INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS COURSE BOOK

DIPLOMATIC
CORRESPONDENCE
Yasin YAYLAR
Contents
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................3
DIPLOMACY ....................................................................................................................................4
I. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE ................................................................................4
A. DIPLOMATIC LETTER ......................................................................................................5
B. FORMAT OF A LETTER ....................................................................................................5
C. DIPLOMATIC TITLES ..................................................................................................... 10
D. TYPES OF CORRESPONDENCE..................................................................................... 12
1. Note (nota) ....................................................................................................................... 12
2. Note verbale (sözlü nota) ................................................................................................. 14
3. Note-signee (yazılı nota) .................................................................................................. 16
4. Collective note (ortak nota) ............................................................................................. 18
5. Protest note (protesto notu) ............................................................................................. 20
6. Letters of concern (endişe mektupları) ........................................................................... 26
7. Memorandum (muhtıra) ................................................................................................. 28
8. Pro‐memoria (resmi görüşme özeti) ................................................................................ 31
9. Aide-memoire (gayri resmi görüşme özeti) ..................................................................... 35
10. Circular diplomatic note (sirküler nota) ..................................................................... 37
11. Letters of credence (güven mektubu)/ Full power (tam yetki belgesi) ....................... 39
12. Exequatur (Kabul belgesi) ........................................................................................... 41
13. Persona non grata (istenmeyen kişi)............................................................................ 43
14. Agreed minutes (üzerinde anlaşmaya varılan protokol) ............................................ 45
15. Notice of termination (anlaşmayı sonlandırma notası) ............................................... 49
16. Bout de papier/ speaking note (kısa not kağıdı) .......................................................... 51
17. Draft letters (taslak mektup) ....................................................................................... 53
18. Demarches (diplomatik girişim) .................................................................................. 54
19. Ceremonial communications (kutlama mesajları) ...................................................... 56
20. Letter of condolence (taziye mektubu) ........................................................................ 58
21. Invitation letter ............................................................................................................ 61
22. Press statements/ press briefing/ press release (basın açıklamaları) .......................... 64
23. Reports ......................................................................................................................... 66
A Good Example of a Diplomatic Correspondence ................................................................... 69
A Bad Example of a Diplomatic Correspondence ...................................................................... 71
APPENDIX 1 ................................................................................................................................... 73

1
APPENDIX 2 ................................................................................................................................... 66
APPENDIX 3 ................................................................................................................................... 67
APPENDIX 4 ................................................................................................................................... 67

2
Foreword
It is aimed with this book to provide a source for Diplomatic English courses of International
Relations or similar programs. It is considered that these programs lack a decent and up-to-
date source that meets the necessities of modern day. While preparing this book, it is tried to
be compact and clear in explaining the diplomatic correspondence. The communication
qualities and tips of negotiating are of a totally different subject so skipped. However, the
most important part is sure the examples of the types of correspondence. In choosing the
samples, it has been tried to find the most famous, most important or most recent examples.
Each sample has been given with reference. The texts are preserved as they are. The most
common phrases for each type of letter have been given before the samples. At the end of
each sample an assignment with a made-up scenario has also been given for the students to
produce the letter of their own, as producing is the best way and highest level of learning. The
vocabulary used in these letters and throughout the book has been given in appendix part. The
appendix part includes very important subjects as well. For example, in Diplomatic Hierarchy
section, the Turkish equivalents of ranks have been given. In Diplomatic Ranks section the
Turkish meanings of ranks have been given. In International Relations Terms section the
Turkish meanings of most common terms in International Relations have been given. The last
section is the Abbreviations of International Organizations with Turkish equivalents.

I hope this book helps students of International Relations in their learning of diplomatic
correspondence.

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 DIPLOMATIC ENGLISH

DIPLOMACY
Diplomacy is saying nothing while saying a lot! Or we can define diplomacy as covering a lie
under many truths. Choosing the right words are always important in communication
especially in international communication. Telling someone that he/she is overweight is a lot
different than he/she is fat. In international level such bluntness may cause much bigger
troubles though. In that historic story of the sultan we can see how telling the truth in the right
way may help you survive. A king gives a Persian horse to the sultan as a gift. He likes the
horse so much that he assigns special caretakers for it. He also threatens that “Whoever comes
and tells me that the horse is dead will be executed!” Everyone fears so much that they don’t
take their eyes off the horse. However, it gets sick and dies suddenly. Keeping in mind the
sultan’s threat, no one wishes to inform the sultan about the situation. They say the vizier that
“it is down to you to inform sultan”. He goes to the sultan and fearfully says that the horse is
always lying. Sultan says, “get it up”. Vizier answers “we get him up, but he falls again. Also,
its tongue lolls out.” Sultan shouts “You idiots, the horse is dead!” Vizier smiles happily
“Excellency, you’ve said it is dead, not me.”

I. DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE

When did English become the lingua franca? This is the main question. Why do we use
English? Actually, the real question is: Why was Latin during the Roman era or French in the
age of Louis XIV the lingua franca? Asking the question in that way gives the answer itself.
Although there is not a formal agreement, there has been a consensus to use a language as a
lingua franca over the years. It is generally because of a country’s power or soft power
(attractiveness). People tend to learn these kinds of languages as their second languages. From
the beginning of the 20th century, English has become the lingua franca with the British
Empire’s becoming the super power. Later, after the World Wars it was the USA and it was
still the age of English. Today English is used for correspondence between the nations.
However, in treaties or international agreements, each country’s language is used and a copy
in English is added to be given to the UN.

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 A. DIPLOMATIC LETTER

Main tool of diplomatic correspondence is the letter. Writing is always more secure than
talking directly to your collocutor or given statement to the press. As in the former you can
succumb to your feelings and say some unintended things. In the latter, along with that some
cunning journalist may lead you to tell some unintended things. However, in letters, there is
always enough time to choose the right words purified from your feelings. On the other hand,
writing with consensus and public mind, there is less probability that you are mistaken. While
planning the letter formats we had thought about dividing them as bureaucratic letters, social
letters and political letters. Nevertheless, any of them can be defined as political. When you
congratulate one nation’s election results and not the other one, you sure make politics! As
even the letters of condolences can be used as political tools (see page 49, letter of
condolence). So, we decided to give them in relation order rather than in groups.

B. FORMAT OF A LETTER

Although there are some differences from state to state, diplomatic letters have a general
format. While some states put the date at the top of the page, other put it below. Some sign on
the left and some on the right. Even some sign in the middle! The most important thing is to
make your point clear. The letters must be comprehensive. They mustn’t be unnecessarily
long. The language must be fit for diplomatic courtesy. The only exceptions for that are the
protest letters and memorandums. As they are used to show reaction or sometimes threat, no
kindness is shown. You directly get to the point. Also, on notes, note verbales, note-signees
and memorandums the letter has a title explaining the subject of the correspondence. Many of
the letters are signed but some are just initialed. The details will be explained in each type of
letter.

In the sample below a general outline of a letter is given. The sender is the ambassador of
Myanmar to Cambodia. On top of the page there is the heraldry of sender. Just below that the
location and the date of the letter is written. In some letters like note-signee, collective note or
a pro-memoria there is also a headline explaining the subject of the letter. The letter starts
with a salutation. Here this is a “Dear Excellency” as it is forwarded to the highest-ranking
officer. If the letter is written in the third person, no salutation is used. The beginning
paragraph of the letter explains why the letter is sent. Later comes the main text. It can be one

5
or more paragraphs. The main text explains the letters subject in detail. The ending sentence
has a courtesy salutation again. In this letter it is again “Excellency”. On the right below is a
suitable complimentary close. Below that is the full name with the position is written. If the
letter is signed, the signature is over the name. If it is just initialed, it is just below the text.
The last part is the receivers name, position and address on the left-hand side.

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7
 1. Salutation

Dear Mr. President,

Excellency,

Dear Ministers and Governors,

Dear Prime Minister,

Your Imperial Majesty,

Your Excellency,

Your Highness,

2. Beginning

The Embassy of the Republic of/ The Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Moldavia presents its compliments to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia and has the
honor to...

I have the honor to acknowledge…

I have the honor to enclose herewith the text of the statement…

The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics considers it necessary to

communicate the following to the Government of the United States of America.

The Government of the United States considers it important to communicate a note to the
Government of the People’s Republic of China.

The Government of Guyana wishes to inform that…

3. Ending

Please accept, Excellency, the assurances of most distinguished consideration.

The Canadian Embassy avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the Department of State
the assurances of its highest consideration.

8
We would also like to take this opportunity to convey our sincere desire to maintain and
further develop the friendly relations between our nations.

Please accept, Excellency, the assurances

Accept Sir, the assurances of my high consideration.

4. Complimentary Close

Yours faithfully (to unknown person)

Yours truly (to slight acquaintance)

Yours very truly (ceremonious but cordial)

Yours sincerely (friendly but not intimate letters)

With deepest sympathy,

With sincere appreciation,

Respectfully yours,

Yours cordially,

Sincerely,

9
 C. DIPLOMATIC TITLES

Mister (Mr.): is used for male counterparts. However, it is not used when calling the high-
ranking counterparts at the beginning. It can be use during the conversation though.

Example:

Good afternoon Mr. President not Good afternoon Mr. OBAMA

Missis (Mrs.): is used for female counterparts and male counterparts’ spouses. However, it is
not used when calling the high-ranking counterparts at the beginning. It can be use during the
conversation though.

Miss: is used for female counterparts whose marital status is not known.

Your majesty: is used for queens and kings. When introducing or mentioning about them His
Majesty or Her Majesty is preferred.

Example:

Her Majesty is not available at the moment.

Royal highness: is used for prince, princesses, or dukes. Sometimes Your Highness is also
used especially during the conversation.

Examples:

His Royal Highness the Prince Charles, Duke of Burgundy

The Duke of Burgundy wishes to see Your Highness.

Honorable: is used for foreign diplomats and Cabinet officials, Chargés d’Affaires, and
heads of international organizations. In British culture a Prime Minister takes the title The
Right Honorable. It is used before a full name. You cannot call the honorary titles for
yourself. For example, you cannot sign your letter calling Honorable Mr. Yasin YAYLAR.

Example:

The Honorable Antonio Guterres

Secretary General of the United Nations

10
His Excellency: is used for highest ranking counterparts like presidents, vice-presidents or
ambassadors.

Esquire: is used for lower ranking counterparts than presidents, vice-presidents or

ambassadors. You can use esquire for officers, ministers or individuals. No other title is used
with esquire.

Example:

Mr. Fred BALLOT or Fred BALLOT, Esquire not Mr. Fred BALLOT, Esquire

Academic titles: If the person has a doctor’s degree, he/she is a Doctor of Philosophy
(Ph.D.). So, Ph.D. letters can be used after name. If he/she is a professor, Prof. abbreviation is
used before name. During the conversation however Dr. is preferred.

Your holly: is preferred for high ranking people of Christianity. The Pope's title of courtesy is
Most Holy Father.

Reverend: is preferred for religious ranks of Christianity. It is used with a full name and
article “the”.

Example:

The Reverend Jerry FALWELL

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 D. TYPES OF CORRESPONDENCE
1. Note (nota)

Note is a written communication from a minister of foreign affairs to foreign diplomatic

envoys or other foreign government officials. Note is a general name; it can be a demarche or
a persona non grata. It is the most generally used form of correspondence between states, or
non-state actors. Apart from the protest note, all notes begin and end with diplomatic
courtesy. It can be either in the first person or third person. Third person is generally used in
note verbale.
Signed

Key phrases (as note covers the other kind of notes, all the phrases can be used here)

The Ministry desires to inform the government of…

The United States notes its support for…

The Government of the United States of America advises,

The Government of Guyana wishes to draw attention to…

Here is a note sent from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cambodia to Thailand. Actually
that is a protest note on the temple attacks. Cambodia claims these territories are his. Sample1:


Turkey began using online notes in 2015.
1
Agence Kampuchea Presse: http://www.akp.gov.kh/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/E-28-2.jpg

12
Assignment: Write a note to the Embassy of Somalia informing about the Turkish Day
celebration in Somalia. Request them to take the necessary security precautions.

13
 2. Note verbale (sözlü nota)

Notes written in the third person are called note verbale. It is less formal than a note. The note
verbale is used in diplomatic practice within the UN, as an alternative to a letter, for the
circulation to members of statements or reports.
Initialed

Key phrases

The Government of Haiti wishes to inform that…

The Government of Haiti wishes to draw attention to…

The Government of the Republic of Haiti wishes to inform the Government of…

The Government of Haiti further wishes to advise that…

The Government of the Republic of Haiti wishes to bring to the attention of…

Below is a verbal note from Qatar to the diplomatic missions. It is an initiation to the
accession of Muhammad bin Thani. Sample2:

2
Security Council, S/1994/5/Add87, 5 Dec. 1994.

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Assignment: Write a note verbale as the Secretary General to the UN members calling for a
gathering of the general assembly with an urgent agenda.

