TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

Chapter 3 Waterways and Basins

1 General
Ministerial Ordinance
General Provisions
Article 8
1 Waterways and basins shall be provided in appropriate locations in light of geotechnical characteristics,
meteorological characteristics, sea states and other environmental conditions, as well as ship navigation
and other usage conditions of the water area around the facilities concerned.
2 In the waterways and basins where it is necessary to maintain the calmness of the water area, measures
shall be taken to mitigate the impact of waves, water currents, winds, and/or other actions.
3 In waterways and basins in which there is risk of siltation by sediments, measures shall be taken to prevent
the occurrence thereof.

Ministerial Ordinance
Necessary Items concerning Waterways and Basins
Article 12
The necessary matters for the enforcement of the performance requirements for waterways and basins
as specified in this chapter by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and other
requirements shall be provided by the Public Notice.

Public Notice
Waterways and Basins
Article 29
The items to be specified by the Public Notices under Article 12 of the Ministerial Ordinance concerning
with the performance requirements of waterways and basins shall be as provided in the subsequent article
through Article 32.

[Technical Note]

(1) In selecting the locations for basins exclusively used by dangerous cargo ships, the following should be
considered:
(a) To minimize an encounter with general ships, especially passenger ships.
(b) To isolate them from the facilities of which surrounding environment should be protected, such as
housing areas, schools and hospitals.
(c) To be capable of encountering against accidents including hazardous goods spill.
(2) From the viewpoint of safety and efficiency in navigation and cargo handling, it is preferable to separate
the basins for passenger ships, ferries, and fishing boats and small craft basins from those for other types
of ships.
(3) In principle, it is preferable to separate timber handling facilities as a specialized terminal from other
general facilities.

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2 Waterways
Ministerial Ordinance
Performance Requirements for Waterways
Article 9
The performance requirements for waterways shall be such that the requirements specified by the Minister
of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are satisfied in light of geotechnical characteristics, waves,
water currents, and wind conditions along with the usage conditions of the surrounding water areas, for
securing the safe and smooth use by ships.

Public Notice
Performance Criteria of Waterways
Article 30
The performance criteria of waterways shall be as specified in the subsequent items:
(1) The waterways shall have an appropriate width that is equal to or greater than the length of the design
ship in waterways where there is a possibility of ships passing each other and equal to or greater than
one-half of the length of the design ship in waterways where there is no possibility of passing each
other, in light of the length and width of the design ship, the traffic volume of ships, the conditions of
geotechnical characteristics, waves, water currents, and winds, as well as the usage conditions of the
surrounding water areas. Provided, however, that where the mode of navigation is special, the width of
the waterway can be reduced to the width that shall not hinder the safe navigation of ships.
(2) The waterways shall have an appropriate depth that is greater than the draft of the design ship in
consideration of the trim and the degree of ship motions of the design ship due to waves, water currents,
winds, and others.
(3) The alignment of waterways shall be such that the safe ship navigation is not hindered, in light of
the geotechnical conditions, waves, water currents, and winds as well as the usage conditions of the
surrounding water areas.
(4) In waterways where ship navigation is remarkably congested, waterways shall be provided with the
lanes separated by the direction of movement or by the size of ships.

[Technical Note]
2.1 General

(1) Concept of Waterways

Waterways are considered to be a water area whose existence is clearly identified to navigators by buoys or other
means in order to contribute to safe and smooth ship navigation subject to entrance channels and passage channels
in shallow water area.
(2) Classification of Verification Methods
Verification methods for waterways can be classified as follows, depending on whether a design ship or navigation
environment is designated or not.
(a) Class 1: Case where the design ship and navigation environment cannot be designated.
(b) Class 2: Case where the design ship and navigation environment can be designated.
(3) In performance verification of waterways, the methods described in 2.2 Depth of Navigation Channel to 2.4
Alignment of Navigation Channel (Bends) which are proposed by Japan Institute of Navigation Standard
Committee and National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management Port and Harbour Department 1), 2)
can be used.
(4) Performance Criteria of Waterways
Depth of navigation channels (usability)
(a) Case where the design ship and navigation environment cannot be designated
In performance verification of waterways in cases where the design ship and navigation environment cannot
be designated, the following values can be used as an appropriate depth which is greater than the maximum
draft of the design ship.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
In waterways in harbors, where the effects of waves such as swells are not expected, 1.10 times the
maximum draft.
In waterways outside of harbors, where the effects of waves such as swells are expected, 1.15 times the
maximum draft.
In waterways in the open sea, where the effects of waves such strong swells are expected, 1.20 times the
maximum draft.
(b) Case where the design ship and navigation environment can be designated
In setting the water depth of waterways in performance verification of waterways in cases where the design
ship and navigation environment can be designated, appropriate consideration shall be given to the maximum
draft of the design ship, ship squatting due to ship waves or swells, and keel clearance.
(c) Case of special methods of navigation
In setting the water depth in performance verification of waterways for entry/egress at drydocks and
waterways for use in special methods of navigation such as routes where half-loaded operation (unloading at
more than one port) is normal, notwithstanding the items mentioned in (a) and (b), the water depth shall be set
appropriately, considering the anticipated condition of use of the objective waterway.
Width of navigation channels (usability)
(a) Case where the design ship and navigation environment cannot be designated
1) Appropriate width of waterway with possibility of ships passing each other
In performance verification of waterways where there is a possibility of ships passing each other in cases
where the design ship and navigation environment cannot be designated, the following values can be used
as appropriate widths greater than the length overall of design ship.
When the distance of the waterway is comparatively long, 1.5 times the length overall of design ship.
W hen design ships will frequently pass each other during navigation of the waterway, 1.5 times the
length overall of design ship.
W hen design ships will frequently pass each other during navigation of the waterway and it is
comparatively long, 2.0 times the length overall of design ship.
2) Appropriate width of navigation channel with no possibility of ships passing each other
In performance verification of waterways where there is no possibility of ships passing each other in cases
where the design ship and navigation environment cannot be designated, the appropriate width shall be 0.5
times the length overall of design ship or greater. Provided, however, that in cases where the width of the
navigation channel is less than the length overall of design ship, adequate countermeasures to ensure safe
navigation of ships, such as provision of facilities to support ship navigation shall be examined.
(b) Case where the design ship and navigation environment can be designated
In setting the width of navigation channels in performance verification of waterways in cases where the
design ship and the navigation environment can be designated, appropriate consideration shall be given to the
basic ship maneuvering width, width necessary to cope with the effects of the side walls of the waterways,
width necessary to cope with the effects of ships passing, width necessary to cope with the effects of ships
overtaking other ships.
(c) Case of special navigation situation
Case of special navigation situation include cases where it is necessary to consider the use of tugboats or
provision of a waiting basin, cases where the extended length of the waterway is extremely short. Cases where
the extended length of the waterway is extremely short include cases where the total length of the waterway
is extremely short and cases where one part of the total length is extremely short.
Direction of navigation channels (usability)
(a) Whenever possible, the direction of navigation channels shall be linear. Provided, however, that in cases
where a bend must unavoidably be included in a waterway, the angle of intersection of the centerlines of the
waterway at the bend shall not exceed roughly 30.
(b) Case where the angle intersection of the centerlines of the waterway at a bend exceeds 30
1) Case where the design ship and the navigation environment cannot be designated
In performance verification of waterways in cases where the angle of intersection of the centerlines of the
waterway at a bend exceeds 30 and the design ship and the features of the navigation environment such as
the rudder angle cannot be designated, the corner cut at the inner side of the bend shall be set appropriately,

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and the radius of curvature of the centerline of the waterway at the bend shall be set to roughly four times
the length between perpendiculars of the design ship or greater.
2) Case where the design ship and navigation environment such as rudder angle can be designated
In performance verification of waterways in cases where the angle of intersection of the centerlines of the
waterway at a bend exceeds 30 and the design ship and the features of the navigation environment such as
the rudder angle can be designated, the corner cut at the inner side of the bend shall be set appropriately, and
the radius of curvature of the centerline of the waterway at the bend shall be set appropriately, considering
the maneuverability index of turning, which shows the turning performance of the design ship.
(c) As the shape of widened parts of width of navigation channels at bends, curved shapes other than corner cuts
can be used, considered installation of buoys.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

2.2 Depth of Navigation Channel

2.2.1 Bases for Verification

(1) Verification for Class 1 (Empirical approach)

When the dimension of design ship, navigational environments such as weather and sea condition and ship speed
are not specified, the depth of navigation channel can be basically determined as follows.1), 2)

Waterway in a port where waves including swell does not affect ship motion : D=1.10d
Waterway out of a port where waves including swells affect ship motion : D=1.15d (2.2.1)
Waterway in open water where waves including swells exist : D=1.20d

where
D : depth of navigation channel
d : full draft of design ship in still water
(2) Verification for Class 2 (performance-based approach 1), 2))
When the dimension of design ship, navigational environments such as weather and sea condition and ship speed
are specified, the necessary depth of navigation channel can be calculated by the following equation.

