 2108T19 Reactive power controller
¾ 1 DL 2108T20 Switchable capacitor battery
¾ 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
¾ 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase supply unit
¾ 1 DL 2108T23 Feeder Manager Relay
¾ 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication

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CABLING

Part 1

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Part 2

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SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

SOFTWARE PANEL

INFO

As three-phase systems show either inductive or capacitive performance, depending on the load, a
reactive power compensation in the line is required for reasons of stability when transmission line
beyond a certain length are used.

Almost all consumers of electrical energy not only require active power for operation but also
reactive power.

In most cases, this is an inductive reactive power required for creating magnetic fields, which are
required in all electrical drives, for example.

Like active power, this reactive power must be generated by generators and transmitted to the
consumers.

Due to the fact that the transmission of reactive power also causes active power losses at the ohmic
resistance of the transmission system, the electricity companies try

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

PROCEDURE

1) Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram.

2) At the beginning disconnect all the capacitance bridging plugs.

3) Set all the load to zero position.

4) Power on the module DL 2108TAL-SW.

5) Close the Relay3 and Relay1 to connect only line1.

6) Set the resistive and inductive load to 1 position in balance way.

7) Increment the inductive load in balance way step by step and observe the cosij variation. Read
the technical manual DL 2108T19 for the specific features.

8) Insert the capacitance line(shunt element) in both the lines and observe the cosij variation.

9) Close the relay 2 as well to change the condition of the line.

10) Comment the result.

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EXPERIMENT N°7

TRANSMISSION LINE RADIAL NETWORK

OBJECTIVE

Measurement of the voltage distribution in the series connection of two lines.

Investigation of the effect of the operating capacitances on the voltages and current.

REQUIREMENT

¾ Theory included in software

¾ DL 2108T23 Technical documentation

SET UP

¾ Utilize all the module shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
¾ Wiring the exercise without the power
¾ Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable

EQUIPMENT

¾ 1 DL 1017R Resistive load

¾ 1 DL 1017L Inductive load
¾ 1 DL 1017C Capacitive load
¾ 1 DL 7901TT Overhead line model - Long
¾ 1 DL 7901TTS Overhead line model - Medium
¾ 2 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
¾ 1 DL 2109T29 Three-phase power meter
¾ 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
¾ 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase supply unit
¾ 1 DL 2108T23 Feeder Manager Relay
¾ 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication

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CABLING

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SOFTWARE PANEL

INFO

A characteristic feature of a series circuit is that approximately the same current flows through all
branches. Thus, the cross-section of the weakest line is decisive in determining the extent to which a
series circuit can be loaded.

The simplified equivalent circuit diagram of two lines in series is given in the following figure.

Simplified equivalent circuit diagram of two lines in series

Z1 = Longitudinal impedance of line 1, Z1 = R1 + j Ȧ L1 = R1 + JX1

Z2= Longitudinal impedance of line 2, Z2= R2 + j Ȧ L2 = R2 + JX2
UA = Feeding voltage at the beginning of line 1,
UB = Voltage at the beginning of line 2,
UE = Load voltage at the end of line 2
IE = Load current, also the current through the two lines

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In order to demonstrate the characteristic properties of a series connection, it is sufficient to assume

a purely ohmic load at the end of line 2. However, the expressions which are derived under such an
assumption are also principally valid for other load cases.

The phasor diagram for the circuit shown is given in the following figure.

Phasor diagram for the simplified equivalent circuit

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PROCEDURE

1) Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram.

2) At the beginning disconnect all the capacitance bridging plugs.

3) Set all the load to zero position.

4) Close the Relay1 and Relay2

5) Increment the resistor load in balance way and observe the increment of the current.
Read the Theory paragraph 5.2.1 Series connection.

6) Insert the capacitance line(shunt element) in both the lines and observe the current increment.
Compare the equivalent circuit diagram shown in the vector diagram.

7) Calculate the series total impedance and the loss power in the overhead line like specified in the
Theory.

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EXPERIMENT N°8

TRANSMISSION LINE: FAULT-TO-EARTH AND PROTECTION

OBJECTIVE

Investigating the performance of a transmission line in case of a fault to earth and setting
of a protection relay to negative sequence current

REQUIREMENT

 Theory included in the software

 DL 2108T23 Technical documentation

SET UP

 Utilize all the module shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
 Wire the exercise without the power
 Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable

EQUIPMENT

 1 DL 7901TT Overhead line model - Long

 2 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
 2 DL 2109T29 Three-phase power meter
 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase supply unit
 1 DL 2108T23 Feeder Manager Relay
 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication

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CABLING

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SOFTWARE PANEL

INFO

In a three-phase line in the absence of failures, the capacitive currents Ic1,Ic2 and Ic3 of the three
phases have to zero resultant because constituted by a set of three current value of each ω • C • V in
quadrature advance on the respective voltages, therefore among themselves, out of phase by 120°.

Assumed go to ground the phase 1 one has that its potential with respect to earth becomes zero for
which becomes zero the corresponding current capacity Ic1. Moreover, the two healthy phases to
ground assume a potential difference greater than the 3 .

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Fault V1 to earth

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PROCEDURE

1) Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. Set the primary-
side of three-phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using bridging plugs set the
secondary-side to star UN – 15%.

