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Analysis of Structures

The document discusses analyzing the equilibrium of truss structures using methods of joints and sections. It provides examples to determine the forces in members of sample truss structures by applying the principles of static equilibrium. Key steps include drawing free body diagrams, selecting appropriate joints or sections, and setting up the force and moment equilibrium equations to solve for unknown member forces.

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Toihir ben abdou salim
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33 views17 pages

Analysis of Structures

The document discusses analyzing the equilibrium of truss structures using methods of joints and sections. It provides examples to determine the forces in members of sample truss structures by applying the principles of static equilibrium. Key steps include drawing free body diagrams, selecting appropriate joints or sections, and setting up the force and moment equilibrium equations to solve for unknown member forces.

Uploaded by

Toihir ben abdou salim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 5

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

Expected Outcome:

• Able to analyze the equilibrium of structures made of several connected


parts, using the concept of the equilibrium of a particle or of a rigid body,
in order to determine the forces acting on various parts
• Analyse the equilibrium of structures made of several connected parts,
using the concept of the equilibrium of a rigid body, in order to determine
the forces acting on various parts
Application
Design of support structures requires
knowing the loads, or forces, that each
member of the structure will
experience.

Functional elements, such as the holding


force of this pliers, can be determined
from concepts in this section.

6-2
Definition of a Truss
• A truss consists of straight members connected at
joints. No member is continuous through a joint.

• Most structures are made of several trusses joined


together to form a space framework. Each truss
carries loads which act in its plane and may be
treated as a two-dimensional structure.

• Bolted or welded connections are assumed to be


pinned together. Forces acting at the member ends
reduce to a single force and no couple. Only two-
force members are considered.

• When forces tend to pull the member apart, it is in


tension. When the forces tend to compress the
member, it is in compression.

6-3
Introduction
• For the equilibrium of structures made of several
connected parts, the internal forces as well the external
forces are considered.

• In the interaction between connected parts, Newton’s 3rd


Law states that the forces of action and reaction
between bodies in contact have the same magnitude,
same line of action, and opposite sense.

• Three categories of engineering structures are considered:


a) Trusses: formed from two-force members, i.e.,
straight members with end point connections and
forces that act only at these end points.
b) Frames: contain at least one multi-force member,
i.e., member acted upon by 3 or more forces.
c) Machines: structures containing moving parts
designed to transmit and modify forces.
6-4
Analysis of Trusses by :
Method of Joints
• Dismember the truss and create a free body
diagram for each member and pin.
• Conditions for equilibrium for the entire truss
can be used to solve for 3 support reactions.

• The two forces exerted on each member are


equal, have the same line of action, and
opposite sense.

• Forces exerted by a member on the pins or


joints at its ends are directed along the member
and equal and opposite.

• Conditions of equilibrium are used to solve for


2 unknown forces at each pin (or joint), giving a
total of 2n solutions, where n=number of joints.
Forces are found by solving for unknown forces
while moving from joint to joint sequentially.
6-5
Sample Problem 6.1

Using the method of joints, determine the force in each member of the
truss.

6-6
1. Draw the FBD forces. Analyse which joint
should be consider first.
• Joints A or C are equally good because each
has only 2 unknown forces. Use joint A and
draw its FBD and find the unknown forces.

10 kN FAB FAD FAB  7.5 kN T


 
4 3 5 FAD  12.5 kN C

2. Which joint should you move to next, and why?


Discuss. • Joint D, since it has 2 unknowns remaining
(joint B has 3). Draw the FBD and solve.
FDB  FDA FDB  12.5 kN T
FDE  2 53 FDA FDE  15 kN C
6-7
3. Based on a free body diagram of the entire truss,
solve the 3 equilibrium equations for the reactions at
E and C.
• Looking at the FBD, which “sum of moments”
equation could you apply in order to find one of
the unknown reactions with just this one equation?