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 3. Note-signee (yazılı nota)

Notes written in the first person are called note-signee. It is sent from the first person to
another first person. It is formal like a note.

Signed

Key phrases

The Ministry desires to inform the…

The United States notes its support for…

The Government of Germany advises…

The Government of Cambodia wishes to draw attention to…

Here is a note-signee of the application of Palestine to the UN membership. It is written by

the President of Palestine Mahmuod Abbas to the General Secretary of UN Ban Ki-Moon.
Sample3:

3
BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/23_09_11_palestinian_un_letter.pdf

16
Assignment: Write a note-signee to the UN Security Council about the massacre in
Myanmar. Request an urgent gathering on that agenda.

17
 4. Collective note (ortak nota)

Notes sent by the representatives of several states to a government or an international

organization on a subject in which they want to make a joint representation. It is not widely
used because of the danger that the signing states may seem as ganging up.
Signed

Key phrases

We have the honor to bring to your attention…

The Government of Cambodia, Taiwan and Myanmar wishes to draw attention to…

The Community/ Council and its member States demand that…

In that sample below France, Spain, UK and Northern Ireland send a collective note to the
Security Council about the signing of Vance-Owen Plan. We see that while Bosnian
Government is signing the plan, Serbian side is digging his heels in not to sign. Sample4:

4
Modern Diplomacy, R. P. Barston, Routledge, USA, 2013, p. 320, 321.

18
Assignment: Write a collective note to Israel with three of your allies about the new
settlement housing units in occupied East Jerusalem. Warn Israel with sanctions will be taken
if he insists on to continue.

19
 5. Protest note (protesto notu)

If a state finds another state’s actions unacceptable it can either call the ambassador to the
foreign ministry tell verbally or send a protest note. It may be a condemnation of action, as
one side doesn’t approve the other side’s action. It doesn’t begin and end with diplomatic
courtesy. Signed

Key phrases

I have the honor to reproduce below the text of a note of protest against the United Kingdom.

I have the honor to transmit to you the text of the protest note,

The Republic of Slovenia strongly protests against the…

We strongly condemn…

The Republic of Turkey will regard this as an unfriendly act.

The Republic of Turkey will not allow…

In the sample, Soviet Union sends a protest note to the USA in 1960. A U2 plane which
intrudes the Soviet territory is shot down by the Soviet rocket troops. The plane took off from
İncirlik base in Turkey and was taking high resolution photos over Soviet territory. It was a
deep crisis between the USSR and the USA. Sample5:

5
Yale University, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/u2.asp

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Soviet Note to the United States May 10, 1960

The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics considers it necessary to state
the following to the Government of the United States of America.

On May 1 of this year at 5 hour 36 minutes, Moscow time, a military aircraft violated the
boundary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and intruded across the borders of the
Soviet Union for a distance of more than 2,000 kilometers. The Government of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics naturally could not leave unpunished such a flagrant violation of
Soviet state boundaries. When the intentions of the violating aircraft became apparent, it was
shot down by Soviet rocket troops in the area of Sverdlovsk.

Upon examination by experts of all data at the disposal of the Soviet side, it was
incontrovertibly established that the intruder aircraft belonged to the United States of
America, was permanently based in Turkey and was sent through Pakistan into the Soviet
Union with hostile purposes.

As Chairman of the U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers N. S. Khrushchev made public on May

7 at the final session of the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet, exact data from the investigation leave
no doubts with respect to the purpose of the flight of the American aircraft which violated the
U.S.S.R. border on May 1. This aircraft was specially equipped for reconnaissance and
diversionary flight over the territory of the Soviet Union. It had on board apparatus for aerial
photography for detecting the Soviet radar network and other special radio-technical
equipment which form part of U.S.S.R. anti-aircraft defenses. At the disposal of the Soviet
expert commission which carried out the investigation, there is indisputable proof of the
espionage- reconnaissance mission of the American aircraft: films of Soviet defense and
industrial establishments, a tape recording of signals of Soviet radar stations and other data.

Pilot Powers, about whose fate the Embassy of the United States of America inquired in its
note of May 6, is alive and, as indicated in the aforementioned speech of Chairman of the
U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers N. S. Khrushchev, will be brought to account under the laws of
the Soviet state. The pilot has indicated that he did everything in full accordance with the
assignment given him. On the flight map taken from him there was clearly and accurately
marked the entire route he was assigned after take-off from the city of Adana (Turkey):
Peshawar (Pakistan) - the Ural Sea - Sverdlovsk - Archangel - Murmansk, followed by a

21
landing at the Norwegian airfield at Bude. The pilot also stated that he served in subunit
number 10-10 which under cover of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is
engaged in high altitude military reconnaissance.

This and other information revealed in speeches of the head of the Soviet Government
completely refuted the U.S. State Department's concocted and hurriedly fabricated version,
released May 5 in the official announcement for the press, to the effect that the aircraft was
allegedly carrying out meteorological observations in the upper strata of the atmosphere along
the Turkish-Soviet border.

After the complete absurdity of the aforementioned version had been shown and it had
been incontrovertibly proven that the American aircraft intruded across the borders of the
Soviet Union for aggressive reconnaissance purposes, a new announcement was made by the
U.S. State Department on May 7 which contained the forced admission that the aircraft was
sent into the Soviet Union for military reconnaissance and, by the very fact, it was admitted
that the flight was pursuing aggressive purposes.

In this way, after two days, the State Department already had to deny the version which
obviously had been intended to mislead world public opinion as well as American public
opinion itself.

The State Department considered it appropriate to refer in its announcement to the "open
skies" proposal made by the Government of the United States of America in 1955 and to the
refusal of the Soviet Government to accept this proposal. Yes, the Soviet Government, like
the governments of many other states, refused to accept this proposal which was intended to
throw open the doors of other nations to American reconnaissance. The activities of American
aviation only confirm the correctness of the evaluation given to this proposal at the time by
the Soviet Government.

Does this not mean that, with the refusal of a number of states to accept this proposal for
"open skies," the United States of America is attempting arbitrarily to take upon itself the
right "to open" a foreign sky? It is enough to put the question this way, for the complete
groundlessness of the aforementioned reference to the United States of America "open skies"
proposal to become clear.

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 It follows from the aforementioned May 7 announcement of the U.S.A. State Department
that the hostile acts of American aviation, which have taken place numerous times in relation
to the Soviet Union, are not simply the result of activity of military commands of the United
States of America in various areas but are the expression of a calculated U.S.A. policy. That
which the Soviet Government has repeatedly declared in its representations to the
Government of the United States of America in connection with the violations of U.S.S.R.
national boundaries by American airplanes has been confirmed, namely, that these violations
are premeditated. All this testifies that the Government of the United States of America,
instead of taking measures to stop such actions by American aviation, the danger of which has
more than once been pointed out by the Soviet Government, officially announces such action
as its national policy.

Thus, the Government of the United States of America, in the first place, testifies to the
fact that it answers to representations of the Soviet Government were only for the sake of
form, behind which were concealed an effort to avoid the substance of the issue, and that all
violations by American aircraft of the national boundaries of the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics represented action conforming to U.S.A. policy.

In the second place, and this is the main point, by sanctioning such actions of American
aviation, the Government of the United States of America aggravates the situation even more.

One must ask, how is it possible to reconcile this with declarations on the part of leading
figures of the United States of America, that the Government of the United States of America,
like the Soviet Government, also strives for improvement of relations between the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America, for relaxation of international
tension, and strengthening of trust between states. Military intelligence activities of one nation
by means of intrusion of its aircraft into the area of another country can hardly be called a
method for improving relations and strengthening trust.

It is self-evident that the Soviet Government is compelled, under such circumstances, to

give strict orders to its armed forces to take all necessary measures against violation of Soviet
boundaries by foreign aviation. The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
regretfully states that, while it undertakes everything possible for normalization and
improvement of the international situation, the Government of the United States of America
follows a different path. It is impossible to exclude the thought that, apparently the two

23
Governments view differently the necessity for improving relations between our countries and
for creation of a favorable ground for the success of the forthcoming summit meeting.

The Soviet Government, as well as all of the Soviet people, considered that the personal
meetings and discussions with the President of the United States of America and other
American official figures which the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics had during his visit to the United States of America, made a good
beginning in the cause of normalizing Soviet-American relations and therefore the
improvement of the entire international situation as well. However, the latest actions of
American authorities apparently seek to return the state of American-Soviet relations to the
worst times of the "cold war" and to poison the international situation before the summit
meetings.

The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics cannot avoid pointing out that
the State Department's statement, which is unprecedented in its cynicism, not only justifies
provocative flights of aircraft of the armed forces of the United States of America but also
acknowledges that such actions are "a normal phenomenon" and thus in fact states that in the
future the United States intends to continue provocative invasions into the confines of the
airspace of the Soviet Union for the purpose of intelligence.

Thus, the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concludes that the
announcement of the State Department that the flight was carried out without the knowledge
and permission of the Government of the United States of America does not correspond to
reality, since in the very same announcement the necessity for carrying on intelligence
activities against the Soviet Union is justified. This means that espionage activities of
American aircraft are carried on with the sanction of the Government of the United States of
America.

The Government of the Soviet Union makes an emphatic protest to the Government of the
United States of America in connection with aggressive acts of American aviation and warns
that, if similar provocations are repeated, it will be obliged to take retaliatory measures,
responsibility for the consequences of which will rest on the governments of states
committing aggression against other countries.

24
 The Soviet Government would sincerely like to hope that the Government of the United
States of America recognizes in the final analysis that the interests of preserving and
strengthening peace among peoples including the interests of the American people itself,
whose striving for peace was well demonstrated during the visit of the head of the Soviet
Government, N. S. Khrushchev, to the United States of America, would be served by
cessation of the aforementioned dangerous provocative activities with regard to the Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics, by cessation of the "cold war," and by a search through of joint
efforts with the Soviet Union and with other interested states for solution of unsettled
international problems, on a mutually acceptable basis, which is awaited by all peoples.

Assignment: Write a protest note to France on the opening of the “so called” statue of
Armenian genocide.

25
 6. Letters of concern (endişe mektupları)

Letters of concern differ from protest letters in their tone of language. They aren’t as harsh as
protest notes. They are usually effective in solving a situation before it becomes a trouble.
They are generally used between allies or friendly states.

Signed.

Key phrases

We are closely monitoring reports of…

These allegations raise serious questions…
We cannot remain indifferent to…
The Republic of Turkey views with concern…
We commend the actions taken by your government…
We seek a clarification/ an explanation on these statements…
… is a matter of grave concern
The Republic of Turkey is obliged to tender grave reservations…
The Republic of Turkey will be obliged to consider its own interests…
The United States noted with concern…

The following sample is a letter of concern sent by the Hispanic group in the US senate. They
express their deep concern with Netanyahu’s speech which supports Trumps idea of building
a wall on the US-Mexico border. Sample 6:

6
Congressional Hispanic Caucus: http://congressionalhispaniccaucus-lujangrisham.house.gov/media-
center/press-releases/chc-chairwoman-statement-on-letter-to-israeli-ambassador-concerning-us

26
Assignment: Write a letter of concern to the USA about the weapons sent to the YPG forces
in Syria.

27
 7. Memorandum (muhtıra)

Memorandum (or memoire, if it includes a summary of a conversation, pro-memoria, or aide-

memoire) is a detailed statement of facts, and arguments of a state. It is like a note but it does
not begin and end with diplomatic courtesy. It is not signed as it is delivered either personally
or with a covering letter.
Not signed.

Key phrases

I have the honor to transmit to you a memorandum of…

Government of the United Kingdom declares that…
We would like to bring to the attention of…

President of the European Commission Barosso writes a memorandum to Prime Minister of

Denmark Rasmussen on his remarks about the EU borders. Rasmussen was complaining
about the open borders of EU and planning to take precautions. However, Rasmussen warns
him by reminding the EU laws. At the end of the letter he even says, “we will take all
necessary steps to ensure the full respect of the relevant law”. Sample7:

7
European Commission:
http://ec.europa.eu/dorie/fileDownload.do;jsessionid=YZUZA5qRrAE1MBZ8HcJIp12A9ismgxu7Xw69K2Vwz
txRt_st8yhq!1583997504?docId=987802&cardId=987801

28
29
Assignment: Write a memorandum to Bulgaria about his attitudes towards your citizen
trespassing to European countries through his motorways. Write about the problems they face
and the Bulgarian police cause.

