eosy leornin9

How to use
English

Everything you need to know

for noturol ond effective English
Harpercoilins Pubüshers Entered words that we tlave reason to
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 content5
lntroduction V

Guide to entries Vl -'Vll

crammatícal terms viii

Pronunciation guide x

}+ow to use Engl.ish A.Z r-z96

loplcs
Adjectivesthatcannotbeusedinfront,ofnouns 29v

Times of the day, , 298

Places 3o3

andwomen
Talking,about men ' 3o7

where you put adverlrs 3o9

 introduction v

CollínsEasy Lelrning Howto Use English is designed foranyoneWhoWants to

improve theirabilityto use English, accurately. Whetheryou are preparing
for an exam, oryou are curious about how a particular word is used, or
you simply want a quick guide to common mistakes and howto correct
them, Collins E asy Learning Howto UseEn4lish offers you the information you
require in a clearand accessible format,

This book focuses on words and structures that often cause prolrlems, Here
are some examples of the kinds of problems that are covered;

. words thatare easily confused, Forexample, hard and hardlyilook

similar, but they have very different meanings.

. words that have similar meanings but are used in different

grammatical Ways. For example, allow and let have the same meaning,
b ut we alíow s omeone to do so m ethin g, wh ereas we et so m eone do
l

something.

. common words that have a lot of different meanings in English, such as

take, ot and better,

. words that are used with particular prepositions, for example lookfor
and lookafter; madefrom, made of and madeoutof .

. common'falsefriends': EnglishwordsthatIooksimilartowordsin
other languages, but have different meanings,

you willalso find information on which u5e5 are more suitableíorformal

English (forexample, when writing essays) and which ones are more
suitable for informal English (for example, when writing emails or in
everydayconversation), ln addition, thereare notes on British English and
American English.

CoIIins Easy Learning How to Use Englishis arranged alphabetically, so that

you can easily find whatyou are lool<ing for.There are also ten topic sections
at the end,-Where some sets of words and structures are covered together,

For more information on products to help you improve your Eng lish, please
visit us at www.collinselt.com,
tli g.uide to entri:es

accommodation
ffi-.
F.#Bffiffiffi€
Aeeornmirda,tton,iswhere,you live or stay, ]'
ffifuffi;l esp_ecíally'wllényou are on holiday or when yoll
[wnqbffi*;-d are staying somewhere for a short amount of
tÉffiffi&tffid time.
j-
l?.tffiffii
ffiffiffijFiMffi]------+ We booked our flights and arcammodation three

ffiT:
[fiéffi$ti*á**#_ál

ffi.ffiÉ;j}:,"l There is plenty of student accommodation in

London,

]ffi uncountable
n Bfitísh Engtish, acconimo@tjon is,an
l

noun. lnAmerican English, it is

usually a countable noun.
 gramma.tical terms !x

passiveform:a form such as w4sgívenand e.s. l 4rn sljpyj nsthí s paftv ;We were having
weretaken. ln th€ passive, the subject dínnerwhen he phoned-
is usually something or someone that pronoun:awordthatyou useinstead ofa
-
is affected bythe verb e.g. ful anYtrees noun, whenyoú do notneed orwantto
were destroved; Adecision was mqdeby the name someone or soínething directl.y,
committee, e.g, Jahn tookth? book and opened it; He
past participle: the form ofa verb that is rang MOry and invited herto dínner:
used in perfect forms and passives, Many subject: a noun phrasethatoften 5hows
past participles endin -ed, e.g.talked,. the person orthing that does the
jumped, decided. others are irregular, action expressed by theVerb, ln most
e.g, been, had, given,taken, seen. statements, the sulrject comes in front
past símple: the past tense form of a verb ofthe Verb, e,g" Tofi Iaughed;Thetreefell
that i5 usually used to talk about past over.
eventsand situations, e.9. lsdwhim l4st superlative: an adjective oradverb with
ní ght;We ta l ked fo r h ou r s. -est on the end or most in front of it, e.9.
past tense form: the form ofa Verb that h a ppí est. m o st í ntel l i gent. m o n co r€ru l ry,

is used forthe past simple, Many past 'to'-infi nitive: the infi nitive with to,
tense forms end in -ed, e.g. talked, jumped, e.g. l liketo dríve: shewant?d to leave.
decided, orhers are irregu la1 e, g, transitive verb: a verb that has both a
was/were, had, gave, took, saw, s!bject and an object, e.g,she dropped the
perfect form: a form that is made With hdve mug;We made dínner.
and a past participle, e.g, Hdveyou seen uncountable noun: a noun that i5 u5ed
him?: someone h 0d eoten all the bíscuits. fortalking about things thatare not
phrase: a group ofwords that are used normally counted, orthatWe do not
together and have a meaning of their think of as single items. Uncountable
own , e.g.The operatíon was necessary nouns do not have a plural form,, an.d
in order to save the baby|s lífe. they are used With a singularVerb, e.9,
preposition: a word such as by, with, or H e r:houted for helu,We gotvery wet í n the

from which is alwaysfollowed by a noun raín; Monev is notimportant.

phrase oran'-ing'form, e.g. Hestoad near verb j a Word that i5 used for saying What
thedoar;Aliceis afriend gtmine;This kni|e is someone oí somethíng does, orwhat
fuslicingbread, happens to them, orto 9ive information
present simple: a form that is often about them, e.g .she sle?ttill1c- o'clockín
used to talk about habitual actions or the morníng ; l ate my breakfast quíckly,
permanent states, lt is either the base verb phrase: a group ofwords thaL
form of a verlr, or a verbending in -s, functions as a verb.Averb phrase can
e.9. l 99 to work by car ; She loves him. lre a single verb, or it can be a Verb along
progressive form: a form that i5 often used With one or more auxiliaryverbs, e,g. Sfie
to talk about ongoing situations. lt is taughed;We mustleave:He coutd belying; l1I
formed of the verlrbeand an Ling'form, call you tomorrow.
a-an-
You use a and an when yQu are talkingabout a person or thing for
the firsttime. The second time you talk about the same person or
thing, you use the.

She picked up a baok.

The bookwas lying an thetable,

+ seethe
You can describe someone or something usinq a or an with an
adjective and a noun.

Weliveinan oldhpu.se|nthe.cauatrlt., .

You useaborrtwhen you mention what someóne'issaying,

'wl"itinglorthinking, ' '

" "

sh e tol.d me about h er jaib,.

,,l
n,e.qdto.thi.nka.blutthat. :

§'aboutto
lf you are aboutto dosometh'Hng, |ou are g,oiltgto.do itv.e,rysoon,

Hewas abóutto leave.

 alrove - over

+ see also around - round - about

alrove - over
§ used to describe position

lf something is higherthan something else, you can use either

above orover,

He opened a cupboard above the sink.

There was a mí rror ouu tlte 7 repl ace.

§ used to describe amounts and measurements

Above and overare both used to talk about a rneasurement or

level of something that is higher than a particular amount.

Thetemperature roseto over 4o degrees.

.,.everybody above f,ve feet eight inches in height.

You use overto say that a distance or period of time is longer than
the one mentioned.

.,,a height of over twelve thousand feet,

Our relationship lasted for over a year.
 accommodation 3

accept - except
Don't confuse accept /akscpt/ With except /Iksept/.

§! 'accept'
Accept is a verlr. lf someone,ofíers something to you and you
aGGePt it, you agree to take it.

She never accepts presents from cljents.

El'except'
ExcePt is a preposition or conjunction. lt is used to show that you
are not including a particular thing or person.

AII the boys ex1ept Pürick started ta t^ugh, ]

-.+ see except

Accommodation is where you live or stay, especially when you are

on holiday or when you are staying somewhere for a short amount
of time,

We booked our flights and accommodatíon three months before our

There is plenty of student accommodation in London.

É
% ln British Enqlish,accommodation is an uncountable noun.
ln AmericanÉnglish, it is usually a countable noun.

The hotel provides cheap accommodations and good food.

4 ateÚ)ng ta
accoröln9 to
You can use'according to'when you want to report what
someone said.

According to Eva, the train is always late.

You can also use 'according toVhen you want to report the
informatíon in a book, newspaper or report.

Thgy drove awayin awhitevan, a,ccordíngtpa poliee report"

You can use actually when you Want to emphasize that something
is true, especially if it is surprising or u nexpected.

So m e p eo p t e th i n k that D av e i s b a d-te m p er ed, b ut h e i s a ctua l ty

very kind.

You can use actually if you want to correct what someone says.

' Ly n n e w a s a d o cto r fo r te n y ea rs.' *' El ev en y ea rs, a ctu a l íy,'

...
lf someone sugge5t5 something and you want to suggest
somethin9 différent, you can say'Actually, |'d r.ather ...',
or'Actually, l'd preferto ...'.
'Shall we gotothe cinem:a| -'Actuallv,l'd rather go shopping.'
 affect - effect

&'advice'
Advice ladvas/ is a noun, lf you give someone advice, you tell
them what you think they should d:o.

She promisedtofollow his advice.

§ 'advise'

Advise /advatz/ is a verb. lf you advise someone to do something,

you say that you think the\l should do it.

He advised herto see a dotctor.

advise -rseeadvice-advise

affect - effect
trI 'affect'

Affect /aíckt/ is a verb. To affect someone or something means

to cause them to change, often in a negative way.

These problems coutd affect my work.

 a few
Íl'effect'
Eííect/lf:ekt/ is a noun. An effect is something that happens or
exists because something else has happened.

They are still feeling the effects ofthe war.

You can say that something has an effect on something else.

Herwords had a strgngg sftg pn me.

a few + seefew- a few

afford
lfyou can afford something, you have enough money to pay for it.
lfyou can't afford something, you do not have enough moneyto
pay for it.

lt's too expensíve - we can't afford it,

Whenwillwe be ableto afford a newTV?

afraid -frightened
lf you are afraid orfrightened, you think that something bad will
happen.

The children were so afraid that they ran away,

TheY feltfrightened.
 a9o
You,ean also say that you are afraid of somethíngorsomeone,
orfrightened of something orsorneone, ]

Tom is afraid ofthe dark.

Luwasfightenedofherfather , :

lf you are worried about somethin9, you can say that you are afraid
of doing something wron9, orafraid that something will happen.
You don't usually use'frightened'in this way.

Keira was afraid of being late for the meetíng.

!was afraid that nobody would believe me.

lf you have to tell someone something and you thínk it might upset
or annoy them, you can politely,say l'm afraid..., l'm afraid so, or
l'm afraid not.You can't useTrightened'-in thísway.

'Can you rememtber her name?' -'|1gfo1!1g1.'

'l'm ffr!]! Sue isn't at her desk otthe moment. Can t take a message?'

afte rnoo íl -r see topic.Times of the day

a9o
You use agoto sáy how much time has passed sincesornething
happened, Forexample, if it is nowzotoand something happened
in zoo5, it happened five years ago.

We mettwo Years ago.

You use a verb in the past simple with ago,

l did it a mornent ago.

 ag ree

a9ree
lf someone says something and you say, ! agree, you mean that
you have the same opinion,

'That fllm was excellent.' -:l q!!!'

You can also say that you agree with someone or agree with what
they say,

l agreewíth Mark.
He agreed with my idea:

lf you agree to do something, you say that you will do it-

She ogreed to lend me her car.

lf people make a decision together, you can say that they

agree on it.

We had a meeting with our clients and we agreed on a price.

 a1,low - |et

You can also say that people agree to do something together

We agreed to meet at 2 o'clock.

alike + see topic:Adjectives that cannot be used ln

front of nouns

a Iittle + see little - a little

alive { see,topic:Adjectivesthat cannot be used in

frontofnouns

allow - |et
lf you allow someone to do something, or let someone do
something, you give them permission to do it.

lI 'allow'

Allow is followed by an objeet and a 'to'-infinitive.

. We atlow the chitdren to watchTv after schoat.

, You can say that people are not allowed to do something, orthat
something is not allowed.

Visitors are not allowed tatake photographs in the museum.

'tn -
Oogs are not allőwed the garáens,

*§ 'let'

Let is fol lowed by an object and an i nfi nitive without'to'.

l love sweets but my dod doesn't let me eatthem very often.

lo alone - lonely
§ 'Iet... know'

lf you let someone know something, yoü tettthem about it.

l' Il I et y ou know wh at h a p pened.

,n 'Iet me'

You can use tet me when you are offering to do something for
someone.

Let metakeYour Coat.

-) see also let's - let us

alone - lonely
§ 'alone'
lf you arealone, you are not with any other people.

l wanted to be alone.

Bl 'Ione!y'

lfyou are lonely, you are unhappy because you do not have any
friends or anyone to talk to. Lonely is used either in front of a noun
oraftera linking verb like be orfee!.

He was a lonelv little boy.

She mu§ be very lonely here,
 also : too -,ás.'tnrc,[:l ll

alre4dl7
You ú§e a|r,eady when so,methin§ happehgd earlhn, UsJrrEaheady
sometimes suggests that something happened earlier than you
expected. Speakers of British English usealready with a Veíb in a
perfeetfonn ThqY:putatr€ady after havé, has.,,o,r.hadr:érátthq,'
end:ofasentenier" ,.: , , .:::

'Would you like some lunch/ -'No thanks, l've already eatm.'
The trai n has teft at ready,

Speakers ofAmerican English usually use the past simple with

'already'. For example, in British English you say'| have already seen
that fi m'. l n American Eng ish you say'l already saw that fi m' or
l l l

'lsawthatfilm alreadyl

lf you wantto add information to so,methíng you have said, you use
zalso, too, ot +§ wel!. : -,:i:']:, :
.
,'
§J'al§O' ,,:, :: _,_ ,. ,
"::,

You put a]§o a,fter t'Heverb E'' brrt,in front of al|.other main vei:bs,

Rebecca isvery clever, and she is also hard*orking,

He lavas football, and he alsa píavs tennis,
l2 always
You can put also at the lreginning oí a sentence.

This computeris very,madern:and fast. AIso, it's cheap.

§ |too'and'a5 well'

You puttoo oras well at the end ofa sentence, ,

It's cotd autsíde, and it's rainíng, too.

Could l havetwo.coffees, please?And a slice af cake aswell.

§ used to mean'at all times| or'for€ver'

lf something always happens, it happens at all timeS. lf it has

always happened, orwillalways happen, it has happened forever
orwi1l happen forever.

lf there is no auxiliary verb, always 9oes,in front of the verb.

Talkingto Harold always cheered her up.

lf the verlr is be, you put always after it.

Shewas always in a hurry.

lf there is,a,n auxiliary verb, you put always after ít.

l've always been very,careJul.

 another r3

used to talk about things that often heppen

lf you say that something is always happening, you mean that it

happens often and that it annoys you, When you use alw3vs'like
this, you use it with a verb in a progressive form.

Why are yau always i nterruptíng rnea

among + see between - among

an { seea - an

an n iversary - lri rthday

An anniversary is a date when you remember something special
that happened on that date in an earlier year.

lt's our wedding anniversary today.

..,the 4oath anníver_sary af Shakesp:eare's birth.

You don't callthe anniversary of the date when you were born your
'a n niversary'. You,,call it yo u r birthda|,

Mum always sends David o present on his birthday.

another
§ used to mean'one mone'.

Anotherthing or person means one morething ol" person of the

same kin,d. Anotheris usuallyfollowed by asingularcountable noun.

Could l have another cup of coffee?

r4 anxiou5
You can useanoth-erwilh,a numlrerlinfrgnt of a plural coufttable
noun.

; Thewomaftllvedfurgg|,lq.gldays,,, ..: :

§§ rrsed to rnean rdifferent' , '

Anottrer thing or pe,rson also means a dift€rent thi n9 or person,

Itqll,htrppeneditqíTg hercqfi:try1. :.,,;,:,

anXiOUS +seenervous - anxious- íriltated

any +Seesome-any

ahylrody + seesomeone - somebody - anyone - anybody

-+ see topic:Talking about men and women

anyone J.l see §óHieone - sa,mebödy'- ithYone - anyho,dy

+ see topic,TdkÍng,6 66ot fi en en d .uvornen

a nYth i n g -+ see something - anything

anyway
lI 'anyway'
you1j§eanywáy when you want to§howthat something is tfue
,despíte something,e}se tint,has. been:said

l'm notvery good at chess, butI play itanvwav,

 around-round-about r5

Anyway is differentfrom any way, Ydu usually use any way in the
phrase in any way, which means'in any respect'or'by any means'.

He didn'thurther in anywav.
lf l can help in any wau please ask,

an|Whe[€ +see somewhere - anywhere

appreciate
lf you appreciate something that someone has donef9ryou, you
are grateful to them because of it.
:'
Thanks, t realty appreciate'yourhellpl.
, You use appreciate with it and a clause beginning with if to say
pglitelythatyou would líke someoneto do something,

Wewould realty appreciateitif you could come.

ar§ U meflt + see discussion -argu,ment

around-round-about
Et talking about movement
, WhenVou aretalking aboutmovement in manydifferent
directions, you can use around, round orabout.

Theywereflying around ín a small,plane.

T6 arrange
lspent a couple ofhours driving round Richmond.
Paííce walk about ca rryi n g gun s.

V, used as a preposition or adverb

Aröund and round are used as pr€positions and adverbs, and have
the same meaning.

She was weanng a scarf round her head.

The lady turned arótínd"angrily.

Around
English. - ]
is more common in American English than in British
'''-

§§ rrreaning"approximately' .

Heas aboutfortY.

Around and round abóutaré also used to mean'approximately'in

conversation.
.'] ,

He owns around 2oo acres.

I ve been here fo r rqu nd abgut ten years.

arrange -)seemahage-airrahg€

You use arrlve, reach and get to to say that sorneoné.com€sto a

ll tell Prpfessor fiogat yoa'!gq!!!re!,

l'

He reached Bath inthelate afternoon.

We gotto thehospital at midnight.
,
 aS ... aS 77

& 'arrive'

You usually say that someone arrives at a place.

we arrived atvictoria station,

However, you say that someone arrives in a country or city.

He arrived in France onTuesday.

§§ 'reach'

as... as .

§* in comparisons

When you are comparing one person orthing to another, you can
use as followed by an adjective or adverb followed by anotheras.

You'rejust as bad asyour sister.

l can't run as fast as you can.

After these expressions, you can use either a noun phrase and a
verb, ora noun phrase on its own,

You're as old as l am.

Roger is nearly as ull as his father.
 T8 ashamed - emlrarrassed
Use the pronouns me, him, her, us orthem after as ... as,

He looked about as old as me.

However, if the pronoun is followed lry a verb, use l, he, she; we or

. they.

The teacher isjust as happy as they are

El used with negatives

you can also usewords like notand never in frontof as ,:. as to

make negative sentences.

Linda is not as clever as Louise.

§t used to describe size or amount

You can use expressions such as twice, three times, or half in

front of as,.. as to com pare the size or amou nt of something'with
something else.
:

.'volcanoes !!]!,s !: !E!!EEvere*.

ashamed - emlrarrassed

lf you are ashamed, you feel sorry about something you did wrong.

He upset Dad, and hefeels a bit ashamed.

You can saythatsomeone is ashamed of something, orashamed

of themselves.

)en feels ashamed of the lies shetold.

l was ashamed of rnyself for gettíng so angry.

El 'embarrassed'

lf you are embarrassed, you are worried that people will laugh at
 aSk 19

you orthinky,ou.are,fo_olish:, . l, :-., .,

H e l agked,a blt enbar*s_s;eÉuhen.htrl&ieqÁ his,rrastáke.

You can say that someone is embarrassed by something or

embarrassed about it.

l was reallv ernba,rrassed abg.ut stnging ín public.

He seemed ernbarrassed bythe question. ;

ask
You sáythatsomeoneasks a question, gra§ks someonea
question.

The police officer asked me lots of questions.

You al§o,u-se ask wlre1 you are reportin g qu€stions..

,We"oske,dherifshés$eFren:á. - . ., ,

I askedTom where he lived.

 asleep
asked for,a cup of téa'or'He askedth€waiterfor_a cup of tea'.

You can also report a r€quest lrysayingtha1soi'neorieasks

someone to do something.
::
He asked rne to apen the windaw.

asleep _r see sleep

+] see topic: AdJectives that cannot be used in
front of nouns

assist - lre present

II 'assist'
lf you assist someone, you help them, Assist is a formal word.

W may, be able to assist wíth the tultíon fees,

§§ "bepresent'

lfvouwant to §áy that someoneis thEreWhen sürfl.ethinghappens,

you say that someone is present.

There was no need for me to be present.

' ,: :. .

as soon as
You use as soon as to say that somethihE wjllhappen imrliediately
after something else has happened.

As so o n a s w e g et the ti Ckets we' tl send th em to Yo u.

 at 2l

When you are talking about the past, you use the past simple or the
past pefect form after as soon as.

As soon as she got ou:t of bed the telephone stopped ringíng.

. Ássoon asshehad gone,he started eatingthe cake.

aSSU me -} seesuppose - assume

aSWell +seealso-too-aswell

at
Il place or position
At is used to talk aboUt where something is or where something
happens.

. Therewas a staírcase atthe end ofthehott.

You say that someone sits at a table or desk, for example when
they are eatin9 or Writing.

t was sitting at my desk readíng,

Atis used to talk about the buildin9 where something is or where

5omething happens.

We had dínner at a restaurant in Attleborough.

You say that somethin9 happens at an event such as a meeting or a

party.

Mike and Anne flrst met each other at a dinner party.

-r see also topic: Places

El time
You use at to ta,l k about when somethin g happened or wi l l happen.
 zz attempt
At 2.3o ú.m. he returned.

You say that something happens at Christmas or at Easter.

She always sends a card atChristmas.

However, you say that something happens on a particular day

during Christmas or Easter.

They ptayed cricket on Chris,tmas Day,

ln British English, at is used wiih weekend,

I went horne 0ttheweekend.

American speakers usual ly use on or over with weekend.

§§
l had a class ontheweekend.

-} see also topic:TÍmes of the day

attemPt -+seetü-attempt

aUtUmn +seetopic:Seasons

awa ke + see topic: Adjectives that cannot be used in

frontofnouns

away - tar
§'away'
lf you want to state the distance of a particular place from where
you are, you say that it is that distance away,

Durban is over 3oo kilometres away.

 away - far

E§ 'iar,

You use how farwhen you are asking about a distance.

How far is ittoYork?

You also use far in questions and negative sentences.to mean 'a
long distance'.

Tetl us aboutyour cattage. tsitfu?

ltisn'tfarfram here.
liad - náo,1y
§'bad,
' Something that is bad is unpleasant or harmful.

Whenweheardthebad nails,wewerev:ery upset.'

Too m u ch coffee i s ba d for y ou.

The comparative and superlative forms of bad are worse and worst.

ltwasthewórstday of my life

When badly is used like this, its comparative and superlative forms
are worse and worst.

Badly hasanother different meaning. lf you need orwant

something badly, you need orwant it very much.

When badly is used like this, its comparative and superlative forms
are more badly and mostbadly,

lradly +segbad-badly
 bare - lrare.ly 25

lrag
A bag is a contai ner made of paper or plastic that someth i ng is sol d in-

.,.a bag of crisps,

]

A bag is also á soft containerfortarrying things.

Miaputtheshoppingbagsonthekitchentable,
. ]]

You can calla womans handbag herbag.

Caral tookher mobile phoneout of her bűg

You can call someone's luggage theirbags.

They wentintotheir hotel room and.unipackedtheír bags

A single piece of luggage is a cas€ or a suitcase,

Thetaxi diver helped mewith my suitca,y.

lrare - lrarely
&'bare' :

Bare is an adjective. You can descrilre a part of the body as bare if it

is not covered with any clothing.

]
1ane|sfeetwere!91s,_ ] : .

You can also say that a surface is bare if it is not covered or

decorated with anything.

The flat has barewooden flo,ors

El 'bare!y'
Barely is an adverb, lt has a totally different meaning from bare. lf
you can barely do something, you can onlyjust do it. lf something
is barely noticeable, you can onlyjust notice it,
26 lrarely
Shewas so afraíd, she could barely breathe,
J awad's whisper w as barely a udible,

barely + see bare - barely

bath - lrathe
*! 'bath'
ln British English, a bath /balO/ is a lonq container that you fill
with water and sit or lie in to wash your body.

Shewas lying in the bath.

lnAmerican English, a container like this is called a bathtub or a

tub.

l got into the bqthtub,

lf you bath someone, you wash them in a bath.

We need to bath the babY,

§§ 'bathe'

lnAmerican English, instead of saying that someone has a bath or

takes a bath, you can say thatthey batheóeiö/.

I wentbackto my apartmentto bathe and change.

 bear - can't stand - put up with l1
lrathe + see bath - bathe

be able tO -seecan-could-beableto

bear - can't stand - put up With

It 'bear'
, Bear is used to talkálroutexperíencing unpleasant sítuations.The
otherforms of,üear are bears, bore, baqe.

lf you talk about someone bearing pain oran unpleasant situation,

you mean that they accept it in a lrrave way,

ltwas painfut, of course, butheboreít,

E! 'can't bear'
Bear is often used in negative sentences. lf r7ou saythatyou Gan't
bear something or someone, you mean that you dislike them very
much,

, l canTb:earhim! -

El 'Gan't stand'

You can also say that you can't stand someone or something if you
dislike them very much.

He kept on shoutíng,and l couldn't stand it any longer.

§ 'put up witlt'

lf you.put up wi,th something,-youaceept it, although you do not

like it

The tocat peoptehaveto put upwith a tatoftourists.

z8 li,eat

lf you beat someone orsomething, you hitthem several times very

hard.

Hís stepfather used to beat him.

ThE benthím, and tefthim onthe ground.

lf you beat someone in a game, you win the game.

Arsenalbeataxford|LJnited5-1-,, . :

+ see alsowin - defeat - beat

be lrorn
When a baby is born, it comes o{Jt of íts mother's body,
,::'
My matherwas forty when l was born.

You often say that a person was born at a particular time or in a

particular place.

Caro was born onApil rcth.

lrecome-get-90
§ 'become'

When a person orthing beeomes sornethinq,.they start.to be that

thing. lf you becomea doctor, ateacher, orawriter, forexample,
you start to lre a doctor, a teacher, or a writer.
.

creta wantsto become a doctor.

lf someone or sorirething becomes a certain way, they start to

 beh'índ ,9
havethatquality:, ,] ,"
When did you f rst become interested in polítics?

El 'get'
ln conversation, get is sometimes used to talk about how people or
things change and start to have a different quality. lt can be
followed only by an adjective, not a noun.

l'm gmingcold.
tt'7gemlgaarr.

Et 'go'
Go i§ used to talk about a sudden change in a persoR's body. Like
9et, it.can,,be, used on}y llefor,can adjeetive. ,Forotarnp[e, you:can
Say that someane g.9e§ lr|ind or deaf

He went btind utenty years 0go,

.Ratítna yent red wlth embariassment,.
_
Go is always used in the phrases 90 wrong and go mad;

Something has gonewrang with our car.

Tom went mad and started shouting at me.

begin + see start - begin

behind l . ,,

§ used as a preposition

lf you are behind something, you are at the back of it.

3o believe
lf rlou are behind schedule, you are later doing,s.arnething than

:'
The helicopter was seven minutes behind schedute.

Élusedasanadverb
Behind can also be an advcrb. . ,

The other police officers followed behind in a second vehicle.

Several custlm€rs have fallen behind with theír pavments, _ .,

lrelieve
lf you believesomeone, orif you believewhattheysay, you think
thatwhat they say is true

Pleasebelieve me. : ::

t dOn't betteve a word you're saying, : ,

lf yo u beÉievethat so rnethin g is true, yo u thi nk that it is,true"

Po líce bel íev e th at th e ft r e wa s,stá r te d del iberatel V

lf r7ou say that you believe in somethíng you mean that lou believe
itexists.

l do n't, believe í n m agí c.

You can also saythatyou be. lievein an idea.This meansthatygu

think that it is good or right.

...ű courítrythat|eliéues ilt iustice and freedom.

 better 3r

Irelong
E showing possession

lf something belongs to you, it is yours.

Everything you see here belonEs to me. .' ,

§ showing where somethlng or someone should be

You can also use belong to say that someone or something is in the
right place. ' ]

The plates don't betong in that cupboard.

lre made UP Of +see'comprise:iertradetrp,of -.:

lre present + seeassist _ be present

better
Better is the]comparative forr"n of lroth 'good'and 'wel|'. Don't say
that so,fí:l€thing is:imoregoed'or is done'merewell'. Say,that it is
betterorisdonebe__tter., ],

Awríttenletterissometimesbetterthanan"email. : ] . ]

Theteam is playing betterthan ever.

You can also say that someone is better, or is fee|in9 better.

32 between - among
Th is m ean sthat they are recoveri n g, o r that th ey have recovered,
from an illness or injury.

The doctar thinks l will be better by theweekend,

lf you §ay that sorneone had better do something, yoú mean that
they should do it. Had betteris alwaysfollowed byan infin,itive
Without'to'. People usually shorten had to'd. They say'|'d better...',
'Wed better..,'and,lYou? better..,'. ]

You'd better hurry if you wantto getthere on time.

We'! b üte!!ot:. my. a ny,thtng.

lretween - arnong
§ deseritúlrgposttion
lf something ís between::two:thing5; it has one thing on one side
and the otherthing on the other side.

Janicewas standing between the two men.

Northampton ís roughly halfway b€tween London and Birmingham.

§ difíerences

You talk about a difference b,etween two or more things" Don]t use
'among'.
:,:," ]

What ís the differen,ee between European md Am*itan fwtball?

There isn't much difference between thethree parties.

You say that someone chooses between two or more things, Don't
Use'among',
 bit 33

She had to chaose between wark and her family.

