Chapter-1: Introduction Part-1

Chapter-1: Introduction
Part-1
Operating System – 2019 - By AM.NA
Introduction
 Computer system components.
1. Hardware: CPU, memory, I/O devices
2. Operating system: Windows/ Linux
3. Application programs:
o Used to solve the computing problems of the users such as word

processors, web browsers, video games.
4. Users: People
 Definition of an Operating system.
 Collection of programs that:
i. Act as an intermediary between computer user and computer hardware.
ii. Control the application software that users run.
OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 1

iii. Link between the hardware and software running on the computer.
iv. Manage shared resources between different programs.
O S D e fi n iti o n
OS is a resource
allocator
OS is a control
program
Operating systems turn ugly hardware into beautiful abstractions.
 Tasks of an Operating system.
1
9
2
3 7
4 6
5
 Note:

o Operating system is software.

o It runs in kernel mode and application programs run in user mode.
o Kernel  The one program running at all times on the computer.
 Operating system examples:
MS-DOS – Windows – Linux – FreeBSD - Max OS X – IOS (2007) –

Android (2008)
 Operating system History - Generations:
• First Generations: Vacuum Tubes
• Second Generations: Transistors and Batch Systems
• Third Generations: ICs and Multiprogramming
• Fourth Generations: Personal Computers
 Kernel & User Mode

☃
User mode Kernel mode
where all user programs execute. where all kernel programs execute
Executing code can't directly access Executing code has complete and
hardware unrestricted access to the hardware
must invoke system calls to access can execute any CPU instruction and
hardware reference any memory address
If any program crashes, only that If a program crashes, the entire system
particular program is halted will be halted.
 OS Types.

1. Mainframe Operating Systems:
o Room- sized computers found in major corporate data centers.

o Oriented toward processing many jobs at once and need huge amount of I/O.
o They offer three kinds of services:
1) A batch system is one that processes routine jobs without any
interactive user present.
2) Transaction processing systems handle large numbers of small
requests; (airline reservations) .
3) Timesharing systems allow multiple remote users to run jobs on
the computer at once, such as querying a big database.
o Example: Linux
2. Server Operating Systems
o Run at servers that serve many users over network.
o Allow the users to share hardware and software resources.
o Example: Windows 2000
3. Multiprocessor Operating Systems

o Special OS for multiple CPU in a single system.
o Special features for communication, connectivity, and consistency
o Example: Linux
4. Personal Computer Operating Systems

o Used for word processing, spreadsheets, and Internet access.
o Example: Linux and Vista
5. Handheld Computer Operating Systems

o Small computer that fits in a shirt pocket and perform small functions.

o Example: Phones
6. Embedded Operating Systems

o Run on the computers that control devices that are not generally
thought of as computers.
o Example: TV and Cars
7. Sensor Node Operating Systems

o OS for tiny computers that communicate with each other and with a
base station using wireless communication.
8. Real-Time Operating Systems

o Have a time as a key parameter.
o Example: industrial process control systems
9. Smart Card Operating Systems
o Smallest OS which is credit card sized devices containing a CPU chip.
o Have very limited processing power and memory.
o Can handle only a single function, such as electronic payments,
 Operating System Services.
1) services provide functions that are helpful to the user:
a. User interface
 Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI)
 Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User Interface (GUI), batch
b. Program execution:
 OS must be able to load, run and terminate the programs.

c. I/O operations:
 OS is responsible for transferring data to and from I/O devices.
d. File-system manipulation:
 OS help programs to read, write, delete and search files and directories.
e. Communications:
 Processes exchange information between computers over a network
f. Error detection
 OS to be aware of errors that may occur and take actions that handle
them.
 Hardware and software errors must be detected and handled
appropriately
 Provide Debugging facilities that enhance the user’s and programmer’s
abilities to efficiently use the system
2) services provide functions for ensuring the efficient operation of the system itself
g. Resource allocation
 When multiple jobs running concurrently, resources are allocated to each.
 Support Many types of resources - Some (such as CPU cycles, main
memory, and file storage) may have special allocation code, others (such as
I/O devices) may have general request and release code
h. Accounting
 Keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of computer
resources.
i. Protection and security

 Ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled and provide

authentication.
 Protection: involves ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled
 Security: provide user authentication, extends to defending external I/O
devices from invalid access attempts
 User OS Interface types.
1- Command Interpreter (CI)

 Allows direct command entry
 It gets and processes the next user request and launches the requested
programs.
o Example: UNIX
2- Graphical User Interface (GUI)

 Implemented as a desktop with file folders, trash cans, and resource icons.
 Usually mouse, keyboard, and monitor

 Icons represent files, programs, actions on the system, and respond

accordingly when the icon is activated.
 Example: iPad touchscreen
 Two types of GUI:
1. Front end for activating line interpreter in background
2. True graphical shell
3- Choice of interface (batch)

