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    10-1 and 13-1 Overheads (Landscape) PDF

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    Habtamu Geremew
    This document introduces parametric curves, which are curves defined by parametric equations of the form x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t). To plot a parametric curve, values of t are selected and the corresponding points (x(t),y(t),z(t)) are plotted. Parametric curves can be written in vector form as a position vector r(t). The document then provides various facts about parametric curves, including how to eliminate the parameter t, find intersections between curves, perform calculus operations on parametric curves, and calculate arc length.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    10-1 and 13-1 Overheads (Landscape) PDF

    Uploaded by

    Habtamu Geremew
    59 views10 pages
    This document introduces parametric curves, which are curves defined by parametric equations of the form x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t). To plot a parametric curve, values of t are selected and the corresponding points (x(t),y(t),z(t)) are plotted. Parametric curves can be written in vector form as a position vector r(t). The document then provides various facts about parametric curves, including how to eliminate the parameter t, find intersections between curves, perform calculus operations on parametric curves, and calculate arc length.

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    10-1 and 13-1 Overheads (Landscape).pdf

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    This document introduces parametric curves, which are curves defined by parametric equations of the form x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t). To plot a parametric curve, values of t are selected and the corresponding points (x(t),y(t),z(t)) are plotted. Parametric curves can be written in vector form as a position vector r(t). The document then provides various facts about parametric curves, including how to eliminate the parameter t, find intersections between curves, perform calculus operations on parametric curves, and calculate arc length.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    59 views10 pages

    10-1 and 13-1 Overheads (Landscape) PDF

    Uploaded by

    Habtamu Geremew
    This document introduces parametric curves, which are curves defined by parametric equations of the form x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t). To plot a parametric curve, values of t are selected and the corresponding points (x(t),y(t),z(t)) are plotted. Parametric curves can be written in vector form as a position vector r(t). The document then provides various facts about parametric curves, including how to eliminate the parameter t, find intersections between curves, perform calculus operations on parametric curves, and calculate arc length.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    10.1/13.

    1 Parametric Curves Intro


    (2D and 3D)

    Parametric equations:
    x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t)
    To plot, you select various values of t,
    compute (x(t),y(t),z(t)), and plot the
    corresponding (x,y,z) points.

    The resulting curve is called a parametric


    curve, or space curve (in 3D).

    We also like to write the equation in vector


    form:
    ⃑ (𝑡) = 〈𝑥 (𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑧(𝑡)〉
    𝒓
    = a position vector for the curve
    i.e. if the tail of this vector is drawn from
    the origin, the head will be at (x(t),y(t),z(t))
    on the curve.
    Various Parametric Facts:
    1. Eliminating the parameter
    (a) Solving for t in one equation, substitute
    into the others.
    (b) Use (sin(u))2 + (cos(u))2 = 1.

    This gives the surface/path over which the


    motion is occurring.
    All points given by the parametric
    equations: x = t , y = cos(2t) , z = sin(2t)
    are on the cylinder: y2 + z2 = 1

    x
    y
    All points given by the parametric
    equations: x = tcos(t) , y = tsin(t) , z = t
    are on the cone: z2 = x2 + y2

    y
    x
    2. Intersection issues:
    (a) To find where two curves intersect, use
    two different parameters!!!
    We say the curves collide if the
    intersection happens at the same
    parameter value.

    (b) To find parametric equations for the


    intersection of two surfaces, combine
    the surfaces into one equation. Let
    one variable be t and solve for the
    others.
    (Or use sin(t), cos(t) if there is a circle
    involved)
    3. Basic 2D Parametric Calculus
    (Review of Math 124):
    𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
    From the chain rule = .
    𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
    Rearranging gives
    𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡
    = = slope.
    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡

    Note that if y = f(x), this says


    𝑑
    𝑑 (𝑓(𝑥))
    (𝑓 (𝑥 )) = 𝑑𝑡 .
    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡
    So the 2nd derivative satisfies:
    𝑑 ′
    𝑑 ′ (𝑓 (𝑥 ))
    ′′ ( )
    𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑓 (𝑥)) = 𝑑𝑡
    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡
    4. Vector Calculus

    If 𝒓 ⃑ (𝑡) = 〈𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑧(𝑡)〉,


    we define
    ⃑ ′ (𝑡) =
    𝒓
    𝑥 (𝑡 + ℎ) − 𝑥 (𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡 + ℎ) − 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑧(𝑡 + ℎ) − 𝑧(𝑡)
    lim 〈 , , 〉
    ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ ℎ

    ⃑ ′(𝑡) = 〈𝑥′(𝑡), 𝑦′(𝑡), 𝑧′(𝑡)〉.


    so 𝒓

    We also define
    ⃑ ′′(𝑡) = 〈𝑥′′(𝑡), 𝑦′′(𝑡), 𝑧′′(𝑡)〉.
    𝒓
    In 13.3, we will see that 𝒓 ⃑ ′′(𝑡) gives
    information about the curvature.
    In 13.4, we will see that
    ⃑ ′(𝑡) is a velocity vector,
    𝒓
    ⃑ ′ (𝑡)| is the speed, and
    |𝒓
    ⃑ ′′ (𝑡)is an acceleration vector.
    𝒓

    We also define
    ⃑ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 〈∫ 𝑥 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡, ∫ 𝑦(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, ∫ 𝑧(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 〉 .
    ∫𝒓
    Morale, do derivatives and integral
    component-wise.

    Ex: Consider 𝒓 ⃑ (𝑡) = 〈𝑡, cos(2𝑡), sin(2𝑡)〉.


    (a) Find 𝒓 ⃑ ′ (𝑡)|, and 𝒓
    ⃑ ′(𝑡), |𝒓 ⃑ ′′ (𝑡).
    (b) Find 𝒓⃑ (𝜋/4) and 𝒓 ⃑ ′(𝜋/4).
    (c) Give the equation for the tangent
    line at 𝑡 = 𝜋/4
    5. Arc Length
    The length of a curve from t = a to t = b is
    given by
    𝑏
    2 2 2
    ∫ √(𝑥 ′ (𝑡)) + (𝑦 ′ (𝑡)) + (𝑧 ′ (𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡
    𝑎
    𝑏

    ⃑ ′ (𝑡)|𝑑𝑡
    = ∫ |𝒓
    𝑎
    (Note: 2D is same without the z’(t)).
    We call this arc length.
    The arc length from 0 to u is often written
    as
    𝑢

    ⃑ ′ (𝑡)|𝑑𝑡
    𝑠(𝑢) = ∫ |𝒓
    0
    We call this the arc length function.

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