30
 8. Pro‐memoria (resmi görüşme özeti)
Pro‐memoria is a memorandum including a summary of conversation. It is a formal record of
the interview. It differs from an aide‐memoire which is an informal summary of a diplomatic
interview. It is like storytelling and simple past tense is used. It is usually left at the foreign
office by the ambassador or representative or minister concerned. It is used to prevent
misunderstandings.
Signed.
The sample is about Turkish-Romanian Joint Economic Commission. The Turkish
representative noted down that pro-memoria explaining the decisions taken in that
commission. Sample8:

PROTOCOL OF THE TWENTY SECOND SESSION OF THE TURKISH-

ROMANIAN JOINT ECONOMIC COMMISSION

The Turkish-Romanian Joint Economic Commission (hereinafter referred to as the Joint

Commission) established in accordance with the understanding reached between the
Governments of two Sides on June 14, 1970, held its Twenty Second Session in Bucharest,
between November 24- 25, 2005. The Turkish delegation was led by H.E. Kürşad TÜZMEN,
Minister of State of the Republic of Turkey and the Romanian delegation was led by H.E.
loan Codrut SERES, Minister of Economy and Commerce of Romania. The members of the
two delegations are listed in Annexes I and II, respectively. During his stay in Romania, H.E.
Kürşad Tüzmen, Minister of State of the Republic of Turkey was received by H.E. Calin
Popescu Tariceanu, Prime Minister of Romania, H.E. Gheorghe Copos, Vice-prime Minister
of Romania and had talks with H.E. Gheorghe Dobre, Minister of Transport of Romania and
H.E. Sebastian Vladescu, Minister of Finance of Romania.
The Twenty Second Session of the Joint Commission took place in a cordial atmosphere
reflecting the warm and brotherly relations between the two countries and their desire and
determination to strengthen and further develop their commercial and economic relations on
the basis of mutual interest.
At the Plenary Session, the Heads of the two Delegations presented comprehensive reviews
regarding the economic developments and policies prevailing in their respective countries and
the improvements in the overall bilateral economic and commercial relations, since the last

8
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey: http://ua.mfa.gov.tr/

31
session of the Joint Commission held in Ankara, between April 20-21, 2004. They also made
presentations on the evolution of the privatization process and the existing legal framework
regarding foreign investment in both countries. The Heads of the two Delegations, welcoming
the facts that Romania would accede to the EU on January 1, 2007 and the accession
negotiations of the Republic of Turkey with EU have formally started on October 3, 2005,
underlined that the achievements in the process of harmonizing the internal legislation with
the acquis communautaire and of amending the bilateral legal framework in conformity with
the requests of the EU, would deepen the bilateral cooperation in every field. Both Sides
noted with satisfaction the regular meetings of the Joint Industrial Working Group and the
Joint Energy Working Group established within the framework of the Joint Commission and
decided to further enhance their collaboration in this regard. The results of the talks of the
Joint Commission are summarized as follows:
I. TRADE RELATIONS
1. Overall Assessment of Trade Relations and Future Prospects The two Sides carried out an
intensive review of their bilateral trade since the last Session of the Joint Commission held
between April 20-21, 2004 and noted with satisfaction that there had been a considerable
increase in the volume of trade reaching 3 billion US dollars in the year 2004, with a target of
4 billion US dollars for 2005. However, taking into account the complementary structure and
potentials of their economies, the two Sides emphasized the need for further efforts to
increase and diversify the trade between the two countries on a mutually advantageous and
balanced basis. The two Sides underlined the significance and contribution of the Free Trade
Agreement between the Republic of Turkey and Romania, signed in Ankara on April 29,
1997, which entered into force on February 1, 1998, to the increase of bilateral trade between
the two countries. Both Sides confirmed that the promotion of trade activities between the two
countries would also have a positive impact on their economic relations. The two Sides, in
this respect, agreed to take necessary steps in order to increase and diversify trade relations
through:
- permanent dialogue at the highest level possible,
- contacts between their business communities,
- organizing trade and economic missions,
-participating in international fairs, exhibitions, symposia, seminars and conferences
organized in their respective countries.
The Turkish Side expressed its high appreciation for the visit of the Romanian business
delegation accompanying the President of Romania in September 2005. Both Sides,

32
underlining the importance of exchanging trade delegations for greater collaboration, stressed
their satisfaction with realizing the Turkish Trade Mission to Romania simultaneously with
the Joint Commission, in order to pave the way for strengthening the commercial ties between
the two countries.
Both Sides expressed their satisfaction with the active participation of the Republic of Turkey
to the fairs and exhibitions being held in Romania at national level. The Turkish Side also
stated its pleasure for the regular participation of Romania to the Izmir International Fair and
invited the Romanian Side to participate in the mentioned Fair to be held in following years.
The two Sides underlined that such events were of utmost importance and would help the
business circles of both countries get acquainted with their respective economic potentials.
The two Sides pleased to notice the on-going cooperation between the Turkish Export
Promotion Center (IGEME) and the Romanian Center for Trade Promotion (CRPC) within
the framework of the Trade Promotion Center for Balkan Countries and decided to further
enhance the collaboration in this respect. The two Sides, expressing their satisfaction with the
regular meetings and substantial activities of the Turkish-Romanian Business Council,
welcomed that the forthcoming meeting of the Council would be held in the first quarter of
2006 in Istanbul.
2. Free Trade Zones
Both Sides, taking into account the strategic locations of the Republic of Turkey and
Romania, noted that there was a strong potential for each other's firms to reach neighboring
markets. The two Sides presented brief information regarding the free zones in their
respective countries and agreed to:
- Exchange experience on free zones in order to develop joint cooperative activities in these
free zones;
- Make known the incentives provided by each free zone in order to ensure a more active
contribution of the private sector;
- Organize meetings to inform the businessmen about legislation and customs regulations in
the free zones;
- Organize workshops on the opportunities offered within the free zones;
- Participate more actively in conferences and business forums.
3. Standardization
The two Sides stressed the importance of standardization and accreditation according with EU
norms and in this context renewed their desire regarding the strengthening of the relations
between the respective organizations (TSE Turkish Standards Institute and ASRO Romanian

33
Standardization Association; TURKAK Turkish Accreditation Board and RENAR Romanian
Association for Accreditation). The Turkish Side stated the readiness of the National
Metrology Institute to cooperate with the National Metrology Institute (INM) of Romania in
the fields of metrology, calibration, metrology systems and quality control.
……………
……………
IV. REGIONAL COOPERATION
Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)
The two Sides stated that having in view that the Project Development Fund had become
operational with the contribution of 4 member states (Turkey, Greece, Romania and Russia),
the development of projects with regional impact was expected to stimulate the interest of
foreign investors and international financial institutions in fields of great interest in the Black
Sea area, such as transport infrastructure or energy.
The two Sides decided to encourage the Trade Chambers and other associations of
businessmen to hold meetings and exchange updated information on business and investment
opportunities in the respective countries, with a view to increase the trade and investments in
the BSEC region. The two Sides expressed their support for the ongoing cooperation within
the context of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), Southeast European Cooperative
Initiative (SECI) and the Stability Pact (SP) and agreed to further develop the regional
cooperation initiatives. The two Sides decided to hold the next meeting of the Turkish-
Romanian Joint Economic Commission in Ankara, in 2006, at a date to be agreed upon
through diplomatic channels.

Signed on November 25, 2005 in Bucharest, in two originals in the English language.

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF

THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY ROMANIA
Kürşad TÜZMEN Ioan Codrut SERES
Minister of State Minister of Economy and Commerce

Assignment: Write a pro-memoria about the commission meeting between your country and
Russia about the situation in Syria.

34
 9. Aide-memoire (gayri resmi görüşme özeti)

Aide-memoire is a memorandum including a summary of conversation. It is an informal

record of the interview. It differs from a pro‐memoria that is a formal summary of a
diplomatic interview. It is usually left at the foreign office by the ambassador or
representative or minister concerned.
Not signed
This aide-memoire was handed to the Soviet charge d'affaires by the UK. The UK side is
complaining about the number and the activities of the USSR embassy staff. Especially the
ones who are involved in intelligence activities. Sample9:

When Mr. Gromyko visited London in October, 1970, he spoke of the desirability of
improving Anglo-Soviet relations. It is the sincere wish of Her Majesty's Government to bring
about such an improvement. There is however one matter of importance which has repeatedly
caused friction in Anglo-Soviet relations. This is the scale of intelligence gathering activities
by Soviet officials in this country.
This subject was raised with Mr. Gromyko by Sir Alec Douglas-Home, first in conversation
in London and subsequently in a letter dated December 3, 1970, written at Mr. Gromyko's
suggestion, and in a further letter dated August 4, 1971. These letters have not been answered,
nor even acknowledged. Meanwhile inadmissible activities by Soviet officials in Britain have
continued. During the last twelve months a number of Soviet officials have been required to
leave the country after being detected in such activities. During the same period it has been
decided not to issue visas to a number of officials nominated to Soviet establishments in the
United Kingdom on account of their previous activities. The staffs of the Soviet Embassy and
the Soviet Trade Delegation, which form the two largest elements in the Soviet official
establishment in Britain, far outnumber the British officials working in the Soviet Union.
Her Majesty's Government has tolerated the growth of these establishments. They have not
sought to bargain increases in the Soviet establishments in this country against increases in
the British establishment in the USSR; nor have they sought to establish any fixed
relationship between the Soviet commercial establishment in this country and the growth of
British exports to the Soviet Union. Evidence has however been accumulating that this
tolerance has been systematically abused. The abuse is a matter of serious concern to her

9
Satow's Guide to Diplomatic Practice, Ed. Lord Gore-Booth, Longman, England, 1994, p. 184, 185.

35
Majesty's Government as a direct threat to the security of this country. Moreover the recurring
need to request the withdrawal of Soviet officials from this country, or to refuse visas to
certain officials selected for service in this country, imposes strains on Anglo-Soviet relations.
So do unjustified acts of Soviet retaliation such as the recent expulsion of Mr. Miller, Mr.
Nicholson and Mr. Jackson. The Soviet Government can hardly fail to be conscious of the
contradiction between their advocacy of a conference on European security and the scale of
the operations against the security of this country which Soviet officials and agents controlled
by them have conducted. Her Majesty's Government would like to see this contradiction
resolved before the preparation of a conference on European Security begins.
The Soviet Embassy is therefore requested to arrange for the persons named on the attached
list, all of whom have been concerned in intelligence activities, to leave Britain within two
weeks from the date of this aide-memoire. Henceforth:
(a) The numbers of officials in (i) the Soviet Embassy (ii) the Soviet trade delegation and (iii)
all other Soviet organizations in Great Britain will not be permitted to rise above the levels at
which they will stand after the withdrawal of the persons named in the attached list;
(b) If a Soviet official is required to leave the country as a result of his having been detected
in intelligence activities, the permitted level in that category will be reduced by one.
The Soviet Embassy is also asked to take note that the Soviet citizens named on the second
list attached, who are believed to have left the country but still hold valid reentry visas, will
not be permitted to return to Britain, on account of their participation in intelligence activities.

Assignment: Write an aide-memoire explaining the details of the interview between your
country and Greece on the Aegean Islands.

36
 10. Circular diplomatic note (sirküler nota)

These are identical notes send to each receiver. They are mostly used in conventions like UN
or EU especially informing or calling for a discussion on a subject.
Initialed

Key phrases

We would be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a
document of the Security Council.
I request that this letter be circulated as an official document of the Preparatory Commission.
I should be grateful if you would have this letter and the memorandum circulated as a
document of the Security Council.
I would be grateful if you could bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the
Security Council.
The USSR delegation requests that this letter be circulated as an official document of the
Preparatory Commission.
Please arrange for this communication to be circulated.

In the circular note below, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark requests all the
correspondences to be sent to the given mail and e-mail addresses. The note is sent to all the
diplomatic corps. Sample10:

Assignment: Write a circular diplomatic note to the corps diplomatic in your country
informing about the new address of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

10
Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Of Denmark: http://um.dk/en/about-us/the-protocol-department/news/circular-
notes/newsdisplaypage.aspx?newsid=23ee74a4-1f12-4a54-ba82-0a3a279753d1

37
38
 11. Letters of credence (güven mektubu)/ Full power (tam yetki belgesi)

Documents that give an authorization to consuls by the governments to which they are sent,
permitting them to carry out their consular affairs. It is presented to the home state by the
guest state and if the permission is granted, the guest state is informed about that. Sometimes
it is also called a full power letter. This is a document given by the president accrediting one
or more persons to represent him or the government in an international conference,
convention, negotiation or expressing the consent of the state to be bound by a treaty, or an
agreement. The person appointed with full power is assumed to be totally authorized to take
part, negotiate, conclude and sign any agreements on behalf of his state. They are shown prior
to the negotiations.
Signed

Key phrases

I have chosen Mr. /Mrs. as….

I have full confidence in Mr. /Mrs. as….
I have made choice of Mr. /Mrs. as….
I give full credence to Mr. /Mrs.
I believe Mr. /Mrs. X will be the right choice….

In the sample below, the President of Indonesia sends letter of credence to the Chairman of
the State of Poland. He declares the name of the ambassador he chose for Poland. There are
usually some statements about the good virtues of the representative chosen for the mission.
Here Sukarno says the ambassador is a distinguished citizen of Indonesia. The most important
part of the letter is that the sender gives full credence to his representative. He also asks for
his admission (exequatur) by the receiving state. Sample11:

11
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland: http://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/a2526e1a-efb4-4edb-a070-
dcc5fdb2fa5a:JCR

39
Assignment 1: Choose someone as an ambassador to the Arabian emirates. Mention about
his/ her qualifications.

Assignment 2: Write a letter of full power to the UK informing about the representative you
chose for the human rights commission.

40
 12. Exequatur (Kabul belgesi)

If the letter of credence presented by the guest state is accepted by the home state, an
exequatur is granted to the ambassador, so the guest state is informed about the accreditation.
Signed

Key phrases

I recognize Mr. /Mrs. as….

I declare Mr. /Mrs. as….

Mr. /Mrs. X is accredited as….

I accept Mr. /Mrs. as….

In the sample, the President of Southern Cyprus grants exequatur to Georgios Prodromou as
the honorary consul of Russian Federation. Sample12:

12
Russian Consulate: http://www.russianconsulate.eu/en/achievements/

41
Assignment: Recognize Mr. Rafael Mendivil Peydro as the ambassador of Spain to your
country.

42
 13. Persona non grata (istenmeyen kişi)

If a diplomatic representative becomes unacceptable to an accrediting government for some

reason (that can be because of problems in relations or some personal crime), the accrediting
government declares him/ her persona non grata. This situation is informed to the counterpart
with a letter.

Signed.

Key phrases

The republic of Turkey declares Mr. /Mrs. X to be a persona non grata.

In accordance with the article 23 of the Vienna convention on consular relations…

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey informs the Embassy/ Republic of…

In the following example the Department of State declares the consul general of Venezuela
persona non grata. It assumed that Ms. Antonieta was involved in cyber attacks on the US
government's computer systems with diplomats from the Iranian and Cuban embassies and
students posing as extremists, while she was vice secretary at Caracas's embassy in Mexico. 13
Referring to the “article 23 of the Vienna convention on consular relations” is customary in
these letters. It says, “The receiving State may at any time notify the sending State that a
consular officer is persona non grata or that any other member of the consular staff is not
acceptable”. Sample14:

13
BBC: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-16461697
14
Penúltımos Días: http://www.penultimosdias.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Expulsada.jpeg

43
Assignment: Declare Consular Mr. John Green of Colombia persona non grata for taking part
in a drug dealing cartel.

44
 14. Agreed minutes (üzerinde anlaşmaya varılan protokol)

An agreed minute is an informal document, which may or may not be a treaty. Agreements
and conventions are often accompanied by an exchange of side-letters or an agreed minute, on
which the details are written that are not written in the main body of the text. What has been
agreed upon is explained in the past simple tense. Agreed minutes are suitable if further
changes are planned on the agreement.
Signed

Below is an example of an agreed minute signed in 2001 between Turkey and Italy. It is a
very detailed document listing all the matters on the road transport between the countries.
Exchange of statistical data, passengers transport, problems regarding goods transport are the
main decisions taken in the committee. Sample15:

15
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey: http://ua.mfa.gov.tr/

45
Minutes of the Italian - Turkish Joint Committee on International Road Transport
Rome, 17-18 September 2001
The meeting of the Italian - Turkish Joint Committee on International Road Transport was
held in Rome on 17th and 18th September 2001 between representatives of the Ministry of
Infrastructure and Transports of Italy and the Ministry of Transport of Turkey, to discuss the
following agenda:
1- Exchange of statistical data;
2- Passengers transport;
3- Problems with regard to goods transport;
4- Other matters.
Item 1)
The two Parties exchanged various information with regard to the volume of current trade and
pointed out that the trade balance is favorable to Italy.
The Turkish side underlined that Italy is the third trade partner and there is an increasing trend
in trade volume between the two countries.
Item 2)
With regard to the passengers transport the Italian side pointed out that the following three
applications for establishing new regular scheduled bus lines between Italy and Turkey have
been submitted:
1) Bologna - Istanbul
2) Roma - Ankara
3) Frosinone - Istanbul
The Italian side further remarked that the opening of the bus stop of Milan has not been
authorized to operate on the bus line Paris - Istanbul, although the application had already
been presented in 1998.
The Turkish side informed that with respect to the bus lines Bologna -
Istanbul, Roma - Ankara and in view of the bus stop in Milan, trade agreements have already
been concluded between Italian and Turkish companies.
As to Frosinone - Istanbul line, the Turkish side informed that the Turkish company with
which the partnership agreement had been stipulated does not have the necessary requisites to
carry out regular international passengers transport activity by bus.

46
The Turkish side pledges to facilitate the Italian company to draw up a new agreement with a
Turkish company having the envisaged requisites. Therefore, both Parties agreed on granting
authorizations, as soon as the necessary conditions are accomplished.
Item 3)
The Italian side informed that approximately 500 permits have been issued in the current year,
whereby approximately 240 utilized permits have been returned. Compared to the year 2000,
there has been no improvement as to the utilization of permits.
The Turkish side informed that all of the permits received in 2000 were used, while in 2001
almost 19.500 have already been utilized. Hence, the remaining permits for 2001, will not be
sufficient to guarantee the transport activity till the end of the year.
The Italian side further reminded that the Turkish side had received 3170 bonus permits for
the trucking activity carried out by Italian tractors from 15the September 2000 to 31st March
2001. The Italian side pointed out that the "trucking agreement" has not matched with the
expected results. Therefore there are no conditions to confirm the "trucking agreement" for
2002.
The Turkish side considers, on the contrary, that the "trucking agreement" has significantly
contributed to the development of bilateral transport relations between the two countries.
After a long and in-depth discussion, the Parties agreed upon establishing the following quota
for 2002:
For the Turkish side:
18.000 permits valid for bilateral/transit transports
3.000 permits valid for transit transports to Switzerland and France through the Port of Trieste
1.000 permits valid for bilateral/transit operations to be used by green environmentally
friendly vehicles 2.000 permits valid for Turkish semi-trailers for the trucking carried out
exclusively by tractors registered in Italy.
For the Italian side:
21.000 permits valid for bilateral/transit transports
1.000 permits valid for 3rd countries
2.000 permits valid for Italian semi-trailers for the trucking carried out exclusively by tractors
registered in Turkey. Both parties further agreed to exchange the above permits at 1/3
proportion and according to the following schedule:
During November 2001: 1st proportion
1st May 2002: 2nd proportion
1st August 2002: 3rd proportion

47
The Turkish side requested the exchange of additional 2.000 permits valid for transit
transports to Switzerland and France to be included in the above mentioned quota.
The Italian side replied that the present situation does not allow accepting the mentioned
proposal, but it shall take into consideration the proposal of the Turkish side in future. The
agreement reached during the meeting of the Mixed Commission in Istanbul on 12th and 13th
September 2000 envisaging the assignment of bonus permits to the Turkish side for the
truckings, will be applied only until the 31st December 2001.
Item 4)
The Italian sides pointed out that at the entry of the Turkish customs, Italian carriers are still
requested to submit the Carnet de Passage document.
The Turkish side reconfirmed that the Carnet de Passage document is not requested to be
supplied by those foreign vehicles entering Turkish territory under the cover of a TIR carnet.
For those foreign vehicles entering Turkish territory unladen, or travelling in an unladen
status within the territory of Turkey, the requisite of the Carnet de Passage document has no
longer been required since 1996, but an "Entry- Exit" form is used instead.
Furthermore, the Turkish side informed that if there are sporadic problems faced by the Italian
transporters, the relevant Turkish authorities will take the necessary measures.
The two Parties, under mutual conditions, established that the permits exchanged for the
trucking of semi-trailers can be used in the same way on the entry with a semi-trailer and in
return on a different semi-trailer. The same principle applies also if the permits are general.
The negotiations took place in a friendly atmosphere and in a spirit of mutual understanding.
The Turkish side invited the Italian side to Turkey for the next meeting, date and venue of
which shall be determined through diplomatic channels.

The Minutes is signed in Rome on the 18th September 2001 in English language in two
original copies.

For the Government of the For the Government of the

Republic of Turkey Republic of Italy
Yasar COBAN Salvatore SCARDACI

Assignment: Write an agreed minute which is signed between Turkey and Iran on natural
gas.

48
 15. Notice of termination (anlaşmayı sonlandırma notası)

It is a letter informing the counterpart(s) that the sender no longer wishes to maintain an
agreement or a treaty. It requires a reply in that respect. Any agreement or treaty which is not
commented on before its deadline is accepted to be valid for a new term.

Signed.

Here the Europe Directorate of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office sends a notice of
termination for the agreement on “Reciprocal Holding of Stocks of Crude Oil” to the
Embassy of Ireland. In the last paragraph right above the ending paragraph, it asks for
Ireland’s reply. Sample16:

The Embassy of Ireland

17 Grosvenor Place
London
SW1X 7HR

Note number: 30/13

Date: 30 August 2013

The Europe Directorate of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office presents its compliments to
the Embassy of Ireland and has the honour to refer to the Agreement between the Government
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Ireland
on the Reciprocal Holding of Stocks of Crude Oil and/or Petroleum Products, done at Dublin
on 12 April 2005 and to recent discussions between officials of our two Governments
concerning the desirability of amending the aforesaid Agreement.

In accordance with the amendment procedures of Articles 7 and 8 of the Agreement, the
Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has the honour to
propose that the Agreement be amended as follows:

16
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade:
https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/alldfawebsitemedia/treatyseries/uploads/documents/legaldivisiondocuments/treatys
eries2014/No7-of-2014.pdf

49
The text of Article 10 shall be replaced by the following:
(1) This Agreement shall remain in force for an indefinite period of time but may be
terminated by either Government upon giving notice in writing, through the diplomatic
channel to the other Government. In such event the Agreement shall cease to be in force from
the point of acknowledgement of the notice by the other Government.
(2) If a Government exercises the power of termination in paragraph (1) of this Article it shall
forthwith give notice in writing of the same to the Commission of the European Union.”
The Foreign and Commonwealth Office further proposes that, notwithstanding the provisions
of Article 8 of the Agreement, this amendment shall enter into force on the date of the
notification sent by the Government of Ireland to the Government of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland accepting the proposal.

If the above proposals are acceptable to the Government of Ireland, the Foreign and
Commonwealth Office has the honour to suggest that this Note and the Government of
Ireland’s reply to that effect shall constitute an Agreement between the two Governments,
which shall enter into force on the date of your reply.

The Europe Directorate of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office avails itself of this
opportunity to renew to the Embassy of Ireland the assurances of its highest consideration.

Europe Directorate
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
King Charles Street
London
SWIA 2AH

Assignment: Notice of termination for the treaty on construction of nuclear power plants by
Russian Federation. Write the reasons for the termination.

50
 16. Bout de papier/ speaking note (kısa not kağıdı)

These are very informal “documents” used during the interview by the representatives who
may be a president, an ambassador or an envoy attained for the interview. It is almost always
written during the interview to change the flow of it by convincing the counterpart. They are
very rare to become public as they are confidential or unofficial.

Not signed

The most famous example of a bout de papier is the Percentages Agreement of Churchill. In
1944 Churchill and Stalin meet in Moscow to discuss the postwar situation. While the English
translator was telling “how about we get 90% of Greece and you of Romania under control?”
at that moment Churchill writes the paper below and hands it to Stalin. He is surprised. He
puts a tick and hands it back to Churchill. When Churchill asks, “Does it seem we only seek
our own interests by handling the situation that concerns millions fate so randomly?” When
he offers to burn the paper, Stalin says “No, you keep it.”17 Sample18:

17
Türk Dış Politikası 1, Baskın Oran (Ed.), İletişim, İstanbul, 2009, s. 471.
18
History or Utopia: http://peopletales.blogspot.com.tr/2016/06/percentages-agreement-or-how-stalin-and.html

51
Assignment: You are in a negotiation with Iraqi representatives. They insist on giving the
construction contracts to Chinese companies. Write a bout de papier reminding them your
position along the Iraqi government against the independence movements in Northern Iraq.