Choose between tom ato,,cheese ar m: eat,,saaee on your p osta.

lrig - large
When you are describing the size of an object, you can saythat it is
bíg or large. Big is usually used in conversation, and,large is more
formaI.

This is a !1g,hausel isnlt it?

Most of the lúrgéhouses had been made.into ft ats

lI 'large'

Use large to describe amounts. You don't usuallytalk about'a big

amount' or'a big number'.

A large number of students,passed the exam.

El 'big'
Use big when you are describing a problem or danger. You don't
usually talk alrout'large problems',

Traffi c is one of London's biggest problems.

lrirth d aY + iee anniver.sary - birthday

A bit is a smallamount ora small part of something.

34 liite
There s a bit of cake left,
Hefound afew bíts of waod inthegarage.

§§ 'a bit'

A bit means'to a small degree'.

she laoks a bit]ike her rnother.

Hewas a bit-deaf.

§§ |a bjt',wíth negatives ]

You can add a bit at the end of a negative Statement to make it

-more strongly negative, :

She hadn't changed a bit,

bite -r seesting - bite

lrlame - fault
blarne sorneone or something for somethinE bad that
lf you
happened, you think that they mad€ it happ€n.You can,also blame
something on someone

Poticeblamed the bus driverfor the accident"

Don'tblome me!
Jane blames all her problems on her parents.

You can also say that someone is to blame for something bad that
has happened.

ltwls an accident - no-onewasto bllme.

 lrored - lroring 35

lrlOWr.rP -+seeexplode-blowup ., ] . i

bOOkShOP + see ribrary _ lookshop

border-frontier
lI 'border'

Th g brorde r lretwee n two cou nt ri e§ is the l i ne_,li_e_ tvl€€n,- r,het1t, ]

1 Tha| crassed the border ínta M,exica.

§ 'f;ontier'

AfrolÉier isa bolderwith offrcial:pojnts fo:r peop|e toeross,-often

with guards.
'
They, introduced strjcter frontier contro,Is.
, You talk about one country's border or frontierwith another.

lrored - lroring
§'bored' ' ,

lf you are bored with something or someone, you are not

interestedinthem. ]" l::' '

l am bared.with this film,

36 boring
lf you have nothing to do, you cair saythatyou arebored.

Many children ga boied during the summ;er holidays.

§§ 'boring' ,

Don't confuse bored with boring. lf you saythat something is

boring, you mean that it is not interesting.

Itwas a very boring job.

He's a kind man, but he's a bit boring.

bOring +seebored - boring

borrow - lend

lf you'borrow something that belongs to someone else, you use it

for some time and then return it.

Could l bQrrow vour pen?

l borrowed this bookfrom the librory.

lfyou lend something-you own to someone else, you allow them to

use it for some time. The past tense form and past participle of Iend
is íent.

She lent me t5o.

Wouldyou lend meyour calculator?

. You don't usually talkabout borrowing or lending things that

cannot move. You ask to'use'sgmething, oryou saythatyou will
'let someone use' something.

Coutd l use your garage ne.xtweek?

She let me use her office while she was on holiday,

lrrand - make
A brand is a product that has its own name, and,is r"nade by a
 lr,ring - tal<e -fetch 37

particular company. YoU use brand to tatk about things that you
lruy in shops, such as food, drink, and clothes.

This is my favoufite brand of cereal.

The advert promotes a rlew brand of shampoo.

Don't confuse brand with make. you use make to tatk alrout the
names of produets such asmachines orcars.

. This is a very papular make of bike.

You always use'brand of ' and 'make of 'followed by an

uncountable nqun 9r s,ingular noun.

lrreakfaSt + seetopic: Meals

lrrieflY -r seeshort - shortly- briefly

lrring - take - fetch :.,

E 'bring'

lf you bring someone or something with you when you come to a

place, you have them with you.

Please bring your calculator to every lesson.

:

The past tense form and past participle of bring ís brought.

. ,

My secretary brought my mait to the house.

l've broughtyou a present.
 38 lrrinq up -,Faise=€ducate
lf you ask someoneto bring you sojmething, \lou are asking them
to carry it to the place where you are.

Can you bring me some water?

- E 'take'

, lfyoutakesomeoneorsomethingtoa,p|ace,youcarryordrive
thern there.The past tense forrn of take is took. The past participle
istaken.

H e took me to the stati on.

lf you take someone or something with you when you go to a

' place,yóu haveth€mwithyou, .

Do n't fo r get to take Your u mb relt a.

E 'fetch'
., lf you fetch something, you go to the place where it is and return
With it.

bring up - raise - educate

B 'bring up'
When you bring up children, you look afterthem throughouttheír
childhood, as their parent or guardian.

Ron was brought up ín a working-class family.

|Nhen my parents died, my grandparents brbught me up,

§'ralse'
_
Raise can be used to mean|bring up'.

Lien raised three children on her own.

TheY wantt0 get married and raise a famíly,
 lrut 39

§§ 'educate'

Bring up and raise do not havethe same meaninE as,educate;,,

When children are educated, they are taught different subjects
over a long,períod, usual|y arschool.

I was educated in an English puWíí ichos],

lrU rglar --r seethíef - robber- burglar

Business is the work of making, lruying, and selling goods or

services, ln this sense, business is an uncountable noun,

Ne you gging taTokyL far busíness or pleasure? :

You can talk about a particular area of business as ]the'+ noun +

'business'.

Cindy works in the áusic business

A business is a company, a shop, oran organization that makes

and sells goods or provides a service. ln this sense, business is a
countable noun.

YoU Use but to introd uce somethin9 that contrastswithwhat you

havejust said.
4o truy

§§ used to link clauses

But is usually,used to link clauses.

It was a long walk but it was warth it.

Yu used to link adjectives or adverbs

You can also use but to linkadjectives oradverlrs that contrast

with each other.

We are poor but happy,

Quicktv butsitently she ran lutof the room.

buy
When you buy something, you get it lry paying moneyfor it,The
past tense form and past participle of buy is bought.

l'm going
to buy everything that l need today.
He bouaht a first-classticket,

lf you pay fora drink forsomegne else, you say that you buy thern a
drink.

Let me buy you a drink.

by
E
ll used in passives

By is most often used in passive sentences. lf something is done or

caused by a person orthing, that person orthing does it or causes it,

Shewaswaken b1a loud noise.

l was surpfised bv the letter,
 4r

7r, usedWithtimeexpressions
.,,.
lfsomething happe,ns bya particu|artime" it:happens at or before
that time.

B1l995 th e popul ati on h ad g row n to j milli on.

§ used to describe position

You can use by to say that something is beside or close to

something.

Sbewas s|ttin g i n a chaír futh€wífiá\w.

-.,,:a,cott6g.e b.!.the sea. ]

jl
§j: saying how §omething is done

You can use by with some nouns to say what you use to do
somethin9. You don't usually put a deterrniner (a word such as'a',
'that'or'my') in front of the noun. :

Are you paying by ca'sh or chteque?

He senttheforrn bv email. .

l always go bY train.

+ see also topic: Tfansport

However, if you wantto saythatyou usea,particular,o.bject ortool

to dg something, you often usewith, ratherthan'lry',,lÁíiihis
]

followed by a determiner.

Turn the meat over with a iork,

can - could - lre able to
C
Both can and couId arefollowed byan infinitivewithout'toi

Can you sing?

l couldworkfortutelvehours a day.

§ negativeforms

The negative form of can ís cannot or can't. The negative form of

could is could nd or couldn't. To form the negative of be able to,
you put not or another negative word i n front of able,

Many peopte here cannot afford telephones.

Thal couldi'tsleep.
Wewere not ableto give any ansulers.

§ ability: the present

You use can or be able to to talk about ability in the present.

Be able to is more formal than can_

you can atl read andwrite.

The sheep are abteto move around inthe shed.

EI ability: the past

You use coutd or a past form of be able to to talk about ability in
the past.

He could runfaster,than anyone else.

l wasn't able to dathese quizzes:

§ ability: the future

You use a future form of be able to to talk about ability in the future.

l will be ableto answerthatquestiontomarrow.

 Car€ 43

§§ awareness

can and could are used with verlis such

as see, hear, and smell to
say that someone is orwas aware of something.

l can|smelt gas
l can't see her.
t coud see a few stars in the sky,

§ permission ]

Can and could are used to say that someone is orwas allowed to
do something.

You can ha.ve anythíng ylu want,

At last the police officer said l could go home.

cannot orcan't and could not or couldn't are used to Say that
someone is orwas not allowed to do something.

You can't bring children into the restaurant

Hís mum said he couldn't qa to the party.

CanGel +seedelay-cancel-postpone-putoff

can't stand +see beaí,-can'tstand - putupwith

care
íI 'care'
lf you care about something, you feelthat'it ii important or
interesting. You can use care about fbllowed by a noun, or care
followed bya clause beginning with aword likewhat, whoorif.

t don't carewhat my dad says aboutít.

44 carry - take

§§ 'carc for'and 'take care of '

lf you care forpeople or anirnals; or,you take care oúthem, you

look after them.

You must learn how to carefor children,

l'll take care of the children ,

carry - take
lI 'carry'

lf you carry something to a place, you hold it in your hands and

He pícked up his suítcase and carried it ifttü the bedfaom.

Ef 'take'
lf you take som€thing to a place, yo.u move itfrom one placeto
another. You can move it with your hands, or in oüerways. sqch as
in a car.

She gave me some books to take home.

lt's iil s tu r n fu táke the chit dre n to school,

Catch '' +'séetopic:Transport '

Certain lY + see surely - definitely - certainly

chairman - chairwoman - chairperso,n

Thechairman is the person who is in charge of a meeting oran

organization.

Th:echairman welcomed us and opened the meáing.

..Andrew Knight, chairman oflNews lnternational.
 chance,- luck 45

ü! 'chairwoman'
The chainuoman is the woman who is in charye of a rneeting oran
organization

...EI ai ne Quigt q, qlJ rw9ftl!!_of th e í nstitute.

'

§ 'chairperson'and'Ghair'
You can also use chaírpercon,orchairto talkabout eithera manor
a woman who is in charge of a meeting ora.n organilation.

Sheisthe chairperson of the planning committee.

Please address your remarks t0 lhe chatr.

Cnal rPerSOfl + seechairman - chairwoman - chairperson

ChairWOlTlEllll + seechairman - chaírwoman - chairperson

chance - luck
lI 'chance'
lf it is possible that something will happen, you can say that there is
a chance that it WiIl happen ora chance of it hapBening,

There is a chancethat l wíIl.haveta st

rnrrr'r@
lf something is likely to happen, you can say that there is a good
chance that it will happen

We've aot a good chance of winninq.

lf someone is able to do something at a particulartime, you can say

that they have the chance to do it.

You witt be given the chanceto ask questions

46 cheerfu,|

§§'bychance'
lf something happens by chance; itWas not planned-

. Monv years later he met her by chance at a dinner party.

El 'Iuck'

Don't confuse chance and luck. Luck is the good things that
happen to you that are not caused by you or by other people.

l couldn't believe my luck.

Shehugged me andwished meluck.
Cood luck!

-r see also occasion - opportuníty - chance

CheerfUI +seeglad-happy-cheerful

chef - chief
§ 'chef'

Acheí /íefl is a cook in a hotel or restaurant..

He worked as a cffi in a hatel ín Parrs,

El 'chief'
The chief ,ztJ!f/ of a group or organization is its leader.
]

...the police chlgf.

Chief +seechef - chief

 close - closed - shut 47

chips
§F
: ln British English, chips are long, thin pieces of potato fried in oil
and eaten hot.Americans call thesefriesorfrench fries.

,..f,sh and chips.

...a steak and fries.

ln American English, chips or potato chips are very thin slices of

potato that have been fried until they are hard and crunchy and are
eaten cold, British people call these crisps

,.,a bag of potato chips.

,,.a packet of crisps.

ChriStian name lseefirstname-forenifil€ -,

gtven naqrc - Christian name

Client -s...u.tu-er-client
close-closed-shut
Il verbs

lf you close/kluz/ or§hutsomething such asa door, you move it

so that it covers orfills a hole or gap.The past tense form and past
participle of shut is shut, not'shutted'

Doyou mindif l closethewindow?

He shutthe gate.

lf a shop or business closes or shuts, it is not open and people

cannot buy ordo things there.

The shop closes on Sundays,

Whattime do the shops shut?

El adjectives
You can use both closed and shut as adjectives. You use 3hut after
4:8 eto,*ed

the verb be.'Dont u§e it in front oía noun"

Ttre wi n daws wqe o ll shut,

T-hesh@+#ü§3fuÉűíI]a@raaáfl._, ]-,,
1

When you are talkirlg about doors and win,dows;Flueán usé

elosed after be or- in frontof a noun.

He could hear voices behiril the dosed door,

_ When,you are talkíng about shcps and businesses, you putClo§ed

after be.

íhe supermarket wgs closed whm we got there.

elosed + see close - closed - shut

cIottr =r 5e€ e!qtbes,-, elg$ftrg|, - cloth ,!

clothes - cloth,ing - elóth

§ dothesi '.::.,.:,. ,,,:,, .

c!oú,iɧ lk@,&/ are,:thinqsyroll*rtreal";suefi as:stiir.§ trgüsÉí_§,

dresses, and coatS.

l tookoff all my clothes.

 colou r 49

§§'clgthing
Clothing /ktouőt4/ is an u ncou ntalrle noun. You use it to tal k
a bo ut pa rticu lar types of c l oth es, for exa m pl ewirrter clothl69 :q 1

warrl clothlng.
Yo u m u st w ea r p rotective cl oLhj ng.

§§ 'cloth'

Cloth lklpOl is an uncountable noun, and means fabric such as

wool or cotton which is used for making clothes. ] :

ClOthing --+ seeclothes- clothin9 _,cloth

COllege -,seetopicplaces

When you want to describe the colour of something, you usually

use a co|our adjective such as'red'or'green'ratherthan th€ Word
colour.

Shehad green eyes.

However" you use theWotd colourwhenyou areaskinq aboutthe

colour of something.

wh at colou r wa s th e bird ?

You can also say that one thing is the colour of anothe.rthing.

The paintwaslhe colour ofgrass.

 5o_ Corne

F rnenmerican spelling of 'colour' iscolor.

come ,]
§ 'eome' ,. , : :, :. .

to stay with us.

M ark ca me
Pteasecowand:r€ElheÍ:ft.rny8ffi€e: ,- ,,", , . ,' ,. ' .

E! 'Gome'or'9o?
When you are talking about mov€ment away from tlre plaee where
YoU ar€, you use go, not'come'.
. :,

During the summerwe]^Ie1tto Frúncefora week.

+ see 9o

lf you invite someone to accqmpany you somewhere, you usually

uSe Come, not'9o'.

Willyóueqry-di :metotlhe_Wríy? : .

§'eorné,and'
'

Yo[J us€ eoíile and with another Verb to say,that sorneone visits
you or moves towardsyou ín orderto do something.

Come and see me nexttimeyou'rein NewYork,

?!| |eorrefroni| .1.. :i._ i_.]; : :

lf you come from a place, you were born there, or it is your home.
 comment - mention - remark 5l

'Where da yo,u come from/ - Austra|ia"

l comefromZambia.

+ see also true.-:com€true

§'comment' :

A comment is something you say that express€s your opinion of

something.

People stqrted making rude comryents.

El 'commentary'
A commeítary is a d escripti o n of a n event thatís lrroad cast on
radio ortelevision while theevent istaking place.,
We tistened to the football commentary on the radio.

comment,: íTl€htign = r€mark

fl 'comment'
lf you comment on a situation, or make a €omment about it, you
give your opinion on it.

Mr Cook has not commented on these repolrts.

l waswonderingwhetheryou had any comments,

lf you mention something, yo,u say it, but only lrriefly, especially
when you have nottalked alrout itbefo,re.
52 Com mentary

He mentioned that he might go to NewYork.

lf you remark on something, or make a remark about it, you say

whatyou think orwhatyou have noticed, often in a casualway.

visitors remarkon hgw wiett the children look.

They repeated Janet's remarks aboutAdrienne.

commentary + see comment - commentary

compare
§§ 'compare'

When you compare things, you consi,der how they are different
and how theyare similar.

Doctors have compared the two treatments.

You can use eitherwith orto aftercompare.

...studíes cornparing Russian children with those in Britain.

l haven't got anvthing to compare it to.

ffi 'be compared to'

lf someone orsomethin9 is compared to orcan be compared to

another person orthin9, people say that they are similar,

.,.o computer virus can be compared to a biological virus.

concentrate
lf you concentrate on somethin9:you give,it allyourattention.

Concentrate on your driving.

lf you say that someone is concentrating on something or is

concentrating on doing something, you mean that they are
 consÉst of:. be made:up.of 53

spending moit,oí-their.tíme,orenergy,orr it.

Thas aw ,eo.nterrtratíng an.savíng lives.

'

consi,der ,..,: .: ,, j. ..

lf yorleonsidersomething,you think alrout it carefully.

Hehad notirneta colsí erthe matter.

You can say that someone is considering doing something in the

futu re.

,Fhe:lwere ionstderjng orynlng an offtcein Paris.

co{,T:i.5t,of - lre made up of

lfyous;aYthat onething consists of otherthing!,:Y.91i rn€an,that
those th ings com bi ne to form it. For exam ple, if a lrook consists of
tw"elve chaPters, ther€ are twelve chapteF5.iat1!}e,lr§ok , .., :, "i:, , . :

Tbecamntltteeconsisfsofscientistsand,engjneer,s. . : ]

You can also say that something is made up of other things. This
has the same meaning as consist of.

All substances are made up of molecules,

54 constant - continual - continuous
constant - contin ual - contin uous
Constant, continual, and continuous have slightly different
meanings. You use constant to tall( about things that are always
there. For example'constant pain'means pain that does not stop.
You use continuaI to talk about things that happen often over a
period time, and continuous to talk about things that happen
without stoppi n g. For example, if you say'There was conti n ual
rain', you mean that it rained often. lf you say'There was
continuous rain', you mean that it did not stop raining.

YoU can put constant and continuous in front of a noun or after a

verb.

...a constant flow oftraffic.

The breezewas constl.nt, but nott)o strong.
The exercíse should be one continuous movement.
ntffi
Th e noi se w a s aI m ost co

However, continua! can only be used in front of a noun. Don't use

it after a verb.

Hewastired of her continual complaining.

content
When content is a noun, it is pronounced /kpntent/, When it is an
adjective, it is pronounced /kantent/.

§§ usedasapluralnoun

The contents of something such as a box or room are the things

inside it.

She searchted through the contents ofher handbag.

The contents of something such as a document are the things

written in it.

He knew by heartthe contents ofthe note.

 coR,trary 55

M usedas an uncountable noun

The content of something sueh as a speech, piece of writing,

website, ortelevision prog,ramrne,is the informatíon it gives,
or the ideas or opinions expressed in it.

I was shocked by the content of some of the speeches.

The website gglgn!Í n c|:udes a weekly newsletter.

you are,content to do sgmething, you are happyto do it.

lf
you are content with something, you are happy and satisfied
lf
with it.

Hewas contentto let her do allthetalkíng.

He was co ntent w fth hi s mo rníng's wo rk"

lf you are conte,nt, you are happy and satisfied. When content has
this meaning, it is,not used in front of a noun.

or i< qúite
He says his daughteris rántpnf
nii?e cónlent,

CO nti nUd l --+ see c..r*na - continuat - continuous

GO,nti n U OU S + see constant - continual - continuous,

contrary
ffi 'on the contrary'

You sayon the contrarywhen you are saying thatth€ opposite

of what has just been said is true,

'
Yo u' l l h ate it.' -' o n !-hg!9!tr!g, I' I l, e nj oy it.'
56 eCIntrol

§§ 'on the gther haltd'

control
control can be a verb or a noun.

ll used as a verb
:_
lfsomeone controls,something suchasa coUntry oran
organization, they have the powerto take all the important

" TheAustratian government co::ntrolled the island,

:
--]]----]]- ;..:

El useda5a noun

Control is also used as a,noun. You say that someone has control of
a country or organization, or control over it.

Mr Ronson gave up controt ofthe company,

The government aoesnot@nave contrll averthe area.

E another meaning

Control is used in the names of p|aceswhere your documents and

luggage are officiatly checked; especially when you are travelling
between countries.

Sh e went th ro u gh p a sspo rt contr ol í ntl th e de p a rtu re l ou ng e.

 ,€ook 57

convince -- pers,uade
il 'convinCe'
|f you co.nvlnce someone of somethi,ng, you make them believe it
is true,

tttoakthem §few dovsto cl:|v'|!||e methatit,wa:rorr.'u'r.

_ ,,,,,
§ 'percuade

lf you persuade someone to do something. you máke them do-it by

talking to them.

Marsha was trying to persuade Katrina to change her mind.

cook
ll 'cook'

lfyou eook something, you prepare jt and heatít,forexarnple in an

oven o.r sau.cepan, cook.is only used to talk about food, not drinks.

He coaked a delicious meal. ,] '',

l ne-ed
to cook the pasta .

§§ 'mEke'

lf you rneke a mealoradink,yzu combinefoods or drinks

togetherto produce something different. You can make a meal
WithoUt heating anythin9.

l made breakfast for arcryone

 58 eooker
§l !fid
@,'l n Ar:n€riean,English, ]y€tl] {an u§efixjnstead of make.

lÁa rtín fxed same lunch for u s.

Lucinda Fxed herself a drínk.

There are many verbs that talk about different ways of cooking
things:

3t 'bake','roast'
When you bake or roast something, you cook it in an oven without
liquid. You bake bread and cakes, lrut you noast rneat,

My husband baked a cakefor my birthday.

l roasted the chicken,

§r lboil'
When yo,u boil something, you cook it in boiling water.

I'll boilthe potatoes.

G! 'fry'

When youfrysomething, you cook it in hotfat oroil.

rltthe gniafis untíI they,are br0,wn :

cooker
A,cooker is a large piece of equipment in a kitchen thatyou use for
cool<ing food.

The food was warming in a saucepan on the caaker: . : . ,, .

 enme 59

corner
A corner is a place where two sides or edges of somethin9 meet.
You u sua| ly §ay that soll,| ething i,s lrr a co rn e r.

...a television setin the corner of the room.

meet is also a corner. You use on

The place where two str€ets
when you aretalking aboutthecornerof a strbet"

There ís a post box on the corner,

COSI + see price - cost

CO U !d -) see can - coutd - be able to

country
B 'country'
A country is an area of land with its own government.

She'd never t.íved in an Engtish-speaking country,

§ 'the country'

You call land that is awayfrom towns and cíti,es the country.

We líveinthe cguntry.

COU Ple -) see pair- couple

crlme
A crime is an illegal action. You say that someone commits a
crime.
6g cus.tomer - clie,nt
A crime has been committed,

.]
E 'customer'

A eu§tomer ís someone who bu,ys somethin9 frorn a shop or a

website.

Mrs Adams ís one of our regular customers,

A client is a person who pays someone for a service. l

' '
A lawyer and hísc]íentwereiiuifig atthe nútabl€:
 dare
The verb dare has two meanings,

** used in negative sentences

lf someone daren't do something, they are not brave enough to do

it,

l {aren't ring 1eremy again.

€ ln American Englísh, you use the fullform dare not instead of the
short form daren't.

l dare not leave yau here alone,

lf you are talkinq aliout the past, you say that sijmeonedid not
dare do something ordidn't dare do something,

She did not dare leavethe path.

t aian't aare speak or move.

When dare is a transitive verb, it has a dif rent meaning, lf you

daresomeone to do something, you invite]them to.do sómething
dangerous.

They dared meto jump into the woter.

day
II 'day'
Aday is a period of twenty-four hours.There are seven days in a week.

, Sheilah Iefta message a 7ew aavs agto

 6z day
You also use d4yto ta[kabout tlre time when it is li9ht.

Th ed ays were dlry and th e n tghts űéie cold.

The meeting went on all !9y.

" §'today'
Jou talk about the ectual day when you are speaking orwriting as
today, , -,,,l". ::,
_ l hope you' re feeling better today.

El 'the other day'

The other day means'a féw davs a9o'.

§ talting abouta particularday

You, us ila lly u se oE totalk a lrout a pa rticular: day.,

We didn't catch any flsh on the f,rst dav.

El'thesedays'and'nowadays'
You use these days or nowada}s to talkaboutthe pfesent:tinrc,
especially when things are different now.

,l can affard,ta:dawbatl want!9se!!yl: :

Nowadays mostChíldrenwotchtelevision. : -

El 'one day'

You use on€ day to say that something will happen sornetime in

l'll come backone day,l promise.

ln stories, one day means an occasiofl in the past.

One day, he came home and shewasn'tthere,

 deal 6l

someone who is dead is not alive.

They eoveredthe bady ofthe déadwaman.

Hewas shot dead,

You can also say that animals ot plants aredead.

He knew the spiderwas dead.

@
M a ry tht wil away'- tn e ow e r s.

deal
§ 'a grcat deal'and'a good dea!'

A great {9tora 9oo{ dea!oí<omethin,g:is a lotof it

Hespenta grat 4:eat oftirnqthinkíngaboulit. . ].

gool ile,al of cb.ffee that níght.
She drank a

w
When you deal with a prolrlem, you give yourattention to it..

Tha1 learned to deal with any sort of emergency,

, , , ] ,:] '] ' : _:..

The past tense form and past pal.tíc.iple of deal.is dealt ldelt/ ,

not'dealed'.
she dealtwith the problem quícWy.
6+ defeat
defeat --r seewin - defeat - beat

defi nitely +s""surely - definitely - certainly

delay- cancel- postpone - put off

§ 'delay'

lf a situation delays an event, it causes that event to start at a later

time.

lf a plane, tr.ain, ship, orlrus k delayed, it is late leaving or arriving.

The flight has been detaved one hour, due to weather condititons.

§ 'Gancel','postpone' and'put off '

lf you cancel an event, you decide that itwill nottake place.

We cancelled our trip towashíngton.

rheiatú was cancelled yesterdav because of bad weather.

lf you postpone or put off an event, you decide that it will take
placeat a latertime.

The meeting has been untilTuesday.

WecÍn'tput much longer.

demand
Demand can be a noun ora verb.

Il used as a Gountable noun

, A demand for something is a firm request for it.

There were demands for befter services.

 deny 6s

&§ useéas an uncouRtable noun

, Denrand tor,a prod,uct,orservíceis the amount_of it that pegple
Want. ., ,,. l ] ]',:, ,

Demand far organicfood rose by rcV" lastyear.

l§l used as a verb

lf you demand something, you askforit in a veryfirm way,

Tha1 are demanding higherwages.

l demandto see a doctor.

deny. , ,. , ,,, :. .

ll 'deny'

lfsonreone aecuses,you of something and you deny it, yousay.that

Rot tru e, nenyáusr' |re followed-by.an'ot ieet, á chuse,
1
_it i,s
beginn,íng wjtfr-:thati or- art :-inglfor:Ff},',,

He denied that he was inwlved in the crime.

Rob denied steali ng the bike.
Don't deny it!

El 'say no'

lf someone answers'no'to an ordinary question, don't say that they

'deny'what they are asked. Don't say, for example, 'l asked him if
. Say'lasked him if Suewasat
home, and he sakl no'.

l asked heríf shewantedto go tothe cinema and she saíd na.

66 depend
§l 'refuse'

lf someone says that they will not do sornething, don't say that
they'deny' it, Say that they refuse to do it or refuse,

He rúusedtotalkto me,
taske-ked
him to apologise, but he r{used.

depend ]

§§ 'depend on'

you depend on ordepend upon sorReo.ne orsomething, you

lf
need them iii order to do something.

Julie seemed ta depend on Slrnon more an,d more,

The health ofthefore* depeflds upon the health of each indivídual tree,

lf one thing depends on another thing, it is affected by that thing,

The cooking time depends on the síze ofthe potato,

n 'depending on'

You use depending on to say what else affects a situation. ,,

They cost tzo or a5de?ending on the size.

r 'ít depends'

Sometimes people answer a question by saying 'lt depends'. TheV

usually then explain what else affects a situation.

'Whattimewill you arrive?'- 'E_dep!!!, lf l go blltrain,l'll arrive at5

o'clock. If l go by bus, l'll be a bít, later;
 desert - desse,rt 6l
descrilre
§§ used wjth a noun phrase

When you describe someone or something, you say what they are
like.

Ca n you. descrj be y a u r son ?

El used with a clause

You can usedescríbe in front of a clause lreginning with what,

whereorhow.

The man whathehad seen,

You can say that you describe something to someone.

She de§írjbed th,efeeling to me.

desert - dessert

When,desert_is a noun, it ispronqun,red ldezat/.Adesert ís a

large ar.ea of lanfivhere there isalmost1o,\ryg.f l]" tr€e§ or plants,

.--theSahara Desert,

§ ldeseftl-verb .]

When desert is a verb, it is pronoun ced /dlzut/ .When people or

animals desert a place, they all leave iL

P o o r fa rm er s q!!!?grtl Wth ei r fr eI d s a n d ca m í n g h ere l o o ki n g for j ob s,

68 despite
!f you desert someone, you leave thern and do not helpórsupport
them.
: ,':
Atl ourfriends have desefted us.

8l 'dessert'
Desserí /dvut/ is sweet food served at,the end of a mea|.

For desserttherewas ice cream.

deSPite +seeinspiteoí- despite

-:a
deSSert +seedes€rt-dessert,

lf one thing is different from another, it is not like the other tliing.

Londonwasdífferentfrom mostEurlpean cl?LtalÉitíes.,,

Ma rry B ritis h peop|-e say that §n€ thi ng is different to a n ot he r.
Dífferent to means the same as different frory-.
:,, ,| : .

