Hemant Shinde

Noise and vibration: MCQ

“Vibratory Motion”.

1. When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, then the body is said to
have
a) free vibration
b) forced vibration
c) damped vibration
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: When no external force acts on the body, after giving it an initial displacement,
then the body is said to be under free or natural vibrations. The frequency of the free
vibrations is called free or natural frequency.
When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, the motion is said to be
damped vibration.

2. Longitudinal vibrations are said to occur when the particles of a body moves
a) perpendicular to its axis
b) parallel to its axis
c) in a circle about its axis
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: When the particles of the shaft or disc moves parallel to the axis of the shaft,
then the vibrations are known as longitudinal vibrations.
When the particles of the shaft or disc move approximately perpendicular to the axis of the
shaft, then the vibrations are known as transverse vibrations.

3. When a body is subjected to transverse vibrations, the stress induced in a body will be
a) shear stress
b) tensile stress
c) compressive stress
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In transverse vibrations,the shaft is straight and bent alternately and bending
stresses are induced in the shaft.

4. The natural frequency (in Hz) of free longitudinal vibrations is equal to

a) 1/2π√s/m
b) 1/2π√g/δ
c) 0.4985/δ
d) all of the mentioned
View Answer
 Hemant Shinde

Answer: d
Explanation: Natural Frequency, fn = 0.4985/δ
where m = Mass of the body in kg,
s = Stiffness of the body in N/m, and
δ = Static deflection of the body in metres.

5. The factor which affects the critical speed of a shaft is

a) diameter of the disc
b) span of the shaft
c) eccentricity
d) all of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: To determine the critical speed of a shaft which may be subjected to point loads,
uniformly distributed load or combination of both, we find the frequency of transverse
vibration which is equal to critical speed of a shaft in r.p.s. The Dunkerley’s method may be
used for calculating the frequency.

6. The equation of motion for a vibrating system with viscous damping is

d2x/dt2 + c/m X dx/dt + s/m X x = 0
If the roots of this equation are real, then the system will be
a) over damped
b) under damped
c) critically damped
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: When the roots are real, overdamping takes place.
When the roots are complex conjugate underdamping takes place.

7. In under damped vibrating system, if x1 and x2 are the successive values of the amplitude on
the same side of the mean position, then the logarithmic decrement is equal to
a) x1/x2
b) log (x1/x2)
c) loge (x1/x2)
d) log (x1.x2)
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: None

8. The ratio of the maximum displacement of the forced vibration to the deflection due to the
static force, is known as
a) damping factor
b) damping coefficient
c) logarithmic decrement
 Hemant Shinde

d) magnification factor
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Magnificiant Factor is the ratio of maximum displacement of the forced vibration
(xmax) to the deflection due to the static force F(xo).
Damping Factor is the ratio of amping coefficient for the actual system, and damping
coefficient for the critical damped system.

9. In vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn is less than √2 , then for all values of the damping factor,
the transmissibility will be
a) less than unity
b) equal to unity
c) greater than unity
d) zero
where ω = Circular frequency of the system in rad/s, and
ωn = Natural circular frequency of vibration of the system in rad/s.
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The value of ω/ωn must be greater than √2 if ε is to be less than 1 and it is the
numerical value of ε , independent of any phase difference between the forces that may exist
which is important.

10. In vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn > 1, then the phase difference between the transmitted
force and the disturbing force is
a) 0°
b) 90°
c) 180°
d) 270°
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: There is a phase difference of 180° between the transmitted force and the
disturbing force.

Types of Vibratory Motion and Natural Frequency of Free Longitudinal Vibrations

11. In vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn, then the phase difference between the transmitted force
and the disturbing force is
a) 0°
b) 90°
c) 180°
d) 270°
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: In Vibration-isolation system, If the phase difference between transmitted force
and the disturbing force is 180°C, then ω/ωn = 1.
 Hemant Shinde

12. When a body is subjected to transverse vibrations, the stress induced in a body will be
a) shear stress
b) bending stress
c) tensile stress
d) compressive stress
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The critical speed of a shaft with a disc supported in between is equal to the
natural frequency of the system in transverse vibrations and the stress induced is bending
stress.

13. The critical speed of a shaft with a disc supported in between is equal to the natural
frequency of the system in
a) transverse vibrations
b) torsional vibrations
c) longitudinal vibrations
d) none of the mentioned
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The critical speed of a shaft with a disc supported in between is equal to the
natural frequency of the system in transverse vibrations and the stress induced is bending
stress.

14. In steady state forced vibrations, the amplitude of vibrations at resonance is _____________
damping coefficient.
a) equal to
b) directly proportional to
c) inversely proportional to
d) independent of
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Forced vibration is when a time-varying disturbance (load, displacement or
velocity) is applied to a mechanical system. The disturbance can be a periodic and steady-state
input, a transient input, or a random input. The periodic input can be a harmonic or a non-
harmonic disturbance.

15. When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, then the body is said to
have
a) free vibration
b) forced vibration
c) damped vibration
d) under damped vibration
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The vibrations of a body whose amplitude goes on reducing over every cycle of
vibrations are known as damped vibrations. This is due to the fact that a certain amount of
 Hemant Shinde

energy possessed by the vibrating body is always dissipated in overcoming frictional

resistance to the motion.In these vibrations, the amplitude of the vibrations decreases
exponentially due to damping forces like frictional force, viscous force, hysteresis etc.

16. In vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn < 2, then for all values of damping factor, the
transmissibility will be
a) less than unity
b) equal to unity
c) greater than unity
d) zero
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For underdamped systems the maximum amplitude of excitation has a definite
value and it occurs at a frequency ω/ωn1. For damping factor, the transmissibility will be
greater than unity.

17. The accelerometer is used as a transducer to measure earthquake in Richter scale. Its design
is based on the principle that
a) its natural frequency is very low in comparison to the frequency of vibration
b) its natural frequency is very high in comparison to the frequency of vibration
c) its natural frequency is equal to the frequency of vibration
d) measurement of vibratory motion is without any reference point
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Natural frequency need to be equal to frequency of vibration so that resonance
exists and it should show the indication of earthquake.

18. While calculating the natural frequency of a spring-mass system, the effect of the mass of the
spring is accounted for by adding X times its value to the mass, where X is
a) 1/2
b) 1/3
c) 1/4
d) 3/4
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Velocity at a distance “y” from fixed End = Velocity at free end /length of spring
xy
∆k = 1/2 x M/3 x v2.

19. Critical speed is expressed as

a) rotation of shaft in degrees
b) rotation of shaft in radians
c) rotation of shaft in minutes
d) natural frequency of the shaft
View Answer
 Hemant Shinde

Answer: d
Explanation: Critical speed is expressed as natural frequency of the shaft.
20. The first critical speed of an automobile running on a sinusoidal road is calculated by
(modeling it as a single degree of freedom system)
a) Resonance
b) Approximation
c) Superposition
d) Rayleigh quotient
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Frequency of automobile and road are same.

21. The natural frequency of a spring-mass system on earth is ωn. The natural frequency of this
system on the moon (gmoon = gearth/6) is
a) ωn
b) 0.408ωn
c) 0.204ωn
d) 0.167ωn
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know natural frequency of a spring mass system is,
ωn = √k/m ………..(i)
This equation (i) does not depend on the g and weight (W = mg)
So, the natural frequency of a spring mass system is unchanged on the moon.
Hence, it will remain ωn , i.e. ωmoon = ωn.

22. A vehicle suspension system consists of a spring and a damper. The stiffness of the spring is
3.6 kN/m and the damping constant of the damper is 400 Ns/m. If the mass is 50 kg, then the
damping factor (d ) and damped natural frequency (fn), respectively, are
a) 0.471 and 1.19 Hz
b) 0.471 and 7.48 Hz
c) 0.666 and 1.35 Hz
d) 0.666 and 8.50 Hz
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Given k = 3.6 kN/m, c = 400 Ns/m, m = 50 kg
We know that, Natural Frequency
ωn = √k/m = 8.485 rad/ sec
And damping factor is given by,
d = c/cc = c/2√km = 0.471
Damping Natural frequency,
ωd = √1 – d2 ωn
2пfd = √1 – d2 ωn
fd = 1.19 Hz.
 Hemant Shinde

23. For an under damped harmonic oscillator, resonance

a) occurs when excitation frequency is greater than undamped natural frequency
b) occurs when excitation frequency is less than undamped natural frequency
c) occurs when excitation frequency is equal to undamped natural frequency
d) never occurs
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: For an under damped harmonic oscillator resonance occurs when excitation
frequency is equal to the undamped natural frequency
ωd = ωn .

Natural Frequency of Free Longitudinal Vibrations

24. Find the natural frequency in Hz of the free longitudinal vibrations if the displacement is
2mm.
a) 11.14
b) 12.38
c) 11.43
d) 11.34
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that the natural Frequency of Free Longitudinal Vibration is given by
the equation
f = 0.4985/s√
where s is the displacement of the spring.

25. If the spring displacement is high then the frequency of the spring increases.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The natural frequency of the free longitudinal vibration depends on the
displacement and gravitational acceleration (g) by the relation:
f= 0.4985/s√
where s is the displacement of the spring.
since it is not directly proportional, the given statement is false.

26. Find the displacement in mm of the free longitudinal vibrations if the Natural frequency is 15
Hz.
a) 1.1
b) 1.2
c) 1.5
d) 1.6
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that the natural Frequency of Free Longitudinal Vibration is given by
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the equation
f = 0.4985/s√
where s is the displacement of the spring.
substituting the given values we get
s=1.1 mm.
27. Find the displacement in mm of the free longitudinal vibrations if the Natural frequency is 20
Hz.
a) 0.1
b) 0.2
c) 0.5
d) 0.6
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: We know that the natural Frequency of Free Longitudinal Vibration is given by
the equation
f= 0.4985/s√
where s is the displacement of the spring.
Substituting the given values we get:
s=0.6 mm.

28. Which of the following methods will give an incorrect relation of the frequency for free
vibration?
a) Equilibrium method
b) Energy method
c) Reyleigh’s method
d) Klein’s method
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Equilibrium, Energy and Reyleigh’s method give the same relation between the
natural frequency and displacement of free vibration whereas klein’s method is used to
calculate velocity and acceleration of the parts of the mechanisms.

29. A cantilever shaft has a diameter of 6 cm and the length is 40cm, it has a disc of mass 125 kg
at its free end. The Young’s modulus for the shaft material is 250 GN/m². Calculate the static
deflection in nm.
a) 0.001
b) 0.083
c) 1.022
d) 0.065
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Area = πd2/4 = 0.00282 m2
s = W.l/A.E
= 0.001 nm.
 Hemant Shinde

30. Static deflection and frequency are independent of each other.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The natural frequency of the free longitudinal vibration depends on the static
displacement and gravitational acceleration (g) by the relation:
f = 0.4985/s√.

31. A cantilever shaft having 50 mm diameter and length of 300 mm has a disc of mass 100 kg at
its free end. The Young’s modulus for the shaft material is 200 GN/m2. Calculate the natural
longitudinal frequency in Hz.
a) 575
b) 625
c) 525
d) 550
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Area = πd2/4 = 0.00196 m2
s = W.l/A.E = = 0.751 µm
I = 0.3×10-6 m4
f = 0.4985/s√
= 575 Hz.

32. If the mass is of 10 Kg, find the natural frequency in Hz of the free longitudinal vibrations.
The displacement is 0.01mm.
a) 44.14
b) 49.85
c) 43.43
d) 46.34
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: We know that the natural Frequency of Free Longitudinal Vibration is given by
the equation
f = 0.4985/s√
where s is the displacement of the spring.
substituting the given values we get
f=49.85 Hz
It is to be noted that mass has no effect on the natural frequency as it only depends on the
displacement.

33. A cantilever shaft having 50 mm diameter and a length of 300 mm has a disc of mass 100 kg
at its free end. The Young’s modulus for the shaft material is 200 GN/m2. Determine the
frequency of transverse vibrations of the shaft.
a) 31
b) 35
 Hemant Shinde

c) 37
d) 41
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: We know that deflection is given by the relation:
Wl3/3E.I
I = 0.3×10-6 m4
d = 0.147×10-3
f = 0.4985/d−−√
Thus f = 41 Hz.

34. For the same dimensions of a beam, transverse vibrations have a lower frequency than
longitudinal frequency.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Keeping the dimensions of the testing beam same, it is noted that the natural
frequency of vibrations obtained in longitudinal waves is larger than the one obtained in
transverse waves.

Natural Frequency of Free Transverse Vibrations

35. A cantilever shaft having 50 mm diameter and a length of 300 mm has a disc of mass 100 kg
at its free end. The Young’s modulus for the shaft material is 200 GN/m3. Determine the static
deflection of the shaft in mm.
a) 0.147
b) 0.213
c) 0.132
d) 0.112
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that deflection is given by the relation:
Wl3/3E.I
W = 100xg, l=0.3m, I = I = 0.3×10-6 m4
substituting values we get d = 0.147mm.

36. For the same dimensions of the shaft which of the following has the greater natural
frequency?
a) Transverse
b) Longitudinal
c) Depends on thickness
d) Depends upon length
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If the dimensions of the testing beam are kept same, it is observed that the
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natural frequency of vibrations obtained in longitudinal waves is larger than the one obtained
in transverse waves.

37. Calculate the natural frequency of transverse vibrations if the static deflection is 0.01mm.
a) 157.6
b) 144.8
c) 173.2
d) 154.1
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that the natural Frequency of Free Transverse Vibration is given by the
equation
f = 0.4985/s√
where s is the displacement of the spring.
substituting the given values we get
f=157.6 Hz.

38. Increasing mass will result in lower frequency.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that deflection is given by the relation :
Wl3/3E.I
Increasing the mass will result in an increased deflection which, frequency decreases as the
deflection increases hence increasing mass will reduce the frequency of vibration.

39. Calculate the static deflection in µm of transverse vibrations if the frequency is 200Hz.
a) 6
b) 0.6
c) 60
d) 0.006
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that the natural Frequency of Free Transverse Vibration is given by the
equation
f = 0.4985/s√
where s is the displacement of the spring.
substituting the given values we get
f = 0.00000621255625 m.

Critical or Whirling Speed of a Shaft

40. Assuming the shaft to be freely supported. Calculate the whirling speed of the shaft : 2 cm
diameter and 60 cm long carrying a mass of 1 kg at its mid-point. The density of the shaft
material is 40 Mg/m3, and Young’s modulus is 200 GN/m2.
a) 2598
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b) 2434
c) 2756
d) 2634
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: I = πd4/64 = 7.855×10-9 m4
d due to 1 kg mass = 28×10-6 m
d due to mass of the shaft = 0.133×10-3m
substituting these values into the frequency relation of transverse vibrations
we get
f = 43.3 Hz
Therefore Nc = 43.3×60 = 2598 rpm.

41. When the centre of gravity of the rotor lies between the centre line of the shaft and the centre
line of the bearing, e is taken positive.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If the centre of gravity(G) of the rotor does not lie between the centre line of the
shaft and the centre line of the bearing, then the value of e is taken positive.

42. The speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection from the axis of rotation of
the shaft becomes infinite, is known as _________
a) Whirling speed
b) Rotational speed
c) Stabilizing speed
d) Reciprocating speed
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The rotational speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of
the shaft from the axis of rotation becomes infinite, is known as critical or whirling speed.

43. From the following data, calculate the critical speed of the shaft in rps.
Shaft diameter = 5mm
length = 200mm
Mass of disc = 50Kg at centre of shaft
E = 200GN/m2
Centre of disc at 0.25m away from centre of axis of shaft.
a) 8.64
b) 9.64
c) 10.64
d) 11.64
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: I = πd4/64 = 30.7×10-12 m4
 Hemant Shinde

d = 3.33×10-3m
substituting these values into the frequency relation of transverse vibrations
we get
Nc = 8.64 rps.

44. From the following data, calculate the static deflection in mm.
Critical speed = 8.64 rps
Mass of disc = 100Kg at centre of shaft
E = 100GN/m2
Centre of disc at 0.25m away from centre of axis of shaft.
a) 3.32
b) 9.64
c) 10.64
d) 11.64
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: I = πd4/64 = 30.7×10-12 m4
Nc = 8.64 rps
substituting these values into the frequency relation of transverse vibrations
we get
d = 3.32mm.

45. If the static deflection is 1.665×10-3m, calculate the critical speed of the shaft in rps.
Centre of disc at 0.25m away from centre of axis of shaft.
a) 8.64
b) 9.64
c) 10.64
d) 12.2
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: d = 1.665×10-3m
substituting these values into the frequency relation of transverse vibrations
we get
Nc = 12.2 rps.

46. A shaft supported in ball bearings is assumed to be a simply supported.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: A shaft supported in short bearings is assumed to be a simply supported shaft
while the shaft supported in journal bearings is assumed to have both ends fixed.

47. From the following data, calculate the static deflection in mm.
Shaft diameter = 5mm
length = 200mm
 Hemant Shinde

Mass of disc = 100Kg at centre of shaft

E = 100GN/m2
Centre of disc at 0.25m away from centre of axis of shaft.
a) 4.32
b) 9.64
c) 10.64
d) 11.64
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: I = πd4/64 = 30.7×10-12 m4
d = 13.32×10-3m.

Frequency of Free Damped Vibrations

48. Fluid resistance causes damping which is known as ______

a) Resistance damping
b) Fluid damping
c) Viscous damping
d) Liquid damping
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Damping due to the resistance offered by the fluid is known as viscous damping.
This is because of the reduction in the amplitude caused by the viscous forces of the fuild.

49. In damped vibrations, the amplitude of the resulting vibration gradually diminishes.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Since a certain amount of energy is always dissipated while overcoming the
resistance forces, In damped vibrations, the amplitude of the resulting vibration gradually
diminishes.

50. In damped vibrations, the amplitude of the resulting vibration gradually reduces. This is due
to the reason that an amount of energy is always dissipated to overcome the ________
a) Frictional resistance
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b) Work done
c) Fluid pressure
d) Air pressure
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In case of damped vibrations, the amplitude of the resulting vibration gradually
diminishes. This is due to the reason that a certain amount of energy is always dissipated to
overcome the frictional resistance.

51. The resistance to the motion of the body is provided by ______

a) Medium of vibration
b) Speed of vibration
c) Length of the material
d) External friction
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The resistance to the motion of the vibrating body is provided partly by the medium
in which the vibration takes place and partly by the internal friction.

52. In which direction does the damping force acts?

a) Opposite to the motion
b) Along the motion
c) Perpendicular to motion
d) Variable
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: It is assumed that the frictional resistance to the motion of the body is directly
proportional to the speed of, therefore Damping force or frictional force on the mass acts in
opposite direction to the motion of the mass.
 Hemant Shinde

53. In which direction does the accelerating force acts?

a) Opposite to the motion
b) Along the motion
c) Perpendicular to motion
d) Variable
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: It is assumed that the frictional resistance to the motion of the body is directly
proportional to the speed, therefore accelerating force on the mass acts in same direction to the
motion of the mass.

54. In which of the following cases, overdamping occurs?

a) Roots are real
b) Roots are complex conjugate
c) Roots are equal
d) Independent of the equation
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If the roots k1 and k2 are real but negative the case is of overdamping or large
damping and the mass moves slowly to the equilibrium position. This motion is known as
aperiodic.

55. In which of the following cases, underdamping occurs?

a) Roots are real
b) Roots are complex conjugate
c) Roots are equal
d) Independent of the equation
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: If the roots k1 and k2 are complex, the case is of underdamping or small damping
and the mass moves slowly to the equilibrium position.
 Hemant Shinde

Damping Factor & Magnification Factor

56. The ratio of the actual damping coefficient (c) to the critical damping coefficient (cc ) is
known as _________
a) Damping factor
b) Damping coefficient
c) Resistive factor
d) Resistive coefficient
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The ratio of the actual damping coefficient (c) to the critical damping coefficient
(cc) is known as damping factor or damping ratio given by c/Cc.

57. Calculate critical damping coefficient in Ns/m from the following data.
mass = 200Kg
ω = 20rad/s
a) 25,132
b) 26,132
c) 27,132
d) Not possible
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: We know that critical damping coefficient is given by the relation
Cc = 2πxmxω
inserting the values we get
Cc = 25132 N/m/s
The above value is in N/m/s and damping factor cannot be calculated in Ns/m.

58. Calculate critical damping coefficient in N/m/s from the following data:
mass = 100Kg
ω = 40rad/s
 Hemant Shinde

a) 25,132
b) 26,132
c) 27,132
d) 28,132
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that critical damping coefficient is given by the relation
Cc = 2πxmxω
inserting the values we get
Cc = 25132 N/m/s.

59. Calculate critical damping coefficient in N/m/s from the following data:
mass = 100Kg
ω = 10rad/s
a) 5,132
b) 6,283
c) 7,132
d) 8,132
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that critical damping coefficient is given by the relation
Cc = 2πxmxω
inserting the values we get
Cc = 6283 N/m/s.

60. Calculate damping ratio from the following data:

mass = 200Kg
ω = 20rad/s
damping coefficient = 800 N/m/s
a) 0.03
b) 0.04
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c) 0.05
d) 0.06
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that critical damping coefficient is given by the relation
Cc = 2πxmxω
inserting the values we get
Cc = 25132 N/m/s
ratio = 800/25132.

61. Calculate damping ratio from the following data:

mass = 200Kg
ω = 20rad/s
damping coefficient = 1000 N/m/s
a) 0.03
b) 0.04
c) 0.05
d) 0.06
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: We know that critical damping coefficient is given by the relation:
Cc = 2πxmxω
inserting the values we get
Cc = 25132 N/m/s
ratio = 1000/25132 = 0.04.

62. Unit of damping factor is N/m/s.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
 Hemant Shinde

Answer: b
Explanation: Damping factor is a ratio of damping coefficient to the critical damping coefficient
hence, it has no unit and is a dimensionless quantity.

63. Magnification factor is the ratio of the maximum displacement due to forced vibrations to the
deflection due to _______
a) Static force
b) Dynamic force
c) Torsion
d) Compression
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Magnification factor or the Dynamic magnifier is the ratio of maximum
displacement of the forced vibration to the deflection due to the static force.

64. Maximum displacement due to forced vibration is dependent on deflection due to static force.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Maximum displacement due to forced vibration is directly proportional to the
displacement due to static force, hence it is dependent on deflection due to static force.

65. In which of the cases the factor c = 0?

a) When there is damping
b) No damping
c) Resonance
d) c is never 0
View Answer
 Hemant Shinde

Answer: b
Explanation: When there is no damping, the factor c becomes 0 and magnification factor
becomes independent of the damping coefficient.

66. A body of mass 20 kg is suspended from a spring which deflects 20mm under this load.
Calculate the frequency of free vibrations in Hz.
a) 3.5
b) 5
c) 6
d) 7
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Frequency of free vibrations is given by (1/2π)√(g/d)
substituting the value, we get
f = 3.5 Hz.

67. If the mass increases, then the frequency of the free vibrations increases.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Frequency of free vibrations is given by (1/2π)√(g/d), from the given formula it is
evident that it is independent of mass, Hence the given statement is false.

Vibration Isolation and Transmissibility

68. Which of the following systems produce a vibration in the foundation?
a) Unbalanced machine
b) Balanced machine
c) Coupled machine
d) Uncoupled machine
View Answer
 Hemant Shinde

Answer: a
Explanation: It has been observed that when an unbalanced machine is installed on the
foundation, it produces vibration in the foundation which needs to be countered to create smooth
working of the machine.

69. When a periodic disturbing force is applied to a machine, the force is transmitted to the
foundation by the means of spring.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Springs or dampers are mounted on the machine in order to reduce the vibrations
produce but however they also transmit the disturbing periodic force to the machine.

70. Which of the following is correct regarding isolation factor?

a) Dimensionless quantity
b) Has Newton as its unit
c) Has joule as its Unit
d) Has Hz as its unit
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Isolation factor is a ratio of transmitted force to the applied force, since it is a ratio
of two quantities having same dimension, it is a dimensionless quantity.

71. Which of the following is a type of transmitted force to the foundation?

a) Damping force
b) Undamping force
c) Tensile force
d) Torsional force
View Answer
 Hemant Shinde

Answer: a
Explanation: The transmitted force consists of the following two forces which are perpendicular
to each other namely: Spring or elastic force and damping force. This happens as both spring and
damper is used in order to minimize vibrations.

72. If the damper is not provided and the system is in resonance, which of the following is the
correct isolation factor?
a) 0
b) 1/2
c) 1/4
d) Infinity
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: When the damper is not involved, the damping coefficient c becomes zero and
isolation factor is given by:
1/(1-(ω/ωn))
Since during resonance, ω=ωn
isolation factor becomes infinite.

73. If isolation factor is negative, then what is the phase difference between transmitted and
disturbing force?
a) 180°
b) 90°
c) 450°
d) 360°
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If the isolation factor is negative then the ratio ω/ωn is greater than 1, in this case
the phase difference between the disturbing force and the transmitted force is 180°.
 Hemant Shinde

74. Which of the following is true regarding Ɛ>1?

a) Transmitted force is greater than applied force
b) Transmitted force is less than applied force
c) Spring force is less than applied force
d) Damping force is less than applied force
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: if the isolation factor is greater than 1, then the ratio ω/ωn < √2, this means that
there is a phase difference between the transmitted force and the disturbing force, where the
transmitted force is greater than the applied force.
75. Isolation factor is twice the transmissibility ratio.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The given statement is false as the isolation factor and the transmissibility ratio
have the same value which is given by ratio of Transmitted force to the Applied force.

Effect of Inertia of the Constraint on Torsional Vibrations

76. A flywheel is mounted on a vertical shaft. The both ends of a shaft are fixed and its diameter
is 50 mm. The flywheel has a mass of 500 kg, the modulus of rigidity for the shaft material is 80
GN/m2 and its radius of gyration is 0.5 m. Find the natural frequency of torsional vibrations.
a) 5.32
b) 5.86
c) 5.65
d) 6.66
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that J = πd4/32 = 0.6×10-6 m4
q1 = 56×103
q2 = 84×103
 Hemant Shinde

q = 140×103
therefore using the formula for fn
we get fn = 5.32 Hz.

77. If a mass whose moment of inertia is Ic/3 is placed at the free end and the constraint is
assumed to be of negligible mass, then the kinetic energy is ______
a) 1/6 Icω2
b) 1/2Icω2
c) 1/3Icω2
d) 1/12Icω2
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Kinetic energy is given by the equation
0.5Iω2
inserting Ic/3 in place of I will give kinetic energy as
1/6 Icω2.

78. If Ic = 125 Kg-m2 and ω= 20 rad/s, calculate the kinetic of the constraint.
a) 8333 J
b) 7333 J
c) 6333 J
d) 9333 J
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The kinetic energy of the constraint is given by the equation:
K.E = 1/6 Icω2
substituting the value we get
K.E = 8333J.

79. If Ic = 500 Kg-m2 and ω = 10 rad/s, calculate the kinetic of the constraint.
a) 8333 J
 Hemant Shinde

b) 7363 J
c) 4578 J
d) 9333 J
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The kinetic energy of the constraint is given by the equation:
K.E = 1/6 Icω2
substituting the value we get
K.E = 8333J.

80. If the mass of the constraint is negligible then what is the kinetic energy of the system?
a) 0
b) Half the value
c) Double the value
d) Infinite
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If the mass of the constraint is negligible, then the mass moment of inertia will be
0. As a result the expression of the kinetic energy will become 0.

81. If the mass of the constraint is negligible and a mass is attached at the end of the rod having
following values: Ic = 500 Kg-m2 and ω= 10 rad/s, then calculate the kinetic of the constraint
system.
a) 8333 J
b) 7363 J
c) 4578 J
d) 9333 J
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The kinetic energy of the constraint system in the absence of mass of constrant is
given by the equation:
 Hemant Shinde

K.E = 1/6 Icω2

substituting the value we get
K.E = 8333J.

82. Free torsional vibrations will occur in a two rotor system only if both rotors have same
frequency.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: In a two rotor system the free torsional vibration will occur only if both the rotors
have the same frequency of vibration, it follows the following relation between length and mass
moment of inertia: L(A)I(A) = L(B)I(B).

83. Increasing which of the following factor would result in increase of free torsional vibration?
a) Radius of gyration
b) Mass moment of inertia
c) Polar moment of inertia
d) Length
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The free torsional vibration frequency of a single rotor system depends by the
following relation
f = 12(C.Jl.I)−−−−−√
Hence increase in polar moment of inertia results in increase in vibration frequency.

Free Torsional Vibrations of a Single Rotor System”.

84. Which of the following relation is correct regarding free torsional vibrations of a single
motor system?
a) Independent of modulus of rigidity
b) Independent of polar moment of inertia
 Hemant Shinde

c) Dependent on mass moment of inertia

d) Independent of length of shaft
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: The free torsional vibrations of a single motor system depends on the following
factors:
Modulus of rigidity, Polar moment of inertia, mass moment of inertia and length of the shaft.

85. Free torsional vibrations of a single motor system increases with increase in polar moment of
inertia.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The free torsional vibrations of a single motor system depends on the following
factors:
√Polar moment of inertia as directly proportional to the square root of polar moment of inertia.

86. If the polar moment of inertia is increased to four times, then what will be the effect on free
torsional vibrations of a single motor system?
a) Increases 4 times
b) Increases 2 times
c) Decreases 4 times
d) Decreases 2 times
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Since the free torsional vibrations of a single motor system depend on the square
root of the polar moment of inertia of the system, increasing 4 times will lead to increase in two
times the initial vibration.
 Hemant Shinde

87. If the mass moment of inertia is increased to four times, then what will be the effect on free
torsional vibrations of a single motor system?
a) Increases 4 times
b) Increases 2 times
c) Decreases 4 times
d) Decreases 2 times
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Since the free torsional vibrations of a single motor system depend on the inverse
of square root of the mass moment of inertia of the system, increasing 4 times will lead to
decrease in two times the initial vibration.
88. Calculate the free torsional vibrations of a single motor system from the following data:
C = 8 GN/m2, L=9m, I = 600 Kg-m2, J = 8×104 m4
a) 162,132
b) 172,132
c) 182,132
d) 192,132
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The free torsional vibrations of a single motor system is given by
12(C.J÷l.I)−−−−−−−−−√
Substituting the given values gives f = 172132 Hz.

89. If the length inertia is decreased to nine times, then what will be the effect on free torsional
vibrations of a single motor system?
a) Increases 3 times
b) Increases 9 times
c) Decreases 9 times
d) Decreases 3 times
View Answer
 Hemant Shinde

Answer: a
Explanation: Since the free torsional vibrations of a single motor system depends on the inverse
of square root of the length, decreasing 9 times will lead to increase in 3 times the initial
vibration.

90. Calculate the Polar moment of inertia in m4 of a single motor system from the following data:
C = 8 GN/m2, L=9m, I = 600 Kg-m2, f=10 Hz
a) 0.00027
b) 0.00032
c) 0.00045
d) 0.00078
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The free torsional vibrations of a single motor system is given by
12(C.J÷l.I)−−−−−−−−−√
Substituting the given values gives J = 0.00027 m4.

91. If radius of gyration increases then the torsional free vibration increases.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Increase in the radius of gyration will result in increase in mass moment of inertia
since mass moment of inertia is not directly dependent, the given statement is false.

Free Torsional Vibrations of a Two Rotor System

92. Consider P and Q as the shaft having two rotors at the end of it, what is the point N known as
in the given figure?
 Hemant Shinde

a) Node
b) Elastic point
c) Inelastic point
d) Breaking point
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The torsional vibrations occur in a two-rotor system only if the rotors move in the
opposite direction, at point N there is no vibration hence it is known as node.

93. In a two rotor system, torsional vibration occurs only if the rotors are moving in the same
direction.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: For a two rotor system, the torsional vibration will occur only if the rotors are
moving in the direction opposite to each other.
3. In the given figure representing a two rotor system, what is the line LNM called?
 Hemant Shinde

a) Node line
b) Elastic line
c) Inelastic line
d) Breaking line
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The given figure represents the shaft PQ with rotors attached to the end of it
making it a two rotor system, in the figure, the line LNM is known as the elastic line of the shaft.

94. For occurrence of free torsional vibration which of the condition is necessary?
a) Rotors moving in same direction
b) Rotors having same frequency
c) Rotors having different frequency
d) Rotors rotate in the same sense
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In a two rotor torsional vibration system, the system will rotate if the rotors are
rotating in opposite direction with the same frequency.

95. In the given figure, considering PN as one shaft, If the mass moment of inertia is increased to
four times, then what will be the effect on free torsional vibrations of a rotor at P?

a) Increases 4 times
b) Increases 2 times
c) Decreases 4 times
 Hemant Shinde

d) Decreases 2 times
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: If N is the node then PN can be considered as a shaft of single rotor system, since
the free torsional vibrations of a single motor system depends on the inverse of square root of the
mass moment of inertia of the system, increasing 4 times will lead to decrease in two times the
initial vibration.

96. In the given figure if N is the node then NQ acts as which of the following system?

a) Single rotor system

b) Two rotor system
c) Three rotor system
d) Four rotor system
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: If N is the node in the given figure, then N can act as a fixed end of the shaft NQ
where the rotor is connected at Q, hence it acts like a single rotor system.

97. Keeping the mass moment of inertia of both the shafts in a two rotor system same, if the
length of one shaft is doubled what should be the effect on the length of other shaft?
a) Doubled
b) Halved
c) Constant
 Hemant Shinde

d) Increased to 4 times
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The vibration will occur in a two rotor system only if the frequencies of both the
rotors are same, hence L(a)I(a) = L(b)I(b). Therefore the relation is directly proportional.

98. For a two rotor system, the mass moment of inertia of one shaft(A) is twice the other(B), then
what is the relation between the length of the shafts.
a) 2L(A) = L(B)
b) L(A) = 2L(B)
c) L(A) = L(B)
d) 2L(A) = 3L(B)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For a two rotor system, we have L(A)I(A) = L(B)I(B)
Now I(A)=2I(B)
Therefore, 2L(A) = L(B).
99. For a two rotor system, the length of one shaft(A) is twice the other(B), then what is the
relation between the Mass moment of inertia of the shafts.
a) 2I(A) = I(B)
b) I(A) = 2I(B)
c) I(A) = I(B)
d) 2I(A) = 3I(B)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For a two rotor system, we have L(A)I(A) = L(B)I(B)
Now L(A)=2L(B)
Therefore, 2I(A) = I(B).

“Torsionally Equivalent Shaft”.

 Hemant Shinde

100. From the following data, calculate the equivalent length of shaft in m.
l1=0.6m, l2=0.5m, l3=0.4m
d1=0.095m, d2=0.06m, d3=0.05m
a) 8.95
b) 7.95
c) 6.95
d) 5.95
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that torsional equivalent shaft length is given by
l1/(d1)4 + l2/(d2)4 + l3/(d3)4
substituting the values we get
L = 8.95 m.

101. In a system with different shaft parameters, the longest shaft is taken for calculations.
a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In a system with different shaft parameters the equivalent shaft length is taken
which depends on the length and diameters of each shaft.

102. From the following data, calculate natural frequency of free torsional vibrations in Hz.
l1=0.6m, l2=0.5m, l3=0.4m
d1=0.095m, d2=0.06m, d3=0.05m
Ma = 900 Kg, Mb = 700 Kg
ka = 0.85m, kb = 0.55m
C = 80 GN/m2
a) 3.37
b) 7.95
 Hemant Shinde

c) 6.95
d) 5.95
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that torsional equivalent shaft length is given by
l1/(d1)4 + l2/(d2)4 + l3/(d3)4
substituting the values we get
L = 8.95 m
now calculating J
we get polar moment of inertia J = 8×106 m4
Now we know that natural frequency is given by the formula
f = 12(C.Jl.I)−−−−−√
f = 3.37 Hz.

103. From the following data, calculate the location of node from the left end of shaft (l1).
l1=0.6m, l2=0.5m, l3=0.4m
d1=0.095m, d2=0.06m, d3=0.05m
Ma = 900 Kg, Mb = 700 Kg
ka = 0.85m, kb = 0.55m
a) 0.855m
b) 0.795m
c) 0.695m
d) 0.595m
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that for the system to be in vibration, the frequency should be same for
all rotors
therefore,
LaIa = LbIb
Where La is the length of the left end shaft.
 Hemant Shinde

Substituting the values we get,

l = 0.855m.

104. For a vibration system having different shaft parameters, calculate which of the following
cannot be the diameter of the equivalent shaft if the diameters of shafts in m are: 0.05, 0.06, 0.07.
a) 0.05
b) 0.06
c) 0.07
d) 0.08
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: In a torsionally equivalent shaft, it is assumed that the equivalent shaft has the
diameter which is equal to one of the diameters of the shaft and equivalent length is calculated.

105. A single cylinder oil engine works with a three rotor system, the shaft length is 2.5m and
70mm in diameter, the middle rotor is at a distance 1.5m from one end. Calculate the free
torsional vibration frequency for a single node system in Hz if the mass moment of inertia of
rotors in Kg-m2 are: 0.15, 0.3 and 0.09. C=84 kN/mm2
a) 171
b) 181
c) 191
d) 201
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: For a single node system, the node occurs at a distance 1.146m from left end.
The polar moment of inertia = 2.36×106 m4
La = 0.4356m (from same frequency relation)
Substituting these values into the frequency relation we get
f = 171 Hz.
 Hemant Shinde

106. A single cylinder oil engine works with a three rotor system, the shaft length is 2.5m and
70mm in diameter, the middle rotor is at a distance 1.5m from one end. Calculate the free
torsional vibration frequency for a two node system in Hz if the mass moment of inertia of rotors
in Kg-m2 are: 0.15, 0.3 and 0.09. C=84 kN/mm2
a) 257
b) 281
c) 197
d) 277
View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: For a two node system, the first node occurs at a distance 0.4356 m from left end.
The polar moment of inertia = 2.36×106 m4
La = 0.4356m ( from same frequency relation )
Lc = 0.726 m
Substituting these values into the frequency relation we get
f = 277 Hz.

107. Frequency is independent of the no. of nodes.

a) True
b) False
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The frequency of the free torsional vibration depends on the number of nodes it
forms, it also depends on the no. of rotors as the no. of rotors have an effect on the number of
nodes.
 Noise and Vibrations Question Bank

1 Calculate equivalent stiffness of the spring for the system shown below, which
has spring stiffness of 3000 N/m

a. 1000 N/m
b. 2250 N/m
c. 2000 N/m
d. None of the above

2 Two springs have spring stiffness of 1500 N/m and 2000 N/m respectively.
If they are connected in series, what is the spring stiffness
a. 3500 N/m
b. 1166 N/m
c. 857.63 N/m
d. None of the above

3 Which of the following relations is true when springs are connected in

parallel?
where K = spring stiffness
a. Ke = K1 + K2
b. (1 / Ke) = (1/K1) + (1/ K2)
c. Ke = (1/K1) + (1/ K2)
d. None of the above

4 What are deterministic vibrations?

a. Vibrations caused due to known exciting force

b. Vibrations caused due to unknown exciting force
c. Vibrations which are aperiodic in nature
d. None of the above

5 In which type of vibrations, amplitude of vibration goes on decreasing

every cycle?

a. Damped vibrations
b. Undamped vibrations
c. Both a. and b.
d. None of the above

6 The number of degrees of freedom of a simple pendulum is:

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2

7 When a system vibrates in a fluid medium, the damping is

(a) viscous (b) Coulomb (c) solid

8 Determine the equivalent spring constant of the system shown in Fig

K1=10 N/m, K2=20 N/m. K3=30 N/m, K4=34 N/m, K5=40 N/m

a) 10N/m b)20N/m c)30N/m d) None

9 Find the equivalent damping constant of the system shown in Fig. for c1=22N.s/m and c2= 11N.s/m

2 2 2 2
a) 40 N/m b)38 N/m c)44 N/m d)8.8 N/m

10 The damping ratio, in terms of the damping constant c and critical damping constant (Cc), is given by:

11 The natural frequency of following system is closest to

1) 8Hz 2) 10Hz 3) 12Hz 4) 14Hz

12 A spring-mass system has a natural frequency of 10 rad/sec. When the spring constant is reduced by
800 N/m, the frequency is altered by 45 percent. Find the mass and spring constant of the original system.

a)11.47kg and 1147.95N/m b)8.95kg and 895.25N/m c) 7.265kg and 726.5N/m d)None

13 The response of an Undamped system under resonance will be

a. very large b. infinity c. zero

14 The system governed by the equation is dynamically

stable if
a. k is positive b. c and k are positive c. c is positive

15 The force transmissibility of a system, subjected to base excitation (with amplitude Y) resulting in a
transmitted force FT, is defined as

A B C

16 for the system shown below

K1=20N/m

K1=10N/m

K1=20N/m

K1=50N/m
Find W such that the natural frequency of the system will be 1.592 cycles per second

a)0.125kg b)0.25kg c)0.5kg 4)4kg

17 A car weighing 1000kg deflects its springs by 0.4cm under its load. Determine the natural frequency of
2
car in vertical direction take g=10N/m

a) 25 rad/sec b)50 rad/sec c) 2 rad/sec d)none

18 find the value of logarithmic decrement of a vibratory system if its natural frequency is 10rad/sec, its
mass is 10kg and its damping constant is 100N.s/m

a) 36.27 b)362.7 c)0.3627 d)3.627

19) Reduction in vibration amplitude after one complete cycle of single degree free vibration with dry
friction damping is_____, if where F"= frictional force between mass and surface and k =stiffness of the system.

a)4F/k b) 2f/K C) 3F/k D)8F/k

a
20) The natural frequency (in Hz) of free longitudinal vibrations is equal to

a) Square root (k/m) / (2π)

b) Square root (g/δ) / (2π)

c) 0.4985/δ

d) all of the mentioned

21) In under damped vibrating system, if x1 and x2 are the successive values of the amplitude on the same
side of the mean position, then the logarithmic decrement is equal to

a) x1/x2

b) log (x1/x2)

c) ln (x1/x2)

d) log (x1.x2)

22) The ratio of the maximum displacement of the forced vibration to the deflection due to the static force,
is known as

a) Damping factor

b) Damping coefficient

c) Logarithmic decrement

d) Magnification factor

23) The factor which affects the critical speed of a shaft is

a) diameter of the disc

b) span of the shaft

c) eccentricity

d) all of the mentioned

d
24) Longitudinal vibrations are said to occur when the particles of a body moves

a) perpendicular to its axis

b) parallel to its axis

c) in a circle about its axis

d) none of the mentioned

25) When the speed of a turbine is 6000 rpm, it takes _____ seconds for the turbine to complete one
revolution.

a)0.1 sec b)0.0001sec c)10sec d)0.001sec

1) Determine logarithmic decrement, if the amplitude of a vibrating body reduces to 1/6 th in tw
cycles.

a. 0.223
b. 0.8958
c. 0.3890
d. None of the above
Answer b

2) Calculate coefficient of viscous damper, if the system is critically damped.

Consider the following data:

1. Mass of spring mass damper system = 350 kg

2. Static deflection = 2 x 10–3 m
3. Natural frequency of the system = 60 rad/sec

a. 100.5 x 103 N-s/m

b. 80 x 103 N-s/m
c. 42 x 103 N-s/m
d. None of the above
Answer c

3) Determine natural frequency of a system, which has equivalent spring stiffness of 30000 N/m
mass of 20 kg?

a. 12.32 Hz
b. 4.10 Hz
c. 6.16 Hz
d. None of the above
Answer c

4) Calculate natural frequency of damped vibration, if damping factor is 0.52 and natural frequ
the system is 30 rad/sec which consists of machine supported on springs and dashpots.

a. 25.62 rad/sec
b. 20.78 rad/sec
c. 14.4 rad/sec
d. 15.33 rad/sec
Answer a

5) Calculate logarithmic decrement if damping factor is 0.33.

a. 1.36
b. 3.23
c. 5.16
d. 2.19
Answer d

6) In damped free vibrations, which parameters indicate vibrations?

a. Natural frequency
b. Rate of decay of amplitude
c. Both a. and b.
d. None of the above
Answer c

7) According to D' Alembert's principle, m (d2x/ dt2) + c (dx/dt) + Kx =0 is the differential equati
damped free vibrations having single degree of freedom. What will be the solution to this differ
equation if the system is critically damped?

a. x = (A + Bt) e– ωt
b. x = X e– ξωt (sin ωdt + Φ)
c. x = (A – Bt) e– ωt
d. x = X e– ξωt (cos ωdt + Φ)
Answer a

8) Which of the following statements is/are true for coulomb damping?

1. Coulomb damping occurs due to friction between two lubricated surfaces

2. Damping force is opposite to the direction of motion of vibrating body
3. For smooth surfaces, coefficient of friction depends upon velocity
4. Damping force depends upon the rubbing velocity between two rubbing surfaces

a. Only statement 1
b. Statement 2, 3 and statement 4
c. Only statement 2
d. All the above statements are true
Answer c

9) What is meant by critical damping coefficient?

a. Frequency of damped free vibrations is less than zero

b. The motion is aperiodic in nature
c. Both a. and b.
d. None of the above
Answer b

10) Which of the following relations is true for viscous damping?

a. Force α relative displacement

b. Force α relative velocity
c. Force α (1 / relative velocity)
d. None of the above
Answer b
11) Eddy current damping is an example of _____

a. Coulomb damping
b. Hysteresis damping
c. Viscous damping
d. Dry friction damping
Answer c
12) Which formula is used to calculate mass moment of inertia (IG) of a circular
rim about the axis through centre of gravity?

a. mr2/2
b. mr2/12
c. mr2/4
d. mr2
Answer d

13) δ = (W a2b2) / (3 EIl) is the value of deflection for ______

a. simply supported beam which has central point load

b. simply supported beam which has eccentric point load
c. simply supported beam which has U.D.L. point load per unit length
d. fixed beam which has central point load
Ans:- b
14) Which among the following is the value of static deflection (δ) for a fixed
beam with central point load?

a. (Wl3) /(192 EI)

b. (Wl2) /(192 EI)
c. (Wl3) /(384 EI)
d. a

15) According to which method, maximum kinetic energy at mean position is

equal to maximum potential energy at extreme position?

a. Energy method
b. Rayleigh's method
c. Equilibrium method
d. All of the above
Answer b
16) During transverse vibrations, shaft is subjected to which type of stresses?

a. Tensile stresses
b. Torsional shear stress
c. Bending stresses
d. All of the above
Answer c
17) What are discrete parameter systems?
a. Systems which have infinite number of degree of freedom
b. Systems which have finite number of degree of freedom
c. Systems which have no degree of freedom
d. None of the above
Answer b

18) Which among the following is the fundamental equation of S.H.M.?

a. x + (k / m) x =0
b. x + ω2x =0
c. x + (k/ m)2 x =0
d. x2 + ωx2 =0
Answer b

19. In vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn, then the phase difference between the transmitted
force and the disturbing force is
a) 0°
b) 90°
c) 180°
d) 270°
Ans. C
20. When a body is subjected to transverse vibrations, the stress induced in a body will be
a) shear stress
b) bending stress
c) tensile stress
d) compressive stress
Ans b
21. The critical speed of a shaft with a disc supported in between is equal to the natural
frequency of the system in
a) transverse vibrations
b) torsional vibrations
c) longitudinal vibrations
d) none of the mentioned
Ans a
22. In steady state forced vibrations, the amplitude of vibrations at resonance is
_____________ damping coefficient.
a) equal to
b) directly proportional to
c) inversely proportional to
d) independent of
Ans. C
23. When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, then the body is
said to have
a) free vibration
b) forced vibration
c) damped vibration
d) under damped vibration
Ans. C
24. In vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn < 2, then for all values of damping factor, the
transmissibility will be
a) less than unity
b) equal to unity
c) greater than unity
d) zero
Ans. C
25. The accelerometer is used as a transducer to measure earthquake in Richter scale. Its
design is based on the principle that
a) its natural frequency is very low in comparison to the frequency of vibration
b) its natural frequency is very high in comparison to the frequency of vibration
c) its natural frequency is equal to the frequency of vibration
d) measurement of vibratory motion is without any reference point
Ans. C
26. While calculating the natural frequency of a spring-mass system, the effect of the mass
of the spring is accounted for by adding X times its value to the mass, where X is
a) 1/2
b) 1/3
c) 1/4
d) 3/4
Ans. b
27. Critical speed is expressed as
a) rotation of shaft in degrees
b) rotation of shaft in radians
c) rotation of shaft in minutes
d) natural frequency of the shaft
Ans. d
28. The first critical speed of an automobile running on a sinusoidal road is calculated by
(modeling it as a single degree of freedom system)
a) Resonance
b) Approximation
c) Superposition
d) Rayleigh quotient
Ans. a
29. The natural frequency of a spring-mass system on earth is ωn. The natural frequency of
this system on the moon (gmoon = gearth/6) is
a) ωn
b) 0.408ωn
c) 0.204ωn
d) 0.167ωn
Ans. a
30. A vehicle suspension system consists of a spring and a damper. The stiffness of the
spring is 3.6 kN/m and the damping constant of the damper is 400 Ns/m. If the mass is 50
kg, then the damping factor (d ) and damped natural frequency (f n), respectively, are
a) 0.471 and 1.19 Hz
b) 0.471 and 7.48 Hz
c) 0.666 and 1.35 Hz
d) 0.666 and 8.50 Hz
Ans. a
31. For an under damped harmonic oscillator, resonance
a) occurs when excitation frequency is greater than undamped natural frequency
b) occurs when excitation frequency is less than undamped natural frequency
c) occurs when excitation frequency is equal to undamped natural frequency
d) never occurs
Ans. C

1. What is meant by coupled differential equation?

a. The differential equation in which only rectilinear motions exit

b. The differential equation in which only angular motions exit

c. The differential equation in which both rectilinear and angular motions exit

d. None of the above

Answer- The differential equation in which both rectilinear and angular motions exit

2. Which of the following statements is/are true?

a. Torsional vibrations do not occur in a three rotor system, if rotors rotate in same direction

b. Shaft vibrates with maximum frequency when rotors rotate in same direction

c. Zero node behavior is observed in rotors rotating in opposite direction

d. All of the above

Answer- Torsional vibrations do not occur in a three rotor system, if rotors rotate in same direction

3. In the diagram shown below, if rotor X and rotor Z rotate in same direction and rotor Y rotates in
opposite direction, then specify the no of degree of freedom vibration.
a. Three degree of freedom vibration

b. Two degree of freedom vibration

c. Single degree of freedom vibration

d. None of the above

Answer- Two degree of freedom vibration

4. When a two-degree-of-freedom system is subjected to a harmonic force, the system vibrates at the

a. frequency of applied force

b. smaller natural frequency

c. larger natural frequency

d. None of the above

Answer- frequency of applied force

5. The number of degrees of freedom of a vibrating system depends on

a. number of masses

b. number of masses and degrees of freedom of each mass

c. number of coordinates used to describe the position of each mass

d. None of the above

Answer- number of masses and degrees of freedom of each mass

True or False

6. The mass, stiffness, and damping matrices of a two-degree-of-freedom system are symmetric.

True

7. The relative amplitudes of different degrees of freedom in a two-degree-of-freedom system depend on

the natural frequency.

True

8. During free vibration, different degrees of freedom oscillate with different phase angles.

False

9. During free vibration, different degrees of freedom oscillate at different frequencies.

False

10. The equations of motion of a two-degree-of-freedom system can be expressed in terms of the
displacement of either of the two masses.

True

11. The number of distinct natural frequencies for an n-degree-of-freedom system can be

a. 1 b. ∞ c. n

Ans- c. n

12 The stiffness and flexibility matrices are related as

-1 T
a. [k] = [a] b. [k] = [a] c. [k] = [a]
-1
Ans- b. [k] = [a]

13. A device that transforms values of physical variables into equivalent electrical signals is
called_____________

Ans- Transducer

14. The instrument that measures the acceleration of a vibrating body is called___________

Ans- Accelerometer

15. The condition of a machine can be determined using_________ severity charts.

Ans- Vibration

16. The life of a machine follows the classic____________ curve.

Ans- Bathtub
17. When a transducer is used in conjunction with another device to measure vibration, it is called a

a. vibration sensor b. vibration pickup c. vibration actuator

Ans- b. vibration pickup

18. The instrument that measures the displacement of a vibrating body is called__________

a. seismometer b. transducer c. accelerometer

Ans- seismometer

19. A decibel (dB) is a quantity, such as power (P), defined in terms of a reference value (Pref), as

Ans- A

20. The procedure of using a hammer with a built-in load cell to apply load at different points of a system is
known as

a. step relaxation

b. excitation by electromagnetic shaker

c. impactor

Ans- step relaxation

21. The following function plays an important role in the experimental modal analysis:

a. time-response function

b. modal-response function

c. frequency-response function

Ans- c. frequency-response function

22. The circuit that permits the passage of frequency components of a signal over a frequency band and
rejects all other frequency components is called a

a. bandpass filter b. frequency filter c. spectral filter

Ans- bandpass filter

23.

Ans- 1- B, 2-A, 3-E, 4-C, 5-D

24. Which of the following is true about Stiffness matrix

a. Diagonal matrix

b. Symmetric matrix

c. Positive Definite

d. All of the above

Ans-All of the above

25. What Are The Causes Of Vibration?

a. Unbalanced centrifugal forces in the system.

b. Elastic nature of the system.

c. Winds may cause vibrations of certain systems such as electricity lines, telephones lines etc.

d. All of the above

ans- All of the above

26. Negative damping leads to

a. instability b. fast convergence c. oscillations

Ans- a. instability

27. When the speed of rotation of a shaft equals one of the natural frequencies of the shaft, it is
called____________speed.

Ans- Critical

28. The unbalanced force caused by an eccentric mass m rotating at an angular speed v and located at a distance
r from the axis of rotation is
2 2 2 2
a. mr ω b. mgω c. mr ω
 2
Ans- c. mr ω

29. Transmissibility is the ratio of

a. force transmitted and exciting force

b. force applied and the resulting displacement

c. input displacement and output displacement

Ans- force transmitted and exciting force

 CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Mechanical Vibrations

Vibration is the motion of a particle or a body or system of connected bodies displaced

from a position of equilibrium. Most vibrations are undesirable in machines and structures
because they produce increased stresses, energy losses, cause added wear, increase bearing
loads, induce fatigue, create passenger discomfort in vehicles, and absorb energy from the
system. Rotating machine parts need careful balancing in order to prevent damage from
vibrations.
Vibration occurs when a system is displaced from a position of stable equilibrium. The
system tends to return to this equilibrium position under the action of restoring forces (such as
the elastic forces, as for a mass attached to a spring, or gravitational forces, as for a simple
pendulum). The system keeps moving back and forth across its position of equilibrium. A system
is a combination of elements intended to act together to accomplish an objective. For example,
an automobile is a system whose elements are the wheels, suspension, car body, and so forth.
A static element is one whose output at any given time depends only on the input at that time
while a dynamic element is one whose present output depends on past inputs. In the same way
we also speak of static and dynamic systems. A static system contains all elements while a
dynamic system contains at least one dynamic element.
A physical system undergoing a time-varying interchange or dissipation of energy among
or within its elementary storage or dissipative devices is said to be in a dynamic state. All of
the elements in general are called passive, i.e., they are incapable of generating net energy. A
dynamic system composed of a finite number of storage elements is said to be lumped or discrete,
while a system containing elements, which are dense in physical space, is called continuous.
The analytical description of the dynamics of the discrete case is a set of ordinary differential
equations, while for the continuous case it is a set of partial differential equations. The analytical
formation of a dynamic system depends upon the kinematic or geometric constraints and the
physical laws governing the behaviour of the system.

1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATIONS

Vibrations can be classified into three categories: free, forced, and self-excited. Free vibration of
a system is vibration that occurs in the absence of external force. An external force that acts on
the system causes forced vibrations. In this case, the exciting force continuously supplies energy
to the system. Forced vibrations may be either deterministic or random (see Fig. 1.1). Self-
excited vibrations are periodic and deterministic oscillations. Under certain conditions, the

1
 2 SOLVING VIBRATION ANALYSIS PROBLEMS USING MATLAB

equilibrium state in such a vibration system becomes unstable, and any disturbance causes
the perturbations to grow until some effect limits any further growth. In contrast to forced
vibrations, the exciting force is independent of the vibrations and can still persist even when
the system is prevented from vibrating.

x
x = x(t)

t t

Fig. 1.1(a) A deterministic (periodic) excitation.

Fig. 1.1(b) Random excitation.

1.2 ELEMENTARY PARTS OF VIBRATING SYSTEMS

In general, a vibrating system consists of a spring (a means for storing potential energy), a
mass or inertia (a means for storing kinetic energy), and a damper (a means by which energy
is gradually lost) as shown in Fig. 1.2. An undamped vibrating system involves the transfer of
its potential energy to kinetic energy and kinetic energy to potential energy, alternatively. In
a damped vibrating system, some energy is dissipated in each cycle of vibration and should be
replaced by an external source if a steady state of vibration is to be maintained.
INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS 3

Spring Damper
k c

Static
equilibrium Mass Excitation force
position m F(t)
0

Displacement x

Fig. 1.2 Elementary parts of vibrating systems.

1.3 PERIODIC MOTION

When the motion is repeated in equal intervals of time, it is known as periodic motion. Simple
harmonic motion is the simplest form of periodic motion. If x(t) represents the displacement of
a mass in a vibratory system, the motion can be expressed by the equation
t
x = A cos ωt = A cos 2π
τ
where A is the amplitude of oscillation measured from the equilibrium position of the mass.
1
The repetition time τ is called the period of the oscillation, and its reciprocal, f = , is called the
τ
frequency. Any periodic motion satisfies the relationship
x (t) = x (t + τ)
2π
That is Period τ = s/cycle
ω
1 ω
Frequency f= = cycles/s, or Hz
τ 2π
ω is called the circular frequency measured in rad/sec.
The velocity and acceleration of a harmonic displacement are also harmonic of the same
frequency, but lead the displacement by π/2 and π radians, respectively. When the acceleration
 of a particle with rectilinear motion is always proportional to its displacement from a fixed
X
point on the path and is directed towards the fixed point, the particle is said to have simple
harmonic motion.
The motion of many vibrating systems in general is not harmonic. In many cases the
vibrations are periodic as in the impact force generated by a forging hammer. If x(t) is a peri-
odic function with period τ, its Fourier series representation is given by
∞
a0
x(t) =
2
+ ∑
(an cos nωt + bn sin nωt)
n=1
where ω = 2π/τ is the fundamental frequency and a0, a1, a2, …, b1, b2, … are constant coeffi-
cients, which are given by:
2 τ
a0 =
τ z
0
x(t) dt
 4 SOLVING VIBRATION ANALYSIS PROBLEMS USING MATLAB

2 τ
an =
τ 0
2 τ
z
x(t) cos nωt dt

bn =
τ 0 z
x(t) sin nωt dt
The exponential form of x(t) is given by:
∞
x(t) = ∑ce n
inωt

n=−∞
The Fourier coefficients cn can be determined, using
1 τ
cn = z
τ 0
(x)t e–inωt dt
The harmonic functions an cos nωt or bn sin nωt are known as the harmonics of order n
of the periodic function x(t). The harmonic of order n has a period τ/n. These harmonics can be
plotted as vertical lines in a diagram of amplitude (an and bn) versus frequency (nω) and is
called frequency spectrum.

1.4 DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS

Most of the mechanical and structural systems can be described using a finite number of de-
grees of freedom. However, there are some systems, especially those include continuous elas-
tic members, have an infinite number of degree of freedom. Most mechanical and structural
systems have elastic (deformable) elements or components as members and hence have an
infinite number of degrees of freedom. Systems which have a finite number of degrees of free-
dom are known as discrete or lumped parameter systems, and those systems with an infinite
number of degrees of freedom are called continuous or distributed systems.

1.5 VIBRATION ANALYSIS

The outputs of a vibrating system, in general, depend upon the initial conditions, and external
excitations. The vibration analysis of a physical system may be summarised by the four steps:
1. Mathematical Modelling of a Physical System
2. Formulation of Governing Equations
3. Mathematical Solution of the Governing Equations
1. Mathematical modelling of a physical system
The purpose of the mathematical modelling is to determine the existence and nature of
the system, its features and aspects, and the physical elements or components involved in the
physical system. Necessary assumptions are made to simplify the modelling. Implicit assump-
tions are used that include:
(a) A physical system can be treated as a continuous piece of matter
(b) Newton’s laws of motion can be applied by assuming that the earth is an internal
frame
(c) Ignore or neglect the relativistic effects
All components or elements of the physical system are linear. The resulting mathemati-
cal model may be linear or non-linear, depending on the given physical system. Generally
speaking, all physical systems exhibit non-linear behaviour. Accurate mathematical model-
INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS 5

ling of any physical system will lead to non-linear differential equations governing the behav-
iour of the system. Often, these non-linear differential equations have either no solution or
difficult to find a solution. Assumptions are made to linearise a system, which permits quick
solutions for practical purposes. The advantages of linear models are the following:
(1) their response is proportional to input
(2) superposition is applicable
(3) they closely approximate the behaviour of many dynamic systems
(4) their response characteristics can be obtained from the form of system equations
without a detailed solution
(5) a closed-form solution is often possible
(6) numerical analysis techniques are well developed, and
(7) they serve as a basis for understanding more complex non-linear system behaviours.
It should, however, be noted that in most non-linear problems it is not possible to obtain
closed-form analytic solutions for the equations of motion. Therefore, a computer simulation
is often used for the response analysis.
When analysing the results obtained from the mathematical model, one should realise
that the mathematical model is only an approximation to the true or real physical system and
therefore the actual behaviour of the system may be different.
2. Formulation of governing equations
Once the mathematical model is developed, we can apply the basic laws of nature and
the principles of dynamics and obtain the differential equations that govern the behaviour of
the system. A basic law of nature is a physical law that is applicable to all physical systems
irrespective of the material from which the system is constructed. Different materials behave
differently under different operating conditions. Constitutive equations provide information
about the materials of which a system is made. Application of geometric constraints such as
the kinematic relationship between displacement, velocity, and acceleration is often necessary
to complete the mathematical modelling of the physical system. The application of geometric
constraints is necessary in order to formulate the required boundary and/or initial conditions.
The resulting mathematical model may be linear or non-linear, depending upon the
behaviour of the elements or components of the dynamic system.
3. Mathematical solution of the governing equations
The mathematical modelling of a physical vibrating system results in the formulation of
the governing equations of motion. Mathematical modelling of typical systems leads to a sys-
tem of differential equations of motion. The governing equations of motion of a system are
solved to find the response of the system. There are many techniques available for finding the
solution, namely, the standard methods for the solution of ordinary differential equations,
Laplace transformation methods, matrix methods, and numerical methods. In general, exact
analytical solutions are available for many linear dynamic systems, but for only a few non-
linear systems. Of course, exact analytical solutions are always preferable to numerical or
approximate solutions.
4. Physical interpretation of the results
The solution of the governing equations of motion for the physical system generally
gives the performance. To verify the validity of the model, the predicted performance is com-
pared with the experimental results. The model may have to be refined or a new model is
developed and a new prediction compared with the experimental results. Physical interpreta-
 6 SOLVING VIBRATION ANALYSIS PROBLEMS USING MATLAB

tion of the results is an important and final step in the analysis procedure. In some situations,
this may involve (a) drawing general inferences from the mathematical solution, (b) develop-
ment of design curves, (c) arrive at a simple arithmetic to arrive at a conclusion (for a typical or
specific problem), and (d) recommendations regarding the significance of the results and any
changes (if any) required or desirable in the system involved.

1.5.1 COMPONENTS OF VIBRATING SYSTEMS

(a) Stiffness elements
Some times it requires finding out the equivalent spring stiffness values when a con-
tinuous system is attached to a discrete system or when there are a number of spring elements
in the system. Stiffness of continuous elastic elements such as rods, beams, and shafts, which
produce restoring elastic forces, is obtained from deflection considerations.
EA
The stiffness coefficient of the rod (Fig. 1.3) is given by k =
l
3 EI
The cantilever beam (Fig.1.4) stiffness is k = 3
l
GJ
The torsional stiffness of the shaft (Fig.1.5) is K =
l

E,A, l EA
k=
l

m m
u

Fig.1.3 Longitudinal vibration of rods.

F
E,I, l
3EI
k= 3
l
v
m

Fig.1.4 Transverse vibration of cantilever beams.

INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS 7


GJ
k=
l
T
G, J, l

Fig. 1.5 Torsional system.

When there are several springs arranged in parallel as shown in Fig. 1.6, the equivalent
spring constant is given by algebraic sum of the stiffness of individual springs. Mathemati-
cally,
n
keq = ∑k i
i=1

k1

k2
m

kn

Fig. 1.6 Springs in parallel.

When the springs are arranged in series as shown in Fig. 1.7, the same force is devel-
oped in each spring and is equal to the force acting on the mass.

k1 k2 k3 kn
m

Fig. 1.7 Springs in series.

The equivalent stiffness keq is given by:
1
1/keq = n
1
∑ ki
i=1

Hence, when elastic elements are in series, the reciprocal of the equivalent elastic con-
stant is equal to the reciprocals of the elastic constants of the elements in the original system.
(b) Mass or inertia elements
The mass or inertia element is assumed to be a rigid body. Once the mathematical
model of the physical vibrating system is developed, the mass or inertia elements of the sys-
tem can be easily identified.
 8 SOLVING VIBRATION ANALYSIS PROBLEMS USING MATLAB

(c) Damping elements

In real mechanical systems, there is always energy dissipation in one form or another.
The process of energy dissipation is referred to in the study of vibration as damping. A damper
is considered to have neither mass nor elasticity. The three main forms of damping are viscous
damping, Coulomb or dry-friction damping, and hysteresis damping. The most common type
of energy-dissipating element used in vibrations study is the viscous damper, which is also
referred to as a dashpot. In viscous damping, the damping force is proportional to the velocity
of the body. Coulomb or dry-friction damping occurs when sliding contact that exists between
surfaces in contact are dry or have insufficient lubrication. In this case, the damping force is
constant in magnitude but opposite in direction to that of the motion. In dry-friction damping
energy is dissipated as heat.
Solid materials are not perfectly elastic and when they are deformed, energy is absorbed
and dissipated by the material. The effect is due to the internal friction due to the relative
motion between the internal planes of the material during the deformation process. Such
materials are known as visco-elastic solids and the type of damping which they exhibit is
called as structural or hysteretic damping, or material or solid damping.
In many practical applications, several dashpots are used in combination. It is quite
possible to replace these combinations of dashpots by a single dashpot of an equivalent damp-
ing coefficient so that the behaviour of the system with the equivalent dashpot is considered
identical to the behaviour of the actual system.

1.6 FREE VIBRATION OF SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS

The most basic mechanical system is the single-degree-of-freedom system, which is characterized
by the fact that its motion is described by a single variable or coordinates. Such a model is
often used as an approximation for a generally more complex system. Excitations can be broadly
divided into two types, initial excitations and externally applied forces. The behavior of a
system characterized by the motion caused by these excitations is called as the system response.
The motion is generally described by displacements.

1.6.1 FREE VIBRATION OF AN UNDAMPED TRANSLATIONAL SYSTEM

The simplest model of a vibrating mechanical system consists of a single mass element
which is connected to a rigid support through a linearly elastic massless spring as shown in
Fig. 1.8. The mass is constrained to move only in the vertical direction. The motion of the
system is described by a single coordinate x(t) and hence it has one degree of freedom (DOF).

k L

Fig. 1.8 Spring mass system.

INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS 9

The equation of motion for the free vibration of an undamped single degree of freedom
system can be rewritten as
m x(t) + kx (t) = 0
Dividing through by m, the equation can be written in the form
x(t) + ω 2n x (t) = 0

in which ωn = k / m is a real constant. The solution of this equation is obtained from the initial
conditions
x(0) = x0, x (0) = v0
where x0 and v0 are the initial displacement and initial velocity, respectively.
The general solution can be written as
x(t) = A1 e iω nt + A2 e − iω n t
in which A1 and A2 are constants of integration, both complex quantities. It can be finally
simplified as:
X i (ω t − φ )
x(t) = e n + e − i(ω nt − φ) = X cos (ωnt – φ)
2
so that now the constants of integration are X and φ.
This equation represents harmonic oscillation, for which reason such a system is called
a harmonic oscillator.
There are three quantities defining the response, the amplitude X, the phase angle φ
and the frequency ωn, the first two depending on external factors, namely, the initial excitations,
and the third depending on internal factors, namely, the system parameters. On the other
hand, for a given system, the frequency of the response is a characteristic of the system that
stays always the same, independently of the initial excitations. For this reason, ωn is called the
natural frequency of the harmonic oscillator.
The constants X and φ are obtained from the initial conditions of the system as follows:
2

X= +G
Fv I
x02 0

H ω JK n

L v OP 0
and φ = tan M –1
MN x ω PQ 0 n
The time period τ, is defined as the time necessary for the system to complete one vibra-
tion cycle, or as the time between two consecutive peaks. It is related to the natural frequency
by
2π m
τ= = 2π
ωn k
Note that the natural frequency can also be defined as the reciprocal of the period, or
1 1 k
fn = =
τ 2π m
in which case it has units of cycles per second (cps), where one cycle per second is known as one
Hertz (Hz).
10 SOLVING VIBRATION ANALYSIS PROBLEMS USING MATLAB

1.6.2 FREE VIBRATION OF AN UNDAMPED TORSIONAL SYSTEM

A mass attached to the end of the shaft is a simple torsional system (Fig. 1.9). The mass
of the shaft is considered to be small in comparison to the mass of the disk and is therefore
neglected.

kt
l

IG

Fig. 1.9 Torsional system.

The torque that produces the twist Mt is given by
GJ
Mt =
l

where J = the polar mass moment of inertia of the shaft

F J = πd
4
for a circular shaft of
GH 32
diameter d
I
K
G = shear modulus of the material of the shaft.
l = length of the shaft.
The torsional spring constant kt is defined as
T GJ
kt = =
θ l
The equation of motion of the system can be written as:
IG 
θ + ktθ = 0
1/ 2

The natural circular frequency of such a torsional system is ωn

Fk I
t
= G J
HI K
G
The general solution of equation of motion is given by
θ
θ(t) = θ0 cos ωnt + 0 sin ωnt
ωn

1.6.3 ENERGY METHOD

Free vibration of systems involves the cyclic interchange of kinetic and potential energy. In
undamped free vibrating systems, no energy is dissipated or removed from the system. The
kinetic energy T is stored in the mass by virtue of its velocity and the potential energy U is
stored in the form of strain energy in elastic deformation. Since the total energy in the system
INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS 11

is constant, the principle of conservation of mechanical energy applies. Since the mechanical
energy is conserved, the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy is constant and its rate
of change is zero. This principle can be expressed as
T + U = constant
d
or (T + U) = 0
dt
where T and U denote the kinetic and potential energy, respectively. The principle of conser-
vation of energy can be restated by
T1 + U1 = T2 + U2
where the subscripts 1 and 2 denote two different instances of time when the mass is passing
through its static equilibrium position and select U1 = 0 as reference for the potential energy.
Subscript 2 indicates the time corresponding to the maximum displacement of the mass at this
position, we have then
T2 = 0
and T1 + 0 = 0 + U2
If the system is undergoing harmonic motion, then T1 and U2 denote the maximum
values of T and U, respectively and therefore last equation becomes
Tmax = Umax
It is quite useful in calculating the natural frequency directly.

1.6.4 STABILITY OF UNDAMPED LINEAR SYSTEMS

The mass/inertia and stiffness parameters have an affect on the stability of an undamped
single degree of freedom vibratory system. The mass and stiffness coefficients enter into the
characteristic equation which defines the response of the system. Hence, any changes in these
coefficient will lead to changes in the system behavior or response. In this section, the effects
of the system inertia and stiffness parameters on the stability of the motion of an undamped
single degree of freedom system are examined. It can be shown that by a proper selection of
the inertia and stiffness coefficients, the instability of the motion of the system can be avoided.
A stable system is one which executes bounded oscillations about the equilibrium position.

1.6.5 FREE VIBRATION WITH VISCOUS DAMPING

Viscous damping force is proportional to the velocity x of the mass and acting in the
direction opposite to the velocity of the mass and can be expressed as
F = c x
where c is the damping constant or coefficient of viscous damping. The differential equation of
motion for free vibration of a damped spring-mass system (Fig. 1.10) is written as:
c k
x + x + x=0
m m
12 SOLVING VIBRATION ANALYSIS PROBLEMS USING MATLAB

k c .
k( + x) cx

x
m

mg

(a) (b)

Fig. 1.10 Damped spring-mass system.

By assuming x(t) = Cest as the solution, the auxiliary equation obtained is
c k
s2 + s+ =0
m m
which has the roots
2
s1, 2 = –
c
±
cFG IJ
−
k
2m 2m H K m
The solution takes one of three forms, depending on whether the quantity (c/2m)2 – k/m
is zero, positive, or negative. If this quantity is zero,
c = 2mωn
This results in repeated roots s1 = s2 = – c/2m, and the solution is
x(t) = (A + Bt)e–(c/2m)t
As the case in which repeated roots occur has special significance, we shall refer to the
corresponding value of the damping constant as the critical damping constant, denoted by
Cc = 2mωn. The roots can be written as:

s1, 2 = − ζ ± ζ 2 − 1 ω n
e j
where ωn = (k/m)1/2 is the circular frequency of the corresponding undamped system, and
c c
ζ= =
Cc 2 m ω n
is known as the damping factor.
If ζ < 1, the roots are both imaginary and the solution for the motion is
x(t) = Xe −ζω nt sin (ω d t + φ)

where ωd = 1 − ζ 2 ω n is called the damped circular frequency which is always less than ω,
and φ is the phase angle of the damped oscillations. The general form of the motion is shown in
Fig. 1.11. For motion of this type, the system is said to be underdamped.
INTRODUCTION TO MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS 13

x(t)
–t
Xe

<1

Fig. 1.11 The general form of motion.

If ζ = 1, the damping constant is equal to the critical damping constant, and the system
is said to be critically damped. The displacement is given by
x(t) = (A + Bt) e −ω n t
The solution is the product of a linear function of time and a decaying exponential.
Depending on the values of A and B, many forms of motion are possible, but each form is
characterized by amplitude which decays without oscillations, such as is shown in Fig. 1.12.

x(t)

=1 t

Fig. 1.12 Amplitude decaying without oscillations.

In this case ζ > 1, and the system is said to be overdamped. The solution is given by:
ζ 2 − 1) ω n t ζ 2 − 1) ω n t
x(t) = C1e ( − ζ + + C2 e ( − ζ −
The motion will be non-oscillatory and will be similar to that shown in Fig. 1.13.

x(t)

t
>1

Fig. 1.13 Non-oscillatory motion.

1.6.6 LOGARITHMIC DECREMENT

The logarithmic decrement represents the rate at which the amplitude of a free damped vibration
decreases. It is defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio of any two successive amplitudes.
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 MCQ On Mechanical Vibrations
1. When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, then the body is said to have
a) free vibration
b) forced vibration
c) damped vibration
d) none of the mentioned
Ans:C
2. Longitudinal vibrations are said to occur when the particles of a body moves
a) perpendicular to its axis
b) parallel to its axis
c) in a circle about its axis
d) none of the mentioned
Ans:b
3. When a body is subjected to transverse vibrations, the stress induced in a body will be
a) shear stress
b) tensile stress
c) compressive stress
d) none of the mentioned
Ans:b
4. The natural frequency (in Hz) of free longitudinal vibrations is equal to
a) 1/2π√s/m
b) 1/2π√g/δ
c) 0.4985/δ
d) all of the mentioned
Ans:d
5. The factor which affects the critical speed of a shaft is
a) diameter of the disc
b) span of the shaft
c) eccentricity
d) all of the mentioned
Ans:d
6. The equation of motion for a vibrating system with viscous damping is
d2x/dt2 + c/m X dx/dt + k/m X x = 0
If the roots of this equation are real, then the system will be
a) over damped
b) under damped
c) critically damped
d) none of the mentioned Ans:a
7. In under damped vibrating system, if x1 and x2 are the successive values of the amplitude on the same side of
the mean position, then the logarithmic decrement is equal to
a) x1/x2
b) log (x1/x2)
c) loge (x1/x2)
d) log (x1.x2) Ans: b
8. The ratio of the maximum displacement of the forced vibration to the deflection due to the static force, is
known as
 a) damping factor
b) damping coefficient
c) logarithmic decrement
d) magnification factor Ans:d
9. n vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn is less than √2 , then for all values of the damping factor, the
transmissibility will be
a) less than unity
b) equal to unity
c) greater than unity
d) zero
where ω = Circular frequency of the system in rad/s, and
ωn = Natural circular frequency of vibration of the system in rad/s.
Ans:c
10. In vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn > 1, then the phase difference between the transmitted force and the
disturbing force is
a) 0°
b) 90°
c) 180°
d) 270°
Ans:c
11. In vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn, then the phase difference between the transmitted force and the
disturbing force is
a) 0°
b) 90°
c) 180°
d) 270°Ans:c
12. When a body is subjected to transverse vibrations, the stress induced in a body will be
a) shear stress
b) bending stress
c) tensile stress
d) compressive stress Ans:b
13. The critical speed of a shaft with a disc supported in between is equal to the natural frequency of the system
in
a) transverse vibrations
b) torsional vibrations
c) longitudinal vibrations
d) none of the mentioned Ans:a
14. In steady state forced vibrations, the amplitude of vibrations at resonance is _____________ damping
coefficient.
a) equal to
b) directly proportional to
c) inversely proportional to
d) independent of Ans:C
15. When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, then the body is said to have
a) free vibration
b) forced vibration
 c) damped vibration
d) under damped vibration Ans:c
16. In vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn < 2, then for all values of damping factor, the transmissibility will be
a) less than unity
b) equal to unity
c) greater than unity
d) zero Ans:c
17. The accelerometer is used as a transducer to measure earthquake in Richter scale. Its design is based on the
principle that
a) its natural frequency is very low in comparison to the frequency of vibration
b) its natural frequency is very high in comparison to the frequency of vibration
c) its natural frequency is equal to the frequency of vibration
d) measurement of vibratory motion is without any reference point Ans:c
18. While calculating the natural frequency of a spring-mass system, the effect of the mass of the spring is
accounted for by adding X times its value to the mass, where X is
a) 1/2
b) 1/3
c) 1/4
d) 3/4 Ans:b
19. Critical speed is expressed as
a) rotation of shaft in degrees
b) rotation of shaft in radians
c) rotation of shaft in minutes
d) natural frequency of the shaft Ans:d
20. The natural frequency of a spring-mass system on earth is ωn. The natural frequency of this system on the
moon (gmoon = gearth/6) is
a) ωn
b) 0.408ωn
c) 0.204ωn
d) 0.167ωn Ans: a
21. A vehicle suspension system consists of a spring and a damper. The stiffness of the spring is 3.6 kN/m and
the damping constant of the damper is 400 Ns/m. If the mass is 50 kg, then the damping factor (d ) and
damped natural frequency (fn), respectively, are
a) 0.471 and 1.19 Hz
b) 0.471 and 7.48 Hz
c) 0.666 and 1.35 Hz
d) 0.666 and 8.50 Hz Ans: a
Explanation: Given k = 3.6 kN/m, c = 400 Ns/m, m = 50 kg
We know that, Natural Frequency
ωn = √k/m = 8.485 rad/ sec
And damping factor is given by,
d = c/cc = c/2√km = 0.471
Damping Natural frequency,
ωd = √1 – d2 ωn
2пfd = √1 – d2 ωn
fd = 1.19 Hz.
22. For an under damped harmonic oscillator, resonance
a) occurs when excitation frequency is greater than undamped natural frequency
b) occurs when excitation frequency is less than undamped natural frequency
c) occurs when excitation frequency is equal to undamped natural frequency
d) never occurs Ans:c
23. Find the natural frequency in Hz of the free longitudinal vibrations if the displacement is 2mm.
a) 11.14
b) 12.38
c) 11.43
d) 11.34 Ans:a
24. f the spring displacement is high then the frequency of the spring increases.
a) True
b) False Ans:b
25. Find the displacement in mm of the free longitudinal vibrations if the Natural frequency is 15 Hz.
a) 1.1
b) 1.2
c) 1.5
d) 1.6 Ans:a
26. Find the displacement in mm of the free longitudinal vibrations if the Natural frequency is 20 Hz.
a) 0.1
b) 0.2
c) 0.5
d) 0.6 Ans:d
27. Which of the following methods will give an incorrect relation of the frequency for free vibration?
a) Equilibrium method
b) Energy method
c) Reyleigh’s method
d) Klein’s method Ans:d
28. A cantilever shaft has a diameter of 6 cm and the length is 40cm, it has a disc of mass 125 kg at its free end.
The Young’s modulus for the shaft material is 250 GN/m². Calculate the static deflection in nm.
a) 0.001
b) 0.083
c) 1.022
d) 0.065 Ans:a Explanation: Area = πd2/4 = 0.00282 m2
s = W.l/A.E
= 0.001 nm.
29. Static deflection and frequency are independent of each other.
a) True
b) False Ans:b
30. A cantilever shaft having 50 mm diameter and length of 300 mm has a disc of mass 100 kg at its free end.
The Young’s modulus for the shaft material is 200 GN/m2. Calculate the natural longitudinal frequency in
Hz.
a) 575
b) 625
c) 525
d) 550 Ans:a Explanation: Area = πd2/4 = 0.00196 m2
s = W.l/A.E = = 0.751 µm
 I = 0.3×10-6 m4
f = 0.4985/s√
= 575 Hz.
31. f the mass is of 10 Kg, find the natural frequency in Hz of the free longitudinal vibrations. The displacement
is 0.01mm.
a) 44.14
b) 49.85
c) 43.43
d) 46.34 Ans:b We know that the natural Frequency of Free Longitudinal Vibration is given by the equation
f = 0.4985/s√
where s is the displacement of the spring.
substituting the given values we get
f=49.85 Hz
It is to be noted that mass has no effect on the natural frequency as it only depends on the displacement.
32. A cantilever shaft having 50 mm diameter and a length of 300 mm has a disc of mass 100 kg at its free end.
The Young’s modulus for the shaft material is 200 GN/m2. Determine the frequency of transverse vibrations
of the shaft.
a) 31
b) 35
c) 37
d) 41 Ans:d Explanation: We know that deflection is given by the relation:
Wl3/3E.I
I = 0.3×10-6 m4
d = 0.147×10-3
f = 0.4985/d−−√
Thus f = 41 Hz.
33. For the same dimensions of a beam, transverse vibrations have a lower frequency than longitudinal
frequency.
a) True
b) False Ans:a
34. A cantilever shaft having 50 mm diameter and a length of 300 mm has a disc of mass 100 kg at its free end.
The Young’s modulus for the shaft material is 200 GN/m3. Determine the static deflection of the shaft in mm.
a) 0.147
b) 0.213
c) 0.132
d) 0.112 Ans:a Explanation: We know that deflection is given by the relation:
Wl3/3E.I
W = 100xg, l=0.3m, I = I = 0.3×10-6 m4
substituting values we get d = 0.147mm.
35. For the same dimensions of the shaft which of the following has the greater natural frequency?
a) Transverse
b) Longitudinal
c) Depends on thickness
d) Depends upon length Ans:b
36. Calculate the natural frequency of transverse vibrations if the static deflection is 0.01mm.
a) 157.6
b) 144.8
 c) 173.2
d) 154.1 Ans:a Explanation: We know that the natural Frequency of Free Transverse Vibration is given by the
equation
f = 0.4985/s√
where s is the displacement of the spring.
substituting the given values we get
f=157.6 Hz.
37. Increasing mass will result in lower frequency.
a) True
b) False Ans:a
38. Calculate the static deflection in µm of transverse vibrations if the frequency is 200Hz.
a) 6
b) 0.6
c) 60
d) 0.006 Ans:a Explanation: We know that the natural Frequency of Free Transverse Vibration is given by the
equation
f = 0.4985/s√
where s is the displacement of the spring.
substituting the given values we get
f = 0.00000621255625 m.
39. Fluid resistance causes damping which is known as ______
a) Resistance damping
b) Fluid damping
c) Viscous damping
d) Liquid damping Ans:c
40. In damped vibrations, the amplitude of the resulting vibration gradually diminishes.
a) True
b) False Ans:a
41. In damped vibrations, the amplitude of the resulting vibration gradually reduces. This is due to the reason that
an amount of energy is always dissipated to overcome the ________
a) Frictional resistance
b) Work done
c) Fluid pressure
d) Air pressure Ans:a
42. The resistance to the motion of the body is provided by ______
a) Medium of vibration
b) Speed of vibration
c) Length of the material
d) External friction Ans:a
43. In which direction does the damping force acts?
a) Opposite to the motion
b) Along the motion
c) Perpendicular to motion
d) Variable Ans:a
44. n which direction does the accelerating force acts?
a) Opposite to the motion
b) Along the motion
 c) Perpendicular to motion
d) Variable Ans:b
45. n which of the following cases, overdamping occurs?
a) Roots are real
b) Roots are complex conjugate
c) Roots are equal
d) Independent of the equation Ans:a
46. In which of the following cases, underdamping occurs?
a) Roots are real
b) Roots are complex conjugate
c) Roots are equal
d) Independent of the equation Ans:b
47. The ratio of the actual damping coefficient (c) to the critical damping coefficient (cc ) is known as _________
a) Damping factor
b) Damping coefficient
c) Resistive factor
d) Resistive coefficient Ans: a
48. Calculate critical damping coefficient in Ns/m from the following data.
mass = 200Kg
ω = 20rad/s
a) 25,132
b) 26,132
c) 27,132
d) Not possible Ans:d
49. Calculate critical damping coefficient in N/m/s from the following data:
mass = 100Kg
ω = 40rad/s
a) 25,132
b) 26,132
c) 27,132
d) 28,132 Ans:a
50. Calculate damping ratio from the following data:
mass = 200Kg
ω = 20rad/s
damping coefficient = 800 N/m/s
a) 0.03
b) 0.04
c) 0.05
d) 0.06 Ans:a Explanation: We know that critical damping coefficient is given by the relation
Cc = 2πxmxω
inserting the values we get
Cc = 25132 N/m/s
ratio = 800/25132.
51. Calculate damping ratio from the following data:
mass = 200Kg
ω = 20rad/s
damping coefficient = 1000 N/m/s
 a) 0.03
b) 0.04
c) 0.05
d) 0.06 Ans:b
52. Unit of damping factor is N/m/s.
a) True
b) False Ans:b
53. Magnification factor is the ratio of the maximum displacement due to forced vibrations to the deflection due
to _______
a) Static force
b) Dynamic force
c) Torsion
d) Compression Ans:a
54. Maximum displacement due to forced vibration is dependent on deflection due to static force.
a) True
b) False Ans:a
55. In which of the cases the factor c = 0?
a) When there is damping
b) No damping
c) Resonance
d) c is never 0 Ans:b
56. A body of mass 20 kg is suspended from a spring which deflects 20mm under this load. Calculate the
frequency of free vibrations in Hz.
a) 3.5
b) 5
c) 6
d) 7 Ans:a Explanation: Frequency of free vibrations is given by (1/2π)√(g/d)
substituting the value, we get
f = 3.5 Hz.
57. If the mass increases, then the frequency of the free vibrations increases.
a) True
b) False Ans:b
58. Which of the following systems produce a vibration in the foundation?
a) Unbalanced machine
b) Balanced machine
c) Coupled machine
d) Uncoupled machine Ans:a
59. When a periodic disturbing force is applied to a machine, the force is transmitted to the foundation by the
means of spring.
a) True
b) False Ans:a
60. Which of the following is correct regarding isolation factor?
a) Dimensionless quantity
b) Has Newton as its unit
c) Has joule as its Unit
d) Has Hz as its unit Ans:a
61. Which of the following is a type of transmitted force to the foundation?
a) Damping force
b) Undamping force
c) Tensile force
d) Torsional force Ans:a
62. If the damper is not provided and the system is in resonance, which of the following is the correct isolation
factor?
a) 0
b) 1/2
c) 1/4
d) Infinity Ans:d Explanation: When the damper is not involved, the damping coefficient c becomes zero and
isolation factor is given by:
1/(1-(ω/ωn))
Since during resonance, ω=ωn
isolation factor becomes infinite.
63. If isolation factor is negative, then what is the phase difference between transmitted and disturbing force?
a) 180°
b) 90°
c) 450°
d) 360° Ans:a
64. Which of the following is true regarding Ɛ>1?
a) Transmitted force is greater than applied force
b) Transmitted force is less than applied force
c) Spring force is less than applied force
d) Damping force is less than applied force Ans:a
65. Isolation factor is twice the transmissibility ratio.
a) True
b) False Ans:b
66. If a mass whose moment of inertia is Ic/3 is placed at the free end and the constraint is assumed to be of
negligible mass, then the kinetic energy is ______
a) 1/6 Icω2
b) 1/2Icω2
c) 1/3Icω2
d) 1/12Icω2 Ans:a Explanation: Kinetic energy is given by the equation
0.5Iω2
inserting Ic/3 in place of I will give kinetic energy as
1/6 Icω2.
67. If Ic = 125 Kg-m2 and ω= 20 rad/s, calculate the kinetic of the constraint.
a) 8333 J
b) 7333 J
c) 6333 J
d) 9333 J Ans:a Explanation: The kinetic energy of the constraint is given by the equation:
K.E = 1/6 Icω2
substituting the value we get
K.E = 8333J.
68. If the mass of the constraint is negligible then what is the kinetic energy of the system?
a) 0
 b) Half the value
c) Double the value
d) Infinite Ans:a
69. Free torsional vibrations will occur in a two rotor system only if both rotors have same frequency.
a) True
b) False Ans:a
70. Increasing which of the following factor would result in increase of free torsional vibration?
a) Radius of gyration
b) Mass moment of inertia
c) Polar moment of inertia
d) Length Ans:c
71. Which of the following relation is correct regarding free torsional vibrations of a single motor system?
a) Independent of modulus of rigidity
b) Independent of polar moment of inertia
c) Dependent on mass moment of inertia
d) Independent of length of shaft Ans:c
72. Free torsional vibrations of a single motor system increases with increase in polar moment of inertia.
a) True
b) False Ans:b
73. If the polar moment of inertia is increased to four times, then what will be the effect on free torsional
vibrations of a single motor system?
a) Increases 4 times
b) Increases 2 times
c) Decreases 4 times
d) Decreases 2 times Ans:b
74. If the mass moment of inertia is increased to four times, then what will be the effect on free torsional
vibrations of a single motor system?
a) Increases 4 times
b) Increases 2 times
c) Decreases 4 times
d) Decreases 2 times Ans:d
75. Calculate the free torsional vibrations of a single motor system from the following data:
C = 8 GN/m2, L=9m, I = 600 Kg-m2, J = 8×104 m4
a) 162,132
b) 172,132
c) 182,132
d) 192,132 Ans:b Explanation: The free torsional vibrations of a single motor system is given by
12(C.J÷l.I)−−−−−−−−−√
Substituting the given values gives f = 172132 Hz.
76. f the length inertia is decreased to nine times, then what will be the effect on free torsional vibrations of a
single motor system?
a) Increases 3 times
b) Increases 9 times
c) Decreases 9 times
d) Decreases 3 times Ans:a E xplanation: Since the free torsional vibrations of a single motor system depends
on the inverse of square root of the length, decreasing 9 times will lead to increase in 3 times the initial
vibration.
 77. Calculate the Polar moment of inertia in m4 of a single motor system from the following data:
C = 8 GN/m2, L=9m, I = 600 Kg-m2, f=10 Hz
a) 0.00027
b) 0.00032
c) 0.00045
d) 0.00078 Ans:a
78. f radius of gyration increases then the torsional free vibration increases.
a) True
b) False Ans:b
79. When a rigid body is suspended vertically and it oscillates with a small amplitude under the action of the
force of gravity, the body is known as
(A) simple pendulum
B) torsional pendulum
(C) compound pendulum
(D) second’s pendulum Ans:c
80. What is the effect on the undamped natural frequency of a single-degree-of-freedom system if the mass of the
system is increased?
A) The frequency will increase
(B) The frequency will stay the same
(C) The frequency will decrease
(D) None of these Ans:c
81. What is the effect on the undamped natural frequency of a single-degree-of-freedom system if the stiffness of one
or more of the springs is increased?
(A) The frequency will increase
(B) The frequency will stay the same
(C) The frequency will decrease
(D) None of these Ans:a
82. The maximum acceleration of a particle moving with simple harmonic motion is ____.
(A) ω
(B) ω.r
(C) ω / 2 π
(D) 2 π / ω Ans: B
83. As per Energy Method, the summation of kinetic energy and potential energy must be ________ which is same at
all the times.
(A) zero
(B) minimum
(C) maximum
(D) constant Ans:D
84. In Rayleigh’s method, the _____________ at the mean position is equal to the maximum potential energy (or
strain energy) at the extreme position.
(A) minimum kinetic energy
(B) minimum potential energy
(C) maximum kinetic energy
(D) none of the above Ans:c
85. Equilibrium Method is in accordance with which of the following principle?
(A) Taylor's principle
(B) D'Alembert's principle
(C) Energy conservation principle
(D) None of the above Ans:B
86. For the same dimensions of the shaft which of the following has the greater natural frequency?
(A) Transverse
(B) Longitudinal
(C) Depends on thickness
(D) Depends upon length Ans:B
87. A system has a mass of 0.5 kg and spring stiffness of 2452 N/m. Find the natural frequency of the system.
(A) 5.14 Hz
(B) 9.14 Hz
(C) 11.14 Hz
(D) 28.14 HzAns:c
88. A gun barrel of mass 600 Kg has a recoil spring of stiffness 294 KN/m. If the barrel recoils 1.3 m on firing, what
will be the initial recoil velocity of the barrel?
(A) 28.77 m/s
(B) 32.77 m/s
(C) 35.77 m/s
(D) 40.77 m/s Ans:A
89. Critical speed is expressed as ______.
A) rotation of the shaft in degrees
(B) rotation of the shaft in radians
(C) rotation of the shaft in minutes
(D) the natural frequency of the shaft Ans:D
90. For an underdamped harmonic oscillator, resonance ______.
(A) occurs when excitation frequency is greater than the undamped natural frequency
(B) occurs when excitation frequency is less than the undamped natural frequency
(C) occurs when excitation frequency is equal to the undamped natural frequency
(D) never occurs Ans:C

91. ________ torsional vibrations will occur in a two-rotor system only if both rotors have the same frequency.
(A) Free
(B) Forced
(C) Unbalanced
(D) None of the above Ans:A
92. The ratio of the maximum displacement of the forced vibration to the deflection due to the static force is known
as
(A) damping factor
(B) damping coefficient
(C) logarithmic decrement
(D) magnification factor Ans:D
93. If the damping factor for a vibrating system is unity, then the system will be
(A) overdamped
(B) underdamped
(C) critically damped
(D) without vibrations Ans:c
94. In steady state forced vibrations, the amplitude of vibrations at resonance is _____________ damping coefficient.
(A) equal to
(B) directly proportional to
(C) inversely proportional to
(D) independent of Ans:c
95. In under damped vibrating system, the amplitude of vibration ______.
(A) decreases linearly with time
(B) increases linearly with time
(C) decreases exponentially with time
(D) increases exponentially with time Ans:C
96. Maximum displacement due to forced vibration is ____________ the displacement due to static force.
(A) inversely proportional to
(B) directly proportional to
(C) independent of
(D) none of the above Ans:B
97The time period of a simple pendulum does not depend upon the mass of the body suspended at the free end of the
string. This statement is known as ___________ .
(A) law of gravity
(B) law of mass
(C) law of isochronism
(D) law of length Ans:B
98. Which of the following systems produce a vibration in the foundation?
(A) Coupled machine
(B) Uncoupled machine
(C) Balanced machine
(D) Unbalanced machine Ans:D
99. When a periodic disturbing force is applied to a machine, the force is transmitted to the ___________ by the
means of spring.
(A) dampers
(B) foundation
(C) mass
(D) none of the above Ans:B
100. Which of the following is a unit of isolation factor?
(A) Newton
(B) Joule
(C) Hz
(D) None of the above Ans:D
101: Which of the following is a type of transmitted force to the foundation?
(A) Damping force
(B) Undamping force
(C) Tensile force
(D) Torsional force Ans:A
102: If the damper is not provided and the system is in resonance, which of the following is the correct isolation
factor?
(A) 0
(B) 0.5
(C) 0.25
(D) Infinite Ans:D
103. The damping factor is the measure of the relative amount of damping in the existing system with that necessary
for the ______ system.
(A) underdamped
(B) overdamped
(C) critical damped
(D) all of the above Ans:C
104. Logarithmic decrement is defined as the ____________ of the amplitude reduction factor.
(A) reciprocal
(B) logarithm
(C) natural logarithm
(D) all of the above Ans:C
105. The ratio of the force transmitted to the force applied is known as the ____________ of the spring support.
(A) isolation factor
(B) transmissibility ratio
(C) both A and B
(D) none of the above Ans:C
106Which of the following instruments measure the amplitude of a vibrating body?
(A) Vibrometers
(B) Seismometer
(C) Both (a) and (b)
(D) None of these Ans:C
107. The accelerometer is used as a transducer to measure earthquake in Richter scale. Its design is based on the
principle that ______.
(A) its natural frequency is very low in comparison to the frequency of vibration
(B) its natural frequency is very high in comparison to the frequency of vibration
(C) its natural frequency is equal to the frequency of vibration
(D) measurement of vibratory motion is without any reference point Ans:C
108. The instruments which are used to measure the ___________ of a vibrating body are called vibration measuring
instrument.
(A) displacement
(B) velocity
(C) acceleration
(D) all of the above Ans:D
109. A seismometer is a device used to measure the ___________ of a vibrating body.
(A) displacement
(B) velocity
(C) acceleration
(D) all of the above
Ans:A
110. From the following, which one is a type of vibration measuring instrument?
(A) Mechanical
(B) Electrical
(C) Magnetic
(D) All of the above
Ans:d
111. Vibration measuring instruments are classified on the basis of ____________.
(A) contact between the vibrating system and measuring instrument
(B) the requirement of power source
(C) method of measurements
(D) all of the above Ans:D
112. In vibrometer, the relative motion between the mass and vibrating body is converted into proportional
________.
(A) current
(B) voltage
(C) resistance
(D) ampere
Ans:B
113. From the following, which one is used in an accelerometer?
(A) Dielectric crystals
(B) Piezoelectric crystals
(C) Optic crystals
(D) Diamond
Ans:B
114. The accelerometers are commonly used in vibration measurement due to their ___________.
(A) small size and low sensitivity
(B) the large size and high sensitivity
(C) the large size and low sensitivity
(D) small size and high sensitivity
Ans:D
115. In FFT Spectrum Analyzer, FFT stands for _______.
(A) Frequency Fourier Transform
(B) Fast Fourier Transmission
(C) Frequency Fourier Transmission
(D) Fast Fourier Transform
Ans:D
116. Fourier transform is a mathematical procedure to obtain the __________ of a given input signal.
(A) spectrum
(B) integration
(C) difference
(D) none of the above
Ans:A
117. FFT analyzer can be used to find the ___________.
(A) natural frequencies
(B) mode shapes
(C) both natural frequencies and mode shapes
(D) none of the above
Ans:C

118. In which type of vibrations, amplitude of vibration goes on decreasing every cycle?
a. Dampedvibrations
b. Undampedvibrations
c. Botha.andb.
d. None of the above
Ans:c

119. Two springs have spring stiffness of 1500 N/m and 2000 N/m respectively. If they are connected in series,
what is the spring stiffness if they are replaced by an equivalent system.3500 N/m
a. 3500 N/m
b. 1166 N/m
c. 857.63 N/m
d. None of the above

Ans:C

120. Which type of vibrations are also known as transient vibrations?

a. Undamped vibrations
b. Damped vibrations
c. Torsional vibrations
d. Transverse vibrations

Ans:b

121. Which of the following relations is true when springs are connected parallelly?
where K = spring stiffness

a.Ke= K1 +K2
b. (1/Ke)=(1/K1)+(1/K2)
c.Ke= (1/K1)+(1/K2)
d.None of the above

122. What are deterministic vibrations?

a. Vibrations caused due to known exciting force

b. Vibrations caused due to unknown exciting force
c. Vibrations which are aperiodic in nature
d. None of the above
Ans:a

123. Which of the following vibrations are classified according to magnitude of actuating force?
a. Torsional vibrations
b. Deterministic vibrations
c. Transverse vibrations
d. All of the above

Ans:b

124. What are discrete parameter systems?

a. Systems which have infinite number of degree of freedom

b. Systems which have finite number of degree of freedom
c. Systems which have no degree of freedom
d. None of the above
Ans:b

125. Which among the following is the fundamental equation of S.H.M.?

a. x+(k/m)x=0
b. x+ω2x=0
c. x+(k/m)2 x=0
d. x2 + ωx2 =0
Ans:d
126. Find Natural frequency of vibration of the system if k1=1000 N/m, k2=1000 N/m, K3= 2000N/m, m=10 kg

a. 3.18 Hz
b. 2 HZ
c. 1HZ
d. 5 Hz
Ans: a
 Noise and Vibrations Question Bank

1 Calculate equivalent stiffness of the spring for the system shown below, which has spring
stiffness of 3000 N/m

a. 1000 N/m

b. 2250 N/m

c. 2000 N/m

d. None of the above B

2 Two springs have spring stiffness of 1500 N/m and 2000 N/m respectively.
If they are connected in series, what is the spring stiffness a. 3500 N/m
b. 1166 N/m

c. 857.63 N/m

d. None of the above c

3 Which of the following relations is true when springs are connected in parallel?
where K = spring stiffness
a. Ke = K1 + K2

b. (1 / Ke) = (1/K1) + (1/ K2)

c. Ke = (1/K1) + (1/ K2)

d. None of the above A

4 What are deterministic vibrations?

a. Vibrations caused due to known exciting force

b. Vibrations caused due to unknown exciting force
c. Vibrations which are aperiodic in nature
d. None of the above A

5 In which type of vibrations, amplitude of vibration goes on decreasing every cycle?

a. Damped vibrations
b. Undamped vibrations
c. Both a. and b.
d. None of the above A

6 The number of degrees of freedom of a simple

pendulum is:

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2

7 When a system vibrates in a fluid medium, the damping is

(a) viscous (b) Coulomb (c)solid

8 Determine the equivalent spring constant of the system shown in Fig

K1=10 N/m, K2=20 N/m. K3=30 N/m, K4=34 N/m, K5=40 N/m
a) 10N/m b)20N/m c)30N/m d) none

9 Find the equivalent damping constant of the system shown in Fig. for c1=22N.s/m and c2= 11N.s/m

a) 40 N/m2 b)38 N/m2 c)44 N/m2 d)8.8 N/m2 c

10 The damping ratio, in terms of the damping constant c and critical damping constant (C c), is given by:

11 The natural frequency of following system is closest to

1) 8Hz 2) 10Hz 3) 12Hz 4) 14Hz

12 A spring-mass system has a natural frequency of 10 rad/sec. When the spring constant is
reduced by 800 N/m, the frequency is altered by 45 percent. Find the mass and spring constant of
the original system.

a)11.47kg and 1147.95N/m b)8.95kg and 895.25N/m

c) 7.265kg and 726.5N/m d)None

13 The response of an Undamped system under resonance will be

a. very large b. infinity c. zero

14 The system governed by the equation is dynamically

stable if

a. k is positive b. c and k are positive c. c is positive

15 The force transmissibility of a system, subjected to base excitation (with amplitude Y)

resulting in a transmitted force FT, is defined as

A B C

16 for the system shown below K1=20N/m K2=10N/ m , K3=20N/m, K4=50N/m

Find W such that the natural frequency of the system will be 1.592 cycles

per second a)0.125kg b)0.25kg c)0.5kg 4)4kg

17 A car weighing 1000kg deflects its springs by 0.4cm under its load. Determine the natural
frequency of car in vertical direction take g=10N/m2

a) 25 rad/sec b)50 rad/sec c) 2 rad/sec d)none

b
18 find the value of logarithmic decrement of a vibratory system if its natural frequency is
10rad/sec, its mass is 10kg and its damping constant is 100N.s/m

a) 36.27 b)362.7 c)0.3627 d)3.627

19) Reduction in vibration amplitude after one complete cycle of single degree free vibration
with dry friction damping is , if where F"= frictional force between mass and surface and k
=stiffness of the system.

a)4F/k b) 2f/K C) 3F/k D)8F/k

20) The natural frequency (in Hz) of free longitudinal vibrations is equal to

a) Square root (k/m) / (2π)

b) Square root (g/δ) / (2π).

c) 0.4985/δ

d) all of the mentioned

21) In under damped vibrating system, if x1 and x2 are the successive values of the amplitude on
the same side of the mean position, then the logarithmic decrement is equal to

a) x1/x2

b) log (x1/x2)

c) ln (x1/x2)
d) log (x1.x2)
c

22) The ratio of the maximum displacement of the forced vibration to the deflection due to the
static force, is known as

a) Damping factor

b) Damping coefficient

c) Logarithmic decrement

d) Magnification factor

23) The factor which affects the critical speed of a shaft is

a) diameter of the disc

b) span of the shaft

c) eccentricity

d) all of the mentioned .

d
24) Longitudinal vibrations are said to occur when the particles of a body moves

a) perpendicular to its axis

b) parallel to its axis

c) in a circle about its axis

d) none of the

mentioned b

25) When the speed of a turbine is 6000 rpm, it takes seconds for the turbine to complete one
revolution.

a)0.1 sec b)0.0001sec c)10sec d)0.001sec

1) Determine logarithmic decrement, if the amplitude of a vibrating body reduces cycles.

a. 0.223
b. 0.8958
c. 0.3890
d. None of the above
Answer b

2) Calculate coefficient of viscous damper, if the system is critically damped. Consider the
following data:

1. Mass of spring mass damper system = 350 kg

2. Static deflection = 2 x 10–3 m
3. Natural frequency of the system = 60 rad/sec

a. 100.5 x 103 N-s/m

b. 80 x 103 N-s/m
c. 42 x 103 N-s/m
d. None of the above
Answer c

3) Determine natural frequency of a system, which has equivalent spring stiffness mass of 20 kg?

a. 12.32 Hz
b. 4.10 Hz
c. 6.16 Hz
d. None of the above
Answer c
4) Calculate natural frequency of damped vibration, if damping factor is 0.52 and the system is 30
rad/sec which consists of machine supported on springs and das

a. 25.62 rad/sec
b. 20.78 rad/sec
c. 14.4 rad/sec
d. 15.33 rad/sec
Answer a

5) Calculate logarithmic decrement if damping factor is 0.33.

a. 1.36
b. 3.23

c. 5.16
d. 2.19

Answer d

6) In damped free vibrations, which parameters indicate vibrations?

a. Natural frequency
b. Rate of decay of amplitude
c. Both a. and b.
d. None of the above
Answer c

7) According to D' Alembert's principle, m (d2x/ dt2) + c (dx/dt) + Kx =0 is the diffe damped free
vibrations having single degree of freedom. What will be the solution equation if the system is
critically damped?

a. x = (A + Bt) e– ωt
b. x = X e– ξωt (sin ωdt + Φ)
c. x = (A – Bt) e– ωt
d. x = X e– ξωt (cos ωdt + Φ)
Answer a

8) Which of the following statements is/are true for coulomb damping?

1. Coulomb damping occurs due to friction between two lubricated surfaces

2. Damping force is opposite to the direction of motion of vibrating body

3. For smooth surfaces, coefficient of friction depends upon velocity
4. Damping force depends upon the rubbing velocity between two rubbing surface

a. Only statement 1
b. Statement 2, 3 and statement 4
c. Only statement 2
d. All the above statements are true
Answer c

9) What is meant by critical damping coefficient?

a. Frequency of damped free vibrations is less than zero

b. The motion is aperiodic in nature
c. Both a. and b.
d. None of the above
Answer b

10) Which of the following relations is true for viscous damping?

a. Force α relative displacement

b. Force α relative velocity
c. Force α (1 / relative velocity)
d. None of the above
Answer b

11) Eddy current damping is an example of

a. Coulomb damping
b. Hysteresis damping
c. Viscous damping
d. Dry friction damping
Answer c

12) Which formula is used to calculate mass moment of inertia (I G) of a circular rim about the axis
through centre of gravity?

a. mr2/2

b. mr2/12
c. mr2/4
d. mr2
Answer d

13) δ = (W a2b2) / (3 EIl) is the value of deflection for

a. simply supported beam which has central point load

b. simply supported beam which has eccentric point load
c. simply supported beam which has U.D.L. point load per unit length
d. fixed beam which has central point load Ans:- b

14) Which among the following is the value of static deflection (δ) for a fixed beam with central
point load?

a. (Wl3) /(192 EI)

b. (Wl2) /(192 EI)
c. (Wl3) /(384 EI)
a

15) According to which method, maximum kinetic energy at mean position is equal to
maximum potential energy at extreme position?

a. Energy method
b. Rayleigh's method
c. Equilibrium method
d. All of the above
Answer b

16) During transverse vibrations, shaft is subjected to which type of stresses?

 a. Tensile stresses
b. Torsional shear stress
c. Bending stresses
d. All of the above

Answer c

17) What are discrete parameter systems?

a. Systems which have infinite number of degree of freedom
b. Systems which have finite number of degree of freedom
c. Systems which have no degree of freedom
d. None of the
above Answer b

18) Which among the following is the fundamental equation of S.H.M.?

a. x + (k / m) x =0
b. x + ω2x =0
c. x + (k/ m)2 x =0
d. x2 + ωx2 =0
Answer b

19. In vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn, then the phase difference between the transmitted force and the disturbing
force is
a) 0°
b) 90°

c) 180°

d) 270°

Ans. C

20. When a body is subjected to transverse vibrations, the stress induced in a body will be
a) shear stress
b) bending stress
c) tensile stress
d) compressive stress
Ans b
21. The critical speed of a shaft with a disc supported in between is equal to the natural frequency of the system in
a) transverse vibrations
b) torsional vibrations
c) longitudinal vibrations
d) none of the mentioned
Ans a
22. In steady state forced vibrations, the amplitude of vibrations at resonance is
damping coefficient.
a) equal to
b) directly proportional to
c) inversely proportional to
 d) independent of
Ans. C
23. When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, then the body is said to have
a) free vibration
b) forced vibration
 c) damped vibration
d) under damped vibration
Ans. C
24. In vibration isolation system, if ω/ωn < 2, then for all values of damping factor, the transmissibility will be
a) less than unity
b) equal to unity
c) greater than unity
d) zero
Ans. C
25. The accelerometer is used as a transducer to measure earthquake in Richter scale. Its design is based on the principle
that
a) its natural frequency is very low in comparison to the frequency of vibration
b) its natural frequency is very high in comparison to the frequency of vibration
c) its natural frequency is equal to the frequency of vibration
d) measurement of vibratory motion is without any reference point
Ans. C
26. While calculating the natural frequency of a spring-mass system, the effect of the mass of the spring is accounted for
by adding X times its value to the mass, where X is
a) 1/2
b) 1/3

c) 1/4

d) 3/4

Ans. b
27. Critical speed is expressed as
a) rotation of shaft in degrees
b) rotation of shaft in radians
c) rotation of shaft in minutes
d) natural frequency of the shaft
Ans. d
28. The first critical speed of an automobile running on a sinusoidal road is calculated by (modeling it as a single degree
of freedom system)
a) Resonance
b) Approximation
c) Superposition
d) Rayleigh quotient
Ans. a
29. The natural frequency of a spring-mass system on earth is ωn. The natural frequency of this system on the moon (gmoon
= gearth/6) is
a) ωn

b) 0.408ωn

c) 0.204ωn

d) 0.167ωn
Ans. a
30. A vehicle suspension system consists of a spring and a damper. The stiffness of the spring is 3.6 kN/m and the damping
constant of the damper is 400 Ns/m. If the mass is 50 kg, then the damping factor (d ) and damped natural frequency
(fn), respectively, are
a) 0.471 and 1.19 Hz
b) 0.471 and 7.48 Hz

c) 0.666 and 1.35 Hz

d) 0.666 and 8.50 Hz

Ans. a
31. For an under damped harmonic oscillator, resonance
a) occurs when excitation frequency is greater than undamped natural frequency
b) occurs when excitation frequency is less than undamped natural frequency
c) occurs when excitation frequency is equal to undamped natural frequency
 d) never occurs
Ans. C

1. What is meant by coupled differential equation?

a. The differential equation in which only rectilinear motions exit

b. The differential equation in which only angular motions exit

c. The differential equation in which both rectilinear and angular motions exit

d. None of the above

Answer- The differential equation in which both rectilinear and angular motions exit

2. Which of the following statements is/are true?

a. Torsional vibrations do not occur in a three rotor system, if rotors rotate in same direction

b. Shaft vibrates with maximum frequency when rotors rotate in same direction

c. Zero node behavior is observed in rotors rotating in opposite direction

d. All of the above

Answer- Torsional vibrations do not occur in a three rotor system, if rotors rotate in same direction

3. In the diagram shown below, if rotor X and rotor Z rotate in same direction and rotor Y
rotates in opposite direction, then specify the no of degree of freedom vibration.
a. Three degree of freedom vibration

b. Two degree of freedom vibration

c. Single degree of freedom vibration

d. None of the above

Answer- Two degree of freedom vibration

4. When a two-degree-of-freedom system is subjected to a harmonic force, the system vibrates at the

a. frequency of applied force

b. smaller natural frequency

c.larger natural frequency

d. None of the above

Answer- frequency of applied force

5. The number of degrees of freedom of a vibrating system depends on

a. number of masses

b. number of masses and degrees of freedom of each mass

c.number of coordinates used to describe the position of each mass

d. None of the above

Answer- number of masses and degrees of freedom of each mass

True or False

6. The mass, stiffness, and damping matrices of a two-degree-of-freedom system are symmetric.

True

7. The relative amplitudes of different degrees of freedom in a two-degree-of-freedom system

depend on the natural frequency.

True

8. During free vibration, different degrees of freedom oscillate with different phase angles.

False

9. During free vibration, different degrees of freedom oscillate at different frequencies.

False

10. The equations of motion of a two-degree-of-freedom system can be expressed in terms of the
displacement of either of the two masses.

True

11. The number of distinct natural frequencies for an n-degree-of-freedom system can be

a. 1 b. ∞ c. n

Ans- c. n

12 The stiffness and flexibility matrices are related as

a. [k] = [a] b. [k] = [a] -1 c. [k] = [a]T

Ans- b. [k] = [a] -1

13. A device that transforms values of physical variables into equivalent electrical signals is
called

Ans- Transducer

14. The instrument that measures the acceleration of a vibrating body is called

Ans- Accelerometer

15. The condition of a machine can be determined using severity charts.

Ans- Vibration

16. The life of a machine follows the classic curve.

Ans- Bathtub
17. When a transducer is used in conjunction with another device to measure vibration, it is called a

a. vibration sensor b. vibration pickup c. vibration actuator

Ans- b. vibration pickup

18. The instrument that measures the displacement of a vibrating body is called

a. seismometer b. transducer c. accelerometer

Ans- seismometer

19. A decibel (dB) is a quantity, such as power (P), defined in terms of a reference value (P ref), as

Ans- A

20. The procedure of using a hammer with a built-in load cell to apply load at different points of
a system is known as

a. step relaxation

b. excitation by electromagnetic shaker

c. impactor

Ans- step relaxation

21. The following function plays an important role in the experimental modal analysis:

a. time-response function

b. modal-response function

c.frequency-response function

Ans- c. frequency-response function

22. The circuit that permits the passage of frequency components of a signal over a frequency
band and rejects all other frequency components is called a

a. bandpass filter b. frequency filter c. spectral filter

Ans- bandpass filter

23.

Ans- 1- B, 2-A, 3-E, 4-C, 5-D

24. Which of the following is true about Stiffness matrix

a. Diagonal matrix

b. Symmetric matrix

c. Positive Definite

d. All of the above

Ans-All of the above

25. What are The Causes Of Vibration?

a. Unbalanced centrifugal forces in the system.

b. Elastic nature of the system.

c. Winds may cause vibrations of certain systems such as electricity lines, telephones lines etc.

d. All of the above

ans- All of the above

26. Negative damping leads to

a. instability b. fast convergence c. oscillations

Ans- a. instability

27. When the speed of rotation of a shaft equals one of the natural frequencies of the shaft, it
is called speed.

Ans- Critical

28. The unbalanced force caused by an eccentric mass m rotating at an angular speed v and located at
a distance r from the axis of rotation is

a. mr2ω2 b. mgω2 c. mr ω2
Ans- c. mr ω2

29. Transmissibility is the ratio of

a. force transmitted and exciting force

b. force applied and the resulting displacement

c. input displacement and output

displacement Ans- force

transmitted and exciting force

 1. The number of natural frequencies in case of cantilever is
a. Infinite

b. Zero

c. Two

d. Four

2. The vibration parallel to shaft axis

a. Transverse b.
Longitudinal
c. Torsional
d. None of the above
3. The vibration perpendicular to shaft axis are known as
a. Transverse
b. Longitudinal
c. Torsional
d. None of the above
4. Write the frequency range of hearing
20Hz to 20kHz
5. Write the frequency range of supersonic vibration
Above 20kHz
6. The string length of simple pendulum is increased four times the
frequency of system will be
a. Reduced to half
b. Increased to twice
c. Reduced to one fourth
d. Increased to four times
7. The reciprocal of interval of time taken by a vibrating body to
complete a cycle is called
a. Frequency
b. Period
c. Amplitude
 d. None of the above
8. Resonance is phenomenon when the frequency of the external
exciting force is
a. Twice the natural frequency of system
b. Half the natural frequency of system
c. Same as the natural frequency of system
d. None of the above
9. The time taken by a vibrating body to complete one cycle is known
as
a. Period
b. Frequency
c. Resonance
d. Damping
10. Natural frequency of system is due to
a. Free vibration
b. Forced vibration
c. Resonance
d. Damping
11. If the particles of a body vibrates along a circular arc whose
centre lies on the axis of the shaft then the body is said to hanve
a. Torsional vibration
b. Transverse vibration
c. Longitudinal vibration
d. None of the above
12. The natural frequency of free longitudinal vibration is the
a. Twice the natural period of vibration
b. Reciprocal of the natural period of vibration
c. Half the natural period of vibration
d. Same as the natural period of vibration
13. Is it true that the phenomenon of a beat occurs as a result of
interference between two waves if slightly different frequencies
moving along with same straight line in the same direction?
True
 14. If the mass of body increases 9 times
a. Frequency decreases 3 times
b. Frequency increase 3 times
c. Frequency does don’t change
d. It will be zero
15. In rayleighs method for finding frequency of the system
a. Maximum kinetic energy is equal to maximum potential energy
b. Kinetic energy is more than potential energy
c. Potential energy is zero
d. Kinetic energy is zero
16. In energy method for finding frequency of the system
a. The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy is zero
b. The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy is constant
c. It is assumed that the system is non-conservative
d. Frequency cannot be determined by energy method
17. The equivalent stiffness of spring conncetd in parallel having
stiffnesses k1 and k2 can be written as
1 1
a. +
k1 k2

b. k1 + k2
1 1
c. −
k1 k2
d. None of the above
18. Bifilar suspension can be used to find
a. Moment of inertia of bar
b. Moment of inertia of disc
c. Mass of the disc
d. Mass of the bar
19. Trifilar suspension is used to find
a. Moment of inertia of bar
b. Moment of inertia of disc
c. Mass of the disc
d. Mass of the bar
20. The main properties of vibrating system are
 a. Mass and stiffness
b. Mass stiffness and damping
c. Stiffness and damping
d. Damping and stiffness
21. The natural frequency of system is function of
a. The stiffness of system
b. The mass of the stiffness
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
22. In the spring mass system if the mass of system is doubled with
spring stiffness halved the natural frequency of longitudinal
vibrations
a. Remain unchanged
b. Is doubled
c. Is halved
d. Is quadrupled
23. If the spring mass system with m and stiffness k is taken to very
high altitude The natural frequency of longitudinal vibration
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Remain unchanged
d. May increase or decrease depending upon the value of the mass
24. In a spring mass system of a mass m and stiffness k the end of
the spring are securely fixed and mass attached to intermediate
point of spring. The natural frequency of longitudinal vibration of the
system.
a. Is maximum when the mass is attached to the midpoint of the spring
b. Is minimum when the mass is attached to the midpoint of the spring
c. Decrease as the distance from the top end where mass is attached
decreases
d. Decrease as the distance from the bottom end where mass is attached
decreases
25. The advantages of critical damping is
 a. That vibratory body comes to reset in smallest possible time
b. There is no vibration
c. the amplitude of vibration is maximum
d. the amplitude of vibration is minimum
26. The under damped vibrating system if x1and x2 are successive
value of the amplitude on the same side of the mean position then
the logarithmic decrement is equal to
x1
a. x2
b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 x1
( )
x2
x1
𝑙𝑜𝑔
c.
𝑒 ( x )
2

d. 𝑙𝑜𝑔(x1.x2 )
27. A system is said to be critically damped if the damping factor for
a vibrating system is
a. More than one
b. Equal to one
c. Less than one
d. Equal to zero
28. The amount damping necessary for a system to be critically
damped is known as
a. Damped factor
b. Magnification factor
c. Critical damping coefficient
d. Logarithmic decrement
29. In a light or under damped vibrating system the natural
logarithm of the ratio of any two successive amplitude is known as
a. Damped factor
b. Magnification factor
c. Critical damping coefficient
d. Logarithmic decrement
30. The ratio of actual damping coefficient to the critical damping
coefficient is known as
 a. Damped factor
b. Magnification factor
c. Critical damping coefficient
d. Logarithmic decrement
31. A system is said to be over damped if damping factor for the
system is
a. More than one
b. Equal to one
c. Less than one
d. Equal to zero
32. An over damped system is distributed from equilibrium position
with some initial velocity the system will
a. Not cross the equilibrium position
b. Vibrate about equilibrium position
c. Immediately return to equilibrium position
d. None of the above
33. During resonance
a. High amplitude of vibration occurs
b. Low amplitude of vibration occurs
c. No vibration occurs
d. Vibration remain unaffected
34. The speed at which resonance occurs
Critical speed
35. The factor which affect the critical speed of the shaft
a. Eccentricity
b. diameter of the disc
c. span of the shaft
d. all the above
36. the angle between spring force and damping force is
a. 90
b. 180
c. 0
d. None of the above
37. The angle between inertia force and spring force
a. 90
b. 180
c. 0
d. None of the above
38. Vibrometer is designed with
a. Low frequency
b. High frequency
c. Zero frequency
d. None of the above
39. Accelerometer is designed with
a. Low frequency
b. High frequency
c. Zero frequency
d. None of the above
40. The ratio of maximum displacement of forced vibration to the
deflection due to static force is known as
a. Damping factor
b. Damping coefficient
c. Logarithmic decrement
d. Magnification factor
41. In vibration isolation system if w/wn>1 the phase difference
between the transmitted force and the distributing force is
a. 0
b. 90
c. 180
d. 270
42. In vibration isolation system if w/wn is less than root of 2
43. Then for all value of damping factor the transmissibility will be
a. Less than unity
b. Equal to unity
c. Greater than unity
d. Zero
 44. When the frequency of external exciting force is equal to the
natural frequency of vibration of system
a. The amplitude of vibration is zero
b. The amplitude of vibration is insignificantly small
c. The amplitude of vibration is very large
d. The amplitude of vibration may be large or small depending upon the magnitude of frequency
45. Rotating shaft tends to vibrate violently in transverse direction
at certain speed this speed is called
a. Critical speed
b. Whirling speed
c. Whipping speed
d. All the above
46. The whirling speed of a rotating shaft carrying a mass m at the
centre is
a. More than the natural frequency of transverse vibration of system
b. Less than the natural frequency of transverse vibration of system
c. Is equal to the natural frequency of transverse vibration of system
d. Is more or less depending upon stiffness of shaft
47. For shaft speed less than critical speed the phase difference
between displacement and centrifugal force
a. 0
b. 45
c. 90
d. 180
48. For shaft speed more than critical speed the phase difference
between displacement and centrifugal force
a. 0
b. 45
c. 90
d. 180
49. Natural frequency of transverse vibration of shaft carrying load
at the centre of the span is
 a. fn = 5.632
√δ
4.987
b. fn = √δ

c. fn = √5.632
δ
d. fn
4.987
= √
δ

50. In damped forced vibration system

a. The spring force vector lags behind the displacement vector by
180
b. The damping force vector lags behind the displacement vector by
90
c. The inertia force vector is in phase with displacement vector
d. All of the statement are true
51. The damping factor ξ=0 and frequency ratio w/wn >√2 the
transmissibility is
1
a. 𝑇𝑅 = 𝑤2
1−(𝑤𝑛)

b. 𝑇𝑅 = 1
𝑤
1−( )
c. 𝑇𝑅 =
𝑤𝑛

𝑤𝑛
1−( 𝑤 )
d. 𝑇𝑅 =
1

𝑤
1−( ) −1
𝑤𝑛

52. The transmissibility is same for all values of damping factors at

frequency ratio w/wn of
a. 1
b. 2
 c. √2
d. None of the above
53. Damping is beneficial only when
𝑤
a. =1
𝑤𝑛
𝑤
b. <1
𝑤𝑛
 𝑤 < √2
c.
𝑤𝑛 > √2

d. 𝑤

𝑤𝑛

54. For forced damped vibration system the vibration isolation is

possible only when
a. w/wn=1
b. w/wn<1
c. w/wn <√2
d. w/wn>√2
55. In rotating horizontal shafts, there are large vibrations when the
shafts are rotating at a speed which is
a. one fourth of critical speed
b. one-third of critical speed
c. one-half of critical speed
d. two-third of critical speed.
56. A node means a section where the amplitude of vibration is
a. Maximum
b. half of maximum
c. zero
d. one fourth of the maximum

24. Transmissibility is defined as

a. the ratio of the force transmitted through elastic support to the force
transmitted through elastic support
b. the ratio of the force transmitted through elastic support to the force
transmitted through rigid body
c. product of the force transmitted through the elastic support to the
force transmitted through rigid body
d. none of the above
57. vibrometer is known as low frequency transducer
true
58. the material normally used for vibration isolation are rubber felt
cork metallic spring etc
 True
59. The number of natural frequencies in a two rotor system is
a. Infinite
b. Zero
c. Two
d. Four
60. A shaft carrying two rotors at its ends will have
a. no node
b. one node
c. two nodes
d. three nodes
61. A shaft carrying three rotors will have
a. no node
b. one node
c. two nodes
d. three nodes
62. In semi definite system one of the natural frequencies is
a. Zero
b. Non zero
c. infinite one
d. one
63. Dynamic vibration absorber is suitable for
a. constant speed machines
b. varying speed machines
c. zero speed range machines
d. none of the above
64. When heavy rotating masses are connected by a shaft and equal
and opposite torques are applied to these masses (rotor)
a. The rotors vibrate torsionally in the same direction.
b. The rotors vibrate torsionally in the opposite direction.
c. There is one point on the axis of shaft which remains
undisturbed by vibration.
d. Both (b) and (c).
65. There are n rotors mounted on the shaft and when
subjected to torsional vibration there will be
a. N nodes
b. (n-1) nodes
c. (n+ 1) nodes
d. any number of nodes
66. Is it true that when two masses vibrate at the same
frequency and in phase, it is called a principal mode of
vibration ?
True

67. Is it true that if at the principal mode of vibration, the

amplitude of one of the masses is unity, it is known as
normal mode of vibration?
True
68. Dunkerley's method is most suited for the
determination of natural frequencies of structure
True
69. Holzer's method is trial and error method used to find
the natural frequency and mode shape of multimass lumped
parameter system for free and forced vibrations.
True
70. In matrix iteration the natural frequency can be
determined by the use of flexibility influence coefficients
True
71. Stodola method is an iterative process of the
fundamental natural frequency of the system
True