52
 17. Draft letters (taslak mektup)

The draft letter is a provisional copy of a text. It is used to warn another state about the likely
contents of the actual letter or solve misinterpretations. Draft letters should be distinguished
from bout de papier/ speaking notes as they are more detailed and pedantically.
Signed
In the sample here there is a draft letter sent by Johnson to İnönü. It was written in 1964,
when Turkey decided to give an end to the massacre of Makarios in Cyprus. As all the
previous demarches of Turkey were futile, he had no option but to intervene. When it was
heard that turkey was preparing for a military intervention, President Johnson sent that draft
letter to President İnönü. The draft letter has a very harsh language and threatening whereas
the actual letter sent two days after that is much more convenient for a letter sent to an ally. It
seems that the draft letter worked, as Turkey changes his mind not to intervene until 1974.
Sample19:

Draft letter from President Johnson to the President Inonu of Turkey, June 5, 1964

“I hope you will understand that your NATO allies have not had a chance to consider whether
they have an obligation to protect Turkey against Soviet intervention, without the full consent
and understanding of its NATO allies.”

Actual letter sent from President Johnson to President Inonu of

Turkey, June 7, 1964

“We have considered you as a great ally with fundamental common interests. Your security
and prosperity have been the deep concern of the American people, and we have expressed
this concern in the most practical terms. We and you fought together to resist the ambitions of
the communist world revolution. This solidarity has meant a great deal to us, and I hope it
means a great deal to your government and your people.”

Assignment: Write a draft letter to Syria warning him about the activities in Bekaa Valley.
Threaten him with cutting off the Euphrates flow to their country.

19
Diplomatic Correspondence, Ye. V. Borisova, Tashkent, 2013, p. 16.

53
 18. Demarches (diplomatik girişim)

Demarches are corresponding on sensitive issues such as a state’s trying to protect its interests
from the effects of an event or a fore coming event. Actually, demarche is the name of the
action. Its tools may be an aide‐memoire, a letter, or a draft letter that explains and shows the
state’s attitude.
Signed
Key phrases

The Government of Uganda wishes to inform that…

The Government of Uganda wishes to draw attention to…
The Government of the Republic of Uganda wishes to inform the Government of…
The Government of Uganda further wishes to advise that…
The Government of the Republic of Uganda wishes to bring to the attention of…

In the sample here, North Korea sends a note of concern to Myanmar about the Hollywood
movie “The Interview”. It is a satirical movie about the dictatorship in North Korea. North
Korea calls it a “terrorist movie” and says that the movie hurts the dignity of North Korea. He
requests the Government Myanmar to stop the copying, selling and distributing of the movie.
Sample20:

20
Nate Thayer: http://www.nate-thayer.com/north-korea-launches-global-effort-stop-sony-movie-shopkeepers-
arrested-film-banned/

54
Assignment: Prepare a demarche for the voting of “so called” Armenian genocide in the US
Senate.

55
 19. Ceremonial communications (kutlama mesajları)

Ceremonial communications are letters sent to a counterpart on special occasions like a

wedding, national holiday, birthday, winning elections, etc. It may be directed to a first person
(president, vice-president) or the state in general. So, it may be in the first person or the third.
Signed.

Key phrases

Our government has the honor to congratulate…

Our government welcomes the opportunity…

On behalf of the Government of the Republic of Turkey, I write to offer my congratulations…

The Government of the Republic of Turkey is delighted to congratulate…

I would like to extend sincere congratulations on…

The letter below was sent to the Prime Minister of Spain by Cambodia. He congratulates him
on their national day of the Kingdom of Spain. Though not obligatory, these kinds of letters
are important in international relations for reinforcing friendship. Sample21:

21
https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en

56
Assignment: Write a letter of congratulations to German Prime Minister Angela Merkel for
her success in the general elections.

57
 20. Letter of condolence (taziye mektubu)

This is a letter sent on the death of a fore coming person in another country. Feelings of
sorrow and sympathy are expressed in the letter. They are important in keeping up the
friendship. Signed

Key phrases

I offer my sincere condolences on the passing of

Our condolences go out to the Government of Russia and the families of victims.

Our thoughts and prayers are with his family and with all the people of Lithuania.

The Government of the United States wishes to extend its condolences to the Government and
people of the Soviet Union, on the death of

We extend our deepest sympathies…

The letter here is sent from the Prime Minister of Ukraine to the Prime Minister of Singapore.
He tells his apologies on the passing of the founding father of Singapore Mr. Lee Kuan Yew.
Sample22:

22
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine: http://mfa.gov.ua/en/news-feeds/foreign-offices-news/34801-premjer-
ministr-ukrajini-ajacenyuk-visloviv-spivchuttya-singapursykomu-narodu-u-zvjazku-zi-smertyu-pana-li-kuan-ju

58
59
Sometimes letter of condolences has sarcasm in them. For example, the following letter was
sent to the US by the Libyan government on Reagan’s death. It seems like a letter of
condolence but actually it was an opportunity for the Libyan government to remind the
misdeeds of Reagan. In 1986, Reagan ordered the US forces to bomb Libya, which harbored
terrorists. 60 tons of munitions were dropped with 100 planes in the “Operation El Dorado
Canyon”. One of the casualties included Qaddafi’s infant daughter23 and a Turkish woman as
well. 24 Sample 225:

The Leader of the Libyan Revolution statement

Tripoli, June 6, 2004

“I express my profound regrets over Reagan’s death before he appears before justice to hold
to account for his ugly crime in 1986 against Libyan children.”

Assignment: Write a letter of condolence to the Prime Minister of South Africa on the death
of Nelson Mandela.

23
Brittanica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Libya-bombings-of-1986
24
Newyork Times: http://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/15/politics/15REAG.html?pagewanted=all&mcubz=3
25
Diplomatic Correspondence, Ye. V. Borisova, Tashkent, 2013, p. 13.

60
 21. Invitation letter

This is a letter for inviting the counterpart to a formal or an informal meeting (ceremonial
meetings like a wedding, festival or an opening etc). It requires a reply either positive or
negative. It can be printed on a card or sent as a letter paper. If it is on a card it is not signed
but on a letter paper it is signed.

Key phrases

I am looking forward to warmly welcoming…

I have the great pleasure to once again extend my most cordial invitation to…

We cordially invite you to attend...

I gratefully accept your invitation to join…

I am honored to accept the invitation to join…

Here is an invitation letter sent by the US ambassador and his wife to the diplomatic corps.
They are inviting them to celebrate the 234th Anniversary of the USA. “Regrets only” remark
means the invited person will only reply if he/ she won’t attend the invitation. It is customary
to inform about the dress code. Sample 126:

26
English Language Learners:
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/_u5yQzEpwN78/TEFUwOe3mAI/AAAAAAAAAWM/qXdg1UulveE/s1600/Ambass
ador+invitation+Jun+2010+001.jpg

61
The invitation letter may be for a funeral as well. In the following sample the Embass of
South Africa sends an invitation letter to Thailand, Cambodia, Mynmar, and Laos to the
memorial service of Nelson Mandela. The “RSVP” at the end of the letter is a French phrase
meaning a reply is expected to the invitation. Sample 227:

27
Citylife: http://www.chiangmaicitylife.com/news/invitation-to-nelson-mandelas-memorial-service-in-
bangkok/

62
Assignment 1: Write an invitation letter to the corps diplomatic for the 90th anniversary of the
Republic of Turkey.

Assignment 2: Write an answer for that invitation letter that you won’t be able to attend the
celebrations on that date. Write an excuse.

63
 22. Press statements/ press briefing/ press release (basın açıklamaları)

Press statements are indirect communications with a state or states. They may be in the form
of a declaration, a protest or a demarche. They may be verbal or nonverbal. Media such as a
TV channel, a newspaper or even YouTube may be used to convey the message. Nowadays it
is quite common to use official twitters accounts for these kinds of communication. It is a tool
of public diplomacy.
Not signed

Here is a statement taken from the website of Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a reply to
the Greek Foreign Ministry’s statement accusing Turkey of having used napalm and chemical
weapons in the Erenköy Resistance. 28 Sample 129:

28
Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs: http://www.mfa.gr/en/current-affairs/statements-
speeches/announcement-of-the-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-regarding-the-celebrations-in-the-occupied-enclave-
of-kokkina-cyprus-of-the-1964-napalm-bombings-of-tillyria.html
29
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Turkey: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-256_-yunanistan-dbnin-8-
agustos-tarihli-bir-aciklamasinda-yeralan-bazi-asilsiz-iddialar-hk_en.en.mfa

64
Another statement is taken from the website of US Department of State. Hillary Clinton, then
the Secretary of State in 2010, demands an explanation from the Chinese authorities, after
Google claimed it had suffered a “highly-sophisticated” attack that resulted in the theft of
intellectual property. However, China denied these allegations. Sample 230:

Assignment: Write a press statement denying the allegations that your country supports
terrorist groups in Syria.

30
Graham Cluley: https://www.grahamcluley.com/hillary-clinton-accuses-china-hacking-america/

65
 23. Reports

Reports are detailed formal information on certain subjects. They are prepared by UN envoys,
representatives and sometimes other international organizations are sent to UN members as
letters.
Not signed

The report here is on the review of the mandate of UN mission in South Sudan. It is pointed
out that the report is requested by the Security Council. It is a report which assesses the
political and security situation in South Sudan and provides recommendations about the
UNMISS. The report is expected to determine the necessary resource requirements for
UNMISS to fulfill its duty in the resolution of the conflict in South Sudan. Sample31:

31
UN: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmiss/reports.shtml

66
67
Assignment: Write a report on nuclear power plants for your government. Explain cons and
pros.

68
A Good Example of a Diplomatic Correspondence
Here is one of the best exemplary for a diplomatic correspondence written by the US
President George Washington to the Emperor of Morocco. It is a note considering the
commercial relations between the two states. The letter has both courtesy and sincirety
blended rationaly together. It tells about the common specialities of the two countries like
their faith in God. The ironic point is that Washington never calls a name clearly. He just
says, “my friend” or “your Imperial Majesty”. At one point he says, “your father”. We llater
learn that there had been a civil war after the death of the Emperor of Mororcco between his
sons. Considering the geographical distance and the era, US government is not aware which
son had won the war and got the throne. So, he used an ambigious language. Sample32:

32
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-08-02-0022

69
70
A Bad Example of a Diplomatic Correspondence
Here is one of the worst exemplary for a diplomatic correspondence written by the US
President Donald Trump to the President of the Republic of Turkey. It is hard to tell the type
as it is a protest note in tone but a note as style. It has even been claimed that it hadn’t been
supposed to send. So, you may even call it a draft letter. Nevertheless, the letter is out of
diplomatic courtesy. It has its contradictions. While Trump begins the letter with “His
excellency” he goes on with “don’t be a fool!”. It has deragotary remarks telling about the
previous incidences like the Pastor Brunson event and threats like “I’ll destroy your
economy!”. “I’ll call you later” is the part where we can assume that the sender is lacking
diplomatic kindness. Sample33:

33
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/10/16/us/politics/trump-letter-turkey.html

71
72
APPENDIX 1
Abbreviations of International Organizations

AI Amnesty International UAÖ Uluslararası Af Örgütü

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN Güneydoğu Asya Ülkeleri Birliği
BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation KEİ Karadeniz Ekonomik İşbirliği Örgütü
Organization
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN Avrupa Nükleer Araştırma Merkezi
CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union ABAD Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States BDT Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu
COE CoE Council of Europe AK Avrupa Konseyi
COMCEC Standing Committee for Economic and İSEDAK Ekonomik ve Ticari İşbirliği Daimi
Commercial Cooperation Komitesi (İİT bünyesinde)
COMECON Council for Mutual Economic COMECON Karşılıklı Ekonomik Yardımlaşma
Assistance Konseyi
Commonwealth Commonwealth of Nations İUT İngiliz Uluslar Topluluğu
CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization CSTO Kolektif Güvenlik Anlaşması Örgütü
EC European Commission AK Avrupa Komisyonu
ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social ECOSOC Birleşmiş Milletler Ekonomik ve Sosyal
Council Konsey
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African ECOWAS Batı Afrika Ülkeleri Ekonomik Topluluğu
States
EFTA European Free Trade Association EFTA Avrupa Serbest Ticaret Birliği
EHRC European Court of Human Rights AİHM Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi (Avrupa
Konseyi bünyesinde)
EP European Parliament AP Avrupa Parlamentosu
EU European Union AB Avrupa Birliği
EU Council Council of European Union AB Konseyi Avrupa Birliği Konseyi (AB
bünyesinde)
EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community AAET Avrupa Atom Enerjisi Topluluğu
EUROPOL European Police Office EUROPOL Avrupa Birliği Polis Teşkilatı
FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture FAO Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü
Organization
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Ajansı
ICJ International Court of Justice UAD Uluslararası Adalet Divanı (BM bünyesinde)
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC Uluslararası Kızılhaç Komitesi
IDB Islamic Development Bank İKB İslam Kalkınma Bankası (İİT bünyesinde)
ILO International Labour Organization ILO Uluslararası Çalışma Örgütü
IMF International Monetary Fund IMF Uluslararası Para Fonu (BM bünyesinde)
INTERPOL International Criminal Police INTERPOL Uluslararası Kriminal Polis Teşkilatı

73
Organization
IRCICA Research Center for Islamic History, Art IRCICA İslam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma
and Culture Merkezi
LAS The League of Arab States AL Arap Birliği
MERCOSUR Southern Common Market MERCOSUR Güney Amerika Ortak Pazarı
NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council KAİK Kuzey Atlantik İşbirliği Konseyi
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü
OAS Organization of American States ADÖ Amerikan Devletleri Örgütü
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and OECD İktisadi İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Teşkilatı
Development
OHCHR Office of the United Nations High İHYK Birleşmiş Milletler İnsan Hakları Yüksek
Commissioner for Human Rights Komiserliği
OIC Organization of Islamic Cooperation İİT İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı
OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting OPEC Petrol İhraç Eden Ülkeler Örgütü
Countries
OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in AGİT Avrupa Güvenlik ve İşbirliği Teşkilatı
Europe
SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization ŞİÖ Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü
TURKSOY International Organization of Turkic TÜRKSOY Uluslararası Türk Kültürü Teşkilatı
Culture
UN United Nations BM Birleşmiş Milletler
UNDP The United Nations Development Programme UNDP Birleşmiş Milletler Kalkınma Programı
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNEP Birleşmiş Milletler Çevre Programı
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific UNESCO Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve
and Cultural Organization Kültür Örgütü
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for UNHCR Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek
Refugees Komiserliği
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Fonu
UNSC United Nations Security Council BMGK Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi
WB World Bank DB Dünya Bankası (BM bünyesinde)
WEF World Economic Forum WEF Dünya Ekonomik Forumu
WFP United Nations World Food Programme WFP Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Gıda Programı
WHO World Health Organization DSÖ Dünya Sağlık Örgütü
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO Dünya Fikri Mülkiyet Örgütü
WWF World Wildlife Fund WWF Dünya Doğayı Koruma Vakfı
WTO World Trade Organization DTÖ Dünya Ticaret Örgütü

74
APPENDIX 2
Diplomatic Hierarchy

President of the Republic of

Turkey
Türkiye Cumhuryeti Cumhurbaşkanı

Prime Minister of the Republic of

Turkey
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Başbakanı

Minister of Foreign Affairs

Dışişleri Bakanı

Ambassador
Büyükelçi

Minister
Müsteşar

Minister-Counselor
Müsteşar Yardımcısı

Counselor
Konsolos

First Secretary
Başkatip

Second Secretary
Katip

Third Secretary
Meslek Memuru

Attache
Ateşe (askeri, ticari, kültür)

Assistant Attache
Kariyer Memuru

66
APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 4

Diplomatic ranks International Relations Terms

Acting ambassador: maslahatgüzar -A-

Ambassador: büyükelçi accession agreement: katılım anlaşması
Ambassador appointed: atanmış büyükelçi accession criteria: katılım kriterleri
Ambassador extraordinary: özel yetkili accession negotiations: katılım müzakereleri
büyükelçi accession partnership: katılım ortaklığı
Ambassador Extraordinary and accession to an agreement: anlaşmaya taraf olma
Plenipotentiary: olağanüstü ve tam yetkili accord: mutabakat
büyükelçi acquis communautaire: AB müktesebatı, AB
Ambassador‐at‐large: atama bekleyen merkez antlaşmaları kanun, kural ve tüzüklerinin tamamı
büyükelçisi action plan: eylem planı
Ambassador‐designate: atanmış büyükelçi ad hoc: özel amaçlı
Attaché: ateşe; özel bir konuyla yetkilendirilmiş additional protocol: katma protokol, ek protokol
diplomatic temsilci. Askeri, kültür, basın, ticari administrative justice: idari yargı
vb. admission of indictment: iddianamenin kabulü
Career diplomat: kariyer diplomatı advanced deficit country: açık veren gelişmiş
Chargé d’Affaires: maslahatgüzar ülke
Commercial attaché: ticari ateşe advisory opinion: istişari görüş
Consul: konsolos aggravated circumstances: ağırlaşmış koşullar
Consul general: başkonsolos agrément: agreman; yeni göreve başlayacak
Counsellor (counselor): elçiden sonraki diplomat büyükelçinin kabulünü arzı
Diplomat: diplomat aggression: saldırı
Diplomatic agent: diplomatik temsilci air zone: hava sahası; bir ülkenin kara ülkesi
Diplomatic corps: kordiplomatik; bir ülkedeki üzerinde yer alan egemenlik alanı
tüm dışişleri temsilcileri alliance: ittifak
Doyen: duayen; en kıdemli diplomat aman: Müslüman ülkelerde yabancılara güvenli
Emissary: bir görüşme için özel görevlendirilmiş geçiş tanıyan izin
hükümet temsilcisi amendment of an agreement: anlaşmanın tadil
Envoy: sefir, ikinci sınıf elçi edilmesi
Envoy extraordinary: orta elçi; müsteşar American creed: Amerikan itikadı; eşitlik,
Head of a consular mission: misyon şefi özgürlük gibi temel değerleri
Head of a (diplomatic) mission: belli bir American exceptionalism: Amerikan
misyonda şef istisnacılığı; ABD’nin kendisini geçmişteki ve
Internuncio: paplık kurumunda aracı günümüzdeki güçlerden farklı görmesi
Goodwill ambassador: iyi niyet elçisi anarchical society: anarşik toplum; Hedley
Legate: papa elçisi Bull’a göre anarşik dahi olsa uluslararası hukuk
Military/ service attaché: askeri ateşe ve örgütler sayesinde uluslararası sistemde var
Minister: orta elçi; müsteşar olan düzen
Minister resident: mukim (yerleşik) elçi annexation: ilhak; Bir devletin başka bir ülke
Nuncio: papalık temsilcisi topraklarını kendisine katması
Resident ambassador: mukim (yerleşik) elçi animus belli: savaş amacı
Vice‐consul: muavin konsolos anklav: bir ülkenin toprakları içinde bulunan tam
bağımsız yabancı ülke (Leshoto)
agreement: anlaşma; Antlaşmaya göre ikinci
dereceden önemli, en az resmi formalite
gerektiren belge
anti ballistic missiles (ABM): füzesavar füze;
nükleer füzeyi hedefine varmadan imhaya yarayan
füze
apartheid: Güney Afrika’da uygulanan ırk
ayrımına dayalı yönetim
appeasement policy: yatıştırma politikası; yeni
bir savaşı önlemek için Chamberlain’in

67
Almanya’nın saldırgan politikalarına karşı izlediği budget balance: bütçe dengesi
politika buffer zone: tampon bölge; savaşan ülke ile bir
arbitral award: hakem kararı başka (savaşan) ülke arasında insani amaçlarla
arbitrary regime: keyfi idare oluşturulmuş çatışmasız bölge
arbitration: hakemlik, tahkim by-election: ara seçim
archipelago: takımada
armistice: mütareke -C-
ashkenazi: aşkenaz; laik ve sol görüşlü Avrupalı capital punishment: idam cezası
Yahudiler Cartel: kartel; esir değişimi
association agreement: ortaklık anlaşması case law: içtihat hukuku
asylum seeker: sığınmacı casus belli: savaş sebebi
autarchy: otarşi; bir ülkenin ekonomisinin kendi casus foederis: ittifakların devreye girme koşulu.
kendine yetebilmesidir. 1930’lu yıllarda Japonya, NATO 5. madde gibi
İtalya ve Almanya’nın politikası caesaropapism: siyasi liderin aynı zamanda
dinsel lider olması
-B- cease-fire: ateşkes
bait and bleed: rakibi yıpratma; bir saldırgan chairmanship-in-office: dönem başkanlığı
realizm stratejisi. Yüksek maliyetli çatışmalardan Chester Project: Chester projesi; 1. Dünya
kaçınarak, rakibe sık sık zarar verme Savaşı sırasında Amiral Chester’ın şirketi
balance of terrror: dehşet dengesi; devletlerin vasıtasıyla Sivas-Van ve Musul-Kerkük
sahip olduğu nükleer güç nedeniyle birbirlerinin demiryolunu inşa etmesi ve hat boyunca bulunan
tamamen yok olmalarına neden olacakları için madenlerin kendisine verilmesin öngören hayata
çatışmadan kaçınacakları varsayımı geçmemiş proje
balancing: dengeleme; bir saldırgan realizm civitas: devlet
stratejisi. Yükselen bir tehdide karşı silahlanarak clash of civilizations: medeniyetler çatışması;
onu dengeleme Samuel Huntington’a göre Soğuk Savaş sonrası
bandwagooning: peşine takılma; Kenneth artık devletlerin değil, inanç sistemlerinin
Waltz’a göre zayıf devletlerin, güçlü devletlerin çatışacağı görüşü
peşine takılıp, onların politikalarını izlemesi clear and imminent danger: açık ve yakın
Beijing consensus: Pekin konsensüsü; geri kalmış tehlike
ülkelerin Washington konsensüsüne karşı Çin clearing: kliring; para yerine mal takası yoluyla
modeliyle büyümesini öngören anlayış. ticaret
baseline: esas hat; suların en alçak olduğu andaki client state: müşteri devlet; Soğuk Savaş
kıyı çizgisi boyunca iki kutup arasında tercih yapmak
beneficiary country: yararlanıcı ülke durumunda olan ve ABD ve SSCB’den aldığı
belligerent: muharip yardımlarla geçinen devlet
billiard ball: bilardo topu; realizm’e göre close organisation: kapalı örgüt; AB gibi, şartları
devletler iç değil, dış etkilere tepki verirler. yerine getiren adayın daha sonra tüm üyelerin
blitzkrieg: yıldırım savaşları; Hitler’in topyekûn onayını almasını da gerektiren örgüt
savaşta yıpranmamak için düşmana hızla saldırıp, CNN effect: CNN etkisi; ilk kez 1990’larda
düşmanı şaşırtarak teslime zorlaması stratejisi Afrika’ya müdahalede ortaya çıkan tabir.
blockade: abluka; bir ülkenin ticari yollarının Amerikan halkının basında izlediği açlık,
kesilmesi soykırım ve savaşlara tepki göstermesi
bloodletting: dolaylı zarar; bir saldırgan realizm co-presidency: eş-başkanlık
stratejisi. Rakip devlet, bir başkasıyla savaşırken coastal balancing: kıyısal dengeleme; ABD’nin
düşmanına destek vermek ülke dışında asker tutmasındansa, müttefikleri
Bolivarism: Bolivarizm; Simon Bolivar’ın hayali desteklemesini öngören strateji
olan birleşik Güney Amerika code of conduct: davranış kuralları
big stick diplomacy: büyük sopa diplomasisi; coercive measures: zorlayıcı tedbirler
Theodore Roosevelt’in Orta Amerika ülkelerine cold war: soğuk savaş; ilk kez Bernard Baruch’un
yönelik “yumuşak konuş ama elinde büyük bir kullandığı 2. Dünya Savaşı sonrası ABD ve SSCB
sopa olsun” politikası arasındaki siyasi gerilim dönemi
border conflict/ dispute: hudut ihtilafı collective action problem: kolektif aksiyon
buck passing: sorunu havale etmek; bir saldırgan problemi; aktörlerin bir problemi kendi başlarına
realizm stratejisi. Bir dış tehdidi başka bir güce çözemeyeceklerini anlayıp, işbirliğine gitmeleri
havale etmek

68
cominform: kominform; komünist propaganda customs unions: gümrük birliği; üye devletlerin
bürosu birbirlerine olan gümrük kısıtlarını kaldırdığı yapı
comintern: komintern; komünist partiler cyclic state: döngüsel devlet; İbn-i Haldun ve
arasından eşgüdümü sağlayan birlik Arnold Toynbee’nin dile getirdiği “devletler
common interests: ortak çıkarlar doğar, büyür, gelişir, ölür” tezi
common market: ortak pazar; gümrük birliği
dışında emek ve sermaye dolaşımı serbestîsi -D-
common position: ortak tutum de facto: fiilen
Commonwealth of Independent States: de jure: hukuken
Bağımsız devletler topluluğu (BDT); Sovyetlerin decentralization: ademi merkeziyet
dağılmasından sonra Rusya’nın kendi etki decision-making mechanisms: karar verme
alanında kurduğu birlik. Rusya’nın Monroe mekanizmaları
doktrini declaration of independence: bağımsızlık ilanı
concurrent power: yarışan yetki; aynı konuda decolonization: Sömürgelerin bağımsızlığını
uluslararası hukuk ve ulusal hukukun karşı karşıya kazanması
gelmesi decree law: kanun hükmünde kararname
conclusion of an agreement: anlaşmanın Defensive realism: Walt’un ortaya attığı ittifak ve
akdedilmesi dengeleme gibi politikaların kullanıldığı
condemnation of action: kınama savunmacı realizm
confidence building measures: güven arttırıcı degrading treatment: aşağılayıcı muamele
önlemler delegation: delegasyon, görüşmeler için
conflict: çatışma görevlendirilmiş ekip
conflict management: çatışma yönetimi denouncement: kınama; bir eylem ya da ifadeyi
conflict resolution: çatışmaların çözümlenmesi yasal kabul etmemek
conquistador: Güney Amerika’ya gelen İspanyol denouncement of an agreement: anlaşmanın
sömürgeciler feshedilmesi
consensus: teati; antlaşmalarda iki taraflı işlem. dependancy theory: bağımlılık teorisi; Kapitalist
Ortak kanı ülkelerin, gelişmemiş ülkelerin işgücü ve
consequentialism: sonuççuluk; devletlerin hammaddesini kullanarak gelişmesini engellediği
sonuçta çıkarı için hareket ettiği varsayımı ileri süren Marksizm temelli görüş
containment: çevreleme; George Kennan’ın detente: yumuşama dönemi; Küba füze krizi
Moskova büyükelçisi olduğu dönemde öne sonucu ABD ve SSCB’nin gerilimi
sürdüğü Sovyetleri çevreleme planı tırmandırmanın tehlikeli olduğunu kavrayıp,
continental shelf: kıta sahanlığı; Truman’ın ileri diplomasiye ağırlık vermeleri
sürdüğü denizlerde 200m derinliğe kadar olan deterrent force: caydırıcı güç
deniz tabanından ekonomik fayda sağlanması developing countries: kalkınmakta olan ülkeler
convention: resmi toplantı devolution: yetki devri
conventional weapons: konvansiyonel silahlar; diaspora: ülkesinden ayrı yaşasa da ülkesiyle
Nükleer, biyolojik ve kimyasal silahlar siyasi bağı devam eden azınlık
haricindeki geleneksel silahlar diplomacy: devletin çıkarlarını güce, adalete ve
corespondent: (yazışmadalarda) karşı taraf propagandaya başvurmadan çözmek. Konuşarak
corrupt official: yolsuzluk yapan kamu görevlisi anlaşmak
counterpart: mevkidaş discrimination: ayrımcılık
coup attempt: darbe girişimi dissenting opinion: muhalefet şerhi
courtesy: nezaket doctrin: hukuk konusunda uzmanların görüşü;
credit rating: kredi derecelendirmesi politikada izlenecek yolun ifadesi
crime against the state: devlete karşı suç dollar diplomacy: dolar diplomasisi; Theodore
crime against humanity: insanlığa karşı işlenen Roosevelt’in Orta Amerika ülkelerine mali
suçlar yardımlar yoluyla müdahalede bulunması
criminal sanction: cezai yaptırım dominant power: başat güç; Modelski’ye göre
crisis desk: kriz masası her yüzyılın en büyük gücü olan devlet
crisis management: kriz yönetimi domino theory: Eisenhower’ın 1950’lerde dile
cross-border cooperation: sınır ötesi işbirliği getirdiği devletlerin ardı sıra komünizme geçmesi
Cuellar plan: Cuellar planı; Kıbrıs’ta iki kesimli, tehlikesi
iki toplumlu yapılanma önerisi. Siyasi çıkarları double track: çift yollu; yumuşama döneminde
nedeniyle Denktaş reddetmiştir bir yandan Sovyetler ile silahsızlanma antlaşması

69
imzalarken diğer yandan Avrupa’yı Pershing ve final act: son senet; konferans sonucu ortaya
Cruise füzeleri ile silahlandırmak çıkan metin
Dutch disease: Hollanda hastalığı; Hollanda’nın final agenda: nihai gündem
doğalgaz kaynağı keşfetmesi sonucu parasının FIR (flight information area): uçuş güvenliğinin
hızla değerlenmesi. Bu durum ihracatına darbe sağlanması için meteorolojik ya da kazalar ve
vurmuştur. göçmen kuşlarla ilgili bilgilerin verilmesi
fiscal policy: mali politika; vergilendirme ulusal
-E- harcamalar
electorate: seçim bölgesi fiscal deficit: bütçe açığı
embark: ambargo; bir malın ticaretinin fishing zone: balıkçılık bölgesi
yasaklanması flag law: bayrak yasası; açık denizlerde gezen
encomienda: Osmanlı’daki tımar sistemine gemilerden, taşıdığı bayrak devletinin sorumlu
benzer İspanyol toprak sistemi olması
European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP): flexible response: esnek mukabele; 1960 NATO
Avrupa komşuluk politikası; AB’nin komşularına konsepti. Sovyetlerden gelen saldırıya eş değer
insan hakları, hukukun üstünlüğü ve demokrasi mukabele
konusundaki mahalle baskısı flight clearance: uçuş izni
entente: antant; esnek anlaşma force deployment: kuvvet konuşlandırılması
entente cordiale: içten misak; 20. yy başında foreign aid: dış yardım
İngiltere ve Fransa’nın yakınlaşması. Bu dönemde foreign pressure: dış baskı
Japonya’nın yükselişi, Fransa’yı tedirgin ederken; foreign support: dış destek
Almanya’nın yükselişi, İngiltere’yi tedirgin fortress europe: kale Avrupası; AB’nin refahını
etmiştir. korumak için mülteci akınına karşı kendisini
entry into force: yürürlüğe giriş koruması gerektiğini öneren düşünce
entourage: maiyet freedom of navigation: seyrüsefer serbestîsi
equitable voting power: adil oy gücü
escalation of conflict: çatışma tırmanışı -G-
ethnic cleansing: etnik temizlik glasnost: Gorbaçov’un devlet işlerinde şeffaflığı
ethnic nationalism: 2. Dünya Savaşı sırasındaki amaçlayan politikası
İtalya ve Almanya’sındaki gibi ırk ayrımcılığına global governance: küresel yönetişim; terör,
dayanan milliyetçilik salgın hastalıklar ve çevre sorunları gibi sınır aşan
executive power: yürütme erki sorunlarda devletlerin tek başına çözüm
excessive force: orantısız güç üretemeyeceğini anlaması ve işbirliğine gitmesi
exchange of notes: nota teatisi globalization: küreselleşme; bir şeyin her yerde
exclusive economic zone: münhasır ekonomik bulunması
bölge; karasuları başlangıcından 200 mile kadar grave violation: ağır ihlal
olan bölgede devletin ekonomik çıkar amacıyla green belt: yeşil kuşak; Brzezinski’nin kâfir
egemenlik tesis etmesi Sovyetlere karşı Afgan mücahitleri kullanma
exhaustion of domestic remedies: iç hukuk stratejisi
yollarının tüketilmesi growth rate: büyüme oranı, büyüme hızı
exlav: bir ülkenin sınırları dışında bulunan parçası growth prospects: büyüme beklentileri
(Nahçıvan) good offices: dostça girişim; uluslararası
express permission: açık izin anlaşmazlıkların çözümünde tarafları bir araya
express recognition: açık tanıma; tanıdığını getirmek
açıkça belirtme government in exile: sürgünde hükümet; kendi
extraterritoriality: dış ülkede diplomatik ülkesinde egemenliğini sağlayamadığı için geçici
temsilciliklerin politik dokunulmazlığı bir süre başka bir ülkede hükümet işlevi görmek
government proposal: kanun tasarısı
-F- gunboat diplomacy: gambot diplomasisi;
fait accompli: oldu-bitti Amerika’nın özellikle Orta Amerika devletlerini
functionalism: fonksiyonalizm; David Mitrany donanmasını kullanarak tehdit etmesi ve
tarafından geliştirilen barış için BM gibi isteklerini yaptırması
uluslararası örgütlere önem atfeden düşünce
filibustering: kongrede bir kararın çıkmasını -H-
önlemek için sürekli söz alıp konuşmak habeas-corpus: ihzar müzekkeresi
headquarters: karargah, genel merkez

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heartland theory: kara hâkimiyeti teorisi; International Court Justice (ICJ): Uluslararası
Mackinder’e göre Doğu Avrupa’ya (heartland) Adalet Divanı (UAD); uluslararası
hükmeden, dünya adasına hükmeder. Dünya anlaşmazlıklara bakan BM mahkemesi
adasına hükmeden ise dünyaya hükmeder tezi international sanctions: uluslararası yaptırımlar
hegemonic cycle: hegemonik döngü; Uluslararası intrastate conflict: devlet içi çatışma
Politik Ekonomiye göre sistemde her zaman bir invasion: istila
hegemon vardır. Bir hegemon gidince, yerine Irangate: Başkan Reagan döneminde ortaya
hemen yenisi gelir. çıkan skandal. İran’a satılan silahlardan elde
hegemonic stability theory: hegemonik istikrar edilen gelirlerle Nikaragua’daki kontra gerillanın
teorisi; tek kutuplu sistemi savunan düşünce desteklenmesi
hegemony: hegemonya; Antonio Gramsci’ye göre Iron curtain: demir perde; ilk kez Churchill’in
kapitalist yapıların zayıflar üzerinde egemenlik kullandığı Avrupa’daki komünizm-emperyalizm
tesis etmesi ayrımını ifade eden soğuk savaş terimi
high seas: açık deniz; herhangi bir devlet irredentism : irredantizm; bir devletin kendi
egemenliğinde olmayan sular sınırına bitişik ülkelerdeki soydaşlarını kendi
home rule: özerk yönetim ülkesine katması politikası
honorary consul: fahri konsolos isolationism: izolasyonizm; ABD’nin 1815-1914
hostile relations: hasmane ilişkiler yılları arasında uyguladığı dış dünya ile siyasi
hot pursuit: sıcak takip bağının olmadığı dış politika görüşü
human rights abuse/ violation: insan hakları
ihlalleri -J-
human trafficking: insan kaçakçılığı joint communiqué: ortak bildiri
humanitarian aid: insani yardım joint declaration: ortak beyan
joint defense: müşterek savunma; düşmanı
-I- tanımlayıp ortak bir savunma birliği oluşturma
ill-founded: dayanaktan yoksun joint security organization: müşterek güvenlik
immunity: (diplomatik) dokunulmazlık örgütü; belli olmayan düşmana karşı ortak bir
in the interest of justice: adaletin tecellisi savunma birliği oluşturma
inland waters : iç sular; esas çizginin gerisinde jurisdictional immunity: diplomatik
kalan sular temsilcilerin yargı bağışıklığı
Indochina: Hindiçin; Vietnam, Laos, Kamboçya, jus ad bellum: savaşma hakkını veren kriterler
Tayland ve Burma’dan oluşan topraklar jus cogens: köle ticareti, korsanlık, uyuşturucu
infrastructure financing: altyapı finansmanı ticareti, soykırım yasağı gibi buyruk kuralar
injured state: zarar gören devlet jus in bello: savaş sırasında uygulanacak hukuk
initialed: paraflanmış jus gentium: tüm insanlık ve toplumlar için
insurgency: kalkışma geçerli olan kanunlar
intercontinental ballistic missiles (IBM): jus naturale: akıl yoluyla bulunabilecek kurallar
Kıtalararası Balistik Füzeler; nükleer silahların just war theory: adil savaş teorisi; savaşın ne
kıtalararası hedefe gönderilmesini sağlayan araç zaman meşru olacağını açıklamaya çalışan kuram
intergovermentalism: hükümetlerarasıcılık; barış Akinalı Thomas bunu Hıristiyanlık üzerinden
için HRW, AI gibi ulusaşırı örgütlere önem irdelerken, Michael Walzer ise sekilerleştirmeye
atfeden düşünce çalışmıştır.
interpretation of treaties: antlaşmaların yorumu Jdanovism: Jdanovculuk: Sovyet politbüro
Intifada:1987 ve 2000’de işgalci İsrail’e karşı üyesi Jdanov’un Batı karşıtlığı nedeniyle
Filistin halkının taş ve sopalarla ayaklanması. uyguladığı sansür programı. Sovyetleri bilim ve
indirect recognition: dolaylı tanıma; resmen sanatta gerilemesine neden olmuştur.
değil, diplomatik ilişki yoluyla tanıma
intelligence service: istihbarat servisi -K-
International Criminal Court (ICC): key actors: kilit aktörler
Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi (UCM); 1998 Keynesianism: Keynesçilik; Büyük Buhran
Roma Antlaşması ile kurulan insan hakları sonrasında liberalizmin eleştirisi sonucu ortaya
ihlalleri ile soykırım ve savaş suçlarına bakan çıkan devletin ekonomiye müdahalesi yaklaşımı.
sürekli mahkeme Müdahaleci liberalizm
international cooperation: uluslararası işbirliği
-L-

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laissez faire: liberalizme göre serbest piyasanın mobilization: seferberlik
şartı “bırakın yapsınlar” modus vivendi; interim agreement: geçici
land and lease act: land and lease yasası; antlaşma
Roosevelt’in savaşan devletlere savaş sonrası monetary policy: para politikaları; para arzını,
ödenmek üzere silah ve malzeme satması faiz oranlarını ve döviz kurlarını etkileyen kararlar
lasting peace: kalıcı barış money laundering: kara para aklanması
lasting reconciliation: kalıcı uzlaşma moratorium: moratoryum; uluslararası sorunların
letters of credence: güven mektubu; barışçıl çözümü
büyükelçinin göreve başlarken ev sahibi devlet mortgage crises: mortgagekrizi; 2000’li yıllarda
başkanına sunduğu mektup yüksek seyreden konut fiyatlarına verilen uygun
lebensraum: yaşam sahası; Hitler Almanya’sının kredilerin, konut balonuna sebep olması ve
Ratzel’den etkilenerek geliştirdiği yeni toprak 2007’de konut fiyatlarının ani düşüşü sonucu
kazanma politikası yaşanan krizi
legitimate defense: meşru müdafaa motion of confidence: güvenoyu önergesi
legitimate demand: meşru talep multilateral agreement: çok taraflı antlaşma
legitimacy: meşruiyet mutual interdependence: karşılıklı bağımlılık;
level of analysis: analiz düzeyi; uluslararası Robert Keohane’e göre karışlıklı ticaret yapan
ilişkilerin sistem, devlet ya da birey düzeyinde ele devletlerin, kazancını kaybetmemek için
alınması savaşmayacağı görüşü
Lousiana purchase: 1803’te Napolyon’dan mutual trust: karşılıklı güven
Lousiana’dan Kanada’ya kadar olan eyaletlerin mutual understanding: karşılıklı anlayış
satın alınması mutually assured destruction doctrine (MAD):
-M- MAD Doktrini; Sovyet tehdidine karşı Sovyetleri
Maginot line: Maginot hattı; Fransa’nın Alman nükleer ile toptan yok etme stratejisi
saldırısında seferberlik için zaman kazanmasını
sağlayacak 50 kule ve sığınaklardan oluşan hat -N-
main opposition party: ana muhalefet partisi negotiation: müzakere
manifest destiny: Amerikalıların kendilerini neo-functionalism: neo-fonksiyonalizm; Ernst
tanrının seçtiği özel bir halk olarak görmeleri ve Haas tarafından geliştirilen barış için AB gibi ulus
sahip oldukları demokrasi gibi değerleri diğer üstü örgütlere önem atfeden düşünce
ülkelere yaymaları gerektiği düşüncesi nepotizm: yöneticilerin bozulması
martens clause: martens kaydı; insancıllık New Deal: Roosevelt’in sosyal devlet inşası.
ilkesine göre gereksiz acı ve ölümlere neden olan İşsizlik sigortası ve sosyal güvenliğe dair bazı
silah ve yöntemlerin yasak olması düzenlemeler başkanın sosyalist olduğu
mass media: kitle iletişim araçları dedikodularına neden olmuştur.
massive retaliation: topyekûn karşı koyma; 1950 no-fly zone: uçuşa yasak bölge
NATO konsepti. Sovyetlerden gelen saldırının non-aligned movement: bağlantısızlık hareketi;
türü ne olursa olsun nükleer karşılık verme iki kutuplu sistemde her iki kutupta da yer almayı
stratejisi reddeden ülkelerin oluşturduğu hareket. Mısır,
matter of aggravation: ağırlaştırıcı sebep Yugoslavya, Endonezya, Hindistan gibi
mediation: arabuluculuk non-governmental organization: sivil toplum
mediator: arabulucu örgütü
memorandum of understanding: mutabakat non-proliferation: yayılmanın önlenmesi
zaptı non-retroactivity: geriye yürümezlik
merchantalism: merkantilizm; 16. yy note: nota; dış politikada devletlerarası yazılı
Avrupa’sında yaygın olan ithalatın kısılıp, veya sözlü görüş değişimi
ihracatın artırılması ve ülke gelirlerinde artışın NPT: 1967 yılında imzalan nükleer silahların
sağlanması. önlenmesine yönelik antlaşma.
meritocracy: meritokrasi; işe alımda ya da null: butlan; yasal olarak düzeltilinceye kadar bir
terfilerde ehliyete bakmak antlaşmanın hükümsüz sayılması
mestizo: Portekiz ve İspanyol soylu melezler null and void : ke en lem yekun; bir antlaşmanın
military reconnaissance: askeri keşif yok hükmünde sayılması
military exercise: askeri tatbikat
military intervention: askeri müdahale -O-
military sanction: askeri yaptırım
minority government: azınlık hükümeti

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offensive realism: saldırgan realizm; persona non grata: istenmeyen adam; ev sahibi
Mearsheimer’ın ortaya attığı revizyonist ve devlet tarafından diplomatik temsilcinin temsil
agresif tutumlu saldırgan realizm hakkının iptali
one minute speech: gündem dışı konuşma petro-dollar: petrol ihraç eden ülkelerin
open door policy: açık kapı politikası; 19. yy’da petrolden elde ettikleri gelir.
Çin’in zorla dış ticarete açılması ping pong diplomacy: Çin-ABD arasındaki
open organisation: açık örgüt; BM gibi şartları Nixon dönemindeki yumuşama
yerine getiren adayın üye olabildiği örgüt tipi plebisite: plebisit; Vitorio’nun bulduğu
opium crisis: afyon sorunu; Nixon’un seçim referandum eşdeğeri kavram
kampanyasında verdiği uyuşturucuyu bitime sözü plenipotentiary: tam yetkili temsilci
nedeniyle Türkiye’de haşhaş üretimini plus value: artı değer; Marksizm’e göre işçi
yasaklamaya çalışması. Her ne kadar ABD’ye günün birkaç saatini kendisi için çalışırken,
giren uyuşturucunun kaynağı Hindiçin olsa da bu kalanını kapital için çalışır. Bu ise emek
bölgeye söz geçiremeyeceğini bilmesi nedeniyle sömürüsüdür.
Türkiye üzerinden Amerikan halkının gözünü pogrom: Avrupalı Yahudilerin 19. ve 20. yy’da
boyamaya çalışmıştır. maruz kaldıkları saldırılar
organic state: organik devlet düşüncesi; Poland syndrome: Polonya sendromu;
Darwin’den etkilenen Ratzel tarafından öne Polonya’nın aynı anda hem Alman hem de Rus
sürülen, güçlünün yaşamını sürdürdüğü, zayıfın saldırısına uğrama endişesi
ise elendiği dünya sistemi political stability: siyasi istikrar
ost poltik: Willy Brandt’ın Sovyetlerle political transition process: siyasi geçiş süreci
geçinmeden Batı Almanya’nın çıkarının political will: siyasi irade
korunamayacağını kabul etmesi port of registry: bağlama limanı
out of area: alan dışılık; NATO’nun hem amaç Post-Westphalia: sınırların ortadan kalkıp
hem de coğrafya olarak sınırlarının dışına çıkması devletin zayıfladığı ve dünya topluluğuna doğru
gittiği dönem
-P- preemptive war: öncelikli savaş; bir savaşın
pact: pakt; askeri nitelikli antlaşma başlangıcında sahip olunan ilk vuruş gücü
pacta sun servanda: ahde vefa; uluslararası pressure groups: baskı grupları; hükümetlerin
hukukta bir yaptırım olmadığı için devletlerin karar almasını etkileyen yapılar
sözünde duracağı varsayımı pretokrat: imparatorluk tarafından tam olarak
parcialism: dar görüşlülük ilhak edilmeyip, yerel yönetimin bölge halkına
participatory democracy: katılımcı demokrasi bırakılması
peace corps: barış gönüllüler; Kennedy’nin genç preventive war: önleyici savaş; oğul Bush’un
Amerikalı uzman ve öğretmenlerden oluşan henüz açık bir tehdit olmayan aktöre savaş açma
gönüllüleri. Doğu Anadolu’daki sakıncalı stratejisi. BM’ye göre hukuk dışı kabul edilmiştir.
faaliyetleri nedeniyle yurttan çıkarılmışlardır. principle causation: illiyet prensibi; bir faaliyet
peaceful coexistence: barış içinde bir arada kendisi suç olmasa dahi zarara yol açıyorsa suç
yaşama; Kruşçev’in 20. SPBK’da dile getirdiği sayılması
komünist ve kapitalist devletlerin bir arada Project for the New American Century
yaşayabileceği görüşü (PNAC): Yeni Amerikan Yüzyılı Projesi;
peace force: barış gücü; barışın sağlanması ABD’nin uluslar arası alanda askeri olarak daha
amacıyla BM kararıyla görev yapan silahlı güç etkin bir konuma gelmesini savunan evanjelist
peaceful settlement of disputes: anlaşmazlıkların grup
barışçıl çözümü progress report: ilerleme raporu
percentages agreement: yüzdeler antlaşması; protege: üstü tarafından kayırılan kimse
Churchil’in 1944 görüşmesinde Stalin’e sunduğu protocol: protokol; antlaşmayı tamamlayıcı
gizli bölüşüm planı. Buna göre İngiltere nitelikteki ek
Yunanistan’da söz sahibi olurken, Rusya provocation: kışkırtma
Romanya’da olacak, Macaristan ve Yugoslavya Provisional Government of the French
eşit paylaşılacak. Republic : Bağımsız Fransız Birlikleri; De
perestroyka: Gorbaçov’un devlet yapılanmasında Gaulle’ün topladığı ve 2. Dünya Savaşında
önerdiği reformlar başarılı olmuş birlikler
periodic revision: periyodik revizyon; AB’nin sık public diplomacy: kamuoyu diplomasisi; sivil
sık antlaşma yaparak birlik işleyişini düzenlemesi halkın yurtdışında ülkesi lehine tutum takınması
permanent neutrality: sürekli tarafsızlık public hearing: açık duruşma

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public opinion: kamuoyu ruling party: iktidar partisi
public order: kamu düzeni
policymakers: karar vericiler -S-
puritens: puritenler; Hıristiyan inancının satellite state: uydu devlet
şekilsellikten çıkartılıp, içselleştirilmesi sectarian conflict: mezhep çatışması
gerektiğini savunan ve bu nedenle İngiltere’nin security dilemma: güvenlik ikilemi; John Herz’in
baskısından kaçıp Amerika’ya gelip ilk yerleşen dile getirdiği bir devletin savunma amaçlı attığı
öncüler adımların diğer devlet tarafından saldırgan
algılanması ve onun da silahlanması sonucu bir
-Q- kısır döngüye girilmesi
quasi-state: devlet benzeri sefarad: dini ve milli değerlere önem veren
quid pro quo: Kısasa kısas doğulu Yahudiler
quorum of meeting: toplantı yeter sayısı self defense: nefsi müdafa
self determination: kendi kaderini tayin; Wilson
-R- ilkelerinde vurgulanan milletlerin isterlerse
raison d’etat: hikmet-i hükümet; devletin devletleşmesi gerektiği görüşü
çıkarları için yaptığı eylemleri meşrulaştırması self-help: realizme göre anarşik olan uluslararası
rapid reaction force : acil müdahale gücü; sistemde devletlerin kendi başlarının çaresine
NATO’nun aniden patlak veren krizler için bakmaları gerektiği görüşü
oluşturduğu birlik separatist movement: ayrılıkçı hareket
ratification of an agreement: anlaşmanın shadow cabinet: gölge kabine
onaylanması shuttle diplomacy: mekik diplomasisi;
readmission agreement: geri kabul anlaşması Kissinger’ın taraflar arasında sürekli gidip-gelme
reasoned judgement: gerekçeli hüküm yoluyla sonuca ulaşılması
recognition: tanıma; bir olayı ya da belgeyi tek signatory state: imzacı devlet
taraflı olarak yasal kabul etme signed: imzalanmış
red line: kırmızı çizgi simbiotic: Althiusus’a göre insanların kendi
rent-seeking state: rantiyer devlet; genellikle kendilerine yetmediği için devleti kurdukları
doğal kaynaklardan elde ettiği gelirlerden dolayı görüşü
halkın vergisine ihtiyaç duymaya devlet. Halkın smart power: akıllı güç; Nye’ın geliştirdiği
ise vergi vermediği için hakkını ara(ya)madığı yumuşak güç ve sert gücün bileşimi
devlet. Suudi Arabistan ya da Venezuela gibi snake in the tunnel: Avrupa para yılanı ?????
reciprocity: mütekabiliyet; devletlerin eşit social contract: toplum sözleşmesi; bilinmeyen
egemenliğinden kaynaklı olarak, karşılaşılan tavra bir tarihte insanların bir arada yaşayabilmesini
benzer tutum takınma sağlamak için anlaştıkları görüşