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    Signed Integer Representation

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    emanresusugob
    There are two main techniques for representing signed integers in binary: sign magnitude and two's complement. [1] Sign magnitude uses the leftmost bit to indicate sign (0 for positive, 1 for negative) but represents both +0 and -0. [2] Two's complement also uses the leftmost bit for sign but treats it as a "negative weight", allowing easy conversion to decimal and subtraction by addition of negatives. [3] Two's complement avoids multiple representations of zero and allows standard binary addition of positive and negative numbers.

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    Signed Integer Representation

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    emanresusugob
    108 views3 pages
    There are two main techniques for representing signed integers in binary: sign magnitude and two's complement. [1] Sign magnitude uses the leftmost bit to indicate sign (0 for positive, 1 for negative) but represents both +0 and -0. [2] Two's complement also uses the leftmost bit for sign but treats it as a "negative weight", allowing easy conversion to decimal and subtraction by addition of negatives. [3] Two's complement avoids multiple representations of zero and allows standard binary addition of positive and negative numbers.

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    There are two main techniques for representing signed integers in binary: sign magnitude and two's complement. [1] Sign magnitude uses the leftmost bit to indicate sign (0 for positive, 1 for negative) but represents both +0 and -0. [2] Two's complement also uses the leftmost bit for sign but treats it as a "negative weight", allowing easy conversion to decimal and subtraction by addition of negatives. [3] Two's complement avoids multiple representations of zero and allows standard binary addition of positive and negative numbers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    108 views3 pages

    Signed Integer Representation

    Uploaded by

    emanresusugob
    There are two main techniques for representing signed integers in binary: sign magnitude and two's complement. [1] Sign magnitude uses the leftmost bit to indicate sign (0 for positive, 1 for negative) but represents both +0 and -0. [2] Two's complement also uses the leftmost bit for sign but treats it as a "negative weight", allowing easy conversion to decimal and subtraction by addition of negatives. [3] Two's complement avoids multiple representations of zero and allows standard binary addition of positive and negative numbers.

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    Signed Integer Representations

    There are a number of standard techniques to represent signed integers. Two of the most
    common techniques are sign magnitude and twos complement.

    Sign Magnitude: In sign magnitude the left most bit is used for a + (0) or – (1) sign. This
    presupposes that a fixed number of bits is used to represent an integer.

    For example: Using an 8-bit sign magnitude representation where the bits are numbered right to
    left 0 to 7, the left most bit, bit 7, is the sign bit. The standard convention is to use 0 for a plus
    and a 1 for s minus. Thus +12 would be written as

    +12 = 00001100

    while -12 would be written as

    -12 = 10001100

    There is one problem with sign magnitude representation: both 00000000 and 10000000
    represent zero. Thus we have respectively +0 (plus zero) and -0 (minus zero). Having two signed
    zeros with sign magnitude representation is somewhat awkward to work with.

    Binary Addition:

    Before discussing the second method of representing signed binary integers, let’s review the
    eight binary addition rules: the first four are without a carry in, the second four are with a carry
    in.

    +1 +1 +1 +1 <- carry in
    0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
    +0 +1 +0 +1 +0 +1 +0 +1
    -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
    0 1 1 10 1 10 10 11

    Note that 4 of the above rules have a carry out which is propagated to the column on the left as a
    carry in.
    Two’s Complement: Like sign magnitude, the left most bit is used as the sign bit with 0
    indicating plus and 1 indicating minus. However, what is different is that a negative “weight” or
    value is assigned to this bit.

    For example: Using an 8-bit twos complement representation, bit number 7 would have a weight
    of -128 while the other seven bits would have weights (from left to right) of 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2,
    and 1 respectively. Thus +12 would be written as

    +12 = 00001100

    While -12 would be written as

    -12 = 11110100

    Huh? It’s like this. 11110100 = − 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 4 = − 12 .

    This is useful since we can easily convert any twos complement representation to signed decimal
    using the same sum the powers of two technique that we use to convert any binary representation
    to decimal. Just remember to use a negative value for the sign bit.

    However, there is an easier way to negate a number: complement and add 1. By complement we
    mean make each 0 bit a 1 and each 1 bit a 0.

    00001100
    11110011

    Now add 1; that is


    11110011
    + 1
    11110100

    This technique also works on negative representations For example if we complement 11110100

    11110100
    00001011

    And add 1
    00001011
    + 1
    00001100

    we’re back to +12.


    A Four-Bit Two’s Complement Number Line

    -8 -7 – 6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 +7
    1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111

    Here we line up the four bit twos complement integers from most negative on the left (-8) to
    most positive on the right (+7). Note that the weight of the left most sign bit is -8. If you look
    closely, there is a pattern to this arrangement.

    One advantage of twos complement representation is that binary addition works for twos
    complement integers whether the numbers are positive or negative. For example

    1101 -3 1101 -3 0010 +2 0010 +2


    +1110 +-2 +0101 ++5 +1011 +-5 +0011 ++3
    ----- --- ----- --- ----- --- ----- ---
    1011 -5 0010 +2 1101 -3 0101 +5

    Note: Any carry out of the left most column is thrown away.

    Since it’s easy to negate a twos complement integer (complement and add 1), subtraction is done
    by adding a negative number; for example 2 – 5 = 2 + (-5) = -3 (see above)

    Overflow: There is one problem. Since the range of range of four bit twos complement integers
    is limited to values between -8 and +7, it’s possible to generate a result outside of this range; for
    example both 5 + 4 = 9 and -4 + -6 = -10 generate values which are outside this range. This is
    called an overflow condition. It is fairly easy to detect (the carry in to the sign bit does not equal
    the carry out of the sign bit) and can only occur if two numbers of the same sign are added
    together.

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