AAorgan's law books were differentto theirs.

lnAmerican English, you can saythat one thing isdif,íerent,than

another.

l am no differentthan l was5oyears ago.

dinner +seetopic: Meals

 discuss 6g

disagree - refuse
§ 'disagree
lf you disagree with someone, you have a different opinion from
them.

He disogreed wíth her. ]

O' Bri en di sa g r eed with th e su ggesti on th at hi s te om pl ayed ba dly-

You say that two or more people disagree abo,ut something_

They always disagree about politics.

El 'refuse'
lf someone says thatthey will not do somethin9, don't say that
they disagree'to do it. Say that they refuse to.do it.

H e refused to giv e them, any, money.

disappear
lf someone or something disappears, they 9o where they cannot
be seen.

l saw hí,m iisappear raund the corner.

discuss
'.
lf you discuss something with someone, you talkto them seriously
about it.
7@ discussion - ar9ument
she could not discuss his school workwith him,
we needto discusswhatto do.

d iscu ssion -,arg u íTl€llt

II 'discussion'
lf you have a discussíon with someone, you have a serious
conversation with them.

After the l eaure there wa s a discussion.

YousaythatyouhaveadiscussionÉboutsomethingora.
discussion on something.

We had long discussions about our future plans.

We're having a discussion on sporting activítíes.

E 'argument'

Don't use discussion.to talk about a situation where people get

angrywith each other.Thisis usua|lycalled an argument.

t sai|d na, andwehad a bigargwefiíoverit,

,:.
disturlr - distur:bed
,

lI 'disturb'
lf you disturb someone, you interrupt what they are doing by :

talking or making a noise.

Ifshe's asleep, don|t disturb her.

sorry ta disturb you, b:ut can t useyour telephone?
 dO 71

§'disturbed' . ,

The adjective disturbed has a different meaning. lf someone is

disturbed, they are very upset.

He was distlrbed by the news of the attack.

distu rbed -+ see disturb- disturbed

Do,caR be an auxiliary verb or a main verb. lts otherforms are does,

doing, did, done.

II used as anauxiliaryverb

When a question or a negative statement is in the.present simple or

the past sim,ple., and the other.verb ín the sentence is not ilre', you
often use do.

Did you enjoy the film?

Where dayou comefrom?
l dídn't see you there.

When you Want to tell,someone not to do somethin9, you use the

negative form don't followed by another verlr.

Don'tleave!
Don't7orgetto]acktheóoarwhen1louleaue,, ]] : :

When you want to tell someone to do sornething, you normally use

averb without'do|, for,exarnple'Come herd gr'Sit down'. However,
you can add do when you want to strowthatyou strongly want
someone to do something. or when you are being very polite.

Do be carefut.
72 dozen
** used as a main verb

Do is used as a main verb to say that som€one performs an action,

activity, or task,

t did a lot of workthis morning

After lunch we did the dishes.

The children should do their homework before dinner.

You use do when you are asking someone what theirjob is.

'What do you do?' -'| m a teacher.'

dozen
You can calltwelve things a dozen thinqs.

...a dozen eggs.

Hefound morethan a dozen men having dinner.

You can put a number in front of dozen, For example, you can talk
about 48 things as four dozen things.

They wanted three dozen cookies for a party.

 d ream 73

ln conversation, yo.u, can use do:ens to talkalr.o{Jt,9 very large

numlrerof things. Usedozens of in front of a noun.

She borrowed dozens of books.

dream
Dream can be a noun or a'verb. The past tenseform and past:
participle of the verb is either ijreo med /dramd, drgtntl or drearnt
/dtemt/.

§F Dreamtis not usually used ínAmerican Englisl..

§ usedasanoun
A dream is a series of events that you see in your mind while you
are asleep. .

tn his dream hewas sittíng in atheatrewatching a play:

\{cu saythat soryleone has a dream. .

The other nightl hod a strange dieam.

Adream is also something that you often think about beca'ttse you
would like itto happen.

My dream ístahave a house in the country.

§ used as a verb

When someone has a dream white they are asleep, you can say
that they drearn something happens or dreaín that something
happens.

l dreamed Ma rnie was i n trouble.

D-an'teMreamed that he was backin Minneapolis,
v,4 d'l-ess,.

You can also say that someone drearns about someone or

something ordreams of them,., ]

Lastnightl dreamed abautyou. :

a n e ni ght l drea nt af hím.

When someone would like something to happen very much, you

carl say that,theyd_ream of havlng sornething ordreamof doing
something. , . ,::,.

He dreamed of having a car,

Every small boy dreamed af becaming an e,n!íne driuu.

dress
lI 'get dressed'
Whensomeonegetsdressed,theyputontheirclothes

EI 'dress up'
lf you drcss uP, you put on different clothes so that you look
smarterthan usual. People dress ug in orderto go, forexample, to
a wedding.orto an interview.

You don't need to dress up for dinner.

tf so meo ne dresses,up as'someon e else,' they wea r th e kínd of

clothes that person usually wears.

She dressed up as a,prjncessfarthe part,y.

 drink 75

drink : ]

Drink can be a verb or a noun.

& used as a transitiveverb i

When you drínk a liquid, you take it into your mouth and swallow
it. the past tense form of drink is drank, not'drinked' or'drunk'. '

l dranksome of mytea.

The past participle is drur?k.

§ used as an intransitiveverb

lf you usedrinkwithoutan olrject, you are usuallytalking about

drinking alcohol.

you shouldn't drink and drive.

lf you say that someone drinks, you mean that they often drink too
much alcohol.

Her mother drank, yau know.

lf you say that someone does not drink, you mean that they do
not drink alcohol at all,

shesaid she didnTsmoke or drink.

ffi used asa countab,le noun

A drink is an amount of liquid that you drink.

l asked herfor a drinkofwater.

Drinks usua|ly means alcp-ho}íc drinks.

The drinkswere served in the sitting room.

76 du,ring

íl usedasan uncountablenoun

Drink is alcohol.

Therewas plenty offood and drink atthe party.

du ring
You use during or in to talk about something that happens from
the beginning to the end of a period of time

We often get storms during the wínter,

This m u§c wa s popul a r i n the 96os-,

-+ see in

You use during to say that something happens while an activity

tákes place.

l fell asleep during the performance.

: You can usé in in sentences like th:is, liut the meaning is not always
the same. Forexample, 'What did you do during the war?J means
'What did you do while the war was taking place?', but'What did
you do in the war?' means'What párt.did you p|ay.in the war?'

You us,ually, use in to say when.a single event happened.

MrTyrie left H ong Kong in ) une.

duty +seeobligation -dutV

eaCh + seetopic:Talking about men and women

each other- one another

II'eachother'
You use each otherto show that each member ofa group does
something to orforthe other members. For example, if Simon likes
Louise and Louise líkes Sirnon, you say that Simon and Louise like
each other.

You can use each other after a verb or a préposition,

We help each other a lot.

Terry and Marklooked at each othei angrily.

E} 'each other's'

You can use the possessive form each other's befor-e a noun.

T h ey rea d ea eh, oth er's essay s.

El 'one another'

ln more forrnal Engtish, some people use one another ínstead of

'each other', There is no difference lretween the two phrases.

They smiled at one anather,

earn -r seegain J earn

eaSilt7 +seeeasy-easily,

east --+ seetopic: North, South, Eastandwest

 78 easte!,n

eastern -+seetopic:North,'South, EastandWest

easy - easily
_ S 'easv'

lf something is easy, it is not áifficult. The comparative and

su perlative fo rms of easy are easi er and elsi est.

Losing weight is not gg7y.

Thís is much easier than it sounds.

You can say that it is easy to do something, or that somethin9 is

easy to do. For example, instead of sayin9 'Cleaning this room is
easy', you can say'lt is easy to clean this room' or'This room is
easy to clean'.

lt is easy to use this software.

The museum was easv to frnd.

El 'easi!y'
The adverb form of easy is easily. The comparative and superlative

Most students found jobs easily atthe end of their course.

The data can be processed ug!7s!:ú.withthis program.
.::
ed UCate -| see bring,up - raise-educate

effect +seeaffect - effect

either
§'either'
When one negative statement follows another, you can put either
at the end ofthe second one.

l can't plaY tennis and l can't ptay golf efthg.

 else 79

E either... or

You use either and or when you you want to say that there are only
two possibilities to choose from. You put either.in front of the f,rst
possibilityand orin front of the second one..

l was expectingyou eithertoday ortomorrow,

Either she goes or l go.

electric - electrical
§§ 'electric'

You use electric in front of nouns to talk about particular machines

that use electricity.

l switched on the etectrícFre.

§l 'electrical'
You use ele,ctrical when you are talking generally about machines
or systems that use electricity. For example; you talk about
electrical equipment and eledrical appliances

...electricat appliances such as dishwashers and washing machínes.

You also use electrical to talk about people or organizations that

work with electricity.

He is an electrical engineer.

eleCtriCal _ r". electric - electrica!

else
§ wittr'§omeoRe'n'somewhere' and'an|thing'
you use else after words such as someone, somewhere, or
anything to talk about another person, place, orthing.
8o embarrassed
lf you don'tlikethis,w somethillg else
'I saw Susan atthe park; -'Did you see anybody etse?'

El with'wh'-words
you can use else after words such as when, where and what. For
example, if you ask'What else dld you read7', you are asking what
other thin9s somelrody read, besides the things that they already
mentioned.

What etse did vou getfor your birthday?

who elsewasthere?
Where etse díd you go last summer?

em barrassed + see ashamed - embarrassed

emigration - immig ration - mig ration

§'immigrate','immigration','immigrant'
lf you immigrate to a country, you 90 to livé in thát country
permanently

They í mmi grated t0 srael.

I

People who immigrate are called immigrants.

The company employs several immígrants,

The act of immigrating is called immigration.

The government is changing ímmrgratíon laws.

E§'emigrate','emigration','emigrant'
lf you emigrate, you leave your own country and go to live
permanently in another country.

His parents emigrated from Canada in :975+.

 end 8r

People who emigrate are called emigrants. The act of emig:rating

emigratíon. These words are less frequent than
is called
immigrant and immigration,

§'migrate','migration','migrant"
When people migrate, they move to another placefor a short
period of time in grderto find work

Many people nigrated t0 Jakurtl to tookfo,r work.

People who migrate are called migrants ot. mig.ant workers.

...migrants loaking for a place to live.

ln Sauth Anerica there arethree million mjgrant woikers.

The act of migrating is called migration.

end
ll 'end'

When something ends, it stops. When you end something, you

cause it to Stop.

H ewa nted to en d thei r fri en dshi p,

El 'end up'

ln coRversation, you use end up to saywhat happens to sornéone

at the end of a series of events. You can say that someone ends up
in a place, thattheyend upwith something. orthattheyend up
doinq something, Don't use end up in formalwriting.

They ended up backatthe house again.

We missed our train, and we ended up taking a taxi.
8z enjoy

lI enjoy something

lf you enjoy something, you like-it,

I enjoyedthe holiday.

§x enjoy yourself
'
tf you have had,apleasant experiénce, Vou cán say thatyou
enjoyed yourself.

|'ve enjoyed myself very much.

People often say'Enjoy yourself to someone who is going to an

occasion such a§a party.
. :

Enjov vau rsejf on Wed n,esday.

§l enjoydoing something

You can say that someone enjoys doing something,

l enjoy goilgfor long watks.

enough

You use enough in front of a noun to say that there is as much of

something as you need. You can use enough in front of countalrle
and uncountable nouns.
 eq ually 8l
There a re,enou gh bed roo m s for the fa mi ly.
We don'thave enough money.

?l used after adjectives and adverbs

You use enough after an adjective or adverb to say that something

is acceptable.

tsthe saup hot enough foryou?

The student isn'ttryíng hÁrd enough.

lf you want to say that someone has as much of a quality as they

need in order to do something, you add á'to'-infiniiive after
enough.

She is otd enough to work.

xt used as a pronoun ,

Enough can be used gn its own as a pronoun.

Th ey ar en't doi n g en ou gh.

eq ually
You use equally in front of an adjective to say that a person or
thing has as much of a quality as someone or something else.

He was an ucellent pianist. lrene wos equally brilliant.

84 eq uiprnent
equipment
Equipment consists of all the tools and machiRes you need fora
particular activity.

.",kitchen equipment
..:tractors and other farm equipment,

eVen
§ showing.that something is surprising

You use even to show that what you are saying is sul,pri§ing-You
puteveninfrontofthesurprisingpartofyourstatement.

Even Anthony enjoyed ít.

Rob stilí seemed happy, even after the bad news,

You qan put even in front of nouns, verbs and prepositions.

However; even goe§ after an auxiliary verlr, notin ft,ont of it.

You don't even like him very much.

lcouflíteveníEthqroad, _:

§ used with comparatives

You can use erren !n frg,

,nl
of a co.mtiarativeinorderlo rnake it stronger.

Our car is big, buttheirs is even bigger.

§!

Yoü useeven ifto saythata partieularfact-does notchange an|thíng.

Even ifyou disagreewith her,vou should listen toherideas,

 eventuallV finatrty 8-s

§l 'eventhough'
Even thorrgh mea n5'alth ou gh'.

She wosn't embarrassed, even though she had made a-mistake.

eveni,ng : -),Se€.toprc:TIrnes-dtheday
,. .]

\{i h en so m eth i ng h a p p en s after a lot of- de|avs o-r: pr,o b.i e ms, yoÚ, ca n
sáy that it €ventúalty happens,

Etlentn;ally they ,got to the,hospiul .

l fo und Vi cto fi a Aven ue ev entu al lV.

E 'finally'

Don't confuse eventually withfinalIy. You say that something

finally happens afteryou have been waiting for it for a long tirne.

Wnen Phn,fullllarrived, hesaíd he'd tost his:way, -' ,,

You ca n also use fi nal ly. o introdueEafi na Lpoint, ask a fi ,naJ

question, or mention a final item.

Combinetheflour andthe cheese, andf,nallv, addthe mi!k.

 ever
ever ,

§'ever'
Ever is used in negative sentences, questions, and comparisons.
lt means'at any time in the past'or'at any time in the future',

tdonltthinkt'Il euertrust people again.

Haveyou eyer played football?
l'm happierthan l|ye ever been.

§* 'yet'

'always'

ffi'stil!'
 everylrody 8l
every
§ used for talking about members of a group

You use every in front of a singular noun to show th,at you are
talking aboutallthe members of a group. ,

She spoketo arcry person atthe plrty.

l agreewith everyword Peter saYs.

El used for saying how often something happens

You alsouseeverywith expressions ofiime such as day,and :

afternoon, in order to show how often something happens.

They meteveryweek,
There ís a staff neeting every Monday.

§l 'every'and'all'
You can often use every or all with the same meaning. For
example, lEveryroorn has,aviewofthesea'means the same as
'All rooms havea view of the sea'.

Every isfollowed by the singularform of a noun, whereas all is

followed by the plural form.

Every child needslove.

All children liketo play,

Every and all do not have the same mean]ing when they are used
with expressions of time. Forexarnple. if you do somethin:g every
. morning; lou do it regularly each morning. lÉyou do,somethin9 all
morning, you spend thewhole of one morning doing it.

He goes running every day.

l was busy all day.

-l see also topic:Talking about men and women

eVerYbOdY -+,"" topíc:Talking about men and women

88 everyday,- every day
everyday - every day

An everyday event is ordinary and not unusual. Everyday life

meanS ordinary events that happen to,people in general,

.,.the every d 0y p robt ems of livi ng ín the city.

Computers are a central partof everyday ltfe.

Every day has a different meaning. lf something happens every

day, ít happens'reEularly each day.

Shanti asked the same question every-day.

eVérY daY - seeeveryday- every day

everlOne + see topic:Talking about men andlüomen

everywh,ere
that something happens everywhere, you mean that it
íf you say
happens in all parts of a place.

We searched everywhere.

Don't use'to' in fronlof ever,ywhere, :Don't say, for example, 'lle

Say'He has been everyl,chere"
ry
ln informalAmerican English, every placeis often used ínstead of
'everywhere'

Every placewe,go, people ask usthe same questions.

 €Xá,,f:tl,- test 89

An exarn or a test is a series of questions that you answer to show

how much you know about a subject. ,Exam is a less formal but
very co mmon word fo r examination.

Al l ca n di dates h av e ta take a n En gl ísh l ang uage test.

Exam and testare verv similar. For importanLíor,rna] situatiotts it

is more common to use exam. For more informal situations, for
instance in a school:class, it is more e omínon to use t€st.

A,te§tis,a,lso a seri€s of actions tJrat you i}g-,toshow how wellyou

are alrle to do something.

She hasn'tta,ken her drivíngtestyet. ]

you say that people take; sh or do an exarÉ or a test.

Ma ny chit dren w a nt to take these exa m s.

students must sit an entrance uom
we did anothertest.

lf sorneone ís suceessful in an exam ora test, Vou say that they pa3§ ít.

Larry passed his university exans when he was sixteen .

t passed my drivi n g test i n.H otl a nd.

!f so meon e is u nsuccessf ul in an exam:of a t€st; you sa\r tha,t they

fail it.
90 example
H e fai l ed th e w ritten p aper.
l think I'uefailed thetest.

example
fl 'exampte'

An example is something that shows what other things in a group

are like. You saythatone thin9 is an example of anotherthing.

This building is a fine examptle of traditional architecture.

When someone mentions an example, you say that they are giving
an example.

Could you give me an aample?

Let m e gív e yo u a n exa m p le of th e so rt of thi n g th at h a p pen s,

m 'for examp!e'

When you mention an example,of somethíng, you often sayfor

example.

Japan, for exampte, has two Ianguages,

except
§§ used with noun phrases

You use except to show that you are not includin§ a particular
thing, person, or group in your statement. You usually uSe excePt
in frontofa noun ora pronoun.
 excited - ex€Íti{q]g 9]

Ail the boys exce!fr Pr.JeÉ*arta.dl É,a!güEí,l, ,..

There s nobodt1 that l realty tnlst, excepí hirn.

You can usecxcep! for tn the sameWElV,,

..

.Th_€;,r_asfe:ty6.eÍÍryly.,|q|qpt,forq,&lqÍsian--

s§ rrsed.rxith clauses ]

You can,u§e orcept ín front of a clarrsebeginning with -t ".,

whíle, where, what, orthat.

t'm much better naw. €xcffithgt] sti4,

l dgn|t knaw anWhing ahout mgthertoldme.

-> see a l§o,acce_ pt - exGePt

. .: :.
lI
.]

'excited'

lf someone is very happy alrout an enjoyalrle or special eventüat ls

goinq to take place, you say that they are ep*cíte4',.], . .: :

Hela}§slaexeiíedheeaulüttsleep. , :i:; ] ::]:1.:,: .

Hundredsff 0Ias.
-.ucitedchíldrenwercw,alti:ngf
You say that someone ís exclted,aös,rnt_5omething or:excited
about doing something.
 exiSt 93

§
Youcanuse'Excuseme'asawayofpolitelr7apoloqizing: For.,,
example, you can say'Excuse me'when you are inteirupting
someone, when you Wantto gettheirattention, orwhen you Want
to get past them.

Excuse me. but arevou Mr Hessl

?l 'apologize'
§ü
]

You use apologizeto talk about the act

of sayin9 sorry. lf you want
to tell someone that you are unhappy orashamed about
something yóu have done that,has hurt them, you say'|'m sorry'or
'lapologize'.

She apolagized for beinE so rneafi ta Rudo|ph.

,,:
lf somethingexists, it is actually pres€nt in the world.

ltis clearíhat.a serious problem exists.: .

Theyt walked through my bedroom as if t didn't exist.

You also use exist to say that sorneone managesto live with very
little food or money, ]

How can we exist out here?

When exist has this meaning, it can be used in the progressive.

Peoplewere existíng on a hunidred grams of bread a day.

94 expect
expect
§ iexpect| :

, }f you expéct that§omethingwiü happen, o,r if yotl,e_xpect

somethingto happen, you believe that itwill happen,

Hg expectsto lose his job.

we expectthatthev will win.

lf you expectthatsomething istrue, you believethat it is probablytrue.

l expecttheY've gone.
j

lf someone asks if something is true, you can say'l exp,ect,§o,, .

'Witt )oe be here at Christmas?' -'I expect s0,' .

lf you are expecting someone, you believe that they will arrive
soon. lf yo u are expectlng something, you,believethat it wi l l

happen soon.

They were apectingWmdy and the children.

We areupectinE rain.

Yj, 'wait for'

Dgn'tioníuse expect with waít for. lf rlou are waiting-,for

someone or so,mething, you are staying in the same place and. not
doing things until thev arfive.

He sat on thebenth,andwaite:i.íór JiJt,

+seewait
 experience - experim€nt ffi
expenslve
lf something is expqnsive, it costs a lot of money.

Thi5'kverv@ensilleeauipm*1,, .',.,,
This magazine was more expe4siúe thafl the othas.

§ 'experience'

lf you have experience of something, you have seen it, done it, or
felt it.

Do you have any teaching uperience?

An experience is something important that happens to,you.

,Movíaghau:lsera:r|e*d!T|_|ff,,.;
, ,:,:
You say that someone has an experience.

l h(iié a strgngeuperience last nbht". :, .

El 'experiment'
Don't use'experience'to talk about a scientific test thatsorí}eon€
does in order to discover or prove something. The word you use is
experiment:

Laboratory exper]lteíltl lhaw thatWlLamin D may slow ca:ncer g,rowth.

9.6 éxperirnent
y.ou usually say that someone'c€nducts an experiment.

Wedecidedto eon|lu€tainapenmert. , ,, .

experl m€fl t + see experience - experiment

expjain
lf you explain something, yougivé d€tálsa6out it so thatpeople
can understand it.

You sarl that you explain something:to someone. .

Weexplaínedeverythíftgtothe,polieel,,, :

Let me exp l aí n tp.yo u abo ut ) ackíe.

Youu s e explain fo lowed,by thatto sa\/ that s€ m€one

l tel [s
someoí}e else the reason for somethinE.

' texplgilqlthatlw§stv:íng:íawriteu'avo8,,'' ]'

explode - blow up
ll 'explode'
.' :.':, ].:' .

When a bornb explodes, it b.ursts loudly and With greatforce, often

causing a lot of damage.
 '
explode - lrlow up gv
:::i

A bomb wladed i n tbe eapttal yes@rday.

You can§ay that_someone explodes a bomb.

Heexp|adedthebambtnhisbag- ",

lf sol,neone destroys a buildingwith alromb,. yeu-say,thatthey

He$lantedta btawthe place up, ,

fabric
Fabric is cloth thatyou use for making things like clothes and bags.

Thís shirt is madefrom beautiful softfabrjc,

*o ry is a bu d in g w h e re
jl"T,.,"T i l

ilT; : E ;iffi; 1 "

';"Jlj.T

fact
§ 'fact'
Afact is a piece of knowledge or information that is true.

The report isfull offacts and flgures.

& 'the fact that'

You can talk about a whole situation With the phrasethe fact that.

He tried t0 hide thefact that he had failed.

'in fact'

You use in fact if you want to give more information about a

 fall 99
statement, especiaIly if the new information is surprísing,

l don'twatch television; in fact, l no longer own aTY.

fair- fairly
§ 'fair'
líyou say that something is fair, you mean that everyone is treated
in the same way.

t w a ntéd everYon e to get fair treatm ent.

Lt's notfair - she's gatmorethan me!

í| 'fair!y'
The adverb form of 'fair'is fairly.

We solvedthe problem quickly andfu11!.

Fairly also has a completely different meaning. lt can mean'to

quite a large degree'.

The í nformation w as fairly accurate,

I wrote the flrst part fa1|y quickly.

fairly + seefair - fairly

fall
When someth ing or someone falls, they move q ui,cl<ly towards the
roo familiar
ground by accident.The past tense form of fall i§fell.The past
párticiple isfallen,

Heftll and hurthisleg.

A cup ftll on the íloor.

When you are talkin9 alrout people or tall objects, you often use
fall down orfall over instead of 'fall'.

She fett down in the mud.

Atreefell over in the storín.

When rain or snowfalIs, it comes down from the sky.

Rain was beginníng to fu]].

+seealsotopic: Seasons .

familiar
§'famíliar
lf someone or something is familiar, you recog n ize them because
you have_seen or heard them before

Th ere w as som ethi n g fa mili a r abo ut hi m,

92 exciting
l'm very excited about playinq football again,

El 'exciting'
Don't confuse excited with exclting. An exciting book orfilm is
full of action, and an exclting idea or situation makes you feel very
enthusiastic

TheflImis exciting, and alsa very scary,

It isn't, a very exciting ídea.

exCiting -rseeexcited-exciting :..

Excuse can be a noun or a verb. When it is a noun,, it is pronounced

/*skjus/ When it is a'verb, it is pronounced,/lkskjuz/,

An excuse is a reason,thatyou give in orderto explainwhvyou did

somethingordid notdosomething. '
'
Thq arctryíng to find excusesfor their failure.

You say that someone makes an excuse.

l made an,excuse and teftthe rieaing early.

§ usedasaverb ]

lf r7ou excuse sgmeone for doing something wrong, you are not
angrV With them.

Please excuse my bad handwriting.

 feel lol
§ 'fami!iarto'

lf something isfamiliartoyou, you know itwell,

Her name isfamiliarto rnillions of people.

§l 'familiarwith'

lf you arefamiliarwith something, you knowor understand itwell,

l am familíar wi:th his wark.

far -r seeaway-far

fault -+ see blame - fault

favourite
Yourfavourité thing or person is th,e one you like more than all the
others.

. Whatisyourfavouritefllm?
Her favourite writer is H ans Christi an Andersen.

EF TheAmerican spelling of 'favourite' isfavorite,

feel
The past tense form of feel is felt, not'feeled'.

í§ awareness
líyou can feel something, you are aware of it through your body.
lo2 feel
l can feel a pain in my foot.

m touching

When you feel an object, you touch it in orderto find out what it is
like.

The doctor felt his pulse.

EI impressions

The way something feels is the way it seems to you when you hold
it or touch it.

The blanketP]lsoft.
H ow does it feel ?Warm ar cot d ?

l"l emotions and sensations

You can use feel with an adjective to talk about experiencinq an

emotion or physical sensation. When you use feel like this, you use
either a simple or a progressive form.

l feel lonely.
l'm feeling terrible.
She wasfeeling hungry,
 finaIly rc3

fetch + see bring - ta*e - fetch

few - a few
:..:'

You usea few in front of a plural noun to showthatyou aretalking

about a small number of people or things.

l|m having a dinner porty for a few ctosefriends.

Hereareafa*tideasthatínjghthelpyou.. ]

§l 'few'
You can also use few without'a'in front of a plural noun, but it has
a different meaning. lt emphasizes that there is only a small
amount o.f s,omething. For example, if,you,saylt lrave afewfriends',
you mean that you have some friends. Howevei if you say'l have
few friends|, you mean that you do not have e,nough friends and
you are lonely,

Et 'not many'
ln conversatiorl, people do not usually use f€w without'a'. lnstead
theyuse not many. Forexample, instead of saying t|,66yefuvv'
friends|, people usually say'l haven't got manyfriends'or'l don't
have marryfr.iendsl.

They haven't got manY bookí.

t 4o rt' t have m rinll,ví§itorr
:

final|y -.l see eventually - finally

lo4 find -,find out
find -find out :

§ 'find': result of a search

lf rlou find something you have been looking for, you see it or learn
where it is. The past tense form and past participle of find is íoun4
not'finded'.

The police searched the hause:and found a gun,

lf you cannot see the thing you,are looking for; you saythat you
cannot find it or that you can't find it,

l think l'm lost - t can't Fnd the bridge,

E 'find': noticing something

You can,use find io say that Vou notice an object sornewhere.

Lookwhatl'vefaund!

§I 'find': opinions and feelings

You can use find to give your opinion about something. For
exam ple,.if you think that somethi n9 is fu n ny, you can say that you
find it funny.

l frnd his behaviour extremely rude.

l found it easy.

& !find outl obtainíng infurmatlon

you use find out to talk alrout learning the facts about something.

H ave you found out who broke the photocopier?

I foun d o ut the trai n ti mes.

find OUt . +seefind-findout

 fine - finely ro5

fine - finely
*'fine'usedtomean'very9ood' :.:.
You can use fine to say that something is very good.

From thetop there is a frneview of the countrysíde.

§l'fi ne' used to mean'satlsfactorY'

.: - .':
You can also usefine to saythat something is satisfactory or
acceptable.

'Would you like more milkin your coffee?' -'No,this isfils.' r

lf you saythatyou are fine, you mean thatyourhealth is satisfactory.

'Howa,rl_vg,u/ E!!,thlnk '

_,
, ,

When you use finé tomban'gati§fáetory';don't use'very'in front of

Everything isllstF!s.
ln conversation, you can use fine as an adverb to mean
: ', ':

'satisfactori ly' or'wel l'.

WegotonFne

§t 'fine',and'finelr7|1'5g4tom€an úerythint , _

You can also use fine to say that something is very thin, or has very
thin parts.

Shehasueryfinshair: ]

You can usefinelyas an adveówith this meaning.

...F nell/ ch o pped meat.

106 finely

finely + seefine -finely

finish
When something finishes, it ends.

The concertFníshed at mídnight.

When you finish what you are doing, you reach the end of it.

SheFnished her dinner andwentto bed.

You can say that someone finishes doing something.

t Fnished reading your booklast night.

first - firstly
§§ 'first'used as an adjective

The first thing of a kind is the one that comes lrefore all the others.

Ja n ua ry i s the F rst mo nth of the yea r,

§ 'first'used as an adverb
lf an event happens before other events, you say that it happens
first.

Ralph spokeFrst
 first fi,áíT]€ rc*
§! frrst','firstly'arrd!firstofall' ,,,".,,: ,]

You.can usefi rst. firstly,o.rfirst oÍall,to.intr€,u€e th€ fi§t thing

that you wantto §ay orthe first thing in a list. :

First, mixthe eggs and flour.