D=d+D1+ Max (D2,D3)+D4 (2.2.2)

where
D : depth of navigation channel
D1 : squat (bow sink during underway)
D2 : bow sink due to heaving and pitching motion (in case of >0.45Lpp)
D3 : bilge keel sink due to heaving and rolling motion (in case of TRTE)
D4 : allowance of depth
: length of wave including swell
Lpp : length between perpendiculars of design ship
TR : natural rolling period of design ship
TE : encounter period of design ship and design wave

At the actual design stage and the actual operation, the following elements should be taken into consideration.
Swell : Wavelength is fixed with the depth of navigation channel
Tide : Generally, tide height is above the chart datum during navigation, this tide height is considered as
additional depth of water in actual operation.
Accuracy of depth of water : the err of depth of chart gives some risk for navigation, but usually the dredged
bottom is deeper than planned bottom. This additional dredging that is confirmed by sufficient sounding survey
can be considered as the additional depth of water in actual operation.
Others : Air pressure, bottom nature, obstruction in water, density of seawater and etc. should be taken into
consideration if necessary.
(a) Calculation of D1
D1 is calculated as follow.3)

(2.2.3)
where
d : full draft of design ship in still water
D : depth of navigation channel
B : breadth of design ship
Cb : block coefficient of design ship
U : ship speed
g : acceleration of gravity

When Cb is unknown, following values may be referred.

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Table 2.2.1 Block Coefficient Cb 4)

Design ship 50% value Standard deviation

Cargo vessels 0.804 0.0712
Container ships 0.668 0.0472
Tankers 0.824 0.0381
Roll on/Roll off vessels 0.667 0.0939
Pure Car Carrier ships 0.594 0.0665
LPG ships 0.737 0.0620
LNG ships 0.716 0.0399
Passenger ships 0.548 0.0452
Ferries (short-to-medium distance) 0.516 0.0295
Ferries (long distance)

(b) Calculation of D2
Maximum of D2 (Bow sink due to heaving and pitching motion) and maximum of D3 (Bilge keel sink due to
heaving and rolling motion) do not occur at the same time. Therefore large value of D2 or D3 shall be adopted.
D2 in case of >0.45Lpp can be calculated by the value of D2 /h0 taken from Fig. 2.2.1)

5 Cb=0.70 Fn=0.1

Raito of having motion and wave (D2 / h0)

30
3

(Head)=0 60

2
15 120
0 90

1
(Stern)180

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Lpp/

Note: This figure shows only the case of Cb =0.7and Fn =0.1, but covers the case of deep sea where ship motion is bigger than one in shallow
water. Therefore this figure can apply to all cases regardless of Cb and Fn.

Fig. 2.2.1 Ratio of having Motion and Wave Amplitude 5)

where
h0 : amplitude of wave (h0 =H/2)
H : wave height
(c) Calculation of D3
In case where TR and TE is nearly equal, D3 can be calculated by the following equation.6)

(2.2.4)

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
where
=
= 7
= 360 (0.35H1/3 / ) sin

TR and TE can be calculated by the following equation.

TR = 0.8B / (GM)0.5 (2.2.5)

TE = /( / TW + Ucos)

(cre
st)
U
Ucos

(cre
st)

Fig. 2.2.2 Encounter Angle

It is appropriate that GM is nearly equal to B/25. However, GM can be calculated by the following equation
because real value of GM varies depending on ship condition.

GM=a(B/25) (2.2.6)

where
GM : distance between the center of gravity of ship and metacenter (m)
TW : wave period (s)
H1/3 : significant wave height (m)
B : breadth of design ship (m)
: maximum rolling angle of design ship ()
: ratio of rolling induced by regular waves
: effective wave slope coefficient
: maximum wave slope angle ()
: encounter angle between ships head and wave direction ()
a : 0.20.5
(d) Calculation of D4
D4 is allowance of depth for sink of ship by large rudder angle to alter her course and can be calculated by the
following equation.

D4=0.5m d10m (2.2.7)

D4=0.05d d>10m
(e) Convergence of calculation for design depth of a new navigation channel
D, depth of navigation channel, is as the input data in the calculation equation of D1, squat, that is a basic
element for calculation of D . Therefore convergence of calculation is necessary until the value of D calculated
by equation (2.2.2) becomes the same value of D in the calculation for new design depth of navigation channel.
(f) Application to design change of existing waterway
In case of design change of existing waterway, existing depth of water is used as input data of D for calculation
of D1 and performance requirement for depth of navigation channel can be evaluated by the following equation.

D (Existing depth of navigation channel) D (=d+D1+Max(D2,D3)+D4) (2.2.9)

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In case that the above equation is unsatisfied, it is necessary to change navigational environment such as
change of initial ship speed or deepening of depth of navigation channel to be acquired by convergence of
calculation.

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2.3 Performance Verification of Width of Navigation Channel

2.3.1 Verification for Class 1 (Empirical Approach)

(1) As the necessary width for Class 1 navigation channels, the following values can generally be used.1), 2)
In waterways where two-way navigation is not expected, an appropriate width of 0.5Loa or more can generally
be used. However, when the width is less than 1.0Loa, it is preferable to take adequate safety measures, such as
provision of facilities to support navigation.
In waterways where two-way navigation is expected, an appropriate width of 1.0Loa or more can generally be
used. Provided, however, that;
(a) when the length of the waterway is comparatively long : W=1.5Loa
(b) when design ships frequently pass during navigation of the waterway : W=1.5Loa (2.3.1)
(c) when design ships frequently pass during navigation of the navigation
channel and the length of the waterway is comparatively long : W=2.0Loa

where
W : width of navigation channel (m)
Loa : length overall of design ship (m)

2.3.2 Verification for Class 2 (Performance-based Approach) 1), 2)

In the verification for class 2, the well-established calculations of the ship maneuvering motion 3), 4) are fully utilized,
with which versatile performance predictions can be made with sufficient accuracy. From a view point of the practical
use at the concept design phase, simple linear calculations and estimate equations are provided, which are derived
from the fully nonlinear motion equations. Furthermore, for the following typical 15 ships covering a wide range of
ship types and sizes, computations with respect to the width for the wind forces and the interaction forces are made
and summarized in the following tables. The 15 ships are selected as the ship types, principal particulars of which
are given in Table 2.3.1 together with hydrodynamic derivatives. Making use of these computations together with the
above simple linear calculations and estimate equations, the determination of width of navigation channel (estimations
of the width elements) can practically and easily be made without computers.