2) DO NOT CONNECT the neutral star point to neutral N conductor.

3) Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to overhead line model. Set the supply
voltage to UN = 380V.

4) Create a fault to earth like shown in the picture: Important use always Safety cable during
this operation.

5) Measure the earth-fault current IE as well as the voltages on both healthy phases UL1, UL2 and
UL3 with respect to earth

IE = …………… (A) U2 = …………… (V) U3 = …………… (V)

6) Compare the earth-fault current measured to the value which would be expected according to
the theory:
IE  3  CE U

where U is the voltage present at the fault location during normal operation.

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SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

7) Take off the fault to earth and set the protection relay to negative sequence current 2Is> by
using MSCOM2 software. Reference Technical manual DL2108T23

System setting

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Function setting

DO Configuration

8) Insert again the fault to earth and observe that after 5 second the protection trip and the breaker
DL 2108T02 open.

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EXPERIMENT N°9

TRANSMISSION LINE: FAULT-EARTH PROTECTION

OBJECTIVE

Investigating the performance of a transmission line with isolated neutral point

connection in the case of a fault to earth. Protection by using a multi functionally relay
against the negative sequence current.

REQUIREMENT

 Theory included in the software

 DL 2108T23 Technical documentation

SET UP

 Utilize all the module shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
 Wire the exercise without the power
 Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable

EQUIPMENT

 1 DL 7901TT Overhead line model - Long

 2 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
 2 DL 2109T29 Three-phase power meter
 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase supply unit
 1 DL 2108T23 Feeder Manager Relay
 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication

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CABLING

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

SOFTWARE PANEL

INFO

Lightning is produced in an attempt by nature to maintain a dynamic balance between the positively
charged ionosphere and the negatively charged earth.

Over fair-weather areas there is a downward transfer of positive charges through the global air-earth
current.

This is then counteracted by thunderstorms, during which positive charges are transferred upward in
the form of lightning.

During thunderstorms, positive and negative charges are separated by the movements of air currents
forming ice crystals in the upper layer of a cloud and rain in the lower part.

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PROCEDURE

1) Assemble the circuit in accordance with the foregoing topographic diagram. Set the primary-
side of three-phase transformer in delta connection 380V and using bridging plugs set the
secondary-side to star UN – 15%.

2) DO NOT CONNECT the neutral star point to neutral N conductor.

3) Insert all bridging plugs connecting the capacitances to overhead line model. Set the supply
voltage to UN = 380V.

4) Create a fault to earth like shown in the picture: Important use always Safety cable during
this operation.

5) Measure the earth-fault current IE as well as the voltages on both healthy phases UL1, UL2 and
UL3 with respect to earth

IE = …………… (A) U2 = …………… (V) U3 = …………… (V)

6) Compare the earth-fault current measured to the value which would be expected according to
the theory:
IE  3  CE U

where U is the voltage present at the fault location during normal operation.

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 SMART GRID- TRANSMISSION

7) Take off the fault to earth and set the protection relay to negative sequence current 2Is> by
using MSCOM2 software. Reference Technical manual DL2108T23

System setting

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Function setting

DO Configuration

8) Insert again the fault to earth and observe that after 5 second the protection trip and the breaker
DL 2108T02 open.

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 SMART GRID- TRANSFORMER

EXPERIMENT N°10

TRANSFORMER : VECTOR GROUP

OBJECTIVE

In this exercise, the student will learn to configure and to identify the group of a
transformer understanding their significance.

REQUIREMENT

 Transformer operation theory => electrical machine book Capitol 2.10

TECHNICAL MANUAL

 DL 2108T25 Technical manual

 MSCom2 Software manual

SOFTWARE

 MSCom2

SET UP

 Utilize all the module shown in the cabling diagram of the exercise
 Wire always the exercise without the power on
 Check always the communication, some time the usb port crash the communication,
disconnect and connect again the cable.

EQUIPMENT

 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase supply unit

 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
 1 DL 2108T25 Synchronizing relay
 1 DL HUBRS485F RS485 communication

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CABLING

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SMART GRID- TRANSFORMER

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SMART GRID- TRANSFORMER

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SMART GRID- TRANSFORMER

SOFTWARE PANEL

INFO

In electrical engineering, a vector group is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

method of categorizing the primary and secondary winding configurations of three-phase
transformers.

It indicates the windings configurations and the difference in phase angle between them.
The phase windings of a polyphase transformer can be connected internally in different
configurations, depending on what characteristics are needed from the transformer.

For example, in a three-phase power system, it may be necessary to connect a three-wire system to
a four-wire system, or vice versa. Because of this, transformers are manufactured with a variety of
winding configurations to meet these requirements.

Different combinations of winding connections will result in different phase angles between the
voltages on the windings.

This limits the types of transformers that can be connected between two systems, because
mismatching phase angles can result in circulating current and other system disturbances.

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 SMART GRID- TRANSFORMER

PROCEDURE

1) Select the vector group pressing the button vector group

2) Press Cabling Button and Set up the specific cabling

3) Power Up the DL 2108TAL-SW module

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SMART GRID- TRANSFORMER

4) Monitor the phase angle between the Primary and the Secondary transformer.

5) Read the electrical machine book Capitol 2.10 and comment the result

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THE END

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