Thae aretworeasonswhy I'm angry. Firstls/you'relate, and secondly,

Fírst of al|, I|d lit<e ta tlíank you aII fur ca:ning,,

El 'at first'

Whenyou are contrasting something at the beginníng of a:n event

with sornethingthat happened later, you,say at first,

Atlr t wai surprised"

'

nrst t thoughtLhatthe shop was empty, then l saw a man in the

Corner.

firstly +seefirst-firsttf
'
first name - forenafí}€ - giv nalT}e - ,

christian name
,:
Yourfirst name is the namethatyou weregiven when you.were
born, that cb,mes before your surRame
'

Do all l1aur students calil yau by yaur Frst nanel

 ro8 fit - suit
á'forename'
On officialforms, forename is sometimes used instead,of first
name'.

- ts 'given name'

lnAmerican English, given name is sometit,nes used ins,tead of

rst name' gr'forename',
'fi

Whatisyour given name?

ü! 'Christian name'
ln British English, some people use Christian name instead oí first
name'. However, this can be offensive to people who are not from a
Christian family.

fit - suit
E 'fit'
lf clothesfityou, theyarethe right size.

The dressft2herwell"

ln British English, the past tense form of fit is Frred. lnAmerican

English, the past tense form is flt.

The bootsFtted lames perfectly.

The parrts filhim well and,were very comfortable.

lf clothes make you look attractive, don't say that they'fit'you. Say
that they suityou.

You look great in that dress, it really suits you.

 for lo9

fl oo r, --sto rev - g,1.o u n d

** 'floor'

The floor of a room is the flat part that you walk on.

The bookfelt to the fl99!.

Afloor of a building is allthe rooms on a panticular level. You say

that something is on a particularfloor.

My office is on the second íloor.

ln British English, thefloorthat is level with the ground is called the

ground floor. The floor above it is ca]led thefir.sa floor, the floor
above that is the second floor, and so on.

w=
: lnAmerican English, thefloorthat is levelWith the ground is called
the firct floor, íhe fioor above it is the second flooi, and so on.

Storey is also used fora level of a building. lt is usually used to talk

about how high a building is.

...a house with four storE/s.

El 'ground'
Don't call the surface of the earth the'floor'. Call it the ground,

The groundwasverywet,

fOOt see topic:Transport

fOr + see since - for

+,seetop,ic: Meals
l,:lo forenarne

fOrenam€ + seefist name - forename - given name -

christian,neme
.,
_
-''

Il 'forget'

The past:tense,fo.r:rn olf forget is Br9or, not lforgetied'. Thegast,

partici p le is forgotten.

lf you forget something such as a key oran umbrella, you do not

rernember to üke it with yo_u when you 90 somewhere.
' ,| Sorrytoü"tarbp-tforgatmykey. . ,,-, ,. , ..

tfyou have forgotten something that yott,knew, you,eannot

remember it.

Ihavefargottenhisname.
:

lf you forget something, orforget about somethin9, you stop

Hehel ped me to fArget obo ut my pro;blems.

§ 'forget to'

lf youforgetto dosornething, you do not do it b.."ur"y",., do not

remember it at the right time.

She forglt to tock h,er dgor ane day, and,,two,nengot in,

Don'tforgetto call me,
 f.ree|y lI1

free - free!y
ll no payment

lf something isfree, you can have it or use it without par7ing for it.
:.
The coffeewasfree.
...free school meals.

EI notbusy
lf you are fr.ee ata particulartime, you arenot busy, Free time is
time when you are not.busy.
l
They spend mostof theirfreetime reading,
AreyaufreeonTuesday| ]

El no controls
' ..: :

You use'free'as an adjective to descrilre actjvities,that are not

controlled lry rules or other people

They are fteeto bring their friends hotme at, any time.

Don't u se Tree' as a rb with th íi rneanrn+ u se,reeV,

1adve

-+ seefree - freely
Il2 fl'íend
friend
l|friend'
Yourfriends are people you know well and like spending time with.
You can call a friend who you knowverywell a goodfriend ora .
, close friend.

He's a good friend of mine.

A cl ose fríen d tol d me ab out it.

lf someone has beenyourfriendftjra long time, you can callthem

an old friend.

l wentto visit an otd friend from school,

lf someone is yourfriend, you can say that you are friends with
them.

You usedto be goodfriendswith him, didn'tyou? . ,'

t also becamefriendswith Melanie,

friendIy
Afriendly person is kind and pleasant,

The staff are very friendty and hetpfut ,

lf you are friendly to someone orfriendly towards someone, you

are kind and pleasant'to them.

The women hod been friendly to Lyn.

 from lr3

frig htened + see afraid -frightened

' When you are talking about the person who wrote you a letter or
. sent a.messa§:é to }ou, you say that thé l€t+er or message isfrorn
that person.

He rcceived a mgssagefroq hisbo5s_ :

El 'comefrom'
lfyou come]from a parlicular.placei you were borR there,:or.it is ]

your home.
.:
leamafí§m]ScatliÍl4,:,, -..., ,,.,' " "-,]] . . .'] ] .

§t distance
You can use frcm when you are talking about the distance lretween
places.

How far isthe hotel from here?

E time
lf som eth i ng happen s f rom a pa rticu ar ti me-, it begi
l n s tohapp,en
at that time.

Breakfast i s avai! able frEn 6 a. rn.

1T4 front

front

The front of a building is the partthatfaces the,§tre€t orthat,has

the building's main enir"n.".

We knackedon thef,ront door.

El 'in front of '

lf you are between the front of a lruílding and the street, you say
thatyou are in front of the building.

Peoplewerewaiting infront of the art gallery.

§ 'opposite'

lf there is a street between you and the front of a building, don't say
thatyou are'in front of 'the building. Say that you are opposite it.

The hltel is opposíte a railway statíon.

Speakers of American English usually say across from rather than

opposite.

Srinson has rented a home across from his parents.

 fun - funny rI5

frontier +seeborder-frontier

fruit
Fruit is usually an uncountable noun. Oranges, bananas, grapes,
and apples are allfruit.

Fresh fruit and vegetables provide flbre and vitamins.

i m ported
,,.fruit from Au stral i a.

full
lf something is fuII of things or people, it contains a very large
number of them.

garden full of pear and apple trees.

,,,a
His officewasfull of people.

fun -funny
§ 'fun'

lf something isfun, it is pleasant, enjoyable, and not serious

Thecourseisinteresting andit's alsofun. ]

116 furniture

lf you haveíun, you enjoylrourself,

The children had fun atthe party,

lf you want to say that something is veryr enjoryab,b,,,you€áil 5áy

that it is great fun or a löt of fun,

The gamewas greatfun.

El 'funny'
something isfunny, itisamusing and makesyou smileorlaugh.
lf
:.
He told funnY stories.

You can also say that something is funny if it is strange or surprising.

Have you notíced,an4hi ng funny about this pli ane?

fu,nnY + seefun - funny

furniture
Frrrniture.is the large objects in a rooin. such as tables and chairs.

She arranged the furniture,

galn - earn
§§ lainr
lf you gain something, you gradually get ít:

This givesyou a chanceto gain experience,

El 'earn'
Don't say that someone'gains' money fortheir work. The word you
use is earn.

She earns two hundred pounds a week.

9eneraIly - mainly
Il 'genera!!y'

Woot and cotton blankets are generatly cheapest:,

El 'mainly'
Don't use'generally'to say that something ís true about most of
something, or about most of the people or things in a group. The
word you use is mainly.

The African peopte living here are rnainlv fram Mali.

E 'gent!y'

lf r7ou do something gently, you do it car:efully and softly. in order

rr8 get
to avoid hurting someone ol.damag,i,ng something.

l shookher gentlv and she opened her eyes.

El 'politely'
Don't use'gently'to say that someone l:ehaves with good manner5,
The word Vou use is políteíy.

Hethanked me politely.
]

9 et + see arrive - reach - get to

+ see topic: Transport

9lve
The past tense form of give is gave.The past particípleis given.

§ things

lf you give someone something, you offer it to them and they take
it. You can Eive someone something, or give something to someone.

She gave Minniethekeys

He gave the lette,r to Mgry.

lf vou useitforthe thing given, it must go before the person it i5given

to. Say'H e gave it to his fathe/. Don't say'Hegaveffi
Élinformation
You also say that you give someone information,-advice, etc.,
or that you give informatÍon, advice etc. to someone.

The pitot gave us no infarmatíon aboutwhatwas hLappening.

She gives career adviceto young people.

§ expressions and gestures

When give is used to déscribe expressionsand,9estures, the

 glad - happy _ cheerful ilg
expression orgesture goes in front of the person it is directed at

Hegalleherasmile, : : -

Ashepassed me,hegavemeawihk: :

-) see a]so offer - give - invite. ,

, - !.:

9lven name
. _

+seefirstname -forename- given name -

christian name

9lad = happy - cheerfu I

§§'gtad'
lf you are glad alrout something, you are pleased about it. Don't
use glad in frgnt of a noun. Use it after a lin,kinE verlr such as be;
seem orfeel

l'm so gladthat shewon the prize.

+ seealsg topic:Adjectives that cannot be usedjnfront of-

nouns

*'happy'
You can also say that you are happy alrout something when you
are pleased about it.

She wa s h appv Lh at hís si ster w a s comi n g.

Happy ean,also lre used to describe someone who is contented and

enjoying life, either most of the time, or on a particular occasion.
'Glad'cannot be used with this meaning-

Ske always seemed such a happywaman,

12o glasses

El 'cheerful'
lf someone shows that they are happy by smiling and laughing a
lot, you say that they are cheerful.

Our postman is atways cheerful and palite.

'a

A person's glasses are two pieces of glass in a frame which they

wear to help them to see better. Glasses is a plural noun and must
be followed by a plural verb.

My glasses are broken,

You can also say a pair of glasses.

Cretchen took a pair of glasses offthe desk.

go
, The past tense form of go is went. The past participleis gane,

ll describing movement

When you talk abqut rnoving ortravelling somewhere, you often

use the verb go.

I wenttoStockholm,
Céi|aB49!9to5chool.
,

-} see also come

§ leaving

Go is usedto say that someone or something leavesa place.

Ourtrain went at 2.25.

 gO On tzl

§ tat*ingaboutactivities ,
., ,] ]

You can use go with an '-ing'form to talk alrout activities.

Let's go shopping!

Ygu can also use go with fór and a noun phrase to talk about
activities.

Hewentfor a walk.

Et'9oand'
To go and do something means to move somewhere in orderto do
it.

l'll gó and see him in the morníng,

]

§ 'b€ going to'

You use be going to to talk about what someone will do gl, what
will happen in the future.

rheweather is gőng6 gíűorse.

:,'
9o on l,

lI '9o on'+'-ing'form
lf you go on doing something, you continue to do it.

Theyj,u*ign,oredme:andwentontalking.,, . : :

E! '9o on'+ "to'_infinitive

lf you go on to dosomething, you do itaíter:doing something else.

He later went on to form a succes,sful computer campany

12z greet
greet +seesalüte-greet ,

9 rOU nd -r seefloor- storey - ground

grow
The past ténse form of grow is grew.rhepast participleis grown.

&'grow'
When children oryoung animals grow, they become biggeror
taller.

Has he grown anYtalter?

Et 'grow up'

.' When someone grows up, they 9radually change from a child,into
an adult.

Hegrew up in Cambridge.
l:
gymnasium
Agymnasium is a building or large room with equipment for doing
physical exercise, ln conversation, people usualty call it a gym.

t go to the gym twice a week.

 Haircan be a countable oran uncountable noun,

§ used as a countabIe noun

Each ofthe fine threads that grow on your head and trody is a hair.
Youcanta|kaboutseveralofthesethingsashairs. .

...the blackhairs on the backof his hands. ]

§ used as an uncourrtable noun

You talk about all the hairs on your head as your hair, not your'hairs'.

l washed my hands and combed my hair.

hand
Your hand is the part of your body at the end of your arm. lt
includes yourfi ngers and your thumb.

You talk about a particular person'5 hand as his hand, her hand, or
my hand, not'thehand'.

However, if you saythat someone does something to someone

else's hand, you usually use the.

nappen
l

§I 'happen'

Something that happenstakes placeWithout being planned.

1?4 h,a,ppy
Then a §rangething ha,pperied-

§
Yo u u se happen after words l i ke'someth i ng','th i n g','what', or'th is'.
After: h ouns with a. nlór€ exáct:rhea ni n g, ilo u u s ua l ly u se take
ptace or occur,

rhe díscussions toak plaee in Par:rs.

The crash occurred at night

Don't saY that aplanned event'happensl. Sav that it tek§ Place.

The f,rst meeting took place on g January. ,

&§'happento' :

When sonrething happens tosomeone orsomething, ittal<es -

place and affects them

l.wander *ru' ro leremy ?

| |,?yr?!

happy +seeglad - happy- cheerfrll

{ see lucky - happY

hard - hardly
ll 'hard'as an adjective

lf son:rething i§ hard"iLi§aoteaw:todq. .,.

 have rz5

Looking after three babies is very hard work.

El 'hard'as an adverb

lf you work hard ortry hard, you do jtwíth a lot of effort.

Many otd people have worked hard alt their tives,

§'hardly' ,:]]
Hadly is an adverb that has a totally different meaning from hard.
You use.hardly to say that something i5 only just true. For example,
if someone hardly speaks, they do ndt speak much. lf something is
hardlysurprising, it is not very surprising.

lf you use an auxi|iary ver,b with hardly, Vou put itfirst- You say, for
exampte,.'l q4n hardlys,ee', Don't,§ay'Taíl€an*€e
We coutd hardty move.

ffi'hardlyever' .

lí something haldly errer h,appens, italmost neyer,happens.

I hardty ever spake to them,

hardlY + see hard _ hardly

have
The otherfprms of hanre are has, hav:íng, had,
126 have
il 'haveto'

lf someone has to do something, they must do it.

l have to speakto your father,

-) see must

ffi actions and activities

You can use have in front of a noun phrase to talk about an action.

Have a lookatthis!
Wehad dinnertogether,

-+ see also take

owning things, relationships and appearances

You can use have to show that someone owns something.

He had a small hotel.

You also use have to talk about friends and family.

Do you have anY brothers or sisrers/

You use have to talk about a person's appearance or character.

You have beautíful eyes.

 have got .lzt

+seealsotopic: Meals

have got
§ h9wto{§e'havegot'
. ]'':::, -

Yo,u can often use have got in spoken Enqlish With the same
mea n in g,a§'have', -You OÓ n ot usua lly proáo u n ce.have,got; hE§
got. and had got in full. You use've got,'s got, or? got instead.
I ve gat her address,
He:;p!a bea:rd now,

Have got is mostly used to talk about owning things,

relationships, and appearances.

t've got 0 rather unusual house.

§he§liü:twasisrers,,,:,

§ illness

You often use have gotto talk about illnesses.

t'vegot an awfül cold,

:

§ when you donit use'have got'

Am€íieani§peakers do not usual|y usehave got,Lnsteadthey use

have.
I28 ,hear
§ negatives

ln negative sentences, not, orusually n't, goes between have and got.
'
I hauen't got any more paper.
1 :: ,i
§ questions

l n questio ns, you put th e su bj ect between have and got.

Havevou wlenough maney for ataxíl

hear
lfyou can heara sound, you know about it because it has reached
your ears.

l can hear a car"

The pasttenseform and past partieiple,of hearisheard /hgiü. lf

you want to say that 5omeone was aware of.something in the past,
you use heard orcould hear.

she heard another sound.

She could liear musicín the dístance.

hel p
ll 'help'as a transitive verb

tf you help sol,neone, you make soFnething ea,sier,f.öl them. You can
use itwith an infinitive, with orwithout'to'. Forexamplé, you can
say :t he|pe]d hirn to move the desK,or'|fielPed him:rnove,the, -.
desk', which meaRs exactly the same.
 here Eg
He helped usta raise a lot of money.
l helped him Fx his car.

§ 'help'as an intransitiveverb

You can a_lso use help without an olrject, followed by an infinitive

with or without'to'. lf someone helps do §omething or he!ps to do
it, they help other people to do it.

My mum hetps cookthe meals for the children.

Dora helped to carry the boxes.

úr 'cannot help'

lf you cannot help doin9 something, you cannot stop yourself

from doing it.

l couldn't help laughing when l saw her face.

here
í! 'here'
You use here to talk about the place where you are.

We can come here at any time.

 r3o high - talI
§ 'here is'and'here are'

You can use here is or here are atthe begínning ofa sentence when
you want to show or give something to som,eone. YQu use here is
in front of a singular noun and here are in front of a plura| noun.

, Herq's yaur coffee.

Here are the a dd resses th at yo u n eed.

high -tall
§'high'
You use high to describe things which measure a long way from the
bottom tolhe top.'rorexample, you talk about a high hill or a
high wall.

...the high mountains of northern Japan.

El 'ta!l,
you use tall to descri be thi ngs that a-re h ig h but not very wide. So,
forexample, you talk about a tall treeoratal! chimney.

...a field of iall waving grass.

You always usetall when you are talking about people,

...a toll handsome man.

Et another meaning of 'high'

High also means'a long way above the ground'. For example, you
talk about a high window or a high shelf .

,.,a large room with a high ceiling.

hire-rent-let
ll 'hire'and'rent'

_€ tf you pay to use something fora shorttime, you can saythatyou

 hoIiday - vacation r3I

hire it or rent it. Hire is more comm-on in British English and rcnt is
more common in Arnerican English.

we hired a car and drove acrosstheislond.

He rented a carfortheweekend.

lf you pay regularly in order to use something for a long,period, you

say thatyou rent,it. You do not usually say that you'hire'it,

she rents the h,ouse with three other women.

2t 'let'
lf you rent a building or piece of land frorn someonet you ca.n say
that they let it to you. The past tense form and past participle of let
is let, not'letted'.

The cotta ge w rc l et to a n a ctress from London,

€ 't-et'is more common in British English, lnAmerican English, you

use rent.

The h ou se w as rented to a fa rm ey.

holiday - vacation
Itr 'holiday'

ln British EngIish, you talk about the time thatyou spend away
from work or school as the holiday or the hoIidays,

I cln't w ait for the summer holidays "

You talk abouttimethatyou spend awayfrom home enjoying

yourself as a holiday.

t went to Marrakesh for a holiday,

When you spend a period of time like this each yeal you talkabout
your hoIidays.

Where are you going for your holidays?

 t3z ,ho,me

. lf you are on.hoIiday, youdo not have to,go to sehool or work, or

you are spending some time away from home enjoying yourself.

Rémember to turn aff the gas when.You-^o 9! !9F!4.

P 'vacation'
, ",-

MF The usualAmerican word for a period of time spent away from

T wort< orschoo], orawayfrom hbme enjoying yÖurself, isvacation.
H arold used ta take a vacation' at that tíme.

h,ome -rseehouse-home

homework - h,ousework
B 'homework'
Horneworkis work thatpupilstake hometo do in the evening or
at the Weekend. You say that pupits do homework.

§§ 'housework'

Housework iswor:kthatyou dg to_ kqepa h9useclean and tidy,

He do,es most of the housework.

 house - home rs3

hope
I! basic meaning

lf you hopethat something is true orwill happen, you want itto lre
true or to happen.

He hoped she wa sn't gai n g to cry.

l sat down, hgpj!! thev wouldn't notice me.

E 'l hope'

You often use l hope to show that you want something to be good
orsuccessful.After hope you]can use e,ither a future form or the
present simple. For example, you can say'l hope you'lí enjoythe
film'or'l hope you enjoythe fitm',

l hope you'Il enjov your st.ay ín Britain.

I hopeyau getwell soan"
'

El '! hope so'

lfsomeone asks you whether something i§ true, or whether ]

somethin9 Will happen, you can answer'yes'lry saying'l hope 3o',

or'no'by saying'! hope not'.

'Will tlou be home at six?' -'l hope so.'

'
H av e yo u l ost th e ti cket| -' l hope n ot.'

hOSPital +seetopic:places

house - home
E 'house'

You use hous€ to talk about the building where you live.
l34 ,hoüsewo,rk
We boughtthís hóuse because of the garden.

§l'horne' . ,":
Yow home ís the place where you live or feel that you belong.
},iomecan.be usedto talkaleoutaperson§house orto a town, a
region, ora country.

My father,w o rks cw ay fra m ho.m e.

Dublin wilt always be home to me.

§"trow':w,ryr.o.f oingthiF,g9 . ,]]]] , ,,,,-, ,, ,,:,, , :=

\íou use how when you are talkin9 about the Way something is
done,

How do you spell his name?

Thts is how l make a veg€table curry.

§* 'how': asking aboutsomeone! health

you use howwith be to ask about someonEs health.
 how,e.ver T35

How areyou?
How is she? AlI right?

§ 'how': asking about opinions

You use how with be to ask someone whether somethin,g was good.

Hówwasyolurtííp? ,. ,

How was the smoked fls;h? "

xg 'what': asking for a description . ', ]

however_. ]:.j] ,,.

You use howeverwhen you want to add something new and

different or unexpected after what you've already said.

L,oÚ,ng,.at gafies doesn't matter to some women. Masl,rnen ; hÓwe:ver*

You also use howeverto saythatit is not imPortant l,tow

something is done. :

E 'however'

Sometimes people useeverafterhowatthe beginning of a

questio n. Th ey do this to show that they,ar€ s u rprised, Fo r
example, instead of saying'How did you get here?', theysay
136 how much
'How ever did you get here?'

How ever did you flnd me?

how much
You use how much when you are asking about the price of
something. For example, you say'How much is thatT-shirt?'

l like that dress - how much was ít?

hundred - thousand - million

A hundred orone hundred is the numbertoo.

A thousand orone thousand is the number1,ooo.

A million or one miIlion is the number1,ooo,ooo,

 hurt 87
You usual|y say that there are ahund,redlthousand/rúl!ion
things.

We'Il gíveyou athausand dotlarsforthe story.

You say on€ hundredrlthousandlmilli,onthings when you want

toemphasize the n,urnber, orwhen you want to be very clear and
precise.

Thetotal amountwas ane hundred andforty-nine paunds a:nd thírty

hutrt + see topic: Adjectives thatcannot be used in

front of nouns
 You use lto talk about yourself, t is thesubject of a verb. Ygu always
Write it With a capital letter.

l like your dress.

iou."n also use ! as part of the subject of á verb. Forexample, you

can sarl'My friend and l are going to Sicily', Always mention the
other person first, Don't say 'tafld my friend are go

ryryr+aremusíCtans , ,, ,,
, ",

if
§ possible,sítuations.
] i
You use if to talk about a possibte situation.

You can go ffyauwantto.

You use if to talk about something that might happen in the future.
You use a verb in the pr€sent simple.

He might win - ifhe's lucky,

You use if to talk about things that sometimes happened in the

past. YoU use a past form ofihe verb.

They sat outside ffit was sunny.

 ill - sick rr9

§ unlikely situations ,]

You use if to talkabout thingsthat will probably not happen, You

use the past simple.

ftfrightenedthem,they mightrun offand I would never sgethem again,

rr in reported questions :]' ,': : -

You us_e if when you are reporting a question where theanswer is

'yes' or'no'. For example, if you say to someone'Can l help you?', you
canreportth.isbysaying..!askedher:[lcouldhelpherl

Heaskedne,tltspokeFrench., ]

i!l - sick
E 'ill'and'sick'
lll and sick are both used to say that someone has a disease or
some other problem With their health.

Davisisitt,
Your uncleisvery sick.

lá

To be sick mean5 to bring up food from your gtomach.

l think l'm going to be sick,

tl 'feel sick'

Tofeel,sick means to feel that you want'to'be sick.

Flying atways makes mefeel sick.
l4o lmaglne
imagine
!f r7ou imagine a situation, you think about it and form a picture or
idea of it in your mind.

Try to imaginevou're sitting on a cloud,

You can use an :ing'form after imagine.

She coatd not imogine living without Daníet.

immediateIy
lf something happens immediately, it happens without delay,

l haveto got0 Brighton immediatetY,lt'svery urgent.

lf somethi n g happens immediately after somethinq else, it

happens as 5oon a5 the other thing is finished.

He had to see a customer immedíately after lunch,

lf immediately above something else, it is aboveit

something is
immediately in a similarwaywith
and very closeto it. You can use
otherprepositÍonssuchasunder'opposlteandbehind

This man sat down ímmediately behind me,

im migratiOn -r see emigration - immigratlon -mígration

im portant
lf something is imPortant, you feel that you must have, do, or
think about it,

Thisisthe mostimportant portOf the job.

 ln T4-|

ln
lI used to say Where something is

You use.in to saywhere sorneon:e or somethi!,g is, or where

sometf}in§ happens,,

colin was in the bath,

t wanted ttplayin the garden.
Mark now lives in Singápore.

+seealsotopic: Places

§ used to saywhere something goes,

You use in to mean'into a place'.

She opened her baE ond put her diary in.

ln can sometimes mean'into'. : _. ,

she threw both letters in the bin.

-+ see into

§§ used to talk about time

You use in to say how long something takes.

He learned to drive in six months.

You use ín to talk about a particular year,, íT]onth, §eason or part of

the day.

lwasb,arn tnD7z. ', ] ' ,

w indoor

EI used to mean'wearing'
You can use in to say what someone is wearing.

who ísthe woman in the red dress?

+ see wear - in
,:

indoor

indoors - indoor- outdoors - outdoor

lI'indoors' and'outdoorc'
']
-,.lndws an,outdoor§ are adverbs;'lf,sorlrethirig happens indoors,
it happens inside a building. lf it happens outdoors, it does not
happen+n a building.

l spent all the evenings indoors.

schooí classes were held oatdaars.

tf you go indoors, y,ou go.lntga b_p ild ing.

Let|s ga ind,oots,
 infor,mailon,-n€W5 J43

§! lindoor' and'outdoort
lndoorand outdoorare adjectives used in front of a*t,oún. You use
indoorto describe something that is done or used inside a lruilding
an:d: outdoor to deseri be so m eth n g that s d one or,u sed outside
i i "

...i ndoor swimming pools.

...an outdoor play area.

i nformatioi! -,:nglly5,

. tnforiintion means facts aboutsomeohe oisomethin9. Y,ou say

thatyougivepeopleinformation, ',' ..,
l.'
Pat did notgrueher anu inforrnatiqn aboiutSarah.'':]''

You referto information about something oron something.

lZ like som;e ínformation qboat trains, please.

l'm afradthatl have noinformation onthat,

§ 'news'

Oon|t usejnf,qrEation to_talk_about descr:iptions of recent events

in newspapeis or on televi§ion or radio. The word you use jsnews.

ltwcsonthenqilsat8.p:_:_ , :, ::. ].,l, ,

lM in spite of - despite
in spíte of - despite
Il 'in spite of '

You use in spite of when you are talking about a faetthat makes
the rest of what you ar:e saying sound surprising. The spelling is in
spiteof, not'ffieoí'.
ln spite of hisiltness, myfatherwas always cheerful,

§ 'despíte'

Despite means the same as in spite of , Don't use'of ' after despite.

instead - instead of
lI 'instead'
lnstead is an adverb. You use it when you are sayin:g that sorneone
does something rather Lhan doing something else.

Jud1l did not answer,'lnstead shelooked outaf thetaxiwindow.

fl 'instead of '

lnstead of, is a,preposition, You.use itto introduce something that

is in the place of someth.ing else.

Why not haveyour meal at seven o'clockinstead of five o'ctock?

You cansaythat someone does somethinginstead'óf doing

something else.

You shoutd watkto work iistead of diving.

 interested,- inter:esting r+5

instead of +seeimtead - instead of

intentiOn t see meaning - intention- opinion

interested - i nterestin g
§ 'interested' ,

lf you .want to know more about somethingloí soíl1:€or}p, }ou can

saythatyou areinterested in them.

t am very interested in wlitics.

lf you wantto do something, you can,say that you are interested

in doing it.

l was interested in seeíngdifferent kinds of film.

§ 'interesting" ,, : ]

Don't confuse interested with interesting, You say that someone

or something is interesting because you want,to know rnore
about them.
l|6 interesting
i nte re Sti n g + see interested - interesting

You use the preposition into to talk about movement of some kind.
You use into to say where someone or something goes, or where
you put something.

t wen;í into the church. : ' '

However, in front of here and there, you use in, not'into'.

come in here,

Afterverbs meaning'put','throw','drop', or'fall', you can use into or

ln with the same meaning,

Witliam putthe tüter ínto his pocket.

He locked the b^g and put the key ín his packet.

ínvite .l , .

lf you invite someone to a party or a meal, you ask them to come

to it.

He invited Alexander to dinner.

l invited herto my putv,

When you ask someone to do something enjoyable, you can say

that you invite them to do it.
 it ,+*7

]_
i r:ritated ] -) . se€ neruous -.]anxÍoüs
:
-irrÍtated

ít
:] -
§§

You use it to talk about an object, animal, or other thing that has
just been mentioned.

,:,atraywíth gLasses on it. :

§§ used totalk about situations

you can also use it to talk about a situation, fact, or experience.

l like it here.
She was frightened, but tried not to show it.

§ used with verbs like !be' and''become'

You use itfollowed by be to saywhat the tirne; day, or date ís,

lt's seven o'clock.

lt'sSunday marning.

You use it followed by a linking verb like be or become to descrilre

Itwasvery cald.
lt became dark.
 148 its - Ít's

it's -+ see its - it's

its - it's
ll 'its'
' You use Íts to show that something lrelongs to a thing, place or
animal.

He held the knife by its handle.