Table 2.3.1 Principal Particulars etc. of Type Ships

Ship Type GT/GWT Loa (m) Lpp (m) B(m) do(m) Cb(m) Y'v N'v Y' N'
1 Cargo Ship 5,000 GT 109.0 103.0 20.0 7.0 0.7402 -1.688 -0.590 -0.0723 0.0362
2 Small Cargo Ship 499 GT 63.8 60.4 11.2 4.2 0.5395 -1.653 -0.597 -0.0881 0.0441
3 Container Ship (Over Panamax) 77,900 DWT 299.9 283.8 40.0 14.0 0.6472 -1.340 -0.457 -0.0720 0.0360
4 Container (Panamax) 59,500 DWT 288.3 273.0 32.2 13.3 0.6665 -1.312 -0.449 -0.0781 0.0391
5 Very Large Bulk Carrier 172,900 DWT 289.0 279.0 45.0 17.8 0.8042 -1.612 -0.562 -0.0699 0.0350
6 Large Bulk Carrier (Panamax) 74,000 DWT 225.0 216.0 32.3 13.5 0.8383 -1.587 -0.553 -0.0696 0.0348
7 Sm all Bulk Carrier 10,000 DWT 125.0 119.2 21.5 6.9 0.8057 -1.551 -0.519 -0.0773 0.0387
8 VLCC 280,000 DWT 333.0 316.0 60.0 20.4 0.7941 -1.658 -0.564 -0.0880 0.0440
9 Small Tanker 6,000 DWT 100.6 92.0 20.0 7.0 0.7968 -1.835 -0.640 -0.0811 0.0406
10 Large Pure Car Carrier 21,500 DWT 199.9 190.0 32.2 10.1 0.6153 -1.417 -0.484 -0.0731 0.0365
11 Pure Car Carrier 18,000 DWT 190.0 180.0 32.2 8.2 0.5470 -1.287 -0.427 -0.0753 0.0376
12 LNG Ship 69,500 DWT 283.0 270.0 44.8 10.8 0.7000 -1.213 -0.382 -0.0762 0.0381
13 Refrigerated Cargo Carrier 10,000 GT 152.0 144.0 23.5 7.0 0.7526 -1.372 -0.451 -0.0705 0.0353
14 Passenger Ship (2shafts 2propellers) 28,700 GT 192.8 160.0 24.7 6.6 0.6030 -1.214 -0.387 -0.1000 0.0500
15 Ferry Boat (2shafts 1propellers) 18,000 GT 192.9 181.0 29.4 6.7 0.5547 -1.125 -0.354 -0.0875 0.0437

(1) Basic Formulae for Determination of Width of Navigation Channel

The width of navigation channel WTOTAL may generally be determined by the following basic equation.

(2.3.1)
where
WBM : width of basic maneuvering lane
WIF : additional width requisite against interaction forces

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 3 WATERWAYS AND BASINS
The width of basic maneuvering lane WBM consists of four basic elements as follows;

(2.3.2)

where
W WF : width requisite against wind forces
WCF : width requisite against current forces
W YM : width requisite against yawing motion
WDD : width requisite for drift detection.

Furthermore the additional width requisite against interaction forces consists of the following three
elements.

(2.3.3)
where
WBA : width requisite against bank effect forces
WPA : width requisite against two-ship interaction in passing
WOV : width requisite against two-ship interaction in overtaking.

Coefficients a, b and c in equations (2.3.2) and (2.3.3) are given as

a = 1 and b = c = 0 : for one-way channel

a = 2, b = 1 and c = 0 : for two-way channel
a = 4, b = 1 and c = 2 : for four-way channel
(2) Estimation of Basic Maneuvering Lane
Width requisite against wind and current forces
In order to keep on a straight line in the waterway center under external forces, the ship should be operated by
the check helm to run in an oblique condition with some drift angle with respect to its heading as shown in Fig.
3.1, so that the forces acting on the ship, namely the hull forces, the rudder forces and the external forces, can
be balanced.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

1 : Drift an gle due to w in d fo rce s

2 : Drift an gle due to cu rren t fo rce s
Drift an gle : = 1 + 2

WWF + WCF : Drift due to w in d and cu rren t fo rces

WWF + WCF = Loa.sin +B.cos

Fig. 2.3.1 W WF+WCF:Width Requisite against Wind and Current Forces

The width requisite against the wind and current forces (W WM + WCF) may be calculated with the use of the
drift angle as follows;

(2.3.4)

where, LOA and B denote the over all length of ship and the breadth of ship respectively, and the drift angle
may be given as

(2.3.5)
where
1 : d rift angle due to wind forces
2 : d rift angle due to current forces.

Drift angle due to wind forces

Table 2.3.2 gives the drift angle due to the wind forces together with its corresponding check helm for the 15
ship types selected in Table2.3.1, which are obtained by the calculation of drift angle due to wind forces for
the shallow water of H/d=1.2 (H: water depth d : ship draft). In Table 2.3.2, computations are given at each 15
degree of the relative wind direction from 0 degree (the head wind) to 180 degree (the tail wind).

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Table 2.3.2 Drift Angle 1 and its corresponding Check Helm 1

Relative Wind Direction (degree)

S hip Type
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
1 Cargo Ship 1 (degree) 0.000 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.017 0.017 0.015 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.001 0.000
1 (degree) 0.000 0.017 0.049 0.102 0.169 0.233 0.276 0.284 0.257 0.204 0.138 0.068 0.001
2 Small Cargo Ship 1 (degree) 0.000 0.006 0.011 0.017 0.021 0.024 0.024 0.021 0.016 0.011 0.006 0.003 0.000
1 (degree) 0.000 0.028 0.069 0.128 0.199 0.267 0.313 0.325 0.300 0.245 0.170 0.087 0.001
3 Container Ship 1 (degree) 0.000 0.019 0.036 0.049 0.056 0.059 0.056 0.049 0.040 0.029 0.019 0.009 0.000
(Over Panamax) 1 (degree) 0.000 0.082 0.178 0.293 0.425 0.559 0.671 0.736 0.732 0.648 0.485 0.261 0.002
4 Container (Panamax) 1 (degree) 0.000 0.015 0.029 0.038 0.042 0.043 0.040 0.036 0.030 0.023 0.016 0.008 0.000
1 (degree) 0.000 0.070 0.143 0.220 0.303 0.387 0.461 0.510 0.517 0.468 0.357 0.195 0.002
5 Very Large Bulk Carrier 1 (degree) 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.010 0.008 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000
1 (degree) 0.000 0.015 0.039 0.077 0.124 0.169 0.199 0.206 0.189 0.153 0.105 0.053 0.000
6 Large Bulk Carrier 1 (degree) 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.001 0.000
(Panamax) 1 (degree) 0.000 0.015 0.036 0.067 0.104 0.139 0.162 0.167 0.153 0.124 0.085 0.043 0.000
7 Small Bulk Carrier 1 (degree) 0.000 0.006 0.012 0.018 0.024 0.027 0.026 0.023 0.018 0.012 0.006 0.003 0.000
1 (degree) 0.000 0.027 0.070 0.135 0.217 0.296 0.351 0.367 0.340 0.278 0.194 0.099 0.001
8 VLCC 1 (degree) 0.000 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.013 0.013 0.011 0.008 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.000
1 (degree) 0.000 0.008 0.027 0.059 0.102 0.143 0.170 0.174 0.157 0.123 0.082 0.040 0.000
9 Small Tanker 1 (degree) 0.000 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.017 0.017 0.015 0.011 0.007 0.003 0.001 0.000
1 (degree) 0.000 0.015 0.044 0.095 0.160 0.223 0.264 0.272 0.245 0.193 0.129 0.064 0.001
10 Large Pure Car Carrier 1 (degree) 0.000 0.041 0.076 0.103 0.118 0.122 0.115 0.100 0.080 0.059 0.038 0.019 0.000
1 (degree) 0.000 0.159 0.340 0.556 0.806 1.067 1.298 1.450 1.470 1.324 1.006 0.546 0.005
11 Pure Car Carrier 1 (degree) 0.000 0.051 0.097 0.132 0.152 0.158 0.149 0.130 0.104 0.076 0.048 0.024 0.000
1 (degree) 0.000 0.161 0.353 0.593 0.877 1.176 1.440 1.609 1.626 1.458 1.104 0.598 0.006
12 LNG Ship 1 (degree) 0.000 0.033 0.063 0.087 0.103 0.109 0.105 0.091 0.072 0.052 0.032 0.015 0.000
1 (degree) 0.000 0.092 0.211 0.374 0.573 0.780 0.952 1.049 1.040 0.914 0.680 0.364 0.003
13 Refrigerated Cargo Carrier 1 (degree) 0.000 0.008 0.015 0.023 0.028 0.032 0.031 0.028 0.022 0.015 0.008 0.004 0.000
1 (degree) 0.000 0.036 0.089 0.164 0.255 0.342 0.405 0.425 0.397 0.328 0.231 0.119 0.001
14 Passenger Ship 1 (degree) 0.000 0.008 0.015 0.023 0.028 0.032 0.031 0.028 0.022 0.015 0.008 0.004 0.000
(2shafts 2propellers) 1 (degree) 0.000 0.174 0.363 0.578 0.826 1.097 1.361 1.561 1.629 1.507 1.169 0.643 0.006
15 Ferry Boat 1 (degree) 0.000 0.053 0.100 0.136 0.158 0.164 0.155 0.135 0.108 0.078 0.050 0.024 0.000
(2shafts 1propellers) 1 (degree) 0.000 0.113 0.253 0.438 0.662 0.900 1.111 1.244 1.257 1.126 0.851 0.460 0.004