 Allow individuals to select their desired interface, customize its
operation, and to switch between different interfaces
 GUI interfaces usually provide an option for a terminal emulator window

for entering command-line commands.
o Example: Apple Mac OS X as “Aqua” GUI interface with UNIX

kernel underneath and shells available
o Example: Microsoft Windows is GUI with CLI “command” shell
MCQ
Q1: the components of computer system include ---------------------
a) Hardware
b) Operating system
c) Application programs
d) Users
e) All of the above
Q2: Operating system is a ------------------

a) software
b) hardware
c) peripherical device
d) other

Q3: Kernel is a program which is running

a) While the program is executing
b) at all times on the computer.
c) Only at startup
d) Other
Q4: The operating system acts as an interface between ---------------------

a) The user of a computer and computer hardware.
b) User and computer software.
c) None of the above.
Q5: Operating system is a Collection of programs that ------------------

a) Control the application software.
b) Link between the hardware and software.
c) Manage resources shared between simultaneous programs.
d) All of the above
Q6: the first generation of Operating system is ------------------

a) Vacuum Tubes
b) Transistors and Batch Systems
c) ICs and Multiprogramming
d) Personal Computers
Q7: the second generation of Operating system is ------------------

a) Vacuum Tubes
Q8: the third generation of Operating system is ------------------

a) Vacuum Tubes
Q9: the fourth generation of Operating system is ------------------

a) Vacuum Tubes
Q10: --------------- is one that processes routine jobs without any interactive user
present.
a) batch systems
b) Transaction processing systems
c) Time Sharing Systems
Q11: --------------- is one that allow multiple remote users to run jobs on the
computer at once
a) batch systems
Q12: --------------- is one that handle large numbers of small requests.

a) batch systems
Q13: Which is the false statement regarding batch systems?
a) A long turnaround time is needed for serial batch system.
b) Batch systems are slow in both input and output.
c) Batch systems are slow in both processing and output.
d) A batch system is less complex
Q14: Which of the following is related to real-time operating systems?
a) Execution of programs concurrently.
b) Have a time as key parameter.
c) Serving several users at a time.
d) None of the above.
Q15: Which of the following is not the function of an operating system?

a) Memory management
b) CPU management
c) I/O and file management

d) Debugging programs.
Q16: ---------------- provide user authentication and extends to defending external I/O
devices from invalid access attempts
a) Protection
b) Security
c) Privacy
Q17: --------------- involves ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled
a) Protection
b) Security
c) Privacy
Q18: In ------------, if a program crashes, the entire system will be halted

a) User mode
b) Kernel mode
c) Device management
Q19: In ------------, if any program crashes, only that program will be halted
a) User mode
b) Kernel mode
c) Device management

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Chapter-1: Introduction

1. Hardware: CPU, memory, I/O devices

2. Operating system: Windows/ Linux

o Used to solve the computing problems of the users such as word

 Definition of an Operating system.

 Collection of programs that:

i. Act as an intermediary between computer user and computer hardware.

ii. Control the application software that users run.

OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 1

iv. Manage shared resources between different programs.

Operating systems turn ugly hardware into beautiful abstractions.

 Tasks of an Operating system.

OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 2

o Operating system is software.

MS-DOS – Windows – Linux – FreeBSD - Max OS X – IOS (2007) –

 Kernel & User Mode

OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 3

1. Mainframe Operating Systems:

o Room- sized computers found in major corporate data centers.

3. Multiprocessor Operating Systems

4. Personal Computer Operating Systems

5. Handheld Computer Operating Systems

OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 4

6. Embedded Operating Systems

7. Sensor Node Operating Systems

8. Real-Time Operating Systems

 Operating System Services.

1) services provide functions that are helpful to the user:

OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 5

i. Protection and security

OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 6

 Ensuring that all access to system resources is controlled and provide

 User OS Interface types.

1- Command Interpreter (CI)

2- Graphical User Interface (GUI)

OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 7

 Icons represent files, programs, actions on the system, and respond

3- Choice of interface (batch)

 GUI interfaces usually provide an option for a terminal emulator window

o Example: Apple Mac OS X as “Aqua” GUI interface with UNIX

Q2: Operating system is a ------------------

OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 8

Q3: Kernel is a program which is running

Q4: The operating system acts as an interface between ---------------------

Q5: Operating system is a Collection of programs that ------------------

Q6: the first generation of Operating system is ------------------

Q7: the second generation of Operating system is ------------------

b) Transistors and Batch Systems

c) ICs and Multiprogramming

Q8: the third generation of Operating system is ------------------

Q9: the fourth generation of Operating system is ------------------

OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 9

Q12: --------------- is one that handle large numbers of small requests.

d) None of the above.

Q15: Which of the following is not the function of an operating system?

OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 10

Q18: In ------------, if a program crashes, the entire system will be halted

OS - Chapter 1 - Part 1 Page 11

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