The horse raised [2E-ead ,

:j: . . .
§litrst
:

It's three o'clock,

lt's been very nice talking to You,
Jam
+see marmalade-jam - jelly

jelIy
+ see marmalade - jam -jelly

job ..
+ see posítio6 - pqst - job

Journey-trlp-Voyage
ll 'journey'

A,jotrneyisan occasion when you tr_,av€l trom one placeto

another.

...a jg!!!1yof over z,ooo miles.

ül 'trip,
A trip is an occasion when you travel from one place to another,
stay there for a short time, and come back again,

...a busi ness tri p to Mil an.

El 'voyage'
A voyage is a lon g jou rney from one place to another i n a shi p or
spacecraft.

The ship's voyage is over.

...thevovageto the,maan in p7z.
iso just

g llerUs, usea wíth Jqurney'"trí§..lnd'voyage'

you ean,rnake a jqu l.n cy tfip:o; ygo*n, or]99 ün a j ou r"ney,,trip o r
VsYage. ]

on a j!!!!E to London,
sp e cí a l fiBt oYo r]tshi re Ia vi sít ttx em -

just
You usejustto sa} tnatso_rnething.happened a very short tíme
ago. British speakers usually use the present perfect with just. For

ryljgfurughta nw housg.

Amerieatspeakel,§tJsqaillfü5e+he1rá§Esigrpl.e _ lnstead of sayiag

ll]ve just.arrived] they say 1iust arrived

l ju rt b roke the pi nk bowl.

 |(
keep
The past tense form and past participle of keep is kept, not lkeeped'.

§ storing

lf you keep something,sornewhere, you store it in that,place.

Pl staying in a particular state

You can use keep followed lry an adjective to talk about staying in a
particular state; For example, if you'keep someone warm', you
make thern stay warm. lf so_meone'kee.ps warm', they stay warm.

The noise outslde keplthem gwake.

t;@rj!!
Thqt h ave to h u nt fo r faod

§§ used with an'-lng'form l ,. : :

Keep can be used in two different ways with an l=ing'form,

You can use it to say that som€thin9 happens again and again,

The phonekeeps ringing

My mother keeps asking questíons,

You can also use it to say that something continues to happen and
does,notstop.

l turned bmk after a while, but he kept watking.,

152 l<now

know
§ beíng aware of facts
lf you knowthat something is true, you are aware that it is a fact
The past,tenseform of knowisknew, not'knowed'.The past
participle isknown.

t knew that shewas studyíng at law school.

u 'l know'

lf someone tells you something that you already know, don't say'|
lenew-it', Say'! know'.

'T h at' s n ot th eí r fa u lt, Pete r.' -'Ye s,.l kn ow.'

l§ being famitiarwith things and people

lf you knowa person, place, orthing, you arefamiliarwith them.

Do you know David?

He knew London well.
Do-youknow,the poem-Kubla Khan'?

'know howto'

lf you know how to do something, you have learnt how to do it.

Do you know how to drive?

ladY +seewoman - lady

large + see big - large

last - lastly

§X 'tastl used as an adjective

The last thing, ev€nt, or person is the one that comes after allthe
others.
:

He missed the last bus.

They metfor th-elast time just before the war.

§ 'Iast'us§d as an adveib
lf something last happened on a particular occasion, it has not

We last saw him nineyears ago.

lf an event is the final one in a series, you can say that it happens

He added the milk]ast,

Et '!ast'with time expressions

you uie last in front of a word such as week, month, chriitrnas or :

attrumn to talk about a date or aperiod o,f time befo re the p resent one.

I saw him lastw,eek. ': '

she died last autumn,

+ see topic:Times of the day

154 lastlt7

Lastly is used for the final item in a list.

Lastty I would líke to ask about your future ptans,

lastly + see last - lastly

late-lately : ,. :,.:
§'late'
Late can be an adjective oranaüerb. -

lf you are late for something, you arrive afterthe time that was
arranged.

l wasten minutesiaíefor my appointment. ,

You can also say that someone arrives tate.

Etta arrived late.

§ 'lateIy'

You use tat€l!.to saythát:something hasbeen,happening since a

Short time ago.

We haven'tbeen getting on so welt !a!ety.

 learn - teach 155

\. latelY + seelate- tately

lay - Iie
§'lay:
Lay is a transitive verb, and it is also a past tense forrn of lie.

lf you lay something somewhere, youput itthere carefuJly. The

otherforms of lay al,e lays,laying, taid,
':
Lay a sheet of newspaper on the íloor.
l carefutly laid Marianne down onthesafl,

El 'lie'
Lie is an intransitive verb.

lf you lie somewhere, |ou ale in aflat position, not standing or

sitting.The otherforms of lie in this meaning are lies, lying,lay,lain.

She Pyon the bed, reading.

Thebaby was lying onthetable.

lf you lie, you say orwrite]something thatyou know is not true.

When lie is used in this meaning, its otherforms are Lies, lying, Iied,

He liedta me.
Sh e w as su re th atTh om as w a s lvi n g.

learn - teach
lt 'Iearn'

When you learn something, you obtain,knowledge ot askillas a

result of studying or training.

The pasttensetorrnand pastparticjpJeof learn íslearned: ln British

English, tearnt isalso used.
156 l,€nd
to skí i n the Al ps,
We f, rst learned
He had never learntta read and write.

El 'teach'
Don,tsaythatyou.learn,someone5omethingor.learn,them.how
to do something. The Word you use is teach. The past tense form
and past participle of teach ista,ugtlt, not'teached|. , ,

Mother ta a ght rne haw to read -

lf you teach a subject, you explain itto people as yourjob.

l taught history for many years.

You can either say that you teach someone somethin9 or thatl/ou
teach something to someone.

..-the man thattaught urEng]Eh at school.

- t found alob teachíng tngtish toa,group of adult!ín.paris. ,

lf you teach someone to do somethin9, you give them instructions

50 that they knoW how to do it.

Boyl an tau ght hi m to drive,

let - +seeallow-let
+ see hire - rent - let

let's - let us
§'!et's': making, asugg€stion

Let's is short for'let us'. lt is used to make suggestions for you and
sorneorte else, and is fóllowed lrv an infi n itive without'to'. :

Let's go outside.
 líe 157
lf you are saying that you and someone else should not do
something, you say let's not.

Let's n[t talk aboutthat.

§ 'let us': talking about permission or asking for information

When you are talking about you and someone else lreing allowed to
do somethin9, you use let us.

They woul dn't let ursl eep.

Lét us is also used ín the phrase let us know to ask forl iníorrnation
alrout something.

Let us know what,progress has been made.

let US -) see let! - let us

lilrrary - lrookshop
§§'library' ,. :

A library is a building where books are kept for people to use or

borrow.

H e often we nt to th e p ubli c libra ry.

§§ 'bookshop'

ln Britain, a shop where you buy books is called a bookshop, not a

'library'. lnAmerica, it is called aöookstore

You workin a bookshop, don'tyou?

lie -+seelay- Iie

ls8 like

§§ 'like'

lf you like someone or something, you find them pleasant or

attractive j - ]

She\ a niee gtIl. t iike her.

He liked the room, which was large.

lf you e nj oy a n activity, yotj can,say that yo u.llke doing.it.

llikereading, .
: : : ,],
You can add very much to emphasize how much you tike someone
or something

t líke him very much,

t like drtvingvery much. , ,:

someone asks r7ou if you like something, you can say],Yes, l do]
lf
Don't say'\€sÍ}ikeJ

'Do you like walking| -'Yes t do, l love it.'

 |,isten to t59

§§'wouldtike'
You say'Would you Iike...?'when you are offering something to
someone, or inviting someone to do somethjng.

Would you like some coffee?

Would you liketo meet him?

You ean sayl!'d like,..'when yQu are askíngforsomething in a shop

or a café.

t'd like some apples, please,

likealrle - seesympathetíc- nice- tikeable

l f you listen !o 5o meth i n g or so fi] eo ne,yo u pay qttention to th e i r

sound orvoice.

Lísten carefully to what he says.

Don't confuse listen and hear. lf you hear something, you lrecome
aware of itwithouttrying, lf you li§tentosome:thing,. you
deliberately pay attention to it.

I heard a noise.

--r see hear

160 little-alittle
little _ a Iittle
§§ 'a little',

A little is used in front of uncountable nouns to talk about a small

quantity or amount of something.

l had made a little pragress.

El 'litt!e,
lfyou use little in front of a noun, you are emphasizin9 that there is
n ot enóu 9 h of so rneth i n g. Fo r exa,m pl e, if you say'We got á little
help from them', you mean that they gave you some help. |f you say
'We got little help from them', you mean that they did not give you
enoÚgh help.

lt is ctearthat li1tte progress was made.

E! 'not much'
A little and little are s|ightlyformal. ln conversation, not much is
used instead. Forexample, instead of say,ing'l have little money',
you say'l havenlt got much money' or'l don't hevé ínuch
money'.

l haven't got much workto do.

We don't have much time.

long
l! used to talk about length

You use long when you are talking about the length of something

...an area upto3ooofeetlong and goafeetwide.

How tang is that side ofthetriangle?
 lool< 16r

§ talkingaboutdistance
You use a long wayto talkabout alarge distance ftrrm one place to
another.

lt's a longwavfrom hereto Birmingham,

l n q ue-stions or negative sentences, you use far.

l s the school fufrom here?

lt was not fa r to walk ba ck to our hotel.

E* used to talk.about time

You use a long time to talk about a large amount of time.

We may be here a longtime.

ln questions or negative sentences, you can use long as an adverlr

to mean'a long time'.

Areyou stayíng tong?

You]eanalsg saltoo long orlong enough. :'

He's been here too long.

Yo u' v e b ee n h er e l o n g3!9!üto kn ow w h at w e' r e I í ke,

Iook
ll 'look at'

lf someone dírects their eyes towards something,you saythat they

look at it.

La n g I o oked at hís w otch.

762 loo!< after - look for

lf you want to say that someone shows a particular feelin9 when

they lool( at someone or something, you show this usin9 an
adverb.

)enna looked sadtv at the floor.

W used to mean'seem'
Look can also be used with an adjective to mean'seem'or'appear'.

You tookvery pale.

Seth I o oked di sa p p oi nte d

look after- lookfor

& 'look after'

lf you look aftersomeone orsomething, you take care of them.

She will look after the chíldren during their holidays.

El 'Iook for'

lf you look for someone or something, you try to find them.

He looked for his shoes under the bed.

+ see also search - look for

 lOt 163

l0,Ok'fOti,,, +see.lookafter..- lgokíhr

+ see also search - look for

lOOkfO:rward'to, " ,, - ':].:j.-:

,... ', ]
,. , , ,

§ trsea rríth a ncrun ',

lf youare looking forward to something thatyou aregoing to

experiene€,youaregleasedsrexcitedabout]jt. , , ,, ,, .,- .
They were'Iooking forulard ta the summer holi days.

w :usedwith an'ing'form
Yel:,can say thatyou look forward to doing something,

l lookforward to seeing you inWashington,

lot
*,i'l'"'f'and'Iol-s_,oj' ]]
... ,,. ,.,,,, ....,,.. , ., ,...,.] .

You usealoG,of or]lotsof i]n front oía noulr.whenyouaretalking

about a large number or amount of people or things. Lots of is

Alot of peoptethought itwasfunny.

You\te got lglgftime.
When you use a lot of or lots of in front of a plural noun, you use a
$4 lucky - happy
pluralform of a verb with it- lf you usethem in front of an
uncountable noun, you use a singularform ofthe verb.

Alotof people cometo our classes.

Lots of timewas spent playing wíth these toys : ,

El 'a lot'

You use a lotWithout a noun to talk about a large quantitt7 or

amount of something.

l've leIrnt a lot.

You also use a lot as an adverlr to mean'toagreatextent'or'often'.

You like Ralph a lot, don'tyou?

They talka lEt about polítícs

lucky- happy
Il '!ucky'

You saythat someone is tuckywhen something nice happens to

them, orwhen they always seem to have good luck.

Thelucki winnerswere given r5ooo each.

fl 'happy'

Don't usellucky'to say that someone feels pleased and satisfied.

The word you use is happy.

Sarah's such a happy person - she's always laughing,

Barbarafeltvery happy.

lUnCh Jseetopic:Meals
mad
§ stupid

ln conversation, you can saythata stupid action orsu9gestion is

mad.

Yo u' r e g oi n g to swím i n th 0t w ate r ? Yo u m u st be mad l

That'sa madidea,

El angry
ln conversation, mad can also mean'angry', lf you go mad, you
become an9ry. lf yOu are mad at someone, you are angry with
them. When you use mad in this way, don't put it in front of a noun.

Mum went mad when l totd her.

He's mad at me becaus.e I broke his computer.

iaü mentally ill

lf someone has an illness that makes them lrehave in strange ways,

you s h o tt d n ot say that they are'mad'. You s h ou ld say that.they a re
l

mentalIy i!l.

susan ís mentallY itt.

...thetreatínent of mentallY ill patients.

made from -_ made of - made out of

II 'made from'

lf one thing is made from another thing, the first thing is produced
 166 made of
from the second thing, and the seconJ thing is chan§ed completely
in the proces, '. "
Most wine is made from grapes.

, E 'made of '

lf something was used to produce another thíng, and ít was not

completely changed,:US€ ínád€ of. Don't use'made from',

The hutwas made of logs.

St 'made out of '

lf something was produced from anotherthing in an unusualway,

use made out of.

He was wearíng a hat mad,e out afan old coat.

made Of -)seemadefrom-madeoí-madeoutof

made out of -r see madefrom- made of - madeout of

ma9azine - shop
§ 'magazine' .

A magazine is a thin llookwith storígs and picturesthat you can

lruy every week or every month.

l often readfashion magazines

EI 'shop'
Don't use'magazine'to talk about a place where you buy things.
The word you use is shop.

l workin a clothes shop,

 make ,s67

rnainlY -+seegenerally-mainly

make
The past tense form and past participle of make is made.

*§ doing and saying things ] ,

YÓu can use make when you want to saythat someone does or
says something. For example, if someone su99ests something, you
can say that they make a suggestion. lf someone promises
so methin g,;, you, can say,that they makea pro m ise.

l made the wrong decísion..

ln tg7S he made his Frst visíü t o Australia,

Here is a líst of common nounsthatyou can usewith mate in this

Way:
arrangement plan
choice point
comrnent promise
decision sound
effort speech
mistake suggestion

You use'make'onlywhen you are:mentioning a particulaf action.

When you are talking generally about action, you use do.

Whathaveyou done?

H erealingand,:producingthíngs,, .,

1f you make an object or substance, you creatb or produce it. :

Sheila makes all her own clothes. . ,

You can also say that someone makes a meal or a drink.

l made his breakfast.

168 í.íJáF!,''

-)5ee6ook l-,!_ :,:i:,,.:_: .

ryou createor Broducésomethingforanother person, you cansay that

you make someol€ soínething, or mqke somet-hing f(r s_omeone

I have madeyau a drink,

My grandmother ryaie tfil5 !!9r§ fgí ft|p,,,,..,.,,,

+,seealso-brand -.mak
'1: .:'

man _->see,topie,;TalFingjaÜ6lft fi etr,a@-.Utt.9+nt*n

manage =Elíf3l1§€ ,

: lf you manage todo something, you succeed in doinqiL:

M a nuel ito ma n O g€a w e5 cgp E.

How dídyau managetn dothat\

'artEtlge'

. l- -

'ma,n.kind -> see topic: TalkÍng about men end-Wortén

 manv É9
many _:

.:- ,

You use meny in front of a plural noun when you are asking about
numbers of peop|e of things. ' , .

. How many brothers andsisters úowuhcve?

Et negative statements
You use not
". malry
in negative statements when you are talking
about a small number of people or thin9s.

He doesní have manv frimds

§! po§tive§tatements ] :

You can also use many in positive statements when you are talking
alrout a large nu mber of people or th ings,

Many people disagreedwith him.

ln conversation, people often use a lot of or lots of instead of

many.

l have a lotofbooks.

EI'manyof'
You use many of in front of a plural pronoun, or in front of a
deterrniner,such asthe or his followed by a plural noun-

, Many of them had to leave.

How man,y oíhí:sb;ng|shoveyoy read?
 77o íTldrtnálade -jam -jelly
marmalade -jam -jelly
lI 'marmalade'
Marmalade is a,sweet food mad e from oranges,,l emon s; li mes, or
grapefruit, People often spread it on bread.

We had tolst and marmaladefor brea;kfast.

El 'jam'
Jam is a sweet food made from other fruit such as blackberries,
strawberries, or apricots.

My wife madethis delicious strawberry jcm.

El 'je!ly'

§F tnnmerican English, afood tikethis is often called:,jetly

..,a raspberry jelly sandwích.

marriage - w€dd,ing
II 'marriage'
Marriage is the state of being married, orthe relationship between
a huslrand and wife.

He had three children from his flrst marriage.

They had a happy marriage

El 'wedding'
You don't usually use'marriage'to talk about the ceremony in
which two people get married, Theword Vou use iswed|ing,

t was iniited to Paul and Sue's wedding.

 match 171

married - marry
Il 'married to'
lf you are married to someone, that person is your huslrand orwife.

Her daughter ís married to a Frenchman,

ÍI 'marry'
When you marry someone, you become their husband or wife
during a special ceremony.

lwantt0 marry him.

'get married'

marry +see married - marry

match
lf one thing has the same colou r or pattern as another thing, you
say that the fi rst thing matches the other thin9.

atch ed th e cu rtai ns.

Th e l a m psh a des m
Do these shoes match my dress?
172 matter

matter
§ 'What'sthe matt€r?'

You can say Whatls the, matter? to ask alrout a problem or

difficulty.

What's the matter:? You seem unha ppy.

§ 'lt doesn't matter'

When someone apologizes to you, you can say'!t doesn't matter.'

Don't say'Nematter'.

'l'm sorry, l've spilled some milk.' -'lt doesn't matter.'_

may --t see might - may

me - myself
You use me to talk about yourself. Me can be the object of a verb or
a preposition.

Hetotd me aboutit.
tle looked at ne angrily,
 " meaning
- intention - opinion w

The past tense.form and past paiticiple,of mean,is ntecnt /IJdiemtl ,

not'meaned'.

You usemetn when you are talking aboutthe,m9anin9,ofa,wo,rd:.

or expression

Wkft/trles: 9grl:
'
U nab] e' mea ns' nat able'.

lf fou minn,tod-o§§fflethi ; ygu itttend t§de it:

I'msarryl didn|tmeantóhurtyoa, .. ..:,. :..,. .:,

E 'meaning'

The meaning of a word or expression is the thing or idea that it

The word'set' has many different meanings.

,, ::. .] : ,::.:,a a .

El |iÉention'
Don]t use ureaning to say whatsomeene.int§ndsto,d,a- §.o#t say,
 774 media

for example, 'l |er meaning was te . Say lHér

intention was to leave before midnight'.

MY intentionisto retire nextyear,

- §'opinion'
\

Don't uSe'meaning'to saywhat someone thinks about something.

Don't say, for example,
meaningr'Say'l think he should resign. What's youropinionl'

media
You can call television, radio, and newspapers the media.

Hetold his storytothe media.

ln conversation; s,oííl€ people use a singularfqrrn of a ver-lr with the

media.

The media.iífull of pictures of worried familíes,

ln formalwriting, however, you should use a plural form of a verb.

The media have nnt commlentedl on the story..

memOrY .+seesouvenir-memory

mentiOn + seecomment- mention - remark

might - may
You can use might or may to say that it is possible that something
is true or will happen in the future. May is more formalthan might.

They stitl hopethathe mightbe alive.

 mind v5
lt may rain tomorrow.
I might go t0 London next year.

You can use could in a similarway.

'Where's Jack?' -'He could be upstairs"'

You use might not or may not to say that it is possible that
something is not true. ln conversation, you can also use the short
form mightn't,

He might not bein England at all.

That mightn'tbetrue.

mig ratiOíl + seeemigration - immigration - migration

million -rseehundred-thousand-million

mind
§I 'make up your mind'
When someone decides to do something, you can say that they
make up their mind to do it.

She made up her mindto writeta Frances.

176 mistal(e

El 'don't mind'

lf you have no olrjection to doing something, you can say that you
don't mind doing it.

l don't mind walkinq,

You can show that you do not olrjec,t to a situation or suggestion by

saying'l don't mind'.

'Doyouwantmeto invite Marcín| -'I don't mind,if youwantto.'

ltwas raininq, buthe dídn't mínd,

mistake
§§ 'místake '

Amistake is somethin9 that is not correct. You say that someone

makes a mistake.

He made a terrible rnistake,

Tony madethree spett'tng rntttakelin his essay.

&| 'by mistake'

Don't say that someone does something ?nmistake'. Say that theV
do it by mistake. ]
 mOre v7

Don't use'mistake'to talk about somethipg wrong ina machine.

Use fault.

There's afaultin one of the.appliancx.

Money is the coins or.lrank notes that you useto liuythings.

Cars cost a lot of money.

She spendstoo much money on clothes,

After money you use a singular form of a verb.

Money isn'tímportant.

§§ 'more'and'moreof '

You use more or more of to show thatyou are talking about a

larger number of people orthin9s, or:an additional number of
people or things.

You can use more in front of lroth plural and uncountable nouns.

We sold more carsthisyearthan lastyear.

We need more'tnforr t

You use more of in front of a pronoun or a determiner (such asthe

or his).

M'ore af them are getting jlbs.

178 mornlng
Hewantsto spend more of histimewíth his children.

§ 'morethan'

lf you want to show that there is a larger amou nt of someth in9 than
a particular number, you use more than in front of the number.

My husband died mgrethantwenblwlrs ago.

' Políce arrested moiethan seventv people.

Youuseapluralformofa,vertr:aftermoí€ han. ] : :.]

Mgrethanrco peoplewere otthe party. , : ,,

!e! 'more' used in comparatives

You can use more to form comparative adjectives and adverbs.

You use more in front of adjectives that have,two orrnore slllalrles.
You use more in front of most adverbs that end ín :ly'.

Lov e i s m o re i m wrta nt, th a n money.

mOrnin9 _seetopic:Timesoftheday

most
II 'most'and'móst of '

You use most ormogt of to showthatyou are talking aboutthe

largest part oramount of people oí things,

You use most in front of plural nouns..,

 mUCh vg
Most peoplethink he is a great actor.

You use rnost of:in front of a pronoun or a determiner (such as the

or his).

Most of us have strong views on politics,

He spends most of his time in the library.
Most, of Roberta's friends came to the party,

§
Ét 'most' used in superlatives

You can also use most to form superlative adjectives and adverlrs.
You use the most in front of adjectives that have two or more
syllables. You use most in front of most adverbs that end in !|y'.

He is the mast intelliqent man l know,

The dísease spreads most easily ín dirty conditions,

move +seeremove- move

much
§! 'very much'
You usevery much to emphasizesomething.

l enjoyed itvery much

r8o mUCh

'mLtch' meaning'often'

You can use much in negative sentences and questions to mean

'often'.

she daesn'ttalk aboutthem rnuch.

Does he come here much?

§ 'much' used with comparatives

You can use much in front of comparative adjectives and adverbs

when you Wantto emphasize the difference between two thin9s.

shewas much olderthan me.

No* t frrt Ulrn r9!9l9!í!rrt.
H 'much' used in front of a noun

You use much in front of an uncountable noun when you are

talkin9 about a large amount of something, Much is usually used
like this in negative sentences, in q uestions, or after too, so, or as.

There isn't much danger.

lsthis goingtp make much difference?
lt gave the Presidení,too much power.
 mUSt r8t

ln positive sentences, you don't,usually use'much'in this way.

lnstead, you use a lot of.

I did a lotof workattheweekend"

must
§ saying that something is necessary .

You can use must, have to or need to in order to sa\1 that

l mustleavesoon.
W, trrl,s]g"srt up early tomorrow.
l need to make a phone call, :

yQu use must not or mustn't to say that it is important that

something is not done.

We mustn'tforgetto call Mum.

§ saying that something is not necessary or important

l82 mYSelf
§! sayíng that you believe sométhing is true
you use must to say that you strongly believe that something is
true, because of particularfacts,

Claire's car isn'tthere, so she must be atwork.

myself + see me - nryself

nation
N
You use nátion to talk about a country or the peop|e who live there
in a ratherformalway, especially when you are talkin9 about

For a tong time, Brttain was the most pawerful nation an earth,
He appealed to the nation for catm.

ln more genepl situations, you sayGountry;

ln myjob, I travel alloverthe country.

nationality
You use nationality to say what country someone legally belongs to.

He's got British nationolity.

nature
E 'nature'

Natüre is used to talk about all the animals, plants and things that
happen in the world that are not made or-caused lry people.

The most qmazing thing about nature i s its variety.

When nature has this meaning, don't use'the'in front of it.

§§ 'the country'

USethe country orthe countryside to talkabout land that is

away from towns and cities. Don't use'natu re' for this mean n g. i

We live in the country.

I've always loved the English countryside.
t84 need
need
__ /
II 'need' ""|'
"i

lf you need something, it is necessary foryou to have it.

lneedmaneyforfood. .

The negative form isdo,ngtneed or.donlt need

The letter did ftot need her signatare,

l don't need any help, thankyou,

a 'need to do'

líyou need to do something, it is necessary for you to do it,

Yau needtoworkhard if youwantto passVour exams.

lf something is not necessary, you saythatyou don't need to do it

ordo not need tp do it.

You don't needto shout,

She ddes not need to worry about us.
 neither t85

§§ 'must not' ]

Must not has a different meaning" lf you want to say that it is

necessary for someone not to do something, you use must not or
mustn't.

You must not accept it.

we m u stn' t fo rg et' th e ke4s.

i see must

neither
You use neither or neither of to make a negative statement about
two people orthíngs.

ll 'neither'

. You useneitherinfrontofasingularnoun.

Neither man spoke or moved.

You useneitherof infrontof a plural pronounora plural noun

phrase beginning a determiner such as the,,these, his or lts,, , .

Neither of them spokefor severalmoments.

Neither ofher parents said anything.

EE adding a clause

After a negatíve statement, you can use neither at the beginning

of the next sentence or clause to show that this statement is also

t di d n' t invite th em.' -' N either did I.'

'

He'tI neverforget ít, and rte'ttlterw'tlt we.

 186 nervous - anxious - irritated
nervous - anxious - irritated
Il 'nervous'
lf you are nervous, you are frightened orworried about something
- that you are going to do.

Mv son is neruous about starting school.

El 'anxious'
lf you are worríed about something that mi9ht happen to someone
else, you say that you are anxious.

lt's time to be going hame - your mather will be anxíous.

§§ 'irritated'

lf something annoys you, you say that you are irrltated lry it.

Perhapsthev were irritated by the sound o:f cryíng.

never +seetopic:Negatives

neWS -+seeinformation-news

next
you use next in front of words such as week, month, weekend,
Monday or}une to talk about a date or a period of time that iS
directly afterthe present one:

l'm getting narried next month.

He said hewould be seventy-ftve nextApril.
Let's have lunch together nextWednesday.
 nothing ,l&

flt€B:

nig,ht

noise

noRe
.

fl9-GRe -+seetopic tl4atives

+ see topic North, South Ea§t andWest

+:-]::_-__a,.j ]__:

northern -> seetopie: North, §grith; Eastenaupit

not -+seet..gpic:NegaÜves

nothing Jseetopic: Negatives

 I88 now
noW
ll 'now'

Now'is usually usedtocontr:ast a,situation in the present with an

. earlier situation,

She gradually built up energy and is now backto normal,

Now hefeIt safe.

El 'right now'and'just now'

ln conversation, you use right now orjust now to say that a
situation exists at present, although it may change in the future,

l'm very busy just now.

:

You also use now or right now to emphasize that something is

happening at this moment, or rnust happen immediately.

She's herewith us rightnow.

He wants you to comé and see him now, ín hís room.

lf you saythatsomething happenedjust now, you mean that it

happened a very short time ago.

Di d yo u feel the shi p move jy4 rlow,?

nOWhere -+seetopic: Negatives

olrligation - duty
l3'obligation' and,'duty'
lf you say that someone has,an obligation to do something or a
dutyto do somethin9, you mean that they should do it.

He fett no obligation to invite her for dinner.

Perhapsitwashis dutvto informthe police of whathehad seen.

El 'duties'
Your duties are the things that you do as part ofyourjob.

He was busy with his official duties.

lI 'occasion'

An occasion is a time when something happens.

I remember the occasion vividly.

You often saythatso,rnething happenson a particular occasign.

I met him only on one occasion,

An occasion is also an important event, ceremony; or celebration.

Theweddingwas a happy occasion

§§'opportuníty' and'chance'
:

Don't use 'occasion'to talk about a situation in which it is possible

forsomeone to do something. Use opportunityorchance. .
r9o occul'
'

meaihg him oneda:1,

You rnay havethe appofturtW of
sheWJtthephonedownbeforelha!:,a.!!qce,toreplv.

--+ see chance

occur -| see happen -,tate plaee:=;ilc(n[Irt , . - ,, ,,..

Of is used to show and relationships

possession betvrrcen people or
things:.,,'-, , ':::.] ,,, :,

,,,the home of a sociolggy professor.

,..the sister ar the Duke of tJr:bífto,

You can use of in frorrt of mlne, his, hers, ours, yourc orthelrs.

l&u :don:t ustratlyuse.jof!,i.rr,ft ontoí.aamsor.veqrshort-noun,,

ph rases. l.nstead yo u u se's. For example, d on't say'th€€af€f+h€-
ffiafi'. Say'the man's car'.

l heard Ratph\voke behind me,

lf you-off,brsom€tn"ingtosomeone,youaskther,rj-if theywantto
have it or use it.
 Old I9r

He offered me,a biscuít.

El 'give'
lf r7ou put somethin9 in someone's hand and they take it, don't say
thatyou |offer' it to th€m.Say that.you gfu€ itto th€m: ] :

Sh e g av e Mí n nie th e kals.

lf you offer to do something, you say that you are willing to do it.