1 : Drift Angle (degree)

1 : Check Helm (degree)

For the concept design use, the drift angle 1 and its corresponding check helm 1 may practically and easily
be estimated by employing figures of the similar ship to the design ship given in Table 2.3.2. It is noted that the
figures in Table 2.3.2 are computed for the case of K=1.0, where K is defined as

(2.3.6)

where UW and U denote the relative wind speed and the ship speed respectively.

For an arbitrary value of K, the drift angle due to the wind forces 1 (K) and its corresponding check helm 1
(K) can be obtained by the following equations.

1 (K) = K2 (figure given in Table 2.3.2 for K=1.0) (2.3.7)

1 (K) = K2 (figure given in Table 2.3.2 for K=1.0). (2.3.8)

In the above drift angle estimation, it should be confirmed that the check helm 1 corresponding to each
drift angle 1 be less than the maximum rudder angle (35 degree for the conventional rudder), because the ship
handling can not be made in the case of the rudder angle greater than the maximum one.
In addition to the above type-ship method, when the principal dimensions of the design ship are known, more
accurate estimations of the drift angle 1 and the check helm 1 can be made by the direct calculation as follows;
Drift angle and check helm
The drift angle due to the wind forces can be obtained theoretically by solving the equilibrium equations with
respect to the drift angle and the check helm in the course keeping motion under the wind forces, which are
derived from the coupled motion equations of sway and yaw.3), 4) The solutions of the above equilibrium equations
(algebraic equations), namely the drift angle and the check helm , can be given by the following equations.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

(2.3.9)

(2.3.10)

Linear derivatives of hull forces and rudder forces

In equations (2.3.9) and (2.3.10), Y'v* and N'v* denote the linear static derivatives of hull lateral force and hull
yaw moment respectively, and they can be estimated by the following equations 2), 4) in which the shallow water
effects are well taken into consideration.

(2.3.11)

(2.3.12)

where

: aspect ratio of ship

L : length of ship (between perpendiculars)

B : breadth of ship
d : draft of ship
CB : block coefficient

: ratio of ship draft to water depth

H : water depth
(= 0.4) : flow-straightening coefficient

In equations (2.3.9) - (2.3.12), Y' and N' denote the linear derivative of rudder lateral force and rudder yaw
moment respectively, and they can be estimated by the following equations.2), 4)

(2.3.13)

(2.3.14)
where
R : aspect ratio of rudder
AR : rudder area.

In equations (2.3.13) and (2.3.14), denotes the coefficient of rudder inflow speed and the followings are
practically employed in the computation.
* =1.1 for both ships with a single propeller and single rudder arrangement
and with a twin propeller and twin rudder arrangement.
* =0.7 for a ship with a twin propeller and single rudder arrangement.
In addition, aH denotes the coefficient of hydrodynamic force induced on the ship hull by the rudder deflection,
and aH can be estimated with the use of Fig. 2.3.2 given as a function of CB.5)

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 3 WATERWAYS AND BASINS

aH
: WITHOUT PROPELLER
1.0
: WITH PROPELLER ( MODEL PROP. POINT)

MODEL B

MODEL A


0.5

MODEL C

MODEL D



SR108 CONTAINER

CB

0.
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Fig. 2.3.2 Hydrodynamic Coefficient aH

Wind force coefficients

In equations (2.3.9) and (2.3.10), the coefficient with respect to the wind forces is given in the following form.

(2.3.15)

where
W : density of air
: density of water
As : projected lateral area above water line
U W : relative wind speed at gravity center of ship
U : ship speed.

In addition, Y'W (W) and N'W (W) denote the coefficients of wind lateral force and wind yaw moment
respectively as functions of W which indicates the angle of relative wind direction at the center of gravity of
the ship. On the basis of the wind tunnel tests, Y W (W) and NW (W) may practically be obtained by the following
expressions with the trigonometric series.6)

(2.3.16)

(2.3.17)

In the above equations, the regression coefficients CYn and CNn are estimated by the following equations, for
which the coefficients CYn0, CYn1, CNn0, CNn1 etc. are given in Table 2.3.3

(2.3.18)

(2.3.19)

where
AF : projected front area above water line
AS : projected lateral area above water line
xs : distance between FP (fore perpendicular) and figure center of AS.

565
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
Table 2.3.3 Regression Coefficients of Wind Forces

Cy Const. AS /L2 xS /L L/B AS /AF Cm Const. AS /L2 xS /L L/B AS /AF

C y2 0.509 4.904 0.022 Cm1 2.650 4.634 5.876
C y3 0.0208 0.230 Cm2 0.105 5.306 0.0704
C y4 0.357 0.943 0.075 0.0381 Cm3 0.616 1.474 0.0161

Drift angle due to current forces

The drift angle due to the current forces 2 can be obtained by

(2.3.20)
where
UC : current speed perpendicular to channel center line
U : ship speed.
Width requisite against the yawing motion caused by unsteady external forces may be defined as the
maximum deviation (double amplitude) due to the yawing as shown in Fig. 2.3.3, and may be calculated
by the following equation.

(2.3.21)
where

: yawing angle.

In equation (2.3.21), Ty (the yawing period) = 12 sec and 0 (the yawing amplitude) = 4 degree may empirically
be employed in the computation.

0.5WYM 0.5WYM

Fig. 2.3.3 W YM:Width requisite against Yawing Motion

Width requisite for drift detection

In general, a ship sailing in the waterway more or less makes some amount of lateral deviation from its course
line even if the ship handler does believe that his ship is running on the right course line. This drift may hardly
be detected within a small amount of deviation. However the ship handler can recognize the drift when the
lateral deviation from the waterway center line becomes a considerable amount as shown in Fig. 3.4. The drift
detection should be considered with respect to both sides of the waterway center line. Estimations of the width
requisite for the drift detection are provided for the following three types of on-board navigation equipment,
which are currently available in the actual ship operation.
* Drift detection by observing light buoys with naked eyes.
* Drift detection by observing light buoys with RADAR.
* Drift detection by GPS or D-GPS.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 3 WATERWAYS AND BASINS

Fig. 2.3.4 Width Requisite for Drift Detection

Drift Detection by observing light buoys with naked eyes

The width requisite for the drift detection in this case WDD (NEY) may be defined as the maximum deviation
that almost all ship handlers are supposed to be able to recognize by observing light buoys ahead on both sides
of the waterway with naked eyes. Referring to Fig. 2.3.5, WDD (NEY) can be calculated by

(2.3.22)

where LF denotes the distance for the drift detection between the ship and the light buoys ahead along
the waterway center line, and LF = 7 LOA (LOA: the over all length of ship) may empirically be employed
in the computation. The maximum intersecting angle corresponding to the above maximum deviation max
may be estimated with the use of an empirical formula developed on the basis of statistical data by full scale
experiments, and it is given by

(2.3.23)

In equation (2.3.23),7) denotes the intersecting angle by two lines from the ship to the two buoys ahead on
both sides of the waterway as shown in Fig. 2.3.5, and it is defined as

(2.3.24)

where
W
BUOY : clearance between two buoys.

