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    407B Lecture 4

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    lance carter
    This document discusses harbor channels and waterways. It defines channels and describes how they can be classified into groups based on navigational aids and depth guarantees. It also discusses factors to consider for channel layout such as alignment, width, and curvature. For straight channels, it recommends a minimum width of 3.6-6 times the beam of the largest ship. Wider widths are needed for channels with curves to allow safe maneuvering.

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    407B Lecture 4

    Uploaded by

    lance carter
    42 views26 pages
    This document discusses harbor channels and waterways. It defines channels and describes how they can be classified into groups based on navigational aids and depth guarantees. It also discusses factors to consider for channel layout such as alignment, width, and curvature. For straight channels, it recommends a minimum width of 3.6-6 times the beam of the largest ship. Wider widths are needed for channels with curves to allow safe maneuvering.

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    This document discusses harbor channels and waterways. It defines channels and describes how they can be classified into groups based on navigational aids and depth guarantees. It also discusses factors to consider for channel layout such as alignment, width, and curvature. For straight channels, it recommends a minimum width of 3.6-6 times the beam of the largest ship. Wider widths are needed for channels with curves to allow safe maneuvering.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views26 pages

    407B Lecture 4

    Uploaded by

    lance carter
    This document discusses harbor channels and waterways. It defines channels and describes how they can be classified into groups based on navigational aids and depth guarantees. It also discusses factors to consider for channel layout such as alignment, width, and curvature. For straight channels, it recommends a minimum width of 3.6-6 times the beam of the largest ship. Wider widths are needed for channels with curves to allow safe maneuvering.

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    You are on page 1of 26

    Recap: Ship Dimensions

    Recap: Ship Movement


    3. Channels and Harbour Basin
    Harbour Layout
    3.1 Channels and Waterways
    • Channel:
    – a wide strait (narrow passage of water that
    connects two larger bodies of water) or waterway
    (body of water that serves as a route for
    transportation) between two landmasses that lie
    close to each other.
    • A channel can also be the deepest part of a
    waterway, or a narrow body of water that
    connects two larger bodies of water.
    Vivari Channel, Albania
    Karachi Port Channel
    Karachi Port Nautical Chart
    Gwadar Port Nautical Chart
    3.1.1 General
    Channel or waterways can logically be classified
    into the following four groups:
    a) Group A: main traffic arteries that have
    satisfactory day and night navigational aids
    and where given depths are guaranteed.
    b) Group B: as group A but with navigational
    aids for day navigation only.
    a) Group C: important routes, which may have
    navigational aids and where depths are
    checked by regular surveys but are not
    guaranteed.
    b) Group D: local routes that have no
    navigational aids and where only estimates of
    depths are given.
    Sub-division of Channels or Waterways
    a) Unrestricted channels are
    channels or waterways in
    shallow water of width at least
    10–15 times the beam of the
    largest ship using the channel,
    but without any dredging.
    b) Semi-restricted channels are
    dredged channels in shallow
    water.
    c) Fully restricted channels are
    channels where the entire
    channel area is dredged.
    Channel Layout and Alignment Factors
    • They should be navigated with reasonable safety
    according to which group the channel is classified into,
    taking account:
    – tide,
    – current, prevailing wind and
    – wave action.
    • the angle between the resultant effect due to the
    prevailing wind direction and current and the channel
    axis should be a minimum.
    • The angles of deflection and the number of curves in
    the channel should also be kept to a minimum.
    • The channels should preferably be located in
    areas of maximum natural water depth to reduce
    the cost of initial and maintenance dredging.
    • Areas that are exposed to excessive siltation and
    littoral drift (transportation of sediments (clay,
    silt, sand and shingle) along a coast at an angle to
    the shoreline) should be avoided if possible.
    • However, to maintain a minimum depth, as
    shown on navigational charts, maintenance
    dredging is usually necessary.
    • The volumes to be dredged can vary widely from
    place to place, depending on the extent of the
    site, its location and other natural influences such
    as tides, current and weather conditions.
    3.1.2 Straight Channel
    • The minimum width of a straight channel will
    depend primarily on the size and
    manoeuvrability of the ships navigating the
    channel and the effects of wind and current.
    • The channel width is divided into three zones
    or lanes, for one-way and two-way traffic:
    a) the manoeuvring lane
    b) the bank clearance lane
    c) the ship clearance lane.
    Channel Width
    Width of manoeuvring lane = (1.6~2.0) B
    B is the beam width of the design ship (i.e. the largest ship
    using the channel, depending on the wind, current and
    manoeuvrability of the ship)
    • The very high superstructures on containerships, car
    carriers, passenger ships and tankers in ballast present
    considerable windage area, and may therefore require a
    greater channel width than their beam would suggest.
    • Allowance for yaw of the ship must be made if the channel
    is exposed to cross-current and/or winds.
    • The angle of yaw can be between 5o and 10o.
    • For a large ship, an angle of yaw of 5o can add an extra
    width, equivalent to half the beam, to the manoeuvring
    lane.
    Channel Width
    Width of clearance = (1.0~2.0) B
    • Ships displaced from the channel centreline towards
    the banks of the channel will experience a bank suction
    effect due to the asymmetrical flow of water round the
    ship, and this will cause a yawing movement.
    • Thus to counteract this effect on the ship an additional
    bank clearance width must be added.
    • A steep-sided channel section produces more bank
    suction than a channel with a trapezoidal section.
    • Bank suction also increases as the underkeel clearance
    decreases.
    Channel Width
    • To avoid excessive interaction between two ships
    travelling past one another, either in the same or
    in the opposite direction in a two-lane channel, it
    is necessary to separate the two manoeuvring
    lanes by a ship clearance lane.
    • To minimise the suction and repulsion forces
    between the ships, a clearance lane of a
    minimum of 30 m, or the beam of the largest
    ship, should be provided.
    (3.6~6.0)𝐵 Single Lane
    Width of channel=ቊ
    (6.2~9.0)𝐵 Double Lane

    • The total channel bottom width is dependent


    on on the sea and wind conditions
    • For oil and gas tankers a minimum bottom
    width should be 5 times the beam of the
    design ship.
    3.1.3 Channels with curves

    • As a general rule, curves and sharp turns in a channel


    should be avoided if possible.
    • Additional manoeuvring width is required
    • Minimum width of the channel at a curve should be larger
    than in a straight channel, because the ship will deviate
    more from its course in a bend than in a straight section.
    • In practice, if the deflection angle of the curve is
    larger than 10o the inside curve or bend of the
    channel channel should be widened to improve
    safe navigation around a curve
    • width of the manoeuvring lane ~4.0B
    • Minimum curve radius should be in the range 8–
    10 times the length of the design ship.
    • If more than one curve is necessary, a straight
    section equal to at least 5 times the length of the
    design ship or 1000 m, whichever is greater,
    should be provided between the two consecutive
    curves.

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