He offered to take her home in a taxi.

Zl 'invite'
lf someone asks you to do something enjoyalrle, don.t say that they
'offer'you to do it. Say th:atthey ínviteyou to do it.

He invited me lo came to the next rneetíng.

old
§ tdringaboutage
Old is used to state the age of a person or thin9, For example, you

twenty-ni ne yea rs,ol,d.

M ary is
. The boneswere6,Qaoyears old.

You can also describe someone as, for example, 'a forty-yeiar-o]d
rnan'. Don'tsa,y'a{or§pye,arsoi* n

Sue lives with her frve-year-old son.

El askingaboutage
You use how old to ask about the age ofa person orthin9.
r92 on
How old areyou?
How old istheTaj Mahal?

El 'old'and'elderly'
You can also useold to descrilre people or things that have lived or
existedforaverylongtime.
:,,,:
.He looked really old.
Her wardrobes were full of old clothes.

' , ._:],

Elderly is a more polite word to describe old people.

l lookafter my elderty mother,

§ old friends

An old friend is someone who has lreen yourfriend for,a long time.
He or she is not necessarilr7 an old person.

We visíted some old friends.

on
ll used to say where something is

lf something is on a surface, it is touching or.supported,by it.

Therewere several photographs on his desk,

§i used to say where something goes

You can u5e on to say where someone or something falls or is put.

Hefell onthefloor.
I put a hand on his shoulder.

Onto is used in a similarway.

Hethrew the envelope onto his desk.

 OnC€ t93

El used to talk about vehicles

You use on with names of vehicles such as a bus, train or aeroplane.

Ceorge got on the bus with us.

l met him on the train tovienna.

§ used totaak about tíme,,

You say that somethin9 happens on a particular day or date.

We are going seethe play on Friday.

Caro was born on Aprilrcth.

+ see alsotopic: timesof,theday..

once
ll 'once'

You use once to say that something happened one time in the past.

I once spent a night in that hotet.

l have naner forgotte.f, her, though l saw her only once.

You also use once to say that something was true in the past,
although it is nolongertrue, ln this meaning, once usually goes
after be or an auxiliary verb, or at the end of a sentence.

,
They wereoneevery good-fríends, but now.they never seeeach other,
she had been a teacher once.

2l 'at once'

lf you do something at once, you do it immediate{y.

She stopped playing atnnce.

194 one

one .

You can use on€instead of a,singularnoun when you have already

mentioned the noun. Forexample, instead of saying'+ye*wan*a
ffi', you say'lf you Wanta drink, l1lg€tyou
one'.

Sheisnota model,butshelookslikeone. ::

you can use one or,ones instead of a noun that follows an

adjective.

l gotthistrumpetforthirty pounds.lt's quite a Eood one..

,

He earns money by buying old houses and buíldíngnew ones.

Which dress doyou prefer? I líkethered ane.

You can also use one after words such as this, each, that, my or
another.

We need a smallerfridge.Thís one'stoo big.

She had a plate of soup,thenwentbackfor another one.

-) see also topic:Talking about men and women

one a nother + see each other- one another

only
.

You use only in front of a noun or one to say that something is true
about one person' thíng, or group and'not true about anyone or
anything else. ln front of only you put the or a word such as my,
his ortheir.

Crace was the ónly survivor.

l w as the only n e smokín g.
He scored his onlv goal in that game.

lf you use another adjective or a numlrer lrefore the noun, you put
only in front of it.
 OPIn lOn l95

The only English city he enjoyed working in was Manchester.

OnIy is also an adverb.

+ see topic:Where you Put adverbs

open
lI used as a verb

lf you open something such as a door, you move it so that it no

longer covers a hole or gap.

He openedthewindow and looked out.

gl used as an adjective

When a door orwindow is not covering the hole or gap it is there to

cover, you say that it is open.

The doorwas open.

Hewas sitting by the open window of the office.

opln lon -) see meaning - intention - opinion

-) see point of view- view- opinion
 T96 opportUnity

OP PO rt Un i tY -+ se€ occaslon - opportunity - chance

opposite
- § usedasapreposition
lf one building or room is opposite another, they are separated

. from each other by a street or corridor.

The hotel i s op posite a raílw ay stati o n.

The bathroomwas opposite my room.

lf two people are opposite each other, they are facing each other,
for example when they are sittíng at the same tab|e,.

Lynn wos sittíng opposite him,

S peake rs,of A meri ca n En g l is h us ua| ly say acr-oss f rom rath er tha n

'opposite' in,th e.above senses.

Stinson has rented a home acrossfrom his parents,

*l used as a nou,n

tf two things or people are completely -different from each other,

you can say that one is the opposíte ofthe other

The opposite of right is wrong

He was the exact opposíte of Herbert,

OUghttO +seeshould-oughtto

o utd oo r + see índoor - indoors - outdóor - outdoors

ou td oo rs + see indoor - indoors - outdoor - outdoors

 OVerSeaS E7

ll position

lf onething is overanother thing, it is directly above it.

There is a mirror ove,r the flreplau.

E movement

lf you go over something, you cross it and get to the other side.

James stepped over the dog.

El age
lf someone is overa particular age, they are older than that age.

Shewaswell overflfty.

El time
lf something happensovera period of time, it happens during that
time.

He had flu over christm[s,

--+ see also above - over

overseas
Il used as an adverb

lf you go overseas, you visit a foreign country that is separated

from your own country by sea.
:

Roughty + míltion Americanstravel overseas each year.

§ uced asanadjective

Overseas is used in front of nouns. lt has a similar meaning to

r98 O,Wtl

'foreign, but is more formal and is used especialíy when talking

alrout business and politics.

He met the presídeht an a receft overseas víSít.

oWn
Il 'own'

You use own aftera word like my, its orourto emphasize that
soínething belongs to ol" i§ connected with a partie ular person or

ltaokna naticetill t heard my own namementioned. . . - ,

Now t:heindustrv's own expefts supportthese clajms.

You also use own to say that something lrelongs only to the person
orthin9 mentioned.

She says we cannlt have our own key to the apartment. ,

Each room had a style,of its own.

a 'onyourown

lf you are on your own, you are alone.

she lived on her own.

lf you do something on Yourown;lou do itw,ithout,an!he}pfrom

anyone else.

We can't solvethis problem on our own

 pair- couple
lI 'a pair of '

A pair of thing5 are two things of the same size and shape tlrat are
used tog€ther, such as shoes. You can use a singularor a plural verb
with thís meaning. ]

Apair of new gloveswere lying onthetable.

A pair of shoes was on display in the window.

You also use a pair of to talk about something with two main parts
of the same size and shape, such as trousers, glasses., or.scissors,
You use a singular.form of a verb with this meaning.

She put on a pair of glasses.

El 'a couple of '

You can say that two people or things are a couple of peoole or
things. This is siightly inforrnal,You use a pluralform of a verlr with
a couple of.

There are a couple of police officers outside.

On the table were a calple of nev]spapers,

EI 'couple'
You say that two people are a couplewhen they are married or are
in a romantic relationship. You usually use a plural form of a verb
With GouPle.

, The couple have two children,

2oo paper
paper
. Paper is the material that you write things on or Wrap things in.

ln this meaning, paper is an uncountable noun. For ohe piece, say

a píece of paper, or if it is a whole piece you can also say a sheet of
Paper.

Hewrotehis name atthetop of a btanksheet of paper.

Rob picked up the piece of paper and gave ítto her,

N ews papers a re often ta ll ed papers.

l read ab.out his death in the papers.

ans ís the cou ntry's l a rg est
Th e D ai ly N d aí ly, p s p91.

§ to apologize

You can apologize to someone by saying '! beg your pardon'.

Oh,l .beg your pardon - l didn't reatiseyou were siLtíng there.

§§ when you havenot heard

ln British English, you can say Pardon?when you did not hearwhat
someone said and you Wantthem to say it again.

'How otd is she?' -'Pardon?' -'t said how oldis shel'

PaSS +seespend-pass
 PaY 2,ol

past
lI the past

The past is the time before the present.

tn the pan, most babies with the disease died.

ln British English, when you are telling the time, you use pastto
say how many minutes it is after a particular hour.

lt'sten pastela/en,

S nmerican speakers usuallysayafter. l: .

lt'sten aftereleven,

Et going near something

Past is also used as a preposition or adverb to say that someone
goes from one side of something to the other.

Hewatked past Lock's hat shop.

People ran past laughing,

Zl 'passed'
Don't use'past'as the past tense form or pait participle of the verb
pass. The word you use is passed

As s.he passedthe library door,thetelephone beganto ríng.

pay
The past tense form and past participle of pay ís paid, not'payed'.

lf you payforsomethin9, you giÜe someone moneyforsomethin9

you are buying.

Witlie paid forthe drinks,

2o2 people - person

people-person , , ,

ffi'people' " :

People is a plural noun:. You üsea piural form of a verb áftér it. .

People is used to talk about a group of men, wom€n and chifdren.

There were po
people atthe tecture,
. Hundreds af pepplewere killed in theFre-

§'person'
Person is,a countable noun. A person is a man, w€man, o1child,
',, ,.'
. There was fartoo much meat, for one person.

The usual plural of 'person'is people. Persons.is used.only in fgrmal

or official situations.

This ís an additionll paymentfor persons responsíblefor a child.

PerSOn +seepeople-person

Persuade + seeconvince- persuade

 place 2o3

ph.one
When you phone someone, you dial theirphone,numberand speak
to them lry phone.

l went backto the hotel t0 phone lenny.

You can also phone a place.

He phoned the police station.

Pla€e
§ usedindescriptions
A place is a particular building, room, town, orarea.

Richmond is a beautiful place,

Keepyour dog on a leadín publíc places. ,

§§ 'there'

Don't use'ti,lat place'to tall< about somewhere that has just been

r+i+i+tnatetaee'. You Say'| drove my car into a field and left it

there'.

t decided to try Newmarket. l slon found a job there.

§ 'room'

Donlt use 'place'to talk about space for someone or somethin9 to

fit into. You,use room instead.

There's not enough rlom inthe bathroomfarboth af us.

 2a4 play
play
lI children's games

When children play, theyspend time using theirtoys ortaking part

, in games.

The kids played onthe swíngs.

El sports and games

lf you playa sport orgame, you take part in,it regularly.

Ray and l plav tennis three times a week,

Do you play chess?

El COsand DVDs

lf you play something like a CD, DVD or video, you use a piece of

She played her CDstoo loudly.

§ musica!instruments

lf you playa musical instrument, you produce musicfromit,,oryou

are able to produce music from it.

Nina was ?layinE the pilnowhen l arrjved. -

Can you play the guitar?

'
point of view - v-iew - opinion
E'pointofview'
When you are thinking about one part of a situation, you can say
that you are thinking about it from a particülar PoÍrrt of vÍew,

From a medical point of víew he did everything wrong.

 police 2o5

A person's point of view is thewaytheyfeelaboutsomething that

affects them,

We understandyour pointof view.

§§ 'view'and'opinion'

Don't call what someone thinks or believes about a particular

matter th ei r'poi nt of vi ew'. U se view o r opinion,

The police'sview isthltitwas an accident,

If youwant my honest opinion,l don'tthínkitwíll work. .

You talk about someone's opinions or views on or about a matter.

He always asked for her opinions on hiswork.

She has strong views about politics,

You can use phrases such as in my opinion,or,inhis view to_show

that something is someone's belief, and is not necessarily a fact.

He's notbeingvery helpful,in my opinion.

In hisvíew; this proposal would be unsuecessful. , :

police
The poliee are the official organization respo,nsible for making sure
that people obey the law.

He catted ihe police,

Police is a plural noun, You use a plural form of a verb after it.

The police were called to the scene of the crime.

Asingle memlrerof the police is called a police officer,

a policeman, ora policewoman.

He has been a po]ice officerfor sixyears.

206 politely

POlitelY .+seegently-politely

position - post -jolr

§ 'position'and'post'
. ., :

ln formal English, someone's regularjob is called their position or

post, When a job is advertised, it is o-ften described as a posítion
or post.

She iswell qualifled forthe post.

Y, 'job'

ln conversation, you usejob.

He's afraid of losing hisl9b,

possi,ble - possilily
Il 'possible'
Possible is an adjective. lf something is posslbte, it can be done.

tf it i s p o ssíQl e to fl n d out w here yo u r b roth er i s, we wi! l.

Possibte is often used in expressions such as as soon as possible

and as much aspossible.

Please mokevour decísion as sOOn 0s

l liketo knaw as much as my patienís.

You also use possible to say that something mav be true or correct.

tt is possible that he said these things.

El 'possibly'
Possibly is an adverb. You use possibly to show that you are not
sure about something.

We are lookingfor a new office, possibly in California.

 price - cost 2o7

You also use could,yorr possibly to ask sgmeoneto,d,o something

Coutd yau possibly checkif Mr Dafton htas arrived?

possibly -> see possible,- pgs§blv,

post --+ see position - pog]t_job

postp Ol'lB + seedelay- cancél - postpone - put:gíf

'

Il 'price'and'cost'
The price or cost of something is the amou nt of money you must
payto buy it.

...the price of sugar.

The cost of petrol has gone up.

El 'Gosts'

The plural noun Gosts is used to talk about the total amount of
money that you need to do §omething sugh.as run.a business.

Weneedto eut]6o5ts.

El 'Gost' used as a verb

Vou use cost to.talkabout the arntíuntof,money thatyo,q rfl Llstpa\/

The dress costs szoo.

2o8 prlson
To say how much someone paid for something, you use cost
followed by the name of the person, followed by the amount of
money.

The holiday cost me s&oo.

The past tense form and past participle of cost is cost, not'costed'.

PrlSOn -}seetopic:Places

problem
§ a diíficult situation

A problem is a difficult situation.

The distance to workís a problem for me.

Th ey hav e fl n a n ci al p robl em s,

You can saythatyou have problems doing something.

They are having problems sending emails.

3l 'reason'
 PraPe[ zo9

professor - teacher
§§'professor'
ln a British uníversity, aproíessor is the most senior teacher in a
department

He was Piofessor of Englísh at strathclyde University,

€ ln anAmerican orCanadian university orcollege, a professoris a

seniorteachet but not necessarilythe most seniorteacher in a
- department

Pl 'teacher'
Donlt use'professor'to talk about a person who teaches,at a
school. The word you,use is teacher.

l'm a qualified French teaqher.

proper
§ used to mean'real'

You use proper in front of a noun to show that someone or

something reallil is sornething,

HOveyau been to a proper doctor?

& used to mean'correct'

You also use proper in frontof a noun to say that something is

correct or suitable.

What's the proper word for those thtings?

 áo, provBl test
prove - test
ll 'prove'

lf you prove that something is true, yorr 9ive evidence that shows
, that it is true.

He was atble ta plys úrat he was an American. "

El 'test'
When you do something to find out how good or bad someone or
sorneth i ng is, do,n t say that you'prtrve' the perso n or thi n g. Say
that you test them.

Thedrugvas:llgLeqonmice.::: ,, ,,: ,";, ]],

PUtOff +seedelay-cancel-postpone-putoíf

PUt UP With +seebear-can'tstand -putupwith

quiet - quite
O
-
Quiet is an adjective. Someone or somethin9 that is quiet makes
only a small amount of noise.

Bal spokeína quietvoice.

A quíet place does not have much activity or trouble.

tt's a quiet little vittage.

quite
You use quite in front of an adjective or adverb. lt means 'fairly, but
not very'. For example, if something is'quite big', it is big, but it is
not very big.

Hewas quiteyoung.

You can also use quite in front of a, followed by an adjective and a

noun.

_ Shewas quite a pretty gírl.

 :-.
. _. srfté gan b,e weüinfront .ÉÉfiiüJeetive.qradyeí_b to € mphasize:
ralse -r seebring up -raise -educate

rather

Rather means'more than a littlel

l'm rather busy atthe moment,

El 'would rather'
lfyou saythatyouwould ratherdosométhin9, you mean that
you would prefer to do ít.

t would rather staY in bed.

§! 'ratherthan' : :.

Rather than means'instead of '. you can use rather than to link
words, phrases or clauses.

l qse the bike when I .can, rather than the car.

reach -l see arrive - reach - getto

z14 read
read
lI reading to yourself

When you re ad /úd,/ a piece of writing, you look at it and

understand what it says.

You shguld readthis book. ., ,]

The past tense form and past participle of read is read /red,/ , not,
'readed'.

Have you rud that articte t gave you?

§readíngtosomeoneel§e ] i.
lf yo,u iead something such asa bookto someqne,yolt say,th€. .

words aloud so that th€ other person can hearthem. You ean either
say th at You readlso m eo ne sol.Tetbing, or that you read so,meth n g i

to Someone.

fmgoingtor.eadhimsomeofmypoems. ,.,,.] ]

You sh,ould read bookto your baby.

-YQu,can
also sa,r, tt atvou..read,lp.5omsRe Without saying what
you read.

l1l 1io up aná read 1a Sa:m forfive fttiftftes.

ready
f you get read!, you'pr€paréyourself for something. : ,

We got ready for bed.

lf something is ready, it has been prepared and you can use it.

Lunch is ready.
 receipt -,recÍpe 215

realize +seeunderstand - realize

really
ll used for emphasis

You use really in conversation to emphasize something ürat you

are saying.

Really goes in front of a verb, adjective or adverb to mean'very'or

'very much',

l realty enjoyedthat,
ltwas reallv good.
Hedíditml]]ycarefulíy,. .

You can put really in front of or after an auxiliary verb. For example,
you can sa}l'H.e reallyis coming']orlHeis rcallycoming'.

We reallv are upecting her bookto do well.

lt w ould real ly be toa mu ch troubl e.

§l usedtoshowsurprise
You can use Really? to show that,you are surprised by something
that someone has said^

'l thinkhe likesy.ou.'-'ReaIIy? Hehardly spaketo rneoll day.'

receipt - recipe
§ lreceípt' ,: ] :

A receíptlilsLtl is a piece of paperthat shows that you have

received money orgoods from sorneone. ]
216 r,e_c[p€

E 'recipe'

. Don't confuseieceipt with recipe /rgsapi/, A recipe is a set of

instructionsfor howto cooksomething. .: .., , . :

Sh e gave me a recip e for urnt saup;,

recip,e +seerecéípt-reclpe

recommend
l f you recom,mend so m eo ne o r so m et hin g ;. |ou praise them and
advise other people to tlse them or lruy them.

t asked my frím{sta.reeonmend a, doetar whois,goad with ch'tIdren.

You can say that you reco_rnnrendsomeone or something for á

particularjob or purpose.

I| farth e job,
ll reeo.rnmen d yeu ---

lf you recomménd]sornetiíng::or,r,etomrné'nd doi,agsor,n€th ing,

you say that it is the best thing to do.

flle commíttee recammended several changes:.

The doctor may recommend eating less salt,

You ean recommend thet someone does something.

:

W recommendthatvou pay in advanc,e.

 relax 2.17

refUSe -r see disagree - refuse

relation - relative-]relationship
:

II'relation' and'relative'
Your relations or relatives are the members of yourfamily

l am a relatian ofherflrsthusband.
We wentto France to visit some of aur relatíves.

The relations between people or groups are thewaythey behave

towards each otherand feel about each other.

The country has good relatianswith lsraet.

§§ 'relationship'

You cantalk in a similarwayabout the relationshipbetween two

people or groups.

We have a good relatianship wíth our customers.

A relationship is also a close friendship between two people,

especially a romantic friendship.

Theír rqlationship endedtwo months ago.

re l atiO n Sh i P -) see relation - relative - retationship

relatiVe ->see relation- relative - relatiomhip

relax
When yo u :relax,lyou m4 kg yourself ca mer and less worried.
l

Some peopte can't even relaxwhen ther/ are athome,

zr8 F€tBáií] - 5tá|

remaín - stay
To remain or stayin a partie ular state means to contínue tq be in
that state. Remain is more formalthan stay.

aliver rem ai ned silent.

Istayed.awake. :]

tf you remain or§táy in a place, you do not leaveit.

l wástillgwedto rernaín athome-

Fanler wómen these days 49y at hame to look after theírehildien,:,

r you§taY,in,apbl€€;.{,0u live the|3,fara.short tirjre, Donlt use

We stayed in Brus9lls.faí,Wo werirs. :, :: :

remark +seeGomment- mention - remark

remember- remÍR.d
§'remember'
l f Yo u rem.Fmher:people o-r]etagnts f]rorB :the pa.St; ]yo u stÍll' hevelah. '
idea of them in your mind

He remembered the man welt.

 remOve - mOVe 2lg

lf you still have an idea in your mind of something you did ín the
past, you can say that you remember doing it.

I remember askíng one of my sons aboatthis.

lf you do somethin9 that you had intended to do, you can say that
you rememberto do it.

He remembered to turn the gas off,

El 'remind'
lf something reminds you of something that happened in the past,
it makes you thinl< about it.

You also use remind to mean that you lT,lention somethin9 that
someone needs to do, so that they do not forget to do jt; l n this
meaning, you say you remind someone about something or
remind them to do something.

l needto remind
peopte abouttheir reports.
Remind meta speakto you about Davís.

You can also remind someone that something i, tn" ."r"

l reminded hímthatwe had aweddingto goto an Saturday.

remind -)seeremember-remind

remove - move
&'retnove'
lf you remove something, you take it away.

The waiters came in to removethe cups.

2zo rent

lf Vou go to live in a different house, don't say that you 'remove'. Say
thatyou move.

Last year my parents rnovel from Hyde to Stepney.

rent + see hire - rent - let

responsible

lf you are responsible for doing somethin9, it is yourjob or duty to

The chíldren arerespansiblefor cleaningtheir own rooms,

tf you are responsible forsomething bad that has ha,ppened, itis

, yourfault.

They were responsible for the death oftwp,poli cemen.

2l usedafteranoun
Responslbte can also be used after a noun. lf you talk about'the
perso n responsible',.you mean lthe person wh o, is résponsi ble fo r
what has happened'.

t hope they flnd the man responsible.

However, if you useresponsibleinfrontof a noun, ithasa

completely different meaning. lt meanS'sensible and showing
goodjudgementl
j:,]

They are responsíble memhers o{the local community,

t thought itwas a very respgnsibte,decision.
 rid,e 221

return , .
:

§ goingback
. When someone returns to a place, they 9o back there after they
have been somewhere else.

I returned ta my h1tel.

Return is afairlyformalword. ln conversation, you usually usego

back, come back, orget back.

l went backto the kitchen and poured my coffee,

tTavejust 99rn9!99!from a holiday in Scotland.
l must get b.ilckto London.

g giving or putting something back

Wh en so meon e.rctu rtl§,solnethi n g they, have take n or bo rrowed,

He.borrowed my best,suit,and diln't return it,

We returned the books to the shelf.

ride
Il 'ride'
When you ride an animal, bicycte, or motorcycle,.you contl,ol it and
travel on it. The past tense form of ride is rode, and the past
participle isridden.

They tearned to ride a bike,

tle wasthe best horse t have ever ridden.

§l 'drive|

When someone controls a ca1 lorry, or train, don't say that they
zi22 rÍSk
'ride' it. Say that they drive it.

lt was .her turn to drive the car,

Dennis has never leamed to drive.

§ usedasanoun
lf there is a risfc of something tlad" there,is a.Possib-itity that itwill
happen.

El usedasaveó
lf you risk doing something, in.''niog might happen as a result of
somethinq you do. For example, if you'risk upsetting someone, it is
possible that you will upset them.

He risked breaking his teg when he jumped,

You can also say that someone risks doing something when they
do it even though they know it migh,t have lrád results, For
example, it you 'r:isk phoning' someone, you phone them even
tho:Jqh you know that it might cause problems.

If you havean expensive rug, don't riskwashingityourwlf.

rob -rseesteal - rob

ro[rlrer + see thief - robber - burglar

round =)
seearound - round - abaut
's

§ used to form possessives

You use possessive 's to show that somethin9 belongs to someone

or is connected to someone. You usually use possessive'swhen you
are talkin9 about people or animals.

,,.Ralph'svoiice.
..,the hgrse's eyes.

With a plural noun that does not end in's', you add 's.

..,children's games,

With a plural noun that ends in's', you add '.

...my colleagues' offl ces.

§I other uses of 's

! is also a short form of is.

He's a novelist,

's can also be used as a short form of has when has is an auxiliary
verb.

She's gonehome,
224 safe - secure
's can also be used as a shortform of us after !et.

Let's go autside,

+ see !et's - let us

safe - secure
§§ used to mean 'not dangerous'

something is safe, it is not dangerous and is not likely to cause

lf
harm" ln this meaning, safe can,be used in frontof a noun oraftera
verb.,

The beaches are safe for chitdren.

This is a safe placeto líve.

*§ used to mean 'not in danger'

lf someone or somethíng is safe, they are not in dan9er or not likelv

to be harmed. ln this meaninq, safe cannot lre used in front of a
noUn.

We're safe now.They've gone.

Ei 'secure'

Each house has secure parkíntg.

You must keep your Uetongin{, secrre.

A secure jolr will not end soon,

For now, hísjob is secure.

lfyou feel secure, you feel safe and happy.

With herfamity, shefelt secure and protected, j

 Salute ' greet 225

sale
ll 'sa!e'

The sale of something is the act of selling it, orthe occasion on

which it is sold.,

There hasbeen an increaseinthe sate of bread making machines,

l]e nade a lotof naneyframthe:s,aleof hishomein,Kent,

A sale is an event in which a shop sells things at less than their

normal price.

The bookshop is having a sale.

El 'on sale'

lf you buy somethin9 on sale, you buy itfor less than its normal price.

she boug,hlthe caat a! a departrneflt Store

_914Ie

lf something is for sale, jts owner is trying to sell it.

l asked if the horse was for sale.

salute - greet
ll 'salute'
When someone such as a soldier salutes someone, they raise their
right handto their head as afo,rmal,sign of respect

Th e two ga a rds satuted the Cenerol -

El 'greet'
...
Don't use'salute'to saythat sorne_one says hello to someone else.
Theword you use isgreet.
]

Hs greeted hís motherwith a hug"

226 SaY - telI
say - teIl
Il 'say'

When you say sornethi n g, you use your voice to prod uce words.
The pasttense form and past participle of say is soid /sed/, not
'sayed'.

You use say when you are reporting exactly what someone said.

'I
feel so relaxed,' she said ,

You can aIso report what someone said without mentionin9 their
exact words, You use sayand a clause beginning with that. You can
often leaveoutthat.

She sai d (th at) t hey w ere v ery pI ea sed,

E§ 'tell,

lf you are mentioning the heareras well as the speaker, you usually
use tell, not'say'. The past tense form and past particíple of tell is
told,

He told me that he was sorry.

When Vou are tall(inq about orders or instructions, you use tell, not
'say', TeIl is followed by a 'to]-infinitive.

Shetjld meto be careful

 SeeU,r€ 2r.?

. .Vau'r,eíél!in4!ies.npw. :. :.., .:] .]l l

§§ 'as*!

Don't say that someone'says'a question. Say that they ask a

question.
. ..: .

-1.:]
_, ,, .: ] ., : ] .a :

SChOOl ->seetopic:places

lf fousearch a pJace,you exaRnineitcarefully lrecause you ar€

Police,searched th e h 1spital ve§erd ay.

§§ used as a noun

Asearch is an att€mpt to find something,by lo,oking for it carefully.

(
l found the keys after a long search,

S€eU,r€ _, ::}5€€sáfe.-secure
2r8 see

Th e past tense form of see is sow, not'seed', The past particiBle,is sffn.

lI usingyoureyes

lf youcan 3eé somethin9, you are aware of'itthrough youre:yes,

I can seethe sea.

lf you are talking about the past, you use could see orsaw,
He could seeWilson'sface in the mirror.
We suddenly saw a boat in the diltonce.

§ rneetinijsomeon§

lf you seeso.meone, youvisitthem or meetthem.

§eg is a,lso used to mean 'understand'. ,

Oh,l seewhatyou mean, ,

see - look at - Watch

When you see something, you are aware of it through your eyes, or
you notice it. You can see things by chance.

. shesawamonstafldiilgoatsidethebuilding.,
 seem z2g

-+seesee,

§§ 'Iook at'

When you look at something, you deliber:ately direct your eyes

towards it.

He looked at thefood on hís plate.

.+ see look

El 'watch'
When you watch something, you lookat,itfora period of time.

I was here at home, watchín g TV.

More than u million people watched the match,

seem
You useseem to saythat someone or something gives a particular
impression.

lI used with adjectives

Seem is usually followed lry an adjective" You can use the adjective
on its own , o r after to be.

Even minor problems seem implrtant.

You seem to be very ínterested.

Some adjectives cannot be used in comparative forms, for example

dead, alive and asleep. Forthese adjectives, you use seem to be,

She seemed to be asteep.

§ used with noun-phrases

You can alsg use a noun phrase afterseem orseem to be.

For example, instead of saying.'She seer_ned nice', you C€fl: §a|
23o Sha[I
'She seemed a nice,person'or'She seemed'to be a nite person'.
ln conversation, people often say'She seemed likea nice per§on

lt a long time beforethefood came,

seemed
she seemsiabeűwrY.hqppv girl.
,

ltseened líke a good idea. :

shall + seewlíl - sha|l

shave
When a man §haves, he cuts halrfrom hisface,us,ing,,a razor.

shop - stor€
§ '9hop'ánd 'stoFe'

ln British English, a building where you,buythings is usually called a

shop. lnAmerican English, it is usuallycalled astore

...atoY shop,

both Brítish and American English, a largeshopthá! hes,,, -.,,

,ln
separate departments selling different types of goods is,called a
department store,

...the furniture department of a large department store

'' =:. - '.] j.l :'.,,:_':.. :: - :

§
Shopping is the activity of buying things from shops.
 short - shortly -,briefltrt' z3t

I don'tlikeshop,ping.,,:.. :, ,,-, ] . ., .

When you go to 1he shops to buy thin95, you go shopping,

They went shopping after lunch

::'
"

When you go to the shops to lruy things that you need regularly
such,as food; you do the shopping. , :,: ,:

Who's goingto dothe shopping?

--+ see also rnagazine - shop

short - s,hortly - lrriefl y

§ 'short'
Short is an adjective. lf something is short, it do€s not last for a
long time.

holiday,
,..a short
, ''] " ,
Gl 'shortlly'
.

,]

Shortly is an adverb. lf something is going to happen shortly, it is

going tó happen soon.

shartty"
" :'
Pieasetake a seat. Dr. Carcid will see yau

El 'briefly'
Don't use'shortly'to say that something lasts for a short time. The
word you use is briefly

shetaldthem brífity what had happened,

 zl2 shortI,,y ,

Sh O rtlY --l see short - shortly - briefly

should - ought to
- B moralrightness
You use should or ought to to say,that so:mething is.the right
thing to do.

Crimes should be punished.

t oughtto callthó políce.

El giving advice
::
You can sayyou should oryou oughttowhen you are giving
someone advice.

You should be eareful.

l thinkvou ouohtto see a doctor.

§ expectation

You use should or ought to to say that you expect something to

happen.

We should bethere by dínnertime,

' Thepartygyjfylgbefun,

!l negative forms

Shoutd and ought to have the negative formi should not and
ought not to. These a,re often shortened to shouldn't and
oughtn'tto
You shouldn't gotothe meeting.
We oughtn'tto laugh.

ShUt + see cIose - closed - shut

SiCk +seeill-sick
 s|eep - asleep 233

§ 'since', ,

You use sínce to talk about something that started in,the,past,and1

that has continued from then until now.

lue been wearing glasses since I was three.

You use for to say how long something lasts or continues.

|msutfingwithBobfulafewdr1r ,
|, .,,,
.

You also use forto say how long something has lasted or
continued,

sleep - asleep
§§ 'sleep' , '

Sleep can be a noun or a verb. The past tense form and past
partici ple of the Verb is sl ept, not'sleeped'..

Sleep is the natuíal state'of rcst when you r eyes a re cl osed a nd'
your body is not active.

lhaven:t been gúting enaugh sleep recently. .

234 Smell

When you sleep, you are in this state of rest.

Hewas so excited he couldn't sleep.

El 'asleep'
lf someone is in this state of rest, you say they are asleep.

She was asleep in the guest room when we walked in.

§| '9o to sleep'

When someone changes from being awake to being asleep, you say
that they 9o to sleep.

Be quiet and go to steep!

§
Ja 'fall asleep'

When someone goes to sleep suddenly or unexpectedly, you say

that they fall asleep.

l fell asleep duríng the fllm,

sme!I
The pasttense form and past participle of the verb is smetted,
butsmelt is also used in British English.
 50 235

,§ used asan intransitive verb

You can say that a place or object srnells of a particularthing.

The room smelled ofroses.

tler ctothes smett fismoke.

You can also use smell with an adjective to say that sometiin9 has

That soup sm el Is d eIíci aus!

lfyou say that something smells, you mean that it has an

unpleasant smell.

The fri dge i s begi nnínE to smett

§l used as atransitiveverb
lf you can smell something, you are aware of it through your nose.

l can smellthe ocean.

l"f you are talking alrout the past, you use could smell, smel|ld ,or
:

smelt,

l cauld smell coffee,

Pmple said tha1 smelled gas inthe building"

so
E referring back

You often usesoafterverlrs likethink, lrope, expeetand say. For

exampie, if someone says'lsAlice at home?', you can say'l thínk so',
meaning'l thinkAlice is at home'.
336 so - Very - too
'Areyou all right| -'l thínkso.'
'Willyou be abletotake driving lessons atyour new school/ -'I upect

You can use soto emphasize an adjective.

These games are so boring.

However, if the adjective is in front of a noun, you usesuch a, not

'so'.

shewas so nice,
shewasűŰ6 níce girl

+ see such

You can also use so to emphasize an adverb.

She sings so beautifully.

So, very, and tooeán all be use,d to emphasize the meaning of an

adjective, an adverb, ora word,like much orrnany.

§ 'very'

Very is the simplest way to make something stronger. lt has no

other meaning.

I'm very happy,

El 'so'
You can use so to show that you feel strongly about something.

John makesmeso angry!

.:'.
ohEhankYou so much!
 SOff'le - an! 237

El 'too'
You üse too to..ta l i about so,mcthi ng that is more tha n you waRt or
need.

She wears too much make-up.

Sorry,lcan'tstay.l:mtaobusY. .: i.

some - any
§'some'
you use some to talk about an amount of people or.things, wjthout
saying exactly how many or how much.You can use some in front
. of a plura| oran uncountalrle noun.

We saw same children inthepark.

She had-a piece af cake and some coffee;

When you us€§€mE infront of.a plural noun, you use a pluralform
ofa verb.

l1ere are some suggestilns.

When you use some in front of an uncountable noun, you use a

singularformofa.ver,[r, - ],,
There is some rice in thefridge.

§l |some of '

You use some of in front of a singu lar or pl,u ral nou n ph rase
beginning with a determiner (a word such asthe, the§e, my or his).

l have read some of his stories.

Tha/ tooksame of,the nonE away.

You can also use some of in front of a plural pronoun such as us or

them.

Same 0f them haveyoung chit'dren.

238 somebody,

§§ 'any'used in negative sentences

questions ]'

You usually use any in questions.

Doyou have any questions?

However, if you expect the answerto be'yes] you can use som.e.

H ave you tost som e weíght?

You also,use so,me when, you are offeri ng somethi n g.

Would you like some cake?

SO m e bOd Y + *" romeone - soíneúody - anyone - anybody

--+ see topic:Talkíng about rnen ánd wortren

someone - somelrody - anyone - anybody

Someone and anyone are mor€ common in written English,
Somebody and anybodyare more cornrnon in conversation,

H statements

You use someon€ or somebody to talk abouta person without

saying who you mean.

, ca rsan sent someo ne to see me.

There was an acc'tdent and somebody was killed.
 something - anything 239

§| negetiv.e s€Rtén€es

Yotl usually. use anyon€ oran}bodyin guestions.

Was anvbody in the office?

HoWeVer, if you expecttheansw.eí.tobe'yesi \lou can usesolneone

orsomebody.

Díd y,ou r.neet someone last night?

Ei '§ome peopl€ , i, :,

Someone and somebody do not have pluralforms. lf you want to

talk abóut a group,of peop}e without saying who,you rnean,|óÜi-
saysome people, :

1ame pnpl e attempted ta wolk, aeross,the brldge.

+ see also topic:Talking about men and women

something - anythíng
§ staternents , :

You use something to talk about an object or situation without

saying exactly what it is.
4o sometime
Hendricks saw something ahead of him.
lt's somethingthathas often puzzled me,

íl negatívesentences

El question
, You usually use anything in questíons,
:

Didyou buy anything?

However, if you expecttheanswerto lre'yes', you can use

somethin9.

Hosspm*hínghappened?,,
You can also use something whenyou are offering something.

SOmetim € + see sometimes - sometime,

sometimes - sometime
§ 'sometirnes! ]

You use sometimes to sav that something happens on some

occasíons, but not allthe time.

Sametimes l wish I was back in Africa .

 somewhere - anywhere 247

E'sometime'
§ometime or sorne time means at a time in the past ot futul,ethat
you do not knowyet..

can l co;me and seeyau sometime?

He died sometimé lastyear.

so m€Whe r€ - ally,Wh Fre

ll statements

You use somew-here to talk about a place withoút sa|ing exactly

§
Youusuallyuseanywhereinguestions,
: ]

there an ashtray_a nyahere?

..:
l s

Howeve1 if you expect the answer to lre'yes', you can use

somewhere

Are Vou toking o trip somqilhere?

SomeAmerican speakers say someplace orsome place instead of

'somewhere'.

She had seen it sameplace before.

Why dan'twego,same place where ít's quieíer|
4? s,ou,nd

sound -

You use sound in front of an adjective when you are describing

Her voice saundgd itrqnge

, you use soun,d in front of an actjectirl,eto deseri,behów §omeoné,

seemswhen they5peak.
'' : : ,

He sounded angry.

You use sound in front of an adjective to describe your opinion of

somethin9.

'They've got a smatt farm in Devon.' -'That soundi iice.'

El 'sound Iike'

You usesound like and a noun phrase to saythat somethinghas a

similar sound to something else.

H er foot steps sounded like gun shots.

You use sound like and a noun phrase to descrílre your opinion of
Something.

That sounds t'tk a goo,d idea.

sound - noise
ll usedasGountablenouns
A sound i s so_methín g. that you ean hear, l f.it, is, u npleasa n t,ot
 SOUVenlr - memOr! ,,l3

unexpected, you call it a noise"

We listenedto the sounds of theforest.

A sudden noise ma-de arody iump,

§ used asuncountable nouns

Sound is the general term forthings that can be heard. However,

after expressions such as too much or a lot of, or if it is
unpleasant, you use noise.

...the speed of sound.

Try notto make so much noise.

SOUth +seetopic:North,South,EastandWest

SOUthern -rseetopic: North, South, EastandWest

souvenir- memory
& 'souvenir'

A souvenir/suivaniy' is an objectthat you buy or keep to remind

you of a hol,iday, place, or event.

He keptthe spoon as a souvenir of hisjourney.

§§ 'memory '

Don't use'souvenir'to talkabout somethin9 that you remember.

Theword you use is memory.

Her earliest memory is of singing to her family.

Your memory is your alrility to reme-mberthings.

Yau've got such a wonderful memory.

 z44 Speak - talk.

speak - talk
*§'speaking' and'talking'

When you mentíon that someone is using his or hervoice to

produce words, you say that they are §peaking.

He didn't.lookat rne while ! vg::E@a,

However, if two or more people are having a.conversation, you say
that theV are talking.

They sat ín the kítchen drinking tea and tatking.

H used with'to'and'with'
lf you speak to someone ortalk to them, you have a conversation
With them.

l saw you speaking to hím just now.

I enjoyed talkíng to Anne.

€ SomeRmerican speakers say speak with ortalkwith.

When he spokewith hisfríends, hetold themwhathad happened.

When you make a telephone cáll, you ask if you can speak to
someone. Don't asl< if you can'talkto'them.

Hello. Could l speakto Sue, please?

É!languages
You saythat someone speaks orcan speakaforeign language.
Don't say that someone'tall<s'a foreign language,

They spake fl u ent En g.li sh.

if you say, for example, 'Kate speaks Dutch', you mean that she iS
alrle to speal( Dutch. lf you say'She is speaking Dutch' or'She is
speaking in Dutch', you mean that §he is speal<ing Dutch at th€
moment.
 staff 45

lt 'spend'

lf someone does something from the beginning to the end of a

per.iodoftime,yousaythattheyspendthetimedoingít

We swntthe arcníng tall.,\ng ab\ut art and th:e theatre

.

You can say that someone spen.ds a period of tirne with someone
or in a par:ticu'lar place_ : ., , ., :,
lspent an evening with Davis.
He spent mostof histimein the librarv.

E 'to pas§thetime'

|f you do somethin9 to occupy yourself whife you are waíting.for

something, you say that you do itto Pass t]re time.

He brouaht a baok alona to oass the time.

El 'have'
you enjoy yourself while you are doing somethin9, don|t say that
' lf
you'pass'or'spend'a good time.'Saythat you have a gogd tirire.

We had a marvelloustimeín Spain,

SPrln§ -+seetopic:§easons
i ., 1

The people who work for an organization are its staff.

She joinedthe slgÍoÍthe BBC.

You usually use a pluralform of a verb afterstaff.

. The staffarevery helpfut,

:.46 start - lregin
tf you want to talk aboutone person Whoworks,foran
organization, you say a member of staff.

l'd like to speakto a member of staff.

start - begin
*l used with noun phrases

lf you start or begin something, you do it f1,om a particulartime.

My father started workwhen he was ten.

rhe usis preparedto begintatks ímmediarqly.

The past tense form of begin is began,and the past partici ple'ls
begun.

You can use a'to'-infinitive or an :ing'form after,start and beg-ín.

Ratph startedto run,

He started laughing.

lf you use an'-ing'form,.of start or begin,the nextverlr must be a

N ow th at I' m better, I' m begin ni n g to eat m o re.

§l used as intransitive verbs

lf something startsorbegins, it happensfrom a particulartime.

Hís meeting starts at7. ]

My career as a journalistwas about to begin.

StaY -r see.rem.ain -§taY

 StiII 47
steaI- rob
§ 'steal'
When someone steals something, they take it Without permission
and Without intending to return it.

Hetriedto steal a carfrom a car park.

The past tense form of steal is srole and the past participle is stolen.

El 'rob'

when you are speaking about the thing that was stolen, you use
stea!. However, when you are speaking about the person or place it
was taken from, you use rob.

They robbed me and stole my car.

Hewas arrestedfor robbing a bank.

still
§ meaning'continuing'
Still
is used to say that a situation continues to exist or that
something continues to happen.

she stíll lives in London,

§I used in negative statements

You can use still in a negative statement, for emphasis, Still goes in
front of the auxiliary verlr

l still don't understand.

uv Fffiaíg]J\!:!]fo r giv e n m e.
 ?48 sting - lrite
-+ see al§o topic: Where you put adverbs

sting - lrite
- n 'sting'
The past tense form and past participle of sting is stung.

lf an insect stings you, it pushes a poisoned part into your skin.

He was stung ínside his mouth by a wasp.

EI 'bite'
Don't say that a mosquito or ant'stings'you. Say that it bites you.
The past tenseform of bite is bit and the past participte isbitten.

A mosquito bit her on the wrist.

You also saythat a snake bites you.

Hewas bitten by a snake.

stop
ffi 'stop doing'
tf you stop doing something ata particulartime, you Ro longerdo
it after that time.

We all stoppedtalking,

§ 'stop to do'

lf you stop to do something, you interrupt what you are doing in

order to do something else.

l s:topped'tatie my shoelace.
 SUCh 49
StO re -) see shop - store

StO re| -r see floor - storey - ground

stranger
A stranger is someone who you have never met before.

l was in a room full of complete strangers.

street
A street is a road in a town or a large village, usually with buildings
along it.

The two men walked slowly down the street.

such
íI 'such as'
You usesuch asto give an example oísomething.
The hotel provides facíIities such as the internet.

& 'such' used for emphasis

Such is used to emphasize the adjective in a noun phrase,

25o suggest
She was such a nice girl.

suggest
When you suggest something, Vou mention it as a plan or idea for
someone to think about.
:
We haveto,iggesta list of topicsfor nextterm'slessons,
You can suggestthatsorneone does something, .

t suggestvou ask him some questions about his past.

suit +seefit-suit

SUmmer {seetopic:Seasons

SU PPer -r seetopic: MeaIs

support
lf you support someone orsupporttheiraims, you agree with
them and try to help them.

They have supported our efforts to raise money loir a new'gym.

 SUPPO-S€ = á5,SU,]1'l€ 25I

lí5tot t support a spo l.ts tea m, you Want them to Wi n.

t]e hasnapparted Arsenal all hís life.

lf vou supportsomeone, you give them rnoney or the things they

need.

He hos to support his wife and children ,

suppose ] assume
§! 'suppose'
lf you suppose that something is.true; youthink it i§ probablytrue

t suppose you're right,

El 'assume'
lf you assume that something is true, you are fairly sure about it,
a,nd act as if it were true

l assumed that he was tllking about his wife.

El 'be supposed to'

lf something is supposed to be done, it should be done.

You are supposed to report,ítto the poiice as soon as possible.

l'm not supposed to tatkto vou about this.
 252 surely - definitely,- certainly
lf something is supposed to be true, people think,that it is true;

Swímming ís supposed to be very good exercise for older people,

su r€ly - defi nitely - certain lr7

!I 'surely'
You use surely for emphasis when you think that something
should be true.

Surely they don't all work here.

Surely they could have done something to help her.

§'defi nitely' and'certaínly'

When you use'surely', there rnay be some doubt. lf there is no
doubt at all about something, you use definitely or certainly.

Theywere delnitelv notfor saie.

therewill certaínly be an economic crisis.
lf nothing is done,

ln Brítish Enqlish, you do not use 'surely'as a way of agreeing w,ith

someone or saying 'yes'. The word you use is certainIy,

'lsn'tit uglYl -'lt certainly is!'

'Canyou arrange an early morning call, please?'-'Yes, certainly.'

€ American spea kers use both surely and ceruainly to ag ree or say'yes'.

surprise
Il used as a verb
lf something surprises you, you did not expect it.
 sympathetic-, ,nice - likeable 253

Dad's reply surprIsed me.

§§ used as a noun

lf something is a surprise, it was not expected.

lt w as a great surp ri se w ftnd o ut l h ad won nmethi ng.

§§ 'surprised'

Surprised is an adjective that is followed by a'to'-infinitive. For

example, if you ar:esúrprised to seesomething, you did notexpect
to see it.

You'll be surpised to learn that Charles Boon is tiving heré.

sympathetic - nice - !:ikqable

§ |sympathetic' : _.:. ,: 1

lf someone is being sympathetíc, they are kind'tosomeone who

has problems, and show that they understand theirfeelings.
::
My boyfriend was very sympathetic and it made mefeel better.
.:
ts 'nice'and 'likeable'
Don't say that someone is'sympathetic'when they are pleasant

He was a terribly nice man.

,..a very likeabl e a nd attractive wung woffi an.
take
The other forms of take a r e takes, t a king, took, ta ken.

fr§ actions and activities

you usetakewith a noun totalkaboutan action.

shetooka shower,
we y99t< a w at k to the p ark.

With some nouns such as'bath'and 'shower', you can uséteke or

have with no difference in meaning.

+ see have

E movingthings

lf you take something from one place to another, y9u carrY it there,

Don'tfbrget to take Wur umbrella,

+ see Garry - take

-r see also bring - také - fetch

§l exams and tests

When someone completes an exam or test, you say that they tak€
the exam ortest.

She took her dríving test lastyear.

.:.
§! tíme
lf somethin g takesa ce4ain arnou nt of time, you need that much
time to do it,

lt mav take them sevual weeks to get back,

 terr_ible - terribly 255

-| see also topic:Transport

take PlaCe + see happen - take place - occur

ta ll --} see high - tatl

tea +seetopic:Meats

teaCh -.+seelearn -teach

teaCher +seeprofessor-teaÉher

lI 'terrible'

l n conversatio n; terrible m ea n s'extremely bad:.

Hi s eyesi ght i s ter ri bt e.

ln writing orconversation, terrible means'shocking or upsetting'.

There was a terrible plane crash last week,

§l 'terribly'
You can use the adverb terribly to emphasize how bad something

Our teom played terribly today"

ln conversation, you can use terrlbty to emphasize a verb or an

adjective,
256 test

We all miss him terribly.

Don't u se terrtbly like this in forma l,writi ng,

test -+ see exam -test

{ see Prove -t€st

than
lI 'than'used with comparatives

You mainly use than when you u5e comparative adjectives and
adverbs.

l am happier than t used to be.

rheyhaátow@
lf you use a personal pronoun on íts own afterthan, it rnust be an
object pronoun such as me or him.

My brother is younger than me.

However, if the pronoun is followed by a verb, you use a subject

pronoun such as l or he.

He'stallerthan l am,

E 'more than'

You use more than to talk about a greater number of people orthings.

.,. a cittl of rnorethan a million peopte.

_+ see lnore

that - those - this - these

These is the pluralform of this. Those is the pluralforrn of that.
 that - those - this - these 257

§§ 'that'and 'tho§e' used to talk about things that have been

mentioned

You can usethat orthose to talk about people, things, or events

that have already been mentioned,

lknew that meetíng would be difficutt.

Not all crimes ore committed for those reasons,

& 'that'and'those'used forthiil§§ tou€an see

You can also use that orthose to talk about people or thin9s that

Lookatthatbird! -
Dan't be afraid ofthose people.

§ 'this'and 'these'usedto tal* about things thatlrave been

mentioned

You can use this orthese to talk about people, things, or events
that havejust been mentioned.
..
Tax i n crea ses m ay' b e n ee ded n ext yea r to d a th i s.
These particular students are extremely clever.

E§ 'this and those'used forthings nearyou

You can use this or these to talk about people or things that are
near you,

This bookis very good,

l'm surethey don't have chairs líkethese.

You use this is when you are introducing someone.

o Bernodette, MrZapp.
'n:
You also usethis is to say who you are when you phone someone"

Saily?This ís Martin Brody,

258 the

the
§ basic uses

You usethe before a noun when it is clearwhich per5on orthing

you are talking about.

The doctor will be here in a minute,

You use the before a singular noun when there is only one such
thing.

They all sat in the sun.

ffi types of thing or person

You can use the with words such as rich, poor, young, old,
or unemployed to talk about al| people of a particular type.

They were díscussingthe problem of the unemplaved:

ffi nationalities

You can use the with some nationality adjectives to talk about the
people who come from a particular country,

The French and the British will n)t agree on this.

 there 25g

§ musical instrumgnts

You usually usethewith the name of a musical instrumentwhen

you are talking about someone playing it.

YOu playthe guitdr, l see.

El used with superlatives and comparatives

You usually usethe before superlative adjectives.

,,.the smallest church in England.

You don't usually use'the' infront of superlative adverbs.

...the languagethey know best.

You dgn't usually use ]the' in front of coryparative adjectivesrcr

adverbs.

t wish we could do this quicker.

+ see also topic: Places

--+ see also topic: Meals

ll 'there is'and'there are'

You use there is, there are, there was orthere were to say that
somethin9 exists or happens, or that something is in a particular
place. When you use there like this, you pronoun ceit /öe/ ot /öa/ .

You use there is orthere was with a singular noun phrase, and
there are orthere were with a plural noun phrase.

Therewas a flre on the fourth floor.

Arethere any biscuits leftl
260 the rest

§l used as an adverb

You can also use there to talk about a place that hasjust been
mentioned. When you usethere like this, you pronounceit/öea,/.

l must get home. Bill'sthere on his own.

§! 'their,
Don't confuse there with their, which is also pronounced /öea/
Use theirto show that somethin9 belongs to particular people,
animals, orthings.

I looked attheirfaces.

the rest
The rest of something means 'the remaining parts of something'.

l ate two cakes and saved the rest..

l'll remember that experiertce for the rest of my tife.

lf you use the rest of followed by an uncountable noun, you use a

singular verb.

The rest of the food was delicious.

 think z6t

lf you usethe rest oífollowed by a plural noun, you use a plural verb,

Therestof the boyswgre delighted.

these -r see that - those - this - these

they -+seetopic: Talking about men andwomen

thief - rolrber- lrurglar

Athief is someone who steals. A robber often uses violence to
steal things from places such as. banks orshops.

They were aftacked by a group of robbers.

A burglar breaks into buildings and steals things.

Most burglars spend justtwo minutes insijde a house.

The past tense form and past participle ofthink isthought, not
'thinked'.

§§' giving an oplnion .

You can use think when you are giving your opinion about something.

l thinkvou should go.

lnstead of saying thatyou think something ís not true, you usually

say that you don't thin,k it i5 true.

l djn'tthinkthereis any doubt ab?utthat.

 262 thiS

ۤ lthink so' :

someone asks you if something is true, you can say'lthink so'.

lf
Don't say'lthinkit'.

'ls he stiil irl Sydney?:' -'l thinY 50,'

lf you wantto reply that something is probably not true, you say
'l don't think so'.

'Areyou goingto be sick/ -'l don|t,thinkso,'

§ using a progressive form

When someone is thinking, they are usin9 their mind to consider

something. When you usethinkwith this meaning, you often use a
progressiveform.You can saythat someone ís thinking about
somethin9 or someone, or is thinking of something or someone.

I spent hours thinking about the intentiil],

shewasthin herhusband.

lf r7ou are considering doing something, you can saythat you ar€
thinking of doing it.

I' m ihinking of goíng to college next year.'

thís -+ seethat -those - this - these

--+ see topic:Times of-the day

those -i seethat - those -this - these

thOUSand -l see hundred -.thou§and - million

 time z63

time
í! 'time'
Time is something thatwe measure in hours, days, years, etc.

...a period of time.

Moretime possed.

However, you can use time when you are saying that something
will happen in the future.

We are getting married in two years' time.

§ 'a...time'

However, you can use a with an adjective and time to say how long
something takes or lasts. You can say, for example, that something
takes a long time or takes a short time.

The storm lasted a long time.

lf you are enjoying yourself, you can say that you are having a
good time.

Did you have a good time in Edinburgh?

264 today

§l 'on time'
lf something happens on time, it happens at the right time.

The train arrived at the station on time,

j}
'in tirne'

Don't confuse on time with in time lf you are in time for

something, you are not late for it.

We're justintíme.
He returned to his hotel in timefor dinner.

today
Today mean5'this day'or'on this day'.

l had a lettertodaY from my sister

Todav isThursday,

tOmOrrO\^,/ -) seetopic:Times of the day

tOnight +seetopic:Timesoftheday
 travel z65

too +seealso *too -aswell

+ seeso - very -too

You use traffic to talkabout all the vehicles that are on a particular
road at one time.

Therewas heavy traffic 0n the road.

travel
€ rravel can be a verb ora noun,The otherforms of the verb are
trav el s, trav elli n g, travelkd n B ritiSh En g lish, and travels, traveli n g,
i

traveled in American Engl ish.

§ usedasaverb
lf you make a journey to a place, you can saythatyou travel there.

l travelled to work by traín.

When you travel, you go to several plaqes, especially in foreign

countries.

You need a passporttotravel abrotad.

:

Travel isthe act of travelling; lt is usuálly an uncountable noun.

He hated air travel.

266 trip

trip + seejourney - trip - voyage

troulrle
§§ used as an uncountable noun

Trouble is usually an uncountable noun. You use trouble to talk

about different kinds of problems or difficulties.

You've caused us a lot oftrouble.

You can say that someone hastroubIe doing somethíng.

Did you have any troubte f,nding your way here?

& 'troubles'

Yourtroubles are the problems in your life,

lt helps meforget my troubles and relax,

lá! 'the trouble'

You use the trouble to talk about a particularly difficult part of a

problem.
 true - come true z67

lt's getting a bit expensíve now,.that'sthetrouble.

trousers
Trousers are a piece of clothing that covers your bodyfrom the
waist downwards, and covers each leg separately. Trousers is a
plural noun, You use a plural form of a verb with it.

His trousers were covered in mud.

You use a singularform of a verb with a pair of trousers.

Therewas a pair oftrousers on the bed,

l n American En g l ish, people don't usual ly say trousers. They say

pants or slacks.

true - come true

§§ 'true'

Atrue story i5 based on facts, and is not invented or imagined.

&§ 'come true'

lf a dream comes true, it actually happens.

some dreams cometrue.

268 try,:,attem,pt,,

try - atternpt
The otherforms of try are tries,trying,tried.

§'try'
lf you,tryto do_,s,ornething, yournakea.n ef:forttodo.it: ,
,l
',-_. ,, ,' ] ,

He was try'i n g to under§a nd

You try doing something in ordetto find out what it is like.

' Wtív,d9n:trylrv§.gp-kiigltintheavea.fi,r,s; -., -,,- - :

*§,'atteífipti
j ] 1:, : 1
-,:j]

lf you attemptto dosomething, you try to do it. Attemptis,a

moreformalwordthantry,,. ,:
understand - rea!íze
§§ 'understand'

lf you can understand someone, you know what they mean.

Hís lecture was canfusing; no ane cauld understand it.

lf you saythatyou understandthat50methin9 istrue, you mean

that you have been told that it is true.

l understand he's been married before.

El 'realize'
Don't use'understand'to say that someone becomes aware of

As soon as l saw hin, l reatized that l'd seen him before.

Un iVerSit! + see topic: places

unless
You use unless to say that something can only happen or be true if
something else happens or is true. For example, if you say'l won't
go to the party unless you go with me', you mean 'l'll 90 to the párty
if you go with me'.

We won't use force unless we have to.

27o used to

. When you aretalking about,a situation in the past, use the past
simple after unless

She wouldn't go with him unless l came too.

used to
§ talkingaboutthepast . ]

lf something used toljuls tul, juls tal betrue, itwas true in the
past but is not true now

I used to be afraid of you.

2l 'didn't use to'

ln conversation, you can say that sornething didn't use to be true.

The house didn't use to be so clean.

§§ famiIiarity

lf you are used to something, you are familiarwith it and you

accept it. With this meaning, used to comes af,terthe,verb be, and
is followed by a nourt phrase oran'-ing'form.

Thenoisedoesn'tfrightenthem.They'reusedtott ., :

l'm u*edto gettíng up early,

usual- usually
Il
:

'usual'

Usual is used to describe the thing that happens, is done or is used

rnost often. Usua! normally,comes,afterthe or a word such as his

They are nú.-takíng the usual amount 0f exercise.

He sat in his úsua,l chair. ,
 uSually 271

líyou want to compare a situation with another situation tl,iat

happens more often, you can use a comparative adjective followed
bythan usqal, ora verbfollowed by more than usual,

February was colder than usual.

They complained morethan usual.

You can say that it is usual for someone to do something.

lt is usual for them to meet regularty.

§§ 'ordinary'

Don't use'usual'tosaysomething is notof a special kind. Use

ordinary.

These children should be ed;ucated in an orlinaryschoo!.

El 'usually'
the adverb usually to talk about the thing that most often
Yo,u use
happens.

§ 'as usual'

When something that happens is the thing that most often

happens, you can say that it happens as usual.

she wore, E!:!!!, her blaek dress

USUallY -+seeusual-usually
VaCatiOn +seeholiday-va€ation

Very :

§§ basicuse

You use very to emphasize an adjective or adverb.