567
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

Buoy Buoy

Wbuoy

max

LF

0.5WDD(NEY) or 0.5WDD(RAD)

Fig. 2.3.5 Drift Detection by observing Light Buoys with Naked Eyes or RADAR

Drift detection by observing light buoys with RADAR

The width requisite for the drift detection in this case WDD (RAD) may be calculated by the following equation.

(2.3.25)

where denotes the observation error of direction by RADAR, and equation (2.3.25) is rewritten for the two
cases of =2 and =1 as follows.

(2.3.26)

(2.3.27)

Drift detection by GPS

It is assumed that the perception error of GPS information on the display by naked eyes be a half of the ship
breadth, and in addition that the error of GPS information itself be 30 meters for the usual GPS and none for the
D-GPS. Then the following equations may be given with respect to the width requisite for the drift detections
by GPS and D-GPS respectively, where the errors are considered for both sides of the waterway center line.

(2.3.28)

(2.3.29)

(3) Estimation of Additional Width for Interaction Forces

The width requisite against the interaction forces may be estimated with the use of a concept of the requisite
clearance between the ship and bank wall or between two ships, in which the ship can keep a straight course line
against the interaction forces with the rudder angle predetermined from a view point of the actual ship operation.
Making use of the calculation of check helm against interaction force, the requisite clearance may be obtained in
the following manner. Namely check helm computations are made first for some values of the clearance between
the ship and bank wall or between ships, and then the requisite clearance can be obtained by determining the
clearance corresponding to the predetermined rudder angle through interpolations.
Width requisite against bank effect forces
The check helm against the bank effect forces together with the drift angle can be given by the following
equations in the similar way to equations (2.3.9) and (2.3.10).

(2.3.30)

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 3 WATERWAYS AND BASINS

(2.3.31)

where
( : clearance between ship longitudinal center line and bank wall).

In equations (2.3.30) and (2.3.31), Y'B (') and N'B (') denote the coefficients of lateral force and yaw moment
due to bank effects respectively. The coefficients of Y'B (') and N'B (') may practically be estimated with the use
of computed results 8) shown in Fig. 2.3.6, where CF and CM as functions of SP (=) in the ordinate denote Y'B (')
and N'B (') respectively and S'T in the abscissa denotes dimensionless distance (divided by the ship length) from
the midship to the bank entrance in the longitudinal direction. It is noted that the peak values in the force and
moment variations should be employed for the estimations of Y'B (') and N'B (') by Fig. 2.3.6

F U
M
X
SP
ST

0.030 0.020

Repulsion Bow-out

Sp/L=1.0
0.000 Sp/L=0.5 0.010
Sp/L=0.3
Sp/L=0.2 Sp/L=0.1
CM
CF

-0.030 Sp/L=0.2
Sp/L=0.1 0.000
Sp/L=0.5 Sp/L=0.3

-0.060 Sp/L=1.0

-0.010
Attraction Bow-in
-0.090
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
S'T S'T

(a) (b)

Fig. 2.3.6 Lateral Force and Yaw moment due to Bank Effects 8)

Table 2.3.4 gives the requisite clearance with respect to the bank effect forces for the 15 ship types, which are
obtained with the predetermined rudder angle of 5 degree. In Table 2.3.4 together with Fig. 2.3.7, the requisite
clearance is denoted by the term of bank clearance with a symbol of W bi0. It is noted that the figures of bank
clearance are obtained for the canal section with the upright wall.

569
TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
Table 2.3.4 Bank Clearance

Ship Type Lpp B W bio W bio/B

1 Cargo Ship 103.0 20.0 17.4 0.87
2 Small Cargo Ship 60.4 299.9 9.8 0.87
3 Container Ship (Over Panamax) 283.8 40.0 55.5 1.39
4 Container (Panamax) 273.0 32.2 55.2 1.71
5 Very Large Bulk Carrier 279.0 45.0 52.6 1.17
6 Large Bulk Carrier (Panamax) 216.0 32.3 41.9 1.30
7 Small Bulk Carrier 119.2 215.0 20.3 0.95
8 VLCC 316.0 60.0 49.7 0.83
9 Small Tanker 92.0 20.0 13.8 0.69
10 Large Pure Car Carrier 190.0 32.2 34.3 1.06
11 Pure Car Carrier 180.0 32.2 31.2 0.97
12 LNG Ship 270.0 44.8 47.7 1.07
13 Refrigerated Cargo Carrier 144.0 23.5 26.6 1.13
14 Passenger Ship (2shafts 2propellers) 160.0 24.7 25.9 1.05
15 Ferry Boat (2shafts 1propellers) 181.0 29.4 30.5 1.04
(unit:meter)

W BA0

L pp

B /2

S pb

Fig. 2.3.7 Width Requisite against Bank Effect Forces

For practical use at the concept design, the width requisite against the bank effect forces for the canal section
WBA0 may simply be estimated by employing figures of the similar ship to the design ship given in Table 2.3.4,
namely

WBA0 = W bi0 (figure given in Table 2.3.4). (2.3.32)

Taking the bank effects on both sides of the waterway into consideration, the width for the dredged waterway
shown in Fig. 2.3.8 WBA may be obtained by

WBA=(CDSL + CDSR) WBA0 (2.3.33)

In the above equation, CDSL and CDSR denote corrections of the dredged waterway configuration to the canal
section for the left and right side banks respectively, and CDS is given by the following equation.

(2.3.34)

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 3 WATERWAYS AND BASINS
where

OUT : depth of outer navigation channel

D
D : depth of inner navigation channel

Fig. 2.3.8 Width for the Dredged Navigation Channel

Width requisite against Two-ship Interaction in Passing

The check helm against the two-ship interaction may be given by the following simple equation on the
assumption of zero drift angle (=0) due to relatively short-time interaction.

(2.3.35)

where

( : clearance between longitudinal centerlines of two-ships).

The coefficient of yaw moment due to the two-ship interaction N'SI (') in equation (2.3.35) may practically be
estimated with the use of computed results 9), 10) shown in Fig. 2.3.9 and Fig. 2.3.10. In these figures, CMi (i=1,2)
as a function of SP12 (=) in the ordinate denotes N'SI (') and ST12 in the abscissa denotes the midship to midship
distance of two ships in the longitudinal direction. Fig. 2.3.9 shows N'SI (') for the meeting condition, and Fig.
2.3.10 shows N'SI (') for the overtaking condition. In the similar way to the bank effect forces, it is noted that
the peak value in the moment variation should be employed for the estimations of N'SI (') by Fig. 2.3.9 and Fig.
2.3.10.
F1 CM
MEETING
Ship1 BOW-OUT 0.04
U1 SP /L=0.2 M
M1 SP /L=0.2 0.03 0.3
CM = 1
L2dU 2
2
0.3 0.4
0.5 H/d=1.3
SP 0.4 0.02
ST 0.5
0.01
M2 2.0
U2 0
-2.0 -1.0
Ship2
-0.01
F2
-0.02
Exp.
Cal. -0.03
BOW-IN
-0.04
Fig. 2.3.9 Yaw Moment due to Two-ship Interaction in Passing 9)

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

L2
Ship2
F2 U2

M2 SP12
ST12
F1 U1

M1

Ship1
L1

0.1 0.1

CM 1 0 CM 2 0

-0.1 -0.1
-1 0 1 -1 0 1
ST12/L1 ST12/L2
(a) (b)

Fig. 2.3.10 Yaw Moment due to Two-ship Interaction in Overtaking 10)

Table 2.3.5 shows the requisite clearance with respect to the two-ship interaction in the passing for the 15
ship types, which are obtained with the predetermined rudder angle of 15. In Table 2.3.5 together with Fig.
3.11, the requisite clearance is denoted by the term of passing distance with a symbol of WC.