• Next, apply the remaining  MC  0


equilibrium conditions to  10 kN 12 m   5 kN 6 m   E 3 m 
find the remaining 2 support E  50 kN
reactions.
 Fx  0  C x Cx  0

 Fy  0  10 kN - 5 kN  50 kN  C y
C y  35 kN

6-8
4. There are now only two unknown member
forces at joint B. Assume both are in tension.

 Fy  0  5 kN  45 12 .5 kN   45 FBE
FBE  18 .75 kN
FBE  18.75 kN C

 Fx  0  FBC  7.5 kN  35 12.5 kN   35 18.75 kN 


FBC  26.25 kN
FBC  26.25 kN T
5. There is one remaining unknown member
force at joint E (or C). Use joint E and assume
the member is in tension.
 Fx  0  53 FEC  15 kN  53 18.75 kN 
FEC  43.75 kN
FEC  43.75 kN C
6-9
6. All member forces and support reactions are
known at joint C. However, the joint equilibrium
requirements may be applied to check the results.

 Fx   26.25 kN  35 43.75 kN  0 checks 

 Fy  35 kN  45 43.75 kN  0 checks 

6 - 10
Analysis of Trusses by the Method of Sections
• When the force in only one member or the
forces in a very few members are desired, the
method of sections works well.
• To determine the force in member BD, form a
section by “cutting” the truss at n-n and
create a free body diagram for the left side.
• A FBD could have been created for the right
side, but why is this a less desirable choice?
Think and discuss.
• Notice that the exposed internal forces
are all assumed to be in tension.
• With only three members cut by the section,
the equations for static equilibrium may be
applied to determine the unknown member
forces, including FBD.
6 - 11
Analysis of Trusses by the Method of Sections
• Using the left-side FBD, write one
equilibrium equation that can be solved to
find FBD. Check your equation with a
neighbor; resolve any differences between
your answers if you can.

p k p
• Assume that the initial section cut was made
using line k-k. Why would this be a poor
choice? Think about it!!!
• Notice that any cut may be chosen, so
long as the cut creates a separated section.
k
• So, for example, this cut with line p-p is
acceptable.

6 - 12
Sample Problem 6.3

Determine the force in members FH,


GH, and GI.

6 - 13
1. Draw the FBD by taking the entire truss
as the whole system

Ax 2. Apply the conditions for static


equilibrium to solve for the reactions at A
Ay
L and L.

 M A  0  5 m 6 kN   10 m 6 kN   15 m 6 kN 


 20 m 1 kN   25 m 1 kN   25 m L
L  7.5 kN
 Fy  0  20 kN  L  Ay
Ay  12.5 kN
 Fx  0  Ax

6 - 14
3. Make a cut through members FH, GH, and GI
and take the right-hand section as a free body.
4. Draw this FBD.

• What is the one equilibrium equation that could


be solved to find FGI

5. Sum of the moments about point H:


 MH  0
7.50 kN 10 m   1 kN 5 m   FGI 5.33 m   0
FGI  13.13 kN
FGI  13.13 kN T

6 - 15
6. FFH is shown as its components. What one
equilibrium equation will determine FFH?
FG 8 m
tan    0.5333   28.07
GL 15 m
 MG  0
7.5 kN 15 m   1 kN 10 m   1 kN 5 m 
 FFH cos 8 m   0
FFH  13.81 kN FFH  13.81 kN C
7. There are many options for finding FGH at this
point (e.g., SFx=0, SFy=0). Here is one more:
GI 5m
tan  2  0.9375   43.15
HI 3 8 m 
ML  0
1 kN 10 m   1 kN 5 m   FGH cos 15 m   0
FGH  1.371 kN FGH  1.371 kN C
6 - 16
References:

1. Beer, Ferdinand P.; Johnston, E. Russell; “Vector Mechanics


for Engineers - Statics”, 8th Ed., McGraw-Hill, Singapore,
2007.

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