..,avery smallchild,
1 o e w as ygryygli u1 abo ut h er,
Thinkvery carefullv,

& whenyou cannot use'very'

§ comparatives and superlatives

 VOYage 273

You can use very in front of best, Wonst. or any 5uperlative which
ends in:est'.

tt;s one of Shaw's very best ptays.

...the very latest photographs.

-| see also so - very - too

view + see point of view - view - opiníon

visit
fl used as a verb

|f you visit a place, you go to see it because you are interested in it.

He]$;t|four cíties on histrip,

lf you visit someone, you go.to see them or star7 with them at their
home.

Sheuisíted some ofher retativesfor afew days.

§§ usedasanoun

Visit is alsoa noun. You can make a visit to a place orpaya visitto
someone.

He made a visitto the prison that day.

lt w-astoo l-ate to pay a u'tstLto satly,

Voyage + seejourney - trip - voyage

Wait
li 'wait'
When you wait, you spend time doing very little, untilsomethin9
happens or someone arrives.

She was waiting in the queue to buy some stamps.

€l 'wait for'
You can Say that someone Waits for something or someone.

l'm Waiting for Jaan,

You can also say that someone waits fora person or thing to do
something.

She waited for me to say something,

Want
§§ basic use

lf you want somethinq, you feela need for it.

Do you wlnt a cup of coffee?

 WaSh 275

§ used with a'to'-infinitive

You can saythatsomeonewants to do somethin9.

They wanted to go shopping.

You can say that you want someone to do somethi n g.

l want hím to learn to read.

requests

Wash
§& used with an object

lf you wash somethin9, you clean itwith waterand soap.

shewashes and irans his clothes,

You can wash a part ofyour bodv.

Firstwashyour hands,
276 Watch

§, 'wash up'

ln American English, if someone washes up, theywash parts of

their body, especially their hands and face.

Hewentto the bathroam to wash up.

ln British English, if you wash up, you wash a|lthe,dishes that,have

been used in cooking and eating a meal.

We washed up in the kítchen before having our coffee.

Watch --l 5gg 3gg--:look at _ Watch

We
We is the suliject of a verlr. lt is used in two main Ways,

YoU can use We to talk about yourself togetherwith someone else,

but notthe person you are speaking orwriting to,

l shook his hand, andwe both sat dawn.

You can also use we to include the person or people you are
speaking orwriting to.

Shallwe have dinner together, Sally?

Wear - ln
íI 'wear'
When you wearsomething, you have ít on your body. You can wear
clothes, shoes, a hat, gloves, jewellery, make-up, ora pair of
 weather - whether 277

g la sses - The past tense fo rm of wear is wor€, n ot'w€a red;Th e.past

p!.|ticiple is worn
.. ]

H e wa s W eari ng, a br:own,shi rt "

l'veworn glasses all my life.

fl ,in'

You can also usein to tatk,aboutwhatsomeone,isweafi:hg;

a small girlin a blue dress.

Howeved you can useínafter_be,w]h€n you aF€lálSo using a word

such as his ormy. You can say, for example.'Marywas in her red
dress'.

ln sometimes used to mean 'wearing only'. For example, 'Ceorge

is
was in his underpants' means'Ceorge was wearing oniy.his,
u nderpants',

Heopenedthedoorin,híspujamas ,..]._::

weather - whether
' ']'
§§'weathe,r':
. ,'i.,,, : '

lfyou are talking about the weather, you are saying, for exarrrple,
that it is raining, cloudy, sunny, hot, or cold.

The weather was gaod forthe time of year.

278 wedding

§§ 'whether'

Don't confuse weather with whether. Use wtrether when you are
talking alrouta choice between two or more thi,ngs.

l don't know whether to g0 out. ar stay at home.

Wedding +seemarriage-weddíng

Week
A week is a period of seven days.

Sh e' lt be b a ck n ext. w eek.

lf something happens in the week orduring the week, it happens

on weekdays, rather tl,ian, at the weekend.

Intheweek,we getup at seven.

+ see also last

+ see n€xt

Weekday
Aweekday is any ofthe days ofthe week except Saturday orSunday.

She spent everv yeekdg3t meetings.

You can say that something happens on weekdays,

l visíted them on weekdaysfor lunch.

Weekend
It 'weekend'
:

,Aweekend is a Saturday and the Sunday that comes after it,

 Well zlzg

Sopetimes people incl ude Friday eveni n9 as part of the weekend.

I spent the w@ken d ct h ome,

EI regularevents
British speakers say that something takes place at weekends.

The tower is open to the publíc atweekends,

gf; American speakers usually_say that something takes p|ace

weekends or on weekends.

On weekends I rarely do any work.

l stayed in the city weekends.

Et single events
you can use the weekend to talk about,either the last weekend or
the next weekend. You can use at, during, or over in front ofthe
weekend.

N i n e peo p I e w e re ki ed i n ro a d a cci de nts at th e weeke nd.

overtheweekend.
Il

I'll call you _

you can also use this weekend to talk about either the last
weekend or the next weekend. Don't use any preposjtion in front of
thisweekend.

HisFrstfltm was shlwn on television thisweekend,

Let's go skiín g thi s w eeken d.

Well

People sometimes say well when they are about to give their
opinion.There is often no special reason forthi's, but sometimes
well can showthat someone is thinking.

'lsthat right| -'Well, possibly,'

z8o West
§ usedasanadverb
We!! is also an adverb that you use to sav that something is done in
a good way.
,:.
He did itwel]. 1

When well is an adverlr, its comparative and superlative forms are

better and best.

You ptayfootbalt betterthan l do.

l did bestín physicsín my elass, . ,

Et used as an adjective
..
WelI is also an adjective. lf you are weII, you are healthy and not ill.
You don't usually use well in front of a noun.

l amverywell,thankyou.

When well is an adjective, it does not have a comparative forrn,

However, you can use better to say that someone is recovering,
or has recovered, from an illness.

, +seebetter
'
]

::

WeSt -+seetopicNorth,South,East,andwest

WeStern +seetopic: North,South, EastandWest

What
§ askíngforinfornration ,

You use what when Vou are asking for information about
something.
 when z8r

What happened? , ]

What did she say?

Whatisvour name?

you can use what to asl<for more information about a noun or

noun phrase

What qualífrcations do you have?

What car did you hire?

Usewhatwhen you are asking about the,time.

whattimeisít?

§ givíng an opinion orreaction

You can use what and a noun phrase to give an opinion about
somethin9 when you are excited or an9ry.

what a maruellous ideal

what rubbísh!

+seealsohow-what

When
§ used in question :

You use when to asl< alrout the time that something happened or
willhappen.

When didyou arrive?

When areyou getting married?
28z w,here

§ used to talk aborrt a particular time ,

You use when to say that something happened, happens, orwiIl

happen at a particulartime,

He left scholl when he was elanen .

lf you aretalking aboutthefuture; you usethe presént,simplewith

when, not a future form.

, ].

§ used in questíons :

You usewhere to ask questions about plaees.

Where's )ane?
where does she live?
Where areyou going?

§ used in reported questions

Where is often used in reported questions.

He asked ne where we were.

l don't know where it is.

§ used in statements

You can use where to talk about a place you have already
mentioned.

He camefrom Herne Bay,wherehe metJanine,

Where can also be used after a word such as place, room or stnBet.

,,,th e pI a ce w h ere th ey w ork.

,..the rolm where l at!_rny_lprnewprk
...@ves.
 wJrole .ze3

whether +seeweather-whether

whole
& |thewholeof.'and'whole! . lj,_

When you talkaboutthe whoIe of something,,|ou mean all of it.

..,the whole of July.

...thgwh,Oleof Eurary.

lnstead of using the whde of in front of a noun phrase lreginning

wíth a deteini ner su ch as the, thisor my, \/gu can,sirn ph/ use'
whole. For exam p le, teád. of,sayin g :lThe w,holqo.f the ho_u se was
-
i ns_
]

.
-

l o,n.fire'; you cansay'Therryrrol€.hoq§éWasgnfire|. .

, Theyrethebest,inihgwholeworld . ,

,tlve naner told tlti5to anyone else ii nv whale,IÍfe;

You use whole to emphasize that you mean all of something . ]

l stayed there for a whole year,

There were whole chapters that l didn't understand.

§ 'on the whole'

You say oR the whole to show that w,hat you are saying is only true
in genera|4nd nnav not betrue in ever\iqase-

on the whole he liked Americans.

28tQ, who'S
who'5 -+ seewhose - who's

whose - who's
You use whose in questions when you are asking who something
belongs to or is connected with.

Whose carwere,they in?

whose isthis?

§ used in questions

You usewhywhen you are asking a question alrout the reason for
something.

't hadto say no.'-'Y!y/

Why dídyou doit, Martínl

§ used for ma*ing suggestions

You can make a suggestion using Why don't....?

Why don'tweall go?

§l used in reported questions

Why is often used in reported questions,

Hewondered why she had come.

 will - shall z8s

zl used in statements

You use why after the word reason in order to give an explanation.

There areseveral good reasons why I have a freezer.

will - shalt
lt 'will'
Will is used to make statements and ask questions about the future.
:. .

The con Cert will fl ni sh at n 3op m.

Whenwillyou behome?

Mlill is often shortened to'tl and putaftera name o:ra pronoun.

He'lI come back.

mr|lt be here later.

The negative form of wi!! is wil! not. This is often shortened to

Won't/Weunt/.

You won't hear much about it..

YoucanusewiIlyoutoasksomeonetodosomething.

Will is sometim€s used to say that someone or something is able to

do something,

This will cure anything.

The car WOn't start.

W shall' :

You can use a question beginning with'Shall we...'to make a

suggestion.'Will we...'is not used in this way.

Shall we go and see a ftlm?

 286 win - defeat - beat
win - defeat - lreat ]

II 'win'
lf you win a wa1 fi9ht, 9ame, or competition, you do betterthan
- the other person or people. The past tense form and past participle
of win iswon /wan/, not'winned'.

Thefour locaí teams all wontheir games.

§§ 'defeat'and'beat'

Don't say that Someone'Wins'an enemy or opponent. ln a War or

battle, you saythat one side defeatsthe other.

The French defeated the English armv.

ln a game or competition, you say that one person or side defeats

or beats the other.

They were playing chess and she beat him,

]

Wi nte r + see topic: Seasons

wish
Wish is usuallyfollowed by a clause beginning with that, You can
often leave outthat. lf you wish (that) something was true, you
would like it to be true, although you know it is unlikely or
impossible.

l wish (that) l lived nearer London.

lUsn (tna|l could paint.

lf you wishthat something would happen, you Want it tohappen,

and ;rou are angry worried or disappointed because it has not
happened alreáOy.

lwish hewould came!

t wish you woutd try to understand,
 with 287

However, you can use wish followed by you and a noun phrase to
say that you hope something good will happen to someone. For
examp|e, if you say'| wish you a happy birthday', you mean'l
hope you have a happy birthday'.

l wish vou both a good trip.

With
íl basic uses

lf one person or thing is with anothet they are together in one place.

I stayedwith herfor awhile.

lf you do something with a tool or object, you do it using that tool

or object.

He pushed back his hair with his hand.

El used to say who else is involved

You use with afterverbs like fight or argue. For example, if two
people are fighting, you can say that one person is fighting with
the other.

He was always Fghting with his brother.

Similarly, you can use with after nouns like fight or argument.

l had an argument with Creenberg.

288 woman - lady
§ used in descriptions

You can use with after a noun phrase to describe a thing or person,

...an old man with a beard.

.,.a house with three bed rooms,

You can use with like this to make it clear who orwhat you are
talking alrout. For example, you can call someone'the tall man
with red hair'.

... the house with the blue door.

Woman - lady
You usually call an adultfe_male person awgman,/wumen/.

...o toll, dark-eyed woman in a brown dress,

The plural of woman iswomen /wimm/, not'womans'or'womens'.

There were men and women working ín the fleIds,

You can use lady as a polite way of talking about a woman,

especiallyif thewoman is present.

There is a Japanese lady here, Iooking for the manager.

 WoFk ;289

lf you are talking to agroup of women, you ea}l thern ladlé§,.n:qt - .

'Women',

WorK
§ used'asaverb
. ..:: | .:

lf you work, you have a job and earn money for it.

l used to work in-a hotel.

You can use as with work to say what a person's jolr is.

He worked as a teaeher for 4o years.

§
]

U§€d t§ á]i üncoüntáble nóun

lf you havework, you have a job and earn moneyfor it- ,' . .:,']

.,.people who can't fr nd work

When someone does not have a job, you can say that they are out
of work.

There are one and a hatf miltian people aui df wgr:k in this country,

Workis also,used to talk aboutthe place where someonewoikl

He went to work by bus thi s mqrni ng.

29o Worth

Worth
Worth can be a preposition or a noun,

§§ used as a preposition

lf something is worth an amount of money, you could sell it for

that amount.

His yacht is worth g,7 million.

v, used as a noun

You useworth as a noun after words like pounds or dollars to

show how much moneyyou would getforan amount of something.

,..lz millíon pounds woith of gotd and jewets.

WouId
§ situations that are not real

. You use would when you are tal kin g about a situation that is not r€al.

lf l had more money,l would buy a car.

&§ requests, orders, and instructions

You can use would to make a request.

 write 29i

Would you do me a favour?

You cana|so use would to give an order or instructio,n.

Would you askthem to leave, please?

El offers and invitations

You can say'Would yorr..,?'when you are offer:in9 50mething to

sorneone, or inviting them to do something , ,

Wouldvou like a drink?

Woulaltou prePrto staywith us?

§ being willingto do sornetfting

lf someone said that they were willing to do something, you can

say that they would do it, lf they refused to do it, you can say that
theywould not do it orwouldn't do it; :

He said hewould hetp her.

d n' t talk to hi m.
Sh e,w oul

§ shgrtform
When would comes aftera word like l, he;you ora name. you
often write it as'd.

She said she'd come.

Write
§'write' and'write down'
When r7ou write something orwríte it down, you use a pen or
pencil to m,ake words, letters, or numbers. The past tense form of
write is wrote. The past participle iswritten.

. l wrote down whatthe boy said.

 ,92 W:rÍte

§&, wqítlnga letter , , .. , .

When you write a letterto someone, you write inforrnation or

other things in a letter and send it to the person. You can say that
you write someone something, orthatyou write something to
Someone.
. ..t l:] -:

] wrote hítl| o toftg tüt!!.

tfliouwÉtetosomeone,youwritea|ettertothem.,
rnelastsummer.
:

Shewrateto , .

€ nr,nerican.spea kers often leave orut tlrelto].

You can write'I am wrlting...'atthe lreginning of a Íeúerto say

what you al.e writi ng about.
, ,||.

Dear Mortis, í aF writj,ngto askwhether you wi!tr visítus-thls.vedfi

 A year is a period of twelve months, tleginning on the first dáy of
January and ending on the las,t day of December.
, _

We d an el eüi on 1 ast year.

,:
ha

Ayear is also any period of twelve months.

Yo u ean use yt*r,*rtrheri:lroE ar€,talki ng. alro,utth€,ag e of + pers on'

or thing.

yes
you use yes to agree with 50meone orto say that something
is true.
,a ':'
, 2g4 yesterdaY

yesterday _

YesterdaY means the day before today

ltwas hotvesterdav,

YoU talk about themo,rnin9 and afternoon of the day before today
as yesterday morning and yesterday afternoon.

Heavy rain feII here yesterdav afternoon.

You can also ta|,k alroutyeslerday.rr"iíng, but it i5 more

comrrron tosay lall nfuht" .

l met your husband tast night.

Yóu can also use last night to talk about the previousnight- ,

We left our bedroom,wíndaw open last night

-} see also topic: Tlmes of the day

Yet
§§ used i n.negBt_Íve, §entenEes

You use yet in n e,Eative sentences tosay that someth n g has not
i

happened up to,th€ pie§ent tirírg a,lth9.tJgh.iL prcba§ly w.itl happ.en.

n convers.ation, |oÚ, usua{lv put vet at the en d, of a sentence.
l
 YOU're 295

It. isn't darkYet.

l haven't decidedyg!.

ln Writing, you can putyetdirectlyafternot.

They have not yet set a date for the election.

m
7á used in questions

You often use yet in questions when you are asking if something
has happened. You putyet at the end of the sentence.

Haveyou donethatyet?

SomeAmerican speakers use the past simple in questions like

these. They say, for example, 'Did you have your lunch yet?'

§ 'aIready'

§t 'stil!'

you -+ seetopic:Talking about men and women

you're -) seeyour- you're

''
, e$ ,Y6tJf+VOU"r€

lOUlí - VOU'r€

You use vouí /p / or /jc|/ to sho\^lthat someth ng belongs to the

i

person or peóple that you are speaking to.

Where's your father|

fl'yot/re' , ,.

:, lYoú aréis also sqmetiit}é§ pronou need / je| .,Y,uu ean write thís as
yotrte, Donltwrite it as :you.r'.

a.

_::,::!l J::':í- ::]a?,l

 Adjectives zgv

Adjectives that cannot be used in frgnt

of noun§
Some adjectives are not used in front of nouns. These adjectives are
. u sed after n king ve rbs such as be, feel, ltrok o,r seem, For exa m p le,
li

you can say'She was alone', but you cannot say'affi+i9ffe9+rl'.

The following common adjectives are used only aíter linking verlrs:

afraid asleep
alike awake
alive glad
alone hurt

For many of these adjectives there is anotherword you can use in

front of a noun to express the same meaning.

Afraid mustalways.goaftera linking verb, butfrightened can go

in front of a noun oraftera linking ver,lr.

They seem afraid ofyou,

He was acting like a frightened child.

AIíke mustalways go after a linking verlr, but símilarcan go in

They all l:ooked aliketo me,

They were given similar tqsks

Alive must always go after a linl<ing verlr, lrut líving can go in front
of a noun oraftera linking verb.

l thinkhisfather is still alíve"

l have no living rűtíves

Asleep must always go after a linking verb, but s-leeplng can go in

frontof a noun oraftera linkingverb,

Itwas after:midnight and shewas asleep.

We both stared atthe sleeping child"
298 Tirnes of the day

GIad must always go after a linking ver:b, but happy or cheeÉul

can90infrontof anounorafteralinkingverb. .-

t'm so gladyouwon.
she always seemed súch a happy-woman,

Hurt mUst always go aftera linking verb, but injured can go in

front of a noun oraftera linking verb.

His friends asked him if he was hurt.

Hís injured leg was feelíng better.

Times of the day

The main times of the d4y are:

morning
afternoon
evening
night

W 'in the'and'on'wíth tirnes of the day

You use in the morning, in the afternoon, ln the eveningand in

the nightto talk aboutwhen something happened.

She woke up in the morning feeling ill.

It rained in the niqht,

You also use ín the morning(s), in the afternoon(s) and,in the

evening(s) to talk about things that happen regularly at these
times.

You could sitthere in the evening and tisten t0 the radio.

Most of us-play golf in the afternoons
 Times of the day 2gg

When you say the name of the day in front of morning, afternoon,
evening and night, you use on.

Mum arrived at my house on Friday evening.

We go swimmíng on Saturday mornings.

§§ 'this'with times of the day

You use this in front of morning, afternoon and evening to talk

about times ín the present day.

The reportwill be on your deskthis afternoon,

§ 'yesterday'with times of the day

You use yesterday in front of morning, afternoon and evening

to talk about times in the previous day.

He went ta work yesterday morning as usual.

'tomorrow' with times of the day

You usetomorrow in front of morning, afternoon, evening and

night to tall< about times in the day after the present day,

Would you like to come for dinner tomorrow night?

 =:,".-_=a
"=,

3oo Seasons
Seasons
The seasons are:

spring summer autumn winter

SReakers ofAmerican English sayfallinstead of 'autumn'.
§fi
To saythatsomething happ.ens in a particularseason, you use
in spring, in summer etc., or in the spring, in the summer etc.
You use these both when something happens once and when it
happens every year.

Adam took his exams in thg:p!!g.

This house is too hotin sumner andfreezing inwinter.

Transport
When you saywhat kind of transportyou useto travel somewhere,
you ttse by in front of the name of the vehicle.

ihe deci aea fu tavel bly trai n.

I gotoworkbv car.

When you are talking about public transport, you can use the verbs
take and catch instead of '9o by'or'travel by'.

He left London and took a train to Leeds,

We caughtthe businto thetown centre.
 Meals 3o,!

When you are talking about entering or leaving a vehicle, you

usually use get on and get off. you say that you get on and get off
a bicycle, train, bus, boat or plane.

l was happyta getonthe plane and relaxfor an hour.

l aot off the train at Liverpool.

However, you use get into and get out of when you are talking
about entering or leaving a car ortaxi.

Th?v gotinto 0 car and drave away.

Athin man gotoutofthetaxi and approached me.

Meals
ll'breakfast'
Breakfast is th€ first meal of the day. You eat it in the morning, just
afteryou get up.

I Qpen the mait immed:íately afte, lraW,qsí

El 'Iunch'and'dinner'
Lunch is the meal eaten in the middle of the,day.

Where díd you have lunch?

Dinner is the rnain meatof theday, usuallrleaten,in theevening.

They invited usfor dinner attheir house.

Et 'tea'and'supper'
Tea is a small mea,l eaten in the afternoon, especially in hotels and
cafés, usually with sandwiches and cakes.

l baught some chocotate bi séuits for tea.

Some people call the meal they have in the evening tea, especially
if it is nottheir:main meal, or if itis a mealforchildren.
3o2 Meals
río"rr,!!!!. f"rvt
,,,,.,,uur',n
Supper is a mealyou eat in the evening. Some people calltheir
main mealsupper, while others use it for a small meal that th€y
eatjustbeforegoifigtobed......:.:
We hod eggs and toa§for supper,

You often use hlve.to say that,sorneoneۇts a,mgal. ,

thaven'thadbreakfastyet. :

,,,,
§ 'make' 1,

When someon€ prepares a meal, you'can say that they.mE,ké il.

Stelta made dinnerfor all of us.

§§ 'at' ::

at i n f ron t of t he narne'of a, mealto talk a bout,so methi

Yo u u se n g
that happens while you are eating that meal.

They spoke abautít at dínnei t_hat night.

Íl'íor'
you use for after the n,ame of a food and in front of the narne of a
meal tosaywhatsomeoneeatsatthatmeal. "]: :: ,

you also usefor in front of the name of a meal to,talkabout go;ing'

somewhere to eat or inviting someone to eat WÍth you. ,

l invited her to join us for dininer that niEht.

§!'my'r'your', t6i3|r'her!,'our' and'their'

You don't usually use'tJrel in frorrt of narrles of mea}s. Don't say, for
 ,I
I

Places 3o3

example 'or'l lehadasandwiehfor

theh*fteh'. However, you can use words like my, his and her in front
oí names of meals.

Co and have:/our breakfastwhíle I read these letters.

l went downstairs to make my lunch.

Places
§ 'the'

You use the after a preposition when you are talking about a
particular place you have already mentioned, or when you add a
phrase to make it clearwhich place you are talking about.

We drovetothe hospitalin silence.

Shewantedto g0 tothe school ín Paris.

§ 'at'and'in'
lf you want to say where someone is, without mentionin9 the
specific place, you use at and in without'the'. With schoo!, college
and university, British speakers usually use at,

l was at universítv with her.

§á Speakers of American English usually use in with these words-

They met in high school.

3o4 Negatives
With prison and hospital, you us-e ín.

He died in prison

Negatives
ltr 'never'
You use neverto say that something did not, does not, orwill not
happen at any time.

Never comes in f1-ont of the verlr; unless the verbjs be; in which
case it goes after it.

They neverta.ke risks.

The roud by the river was never q;uiet-

Never comes after an auxiliary verb but before t]re next verb.

My husband sayshewíll never retire.

l have narcr seen anythíng |ike this before.

§l 'none'
None means 'not one'or'not any'.

None of is used in front of a plural noun phrase or in front of an

uncountable noun.

None of our ptayers gat. through to the finals.

Their employers cover none ofthe cost ofthís traíníng.

None can also be used on its own ás á pl,ol1ouo.

]

I wefitto get a biscuit, buttherewere none left.

Gl 'no-one'
No-one means'not a single person'. lt is foltowed by a singular verb.

No-one knows where he is.

 Negatives 3o5

§* 'not'

Not is used with verlrs to form negative sentences- lt is often

shortened to n't.

You put not after the first auxiliary verb, if there is one.

They might notnotice.

However, when you use not with be, don't use an auxiliary verb.
Simply put not after be.

. The programwos not a success.

§ 'nothing'

Nothing means'nota single thing'. lt isfollowed bya singularverb.

Nothing is happening.

'nowhere'
]

*:i
§l

You use nowhere to say that there is no place where something

happens orcan happen.

There was nowhereto hide.

ffi two negatives

soo North, South, East and West

North, South, East andWest

,§ basicmeaníngs
fiortlr isthE d'irection'thatis.tó.yo,ur left,Wh€n you are looking
towards the place Where the sUn comes up.

Our routewentfrom north to south.

South is the direction that is to your right when you are looking
towards the placewhere th,e su,n comes up.

We have good relations with our neighbours in the south.

East is the direction that you look towards in eirder tg sesthe§un

come up.

There are huge mountainstOthe east,

West is the direction that you look towards in order to see the sun
go down.

El with'the,
you use the in front of nortfl south, ea§t and west to talk about a
part ofa coUntry or region.

, Their troops were based in the north.

' Wewere on holiday.in the {auth of Fra nce-
',.] '_ ' :: '''
§
'useÜ,asadectives ::' ,: , . ,, ,,:"

North, south, east and west are used as adjectives to mean

jfaci'ng a particutar direction'ot lin a.particular aiéa.They arc often
 ':::l]]:]:l.,:]:i
:],.'.]:].,: ]:],l l:

Talking about men and women 3o7

used with names of towns and cities, or in place names.

We sailed round the north colst of Austratia.

She bought a house in ust London.
They moved to South Carolina.

You use north, south, east and west in front of wind to say where
the wind is blowing from.

The east wínd had increased throughout the dly,

§ used as adverbs

North, south, east and west are used as adverbs to mean

'toward5 a particular direction'.

l was travelling north from Florida to Alabama,

Talking about men and women

lI 'they'. 'them' and 'their'to refer to a single person

When you are talking about a person and you do not know if the
person is male orfemale, you use thewordsthey, them and their,
You use these to refer back to words and phrases like anyone,
someone, each person and a person.

Ask an adult if they can help you.

lo8 -Tal ki n,9,,a,bout,m,en a nd'Women

[1yg with a rcrnuatshould take Ít with them.

,:
Et 'they','them'and'their'to referto a group of people

Youalso use thewordsthey, them andtheirwith everyone,

werybody, every persjn and so on.

Elgrygns was dressed in their best clothes.

ln veryíormal,writing, you can usghe orshe, himorlre.ror'hii or

her instead,

Each,pqtiint can make c$oi|ces dbout his 0r hertíeqlrftent,

§l 'you'and'one'
Yorl is o:íterru§éd to refer'to people in,generai..Vou.isf,o,llqwedüy a
pluralform of a verb.
,]
To be a good doctor you rleedto have,gaad.,cammunícatíon.skills,
lt's easíer to solve a problem when vou know a lot about ft.

One can be used in the same way, but it is much more forma|,
one i5 to l I ow€d lry a.singr-l a r.f€ rm of, a]Vef b
l
"

one doesn't talk about politics at the elub.

E§ 'man'and'mankind'

Man and mankind a€sómetirnes,used to refer.to.people in

general. Forexample, instead of saying'Human beingsare
destroyíng the €nrrironn,lent', you can say 'Man is destroying, , ,

the environment' or'Mankind is destroyin9 the environment'.

You use a sing ularform,of a verb.

...the, most dan ger§us sub§a nce kno:wn,to rla fl-

Mankínd depends an trees.',,
 Whereyou putadverbs 3o9

Where you put adverlrs

§ adverbs of rnanner, place and time

Adverbs of manner, place and time are usualIy used,after the main
verb in a sentence.
,
':::
Tha1 taoked a nxiausly ot each other.
she is sleepi
Thq tomorrow-

lf the verbhas an object, the adverb comes.after the object,

read the instructions carefully.

W"@
I

Adverbs of time can also go at the beginninE of a sentence,

, Lg ,the same men were seen in the Hígh Str,eet,

El adveós of possibility and frequency

some adverlrs come in front of the main verb, unless the verb is be.
These include adverbs of possibility (such as probably, definitely
and certainly), adverbs of frequency (such as often, sometimes
and rarcly) and the adverb still.

Marcus de1nítely wantsto come"

She som1imesvísits us.
She still lives in London.

lf the Verb is be, you put the adverb afterit.

They are probably expensive,

31g Wh€re,you pu.t ád,ver,,,bs

shewas nill beautiful.

Wher:e there is an auxliiar,}verb ín the sERtence, t É adver]r.comes

They will probabív luve,

They have Óften helped us in the past.
Hecaald stil] getinto sefióustrauble: :

§'only'
Only means :not anvone o,ranything elsel oj 'not more tian a
par:ticulallsizeorafi§unt';:;: ,, : ],:": ] ],
. '

the subjeet of a sentence.

'

only is used.in frontof

., ]

9|ly hiselpse#lénds,knellt haw iI! hewas;,, :.

Onlyisalso used in front of,averb orafterthe,f,rst auxiliary verb,

unless tlre verb is be.

' They onlYwen:t asfar asfihestatí:on: ]

,

WEcoúld only choos€twoaf them.

lftheverbi§-be;,youputon|y,after.it. .

There is oÚIy one trarn thai ggesírom'Denlnlrk t§,9w,eden bl nt,ght-