Lecture 3 & 4 Structural Steel Design Mu

STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN CIE 552
HOPESON KASUMBA M.ENG,B.ENG,MACEZ,MEIZ,Pr.ENG,R.ENG

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCUTURES
2 Design approaches
2.3 Working stress design
2.4 Limit States Design
2.3 Codes of Practice
3.0 Design of Structural Steel members
3.1 Design of flexural members (beams) including Lateral Torsional Buckling
3.2 Combined bending and tension
Sequential loading patterns
 Design of steel members
Structural design of steel members primarily involves predicting the

strength of the member.
This requires the designer to imagine all the ways in which the
member may fail during its design life.
It would be useful at this point, therefore, to

discuss some of the more common modes of failure associated with
beams and joists.
Failure in Bending
 The vertical loading gives rise to bending of the

 beam. This results in longitudinal stresses being set up in the beam. These
stresses are tensile in one half of the beam and compressive in the other.
 As the bending moment increases, more and more of the steel reaches
its yield stress. Eventually, all the steel yields in tension and/or
compression across
 the entire cross section of the beam. At this point
 the beam cross-section has become plastic and it fails by formation of a
plastic hinge at the point of maximum moment induced by the loading.
considerations
Modes of failure -Bending
Buckling
 Local buckling
 During the bending process outlined above, if the
 compression flange or the part of the web subject
 to compression is too thin, the plate may actually
 fail by buckling or rippling, as shown in Fig. 4.5,
 before the full plastic moment is reache
MODES OF FAILURE- BUCKLING
shear failure
 Due to excessive shear forces, usually adjacent to
 supports, the beam may fail in shear.
 The beam web, which resists shear forces, may fail as shown fig a
 as steel yields in tension and compression in the shaded zones. The
formation of plastic hinges in the flanges accompanies this process.
shear buckling failure
 Due to excessive shear forces, usually adjacent to
 supports, the beam may fail in shear.
 The beam web, which resists shear forces, may fail as shown fig a
 as steel yields in tension and compression in the shaded zones. The
formation of plastic hinges in the flanges accompanies this process.
Web bearing and buckling
 Due to high vertical stresses directly over a support
 or under a concentrated load, the beam web may
 actually crush, or buckle as a result of these stresses, as illustrated below
Lateral torsional buckling
 When the beam has a higher bending stiffness in
 the vertical plane compared to the horizontal plane,
 the beam can twist sideways under the load. This is perhaps best
visualised by loading a scale rule o
 Where a beam is not prevented from moving sideways, by a floor, for
instance, or the
 beam is not nominally torsionally restrained at supports,
 it is necessary to check that it is laterally stable under load. Nominal
torsional restraint may be assumed to exist if web cleats, partial depth
end plates or fin plates, for example, are present
Lateral torsional buckling
 beam is not nominally torsionally restrained at supports,
 it is necessary to check that it is laterally stable under load. Nominal
torsional restraint may be assumed to exist if web cleats, partial depth
end plates or fin plates, for example, are present
TYPICAL MODES OF FAILURE
Deflection
 Although a beam cannot fail as a result of excessive deflection alone, it is
necessary to ensure that
 deflections are not excessive under unfactored
 imposed loading. Excessive deflections are those resulting in severe
cracking in finishes which would render the building unserviceable
SUMMARY OF DESIGN PROCESS
 The design process for a beam can be summarised
 as follows:
 1. determination of design shear forces, Fv, and
 bending moments, M, at critical points on the
 element (see Chapter 2);
 2. selection of UB or UC;
 3. classification of section;
 4. check shear strength; if unsatisfactory return to
 (2)
 5. check bending capacity; if unsatisfactory return
SUMMARY OF DESIGN PROCESS cont`d
 6. check deflection; if unsatisfactory return to (2);
 7. check web bearing and buckling at supports or
 concentrated load; if unsatisfactory provide web stiffener or return to (2);
 8. check lateral torsional buckling if unsatisfactory return to (2) or provide lateral
 and torsional restraints;
 9. summaries results.
INITIAL SECTION SELECTION
 It is perhaps most often the case in the design of
 skeletal building structures, that bending is the
 critical mode of failure, and so beam bending theory
 can be used to make an initial selection of section.
 To avoid bending failure, it is necessary to ensure that the design moment, M, does not exceed
 the moment capacity of the section, Mc, i.e.
 M < Mc
 Generally, the moment capacity for a steel section is given by
 Mc= pyS)
 where
 py is the assumed design strength of the steel
 S is the plastic modulus of the section
Section classification
 As previously noted, the bending strength of the section depends on how the section
performs in bending. If the section is stocky, i.e. has thick
 flanges and web, it can sustain the formation of a plastic hinge. On the other hand, a
slender section, i.e. with thin flanges and web, will fail by local
 buckling before the yield stress can be reached.
 Four classes of section are identified in of BS 5950:
 Class 1 Plastic cross sections are those in which a plastic hinge can be developed with
significant rotation capacity (Fig. 4.10). If the plastic design method is used in the
structural analysis, all m
Section classification
 Class 2 Compact cross sections are those in
 which the full plastic moment capacity can be
 developed, but local buckling may prevent
 production of a plastic hinge with sufficient
 rotation capacity to permit plastic design.
 Class 3 Semi-Compact cross sections can
 develop their elastic moment capacity, but local
 buckling may prevent the production of the full
 plastic moment.
 Class 4 Slender cross sections contain slender elements subject to compression due to
moment or
 axial load. Local buckling may prevent the full
 elastic moment capacity from being developed.
Limiting width to thickness ratios for
elements for UB/UC
SHEAR
 According to clause 4.2.3 of BS 5950, the shear
 force, Fv, should not exceed the shear capacity of
 the section, Pv, i.e.
 Fv ≤ Pv (4.5)
 where Pv= 0.6pyAv (4.6)
 in which Av is the shear area (= tD for rolled I-, H- and channel sections). Above
Equation assumes
 that the web carries the shear force alone.
 Clause 4.2.3 also states that when the buckling ratio (d/t) of the web exceeds 70ε (see
equation then the web should be additionally checked
 for shear buckling. However, no British universal
 beam section, no matter what the grade, is affected
LOW SHEAR & MOMENT CAPACITY
 at critical points the combination of (i) maximum moment and co-existent shear and (ii) maximum shear
and
 co-existent moment, should be checked. If the co-existent shear force Fv is less than 0.6Pv,
 then this is a low shear load. Otherwise, if 0.6Pv < Fv < Pv, then it is a high shear load.
 When the shear load is low, the moment capa�city of the section is calculated according to clause
4.2.5.2 of BS 5950 as follows:
 For class 1 plastic or class 2 compact sections, the moment capacity
 Mc= pyS ≤ 1.2pyZ (4.7)
 where
 py design strength of the steel
 S plastic modulus of the section
 Z elastic modulus of the section
 The additional check (Mc ≤ 1.2pyZ) is to guard against plastic deformations under serviceability
 loads and is applicable to simply supported and
 cantilever beams. For other beam types this limit is 1.5pyZ.
EXAMPLE
END OF LECTURE
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STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN CIE 552

HOPESON KASUMBA M.ENG,B.ENG,MACEZ,MEIZ,Pr.ENG,R.ENG

Structural design of steel members primarily involves predicting the

It would be useful at this point, therefore, to

 The vertical loading gives rise to bending of the

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