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Physical Science

grade 9 physics notes

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55 views9 pages

Physical Science

grade 9 physics notes

Uploaded by

ella
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Physical Science

Length
- is the distance between two points

SI BASE UNITS
Quantity measured unit symbol
length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
Electric current ampere A
temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Intensity of light candela cd

100cm = 10dm = 1m
1000m = 1km
12in = 3ft = 1yd

A mllimeter is 1/1000 of a meter

Volume
- the amount of space occupied by an objects
- unit used is cubic(³)
- the most common units for expressing liquid volumes are
liters(L) and milliliters(mL)
- liters is not an SI unit, but it is used frequently with that
system one liter(L) is equal to 1000 milliliters(mL). a cubic
decimeter(dm³) is equal to 1000 cubic centimeters(cm³). so,
because 1L = 1 dm³, 1mL = 1cm³
- 1cm³ = 1000mL = 1L
- 1dm = 10cm
Mass
- is a measurement of the matter in an object.
- unit kilogram(kg), for measuring objects of small mass,
grams(g), or milligrams are used
-1000g = 1kg

Density
-is the mass per unit volume of a material

Time
- is the interval between two events
- SI unit is second

Temperature
- SI unit is kelvin(K)
- 0K is absolute zero, that is -273℃
- kelvin temperature can be found by adding 273 to celsius
reading. So, on the kelvin scale, water freezes at 273K and boils
at 373K

d= v*t
v= d/t
t= d/t
d= distance
v= speed
t= time

Supercontinent is called Pangaea

Acceleration equation:
a  vf  vi / t  v / t
 - is the Greek letter delta and stands for “change in”
a = acceleration
vf = final velocity
vi = initial velocity(starting velocity)
t = time

The unit for velocity is meters/second(m/s) and the unit of time


is seconds(s). thus the unit for accelaration is
meters/second/second. This unit is usually written as m/s² and
is read as meters per second squared or meters per second per
second.

Acceleration - the rate of change in velocity


Velocity - describes both speed and direction of an object.

Force - is a push or a pull one body exerts on another.


Forces on an object that are equal is sizes and opposite in
direction is called balanced force

Magnitude - refers to the size or strength of the force.

A net force of an object always changes the velocity of the


object.

Inertia - is the tendency of an object to resist any change in its


motion. If an object is moving, it will keep moving at the same
speed and In the same direction unless an unbalanced force
acts on it.

Newton’s first law of motion(law of inertia)


-if an object is at rest, iw will stay at rest unless a net force acts
on it.

Friction - is the force that opposes motion between two


surfaces that are touching each other.
-the amount of friction depends on two factors - the kinds of
surfaces and the force pressing the surfaces together.

Life without friction - if there were no friction, your life would


be different. You wouldn't be able to walk or hold things
between your fingers.

Gravitational force

Gravity - pulls you towards the center

What determines the force of gravity


-the amount of gravitational force between objects depends on
two things - their masses and the distance between them.

Weight - the measure of the force of gravity on an object.


Mass is measured in grams(g) and kilograms(kg) weight which
is a force, is measured in units called Newtons (N)

Newton’s second law of motion(law of acceleration)


-says that a net force acting on an object causes the object to
accelerate in the direction of the force
-acceleration is produce when a force acts on a mass. The
greater the mass(of an object being accelerated) the greater
the amount of force needed(to accelerate the object).

Force equation:
Force = mass * acceleration
F  ma

Mass is expressed in kilograms and acceleration is expressed in


m/s². Thus, force is expressed in units of kg*m/s²
1N= 1kg*m/s²

Weight = mass*acceleration due to gravity


W  mg
Acceleration due to gravity= g  9 .8 m / s ²

Air resistance - is the force air exerts on a moving object. This


force acts in opposite direction to that of the object’s motion.
In case of a falling object, air resistance pushes up as gravity
pulls down

As an object falls through air, air resistance gradually increases


until it balances the pull of gravity. According to the law of
inertia, when the forces acting on the object are balanced, the
motion of the object will not change. When this happens, the
falling object will stop accelerating. It will continue to fall, but
at a constant. This terminal velocity is the highest velocity that
will be reached by a falling object

Anything that is shot or throw in the air is called projectile

Acceleration toward the center of a curved or circular path is


called centripetal acceleration.

Centripetal force is a force acting toward the center of a curved


or circular path

First satellite called sputnik

Newton’s third law(law of action and reaction)


- for every action force, there is an equal(in size) and
opposite(in direction) reaction force
- describes action-reaction pairs this way: when one object
exerts a force on a second object, the second one exerts a force
on the first that is equal in size and opposite in direction.
- To every action force there is an equal and opposite reaction
force

Momentum - is a property a moving object has mass because is


its mass and velocity
-unit is kg*m/s(kgm/s)
Momentum = mass*velocity
p  mv
The Momentum of an object doesn't change unless its mass, or
velocity, or both, change.
Notice that momentum has a direction because velocity has a
direction. Notice also that if an object is not moving, it has
zero momentum

The law of conversation of momentum states that the total


amount of momentum of a group of objects does not change
unless outside force act on the objects.

Energy
-is the ability to cause change.
-ability to do work
-When an object is able to change its environment, we say the
object has energy.
-the use of energy involves change.
-radiant, electrical, chemical, thermal, and nuclear energy.

Kinetic Energy
- is energy in the form of motion
-SI unit is joules(J)
1
Kinetic energy = 2 *mass*velocity²
1
KE  mv
2 ²

Potential energy
-is stored energy
-the amount of potential energy a sample of matter has
depends on its position or its condition.
-SI unit is joules(J)
Potential energy = mass*acceleration due to gravity*height
PE  mgh

Work
-is the transfer of energy through motion
-Able to do
-is measured in joules. The joule is named for British scientist,
James Prescott Joule. One Joule is equal to a newton-
meter(N*m)
Work = force*distance/displacement
W  Fd

Mechanical energy is the total amount of kinetic and potential


energy is a system.

Temperature and Heat

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the


particles in a sample of matter.

Remember that heat is the transfer of energy between objects


or places because of difference in temperature. Heat exists as
‘energy in transit’ and it is not contained in an object. The
energy that is actually contained in an object due to the motion
of its particles is called Thermal Energy. The thermal energy of
an object is change if heat is transferred to or from it. Since the
amount of heat transferred relates to the amount of change in
thermal energy, the term heat is also used to refer to the
measure of thermal energy transferred.

-Thermal energy is the total energy of particles in a material


-The thermal energy of a material depends on the total energy
of its particles.

Heat is the thermal(or internal) energy that flows from


something with a higher temperature to something with a
lower temperature.
-heat flows from warmer to cooler materials not cooler to
warmer.
- heat is energy transferred between objects at different
temperatures. Work is energy transferred when a force acts
over a distance.

Thermal Pollution: waste you cant see


Thermal pollution occurs when waste heat significantly changes
the temperature of the environment.

Measuring thermal energy


-specific heat(C) is measured in joules per kilogram per kelvin
[ J /( kg * K )]

Calculating thermal changes


Changes in thermal energy can not be measured directly, but
they can be calculated.
Change in thermal energy= mass*change in temperature*specific heat
Q  m * T * C
The symbol Δ(delta) means “change,” so T is the change in
temperature. “change” is included in Q, which is the variable
for energy change.
Change in temperature = temperature final - temperature initial
T  Tf  Ti
When T is positive, Q is also positive; the object has increased
in temperature and gained thermal energy. When T is
negative, Q is also negative; the object has lost thermal energy
and decreased in temperature.
-Unit is joules(J), because unit for energy is joules(J)

Conduction
-is the transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of
particles.

Convection
-is the transfer of energy by the bulk movement of matter.
Difference of convection and conduction
-in conduction, energy moves from particle to particle, but the
particles themselves remain approximately in place. In
convection, fluid particles move from one location to another,
carrying energy with them.

How does thermal energy reach earth? In order for conduction


and convection to to take place, matter must be present.
The third type of heat transfer that does not require matter.

Radiation
-is the transfer of energy in form of waves.
-energy that travels by radiation is often called radiant energy.
-only radiant energy that is absorbed changed to thermal
energy.

Good insulators do not allow heat to move easily through


them.

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