Table 2.3.5 Passing Distance

Ship Type Lpp B WC WC/B

1 Cargo Ship 103.0 20.0 32.6 1.63
2 Small Cargo Ship 60.4 299.9 17.6 1.57
3 Container Ship (Over Panamax) 283.8 40.0 105.0 2.63
4 Container (Panamax) 273.0 32.2 103.6 3.22
5 Very Large Bulk Carrier 279.0 45.0 98.8 2.20
6 Large Bulk Carrier (Panamax) 216.0 32.3 79.0 2.45
7 Small Bulk Carrier 119.2 215.0 38.2 1.77
8 VLCC 316.0 60.0 91.0 1.52
9 Small Tanker 92.0 20.0 25.2 1.26
10 Large Pure Car Carrier 190.0 32.2 64.6 2.01
11 Pure Car Carrier 180.0 32.2 58.4 1.81
12 LNG Ship 270.0 44.8 90.7 2.03
13 Refrigerated Cargo Carrier 144.0 23.5 50.5 2.15
14 Passenger Ship (2shafts 2propellers) 160.0 24.7 47.7 1.93
15 Ferry Boat (2shafts 1propellers) 181.0 29.4 57.1 1.94
(unit:meter)

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 3 WATERWAYS AND BASINS

Spc

B/2 U2
Lpp
B
Wc

B/2

U1 B

Lpp

Fig. 2.3.11 Width Requisite against Two-ship Interaction in Passing

For the practical design use, the width requisite against the two-ship interaction in passing WPA may easily be
estimated with the use of figures of the similar ship to the design ship given in Table 2.3.5, namely

WPA = WC (figure given in Table 2.3.5). (2.3.36)

Width requisite against two-ship interaction in overtaking

In the same way as the above, Table 2.3.6 shows the requisite clearance with respect to the two-ship interaction
in the overtaking for the 15 ship types, which are obtained with the predetermined rudder angle of 15. In Table
2.3.6 together with Fig. 2.3.12, the requisite clearance is denoted by the term of overtaking distance with a
symbol of Wov.

Table 2.3.6 Overtaking Distance

Ship Type Lpp B Wov Wov/B

1 Cargo Ship 103.0 20.0 55.7 2.79
2 Small Cargo Ship 60.4 299.9 30.0 2.68
3 Container Ship (Over Panamax) 283.8 40.0 169.1 4.23
4 Container (Panamax) 273.0 32.2 163.2 5.07
5 Very Large Bulk Carrier 279.0 45.0 162.2 3.60
6 Large Bulk Carrier (Panamax) 216.0 32.3 128.4 3.98
7 Small Bulk Carrier 119.2 215.0 64.2 2.98
8 VLCC 316.0 60.0 155.7 2.60
9 Small Tanker 92.0 20.0 44.9 2.24
10 Large Pure Car Carrier 190.0 32.2 106.9 3.32
11 Pure Car Carrier 180.0 32.2 98.2 3.05
12 LNG Ship 270.0 44.8 150.1 3.35
13 Refrigerated Cargo Carrier 144.0 23.5 83.2 3.54
14 Passenger Ship (2shafts 2propellers) 160.0 24.7 78.3 3.17
15 Ferry Boat (2shafts 1propellers) 181.0 29.4 94.7 3.22
(unit:meter)

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

U2

U1
B/2
Lpp
B
Wov

Lpp

B
B/2

Spov

Fig. 2.3.12 Width Requisite against Two-ship Interaction in Overtaking

For the practical design use, the width requisite against the two-ship interaction in the overtaking WOV may
easily be estimated with the use of figures of the similar ship to the design ship given in Table 2.3.4, namely

WOV = Wov (figure given in Table 2.3.6). (2.3.37)

In addition to the above type-ship method, in the similar way to the drift angle due to the wind forces, when
the principal dimensions of the design ship are known, more accurate estimations of the width requisite against
the interaction forces may be made by the direct application of the check helm calculation.
(4) Determination of Width of Navigation Channel
The total width of navigation channel can be determined by the basic formulae described in 2.3.2 (1) Basic
Formula for Determination of width of Navigation Channel. However it is noted that WDD (NEY) in equation
(2.3.22) and WDD (RAD) in equation (2.3.25) are given as functions of WBUOY (the clearance between two buoys
ahead on both sides) which should be identical to the design target of the width of navigation channel.
For this reason, iteration computations are needed for the cases of the drift detection by observing light buoys
either with the naked eyes or with RADAR, and the iteration procedure is briefly given as follows. Assuming
some amount of WBUOY and substituting it into equation (2.3.22) or equation (2.3.25), then WDD (NEY) or WDD
(RAD) are computed, where the computed WTOTAL by equation (2.3.1) should be identical to the assumed WBUOY .
Some steps of iterations, not one-time computation but some few steps or more, may usually be needed in order to
attain a satisfactory convergence for the difference between the assumed WBUOY and the computed WTOTAL . The
convergence may be judged by

|assumed WBUOY computed WTOTAL | (2.3.38)

where =1.0 meter may be taken. In addition, regarding the assumption of WBUOY at the first step computation,
quick convergent iteration may be expected by employing a value of LOA for the one-way channel and 2LOA for the
two-way channel.
Regarding the drift detection by GPS or D-GPS, the total width of navigation channel can easily be determined
simply by summing up the necessary elements given in equations (2.3.1) - (2.3.3).

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 3 WATERWAYS AND BASINS

2.4 Alignment of Navigation Channel (Bends)

2.4.1 Fundamentals of Performance Verification

(1) In class 1 waterways, in cases where a bend exceeds 30 and the design ship and the features of the navigation
environment such as the rudder angle, ship speed cannot be designated, it is preferable that the centerline of the
bend in the waterway be an arc having a radius of curvature roughly 4 times the length overall of the design ship
Loa or more, and that the width of navigation channel be equal to or greater than the necessary width. When
the angle of intersection of the centerlines is 30 or greater, in two-way waterways having its width of W, it is
preferable that the corner cut be designed as shown in Fig. 2.4.1. Furthermore, depending on the design ship and
the navigation environment, the length between perpendiculars Lpp can be used instead of the length overall Loa.

30 or larger

W/ 2
W/ 2

4LOA

Fig. 2.4.1 Corner Cut at Bend Section of Width W of Navigation Channel

(2) In class 2 waterways, in cases where a bend exceeds 30 and the design ship and the features of the navigation
environment such as the rudder angle, ship speed can be designated, the radius of curvature can be calculated
based on the manoeuverability index of turning, which shows the turning performance of ships. In the bend, it
is desirable that the width be greater than that required by corner cut, etc.
It may also be noted that in cases other than corner cut, a curved shape, etc. can be used, considering the
installation of buoys, etc., based on adjustment with the parties concerned with maritime affairs. In particular,
providing a corner cut is not necessarily effective in cases where the angle of intersection between the center
lines is large; therefore, study of a curved shape is preferable.

2.4.2 Performance Verification for Class 2

The radius of curvature which is necessary in class 2 waterways can be calculated by the following method.
The curvature of bend which joins two straight line channel legs should be determined by considering both aspects
of the ship turning ability and the rudder angle to be taken, and the bend radius (= the ship turning radius) R may be
calculated by the following equation.1), 2)

(2.4.1)
where
L : length of ship (between perpendiculars) (m)
K' : non-dimensional index of turning ability
0 : rudder angle (rad)
Table 2.4.1 gives the non-dimensional index of the turning ability K' for 13 ship types, which are obtained by
analyzing the motion trajectories of 90 degree turning computed with the use of fully nonlinear equations of the ship
maneuvering motion.3), 4) The computations are made for the turning motion with 20 degree rudder in the shallow
water of H/d =1.2 under non-external forces.
For the concept design use, the turning ability index K' may practically and easily be estimated by employing figures
of the similar ship to the design ship given in Table 2.4.1 as follows.

K' =K' (the figure given in Table 2.4.1). (2.4.2)

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN
It is noted that K' is not given for the 2 types of PCCs in Table 2.4.1, for which careful attention and consideration
should be paid from a view point of the large wind force effects.

Table 2.4.1 Non-dimensional Index of Turning Ability

Ship Type K'

1 Cargo Ship 0.58
2 Small Cargo Ship 0.47
3 Container Ship (Over Panamax) 0.42
4 Container (Panamax) 0.52
5 Very Large Bulk Carrier 0.52
6 Large Bulk Carrier (Panamax) 0.49
7 Small Bulk Carrier 0.62
8 VLCC 0.62
9 Small Tanker 0.60
10 LNG Ship 0.75
11 Refrigerated Cargo Carrier 0.63
12 Passenger Ship (2shafts 2propellers) 0.66
13 Ferry Boat (2shafts 1propellers) 0.55

References
1) Yoshimura, Y.: Mathematical model for the maneuvering ship motion in shallow water, Journal of the Kansai society of naval
architects, Japan, No.200, March 1986
2) Takahashi, H., A. Goto and M. Abe: Study on ship dimensions by statistical analysis-standard of main dimensions of design
ship (Draft), Research Report of National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, No.28, March 2006
3) VLCC Study Group: 10 sections regarding VLCC, SEIZANDOSHOTEN
4) Honda, K.: Outline of ship handling (5th edition), SEIZANDOSHOTEN, 1998
5) Takagi, M.: On the ship motion in shallow water No.3, Transactions of the West-Japan Society of Naval Architects, Vol. 54,
1977
6) Ohtsu, K., Yoshimura, Y., Hirano, M., Tsugane, M and Takahashi, H.: Design Standards for Fairway in Next Generation, Asia
Navigation Conference 2006, No.26, 2006
7) The Japan Port and Harbour Association: Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan
8) Inoue, S., Hirano, M., Kijima, K. And Takashina, J.: A Practical Calculation Method of Ship Maneuvering Motion, ISP
(International Shipbuilding Progress), Vol.28, No.325, 1981
9) Principle of Naval Architecture (2nd Revision), Vol.3, SNAME, 1989
10) Kose, K., Yumuro, A. And Yoshimura, Y.: Mathematical Model of Ship Maneuvering Motion-Interactions among Hull,
Propeller and Rudder, and its Expressions, The 3rd Ship Maneuverability Symposium Text, The Society of Naval Architects
of Japan, 1981
11) Yamano, T. and Saito, Y.: An Estimation Method of Wind Force Acting on Ships Hull, Journal of the Kansai Society of Naval
Architects, No.228, 1997
12) Kijima, K. and Lee, M/: On the Safe Navigation Including the Interaction Forces between Ship and Ship, Transactions of the
West-Japan Society of Naval Architects, No.104, 2002

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 3 WATERWAYS AND BASINS

3 Basins
Ministerial Ordinance
Performance Requirements for Basins
Article 10
The performance requirements for basins shall be such that the requirements specified by the Minister of
Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are satisfied in light of geotechnical characteristics, waves,
water currents, and wind conditions along with the usage conditions of the surrounding water areas, for
securing the safe and smooth use by ships.

Public Notice
Performance Criteria for Basins
Article 31
The performance criteria for basins shall be as specified in the subsequent items:
(1) The size of a basin shall satisfy the following standards. Provided, however, that the standards shall not
be applied to basins for design ships with the gross tonnage less than 500 tons:
(a) Basins which are provided for use in anchorage or mooring of ships excluding the basins in front
of quaywalls, mooring piles, piers, and floating piers shall have an area greater than a circle that
has a radius obtained by adding an appropriate value to the length of the design ship, in light of the
conditions of geotechnical characteristics, waves, water currents, and winds as well as the usage
condition of the surrounding water areas. Provided, however, that in cases where that the area
specified above is not required owing to the mode of anchorage or mooring, the basin size can be
reduced to the area that shall not hinder the safe anchorage or mooring of ships.
(b) Basins which are provided for use in anchorage or mooring of ships in front of quaywalls, mooring
piles, piers, and floating piers shall have an appropriate area of which the length and width are greater
than the length and width of the design ship, respectively, in light of the conditions of geotechnical
characteristics, waves, water currents, and winds, the usage condition of the surrounding water
areas, and the mode of anchorage or mooring.
(c) Basins which are provided for use in ship turning by the bow shall have an area greater than a circle
that has a radius obtained by multiplying the length of the design ship by 1.5. Provided, however, that
in cases where that the area specified above is not required owing to the method of ship turning by
the bow, the basin size can be reduced to the area that shall not hinder the safe ship turning by the
bow.
(2) The basin shall have an appropriate depth that is greater than the draft of the design ship, in light of the
degree of the motions of the design ship due to waves, water currents, winds, and others.
(3) Basins which are provided for use in anchorage or mooring of ships in front of quaywalls, mooring
piles, piers, and floating piers shall in principle secure the harbor calmness which enables the working
rate of cargo handling operation at equal to or greater than 97.5% in terms of time throughout the year.
Provided, however, that this rate shall not be applied to the basins where the mode of utilization of
mooring facilities or the water areas in front of them are regarded as special.
(4) In a basin which is provided as a harbor of refuge during stormy weather, the wave conditions during
stormy weather shall remain below the level that is admissible for refuge of the design ship.
(5) In a basin which is provided for anchorage or mooring of ships for the main purpose of timber sorting,
measures shall be taken to prevent drifting of timbers.

[Technical Note]
3.1 Performance Criteria

(1) Area of Basins (usability)

Basins provided for use in anchorage or mooring of ships
(a) Basins other than those in front of quaywalls.
In basins which are provided for use in anchorage or mooring of ships, basins other than basins in front of
quaywalls, mooring piles, piers, and floating piers means basins which are provided for use in anchoring

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and buoy mooring. In determining the area of the basin in performance verification of the basin concerned,
appropriate consideration shall be given to the properties of the sea-bed, the effect of wind, the water depth,
depending on the functions required in the objective facilities and the expected condition of use of the
facilities. Cases where that area is not necessary due to the method of anchorage or mooring are defined as
cases of buoy mooring. In determining the area of the basin in the performance verification of basins in this
case, appropriate consideration shall be given to the expected condition of use of the objective facilities and
the amount of horizontal movement of buoys due to the effect of differences in sea level.
(b) Basins in front of quaywalls
In determining the proper area of basins greater than the length overall of the design ship and greater than
the width of the design ship in the performance verification of basins in front of quaywalls, mooring piles,
piers, and floating piers, when determining the length of the basin, appropriate consideration shall be given
to the necessary extension in alongside mooring of the design ship in the length overall of the design ship,
and in determining the width of the basin, appropriate consideration shall be given to safety in berthing and
unberthing of the design ships.
Basins provided for use in turning of bow
(a) Basins provided for use in turning of the bow (hereinafter called ship turning) means the turning basins.
In determining the scale of the basin, turning basin, in the performance verification of the basin concerned,
appropriate consideration shall be given to the method of turning of the design ship, the turning performance
of the design ship, the arrangement of the mooring facilities and waterways. Methods of turning in cases
where that area is not necessary mean turning employing a tugboat, turning using thrusters having adequate
thrust and turning using an anchor.
(b) Area which does not hinder safe turning
1) In determining the area of a basin in the performance verification of the basin, the following values can be
used as areas which do not hinder safe turning.
Turning using thrusters having adequate thrust may be equivalent to turning using a tugboat.
W hen turning under the ships own power, a circle having a diameter 3 times the length overall of the
design ship
W hen turning using a tugboat, a circle having a diameter 2 times the length overall of the design ship
2) Special cases in connection with small craft
In basins provided for use in turning of small crafts, in cases where the area of the basin must unavoidably
be reduced due to topographical conditions, the following values can be used as an area which does not
hinder safe turning, with the use of a mooring anchor, winds, or tidal currents.
Turning utilizing thrusters having adequate thrust may be equivalent to turning using a tugboat.
W hen turning under the ships own power, a circle having a diameter 2 times the length overall of the
design ship
W hen turning using a tugboat, a circle having a diameter 1.5 times the length overall of the design ship
(c) Mooring/unmooring basins
In determining the scale of basins in the performance verification of mooring/unmooring basins, appropriate
consideration shall be given to the method of turning of the design ship, whether the ship is equipped with
thrusters or not, the effects of winds and tidal currents, ease of maneuvering.
(2) Water Depth of Basins (usability)
An appropriate water depth greater than the draft of the design ship is a value obtained by adding a keel
clearance, which is set corresponding to the maximum draft, to the assumed maximum draft of the design ship,
such as the load draft. In determining the water depth of a basin in the performance verification of the basin,
an appropriate depth greater than the draft of the design ship under the datum level for port management shall
be secured. Provided, however, that this shall not apply to basins for use in fitting of ships and other basins
provided for use in special anchorage or mooring of ships.
Turning using thrusters
In determining the keel clearance in the performance verification of the basins with the use of special turning
methods such as turning using thrusters by ferries shall set approximately 10% larger than the general maximum
draft, taking consideration of the special turning method.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 3 WATERWAYS AND BASINS
(3) Calmness of Basins (usability)
Calmness of basins means the percentage of time when the basin concerned is in a condition in which ships can
use the basin safely and smoothly. In verification of calmness in the performance verification of the basins, when
necessary, the condition of waves which may hinder anchorage and mooring of ships and cargo handling in the
basin shall be evaluated appropriately. In the verification of the calmness of the basin, the wave height in the
basin can generally be used as an index; however, when necessary, appropriate consideration shall be given to the
direction and period of waves affecting ship motion of the design ship while moored, and to the mooring method
of the design ship.
(4) Condition of Waves in Basin During Rough Weather (usability)
In the verification of the condition of waves during rough weather in the performance verification of the basins,
the allowable range of the condition of waves during rough weather shall be set appropriately giving appropriate
consideration to the height, direction, and period of waves in the objective basin, depending on the type and
principal dimensions of the design ship and sheltering method.

3.2 Performance Verification

[1] Location and Area

(1) Area of Basins Provided for Use in Anchorage or Mooring

A single anchoring, see Fig. 3.2.1(a) and a dual anchoring, see Fig. 3.2.1(b), are the most popular mooring
methods. A two anchoring method and a bow-and-stern anchoring method are also applied.
It is necessary to determine the chain length in such a way that the holding powers of the mooring anchor and
the chain lying on the sea bottom can resist the actions exerted on the ship under such conditions as the type
of ship, anchorage method, and meteorological and marine conditions. In general, the stability of the mooring
system increases as the length of the anchor chain increases.
The area of anchorage area is defined as a circle having a radius equivalent to the sum of the ships length and
the horizontal distance between the bow and the center of rotation of the laying chain.
When the conditions required to calculate the length of the anchor chain are unknown, Table 3.2.1 may normally
be used as a reference.
Fig. 3.2.1(c) shows a single-buoy mooring, and Fig. 3.2.1(d) shows a dual-buoy mooring with the buoys
located in the bow and stern of the ship. In this double-buoy mooring, it is necessary to locate the buoys in such
a way that the line connecting the two buoys become parallel with the directions of tidal currents and winds. In
the determination of the area of these types of buoy mooring, Table 3.2.2 may be used as a reference.
The width of basins between multiple parallel piers can be set referring to the values specified below.
(Loa: length overall of design ship)
(a) When the number of piers on one side of a groin is approximately 3 or less: 1.0 Loa
(b) When the number of berths on one side of a pier is approximately 4 or more: 1.5 Loa
In cases where the back of the pier is to be used as a small craft basin, and when used by bunkering ships or
barges, it is preferable to consider those use conditions.
In determining the anchoring method and scale in rough weather, References 1) 4) can be used as reference.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

(b)Dual anchoring

(a)Single anchoring

(d) Dual buoy mooring

(c)Single buoy mooring

Fig. 3.2.1 Concept of Scale of Basin (Per Ship)

Table 3.2.1 Anchorage Basins

Purpose of use Method of use Bottom soil or wind velocity Diameter (m)
Offshore waiting or cargo Single anchoring Good anchoring Loa+6D
handling Poor anchoring Loa+6D+30
Dual anchoring Good anchoring Loa+4.5D
Poor anchoring Loa+4.5D +25
Note) Loa: length overall of design ship (m), D: water depth (m)

Table 3.2.2 Size of Basins for Buoy Mooring

Method of use Area

Single buoy mooring Circle with radius (Loa +25)
Dual buoy mooring Rectangle with sides of (Loa + 50) (m) and Loa/2
Note) Loa: length overall of design ship (m)

(3) Area of Basins Provided for Use in Maneuvering

Mooring/unmooring basins
In general, the mooring/unmooring water area and waterways can be planned at the same water area from
the viewpoints of efficient layout and the use of the port facilities. Provided, however, that it is preferable to
separate the two in cases where ship traffic is congested.
When examining the size of a mooring/unmooring basin using tugboats, References 5) and 6) can be used as
reference.

[2] Water Depth

Appropriate depth in the water depth of basins shall be a water depth which secures keel clearance corresponding
to the maximum draft in the expected maximum draft such as the full load draft below the datum level used in
construction.

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 PART III FACILITIES, CHAPTER 3 WATERWAYS AND BASINS

[3] Harbor Calmness

(1) In conducting the performance verifications in connection with harbor calmness, Part II, Chapter 2, 4.5 Concept
of Harbor Calmness can be used as reference.
(2) Determination of the threshold wave height for cargo handling works in the performance verifications in
connection with harbor calmness must be conducted properly based on the type and dimensions of the design
ship, the features of cargo handling works, and the direction and period of the waves considered. In determining
the critical wave height for cargo handling, Environmental Assessment Manual of Long Period Waves in
Harbors7) can be used as reference. In determining the threshold wave height for cargo handling works in cases
where there is no danger of cargo handling problems caused by ship motion of the design ship due to swell, or long
period waves, the values shown in Table 3.2.3 can be used as reference.

Table 3.2.3 Reference Values of Threshold Wave Height for Cargo Handling Works not Affected by Swell, or Long
Period Waves

Ship type Threshold wave height for cargo handling works (H1/3)
Small craft 0.3m
Medium/large ship 0.5m
Very large ship 0.71.5m
Note) Here, the small craft means ships of roughly <500GT class which mainly use the small craft basin, the very large ship means ships of
roughly 50,000GT class which mainly use large-scale dolphins or offshore berths, and the medium/large ship means ships other than
the small craft and the very large ships.

References
1) Iwai, A.: New Edition Ship maneuvering theory, Kaibun-do Publishing, 1977
2) Honda, K.: Ship maneuvering theory (Enlarged 5th Edition), Seizan-do Publishing, 1978
3) Japan Association for Maritime Safety Edition: Maneuvering of Guideline for Very Large ships, Seizan-do Publishing, 1975
4) Suzuki, Y.: Study on the Design of Single Point Buoy Mooring, Technical Note of PHRI No.829,1996
5) Nakajima, T.: Maneuvering of tug boats- Technique-, Kaibun-so Publishing, 1979,
6) Yamagata, H.: Tug boats and their utilization method, Seizan-do Publishing, 1992
7) Coastal Development Institute of Technology (CDIT): Impact Evaluation Manual for long-period waves in ports, Coastal
Technology Library No. 21, CDIT, 2004, 86p.

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TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN

4 Small Craft Basin

Ministerial Ordinance
Performance Requirements for Small Craft Basins
Article 11
The performance requirements for small craft basins shall be such that the requirements specified by the
Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are satisfied in light of geotechnical characteristics,
waves, water currents, and wind conditions along with the usage conditions of the surrounding water areas,
for securing the safe and smooth use by small crafts.

Public Notice
Performance Criteria for Small Craft Basins
Article 32
The requirement specified in item (2) of the preceding article shall be applied to the performance criteria for
small craft basins with modification as necessary.
2 In addition to the provisions in the preceding item, the performance criteria for the small craft basins shall
be such that the basins have the shape, area, and calmness necessary for the safe and smooth use of ships.

[Technical Note]
As the scale of rest facilities, it is preferable to calculate the necessary extended length by adding an appropriate width
clearance, mutual clearance between ships, based on consideration of the actual condition of use. In rest facilities used
by small craft such as fishing boats, Table 4.1 can be used as reference for the width clearance in case of mooring by
longitudinal mooring.

Table 4.1 Relationship between Ship Width and Width Clearance

Ship width Width clearance

<2m 1.02.0m
2m to <4m 1.52.5m
4m or more 2.03.0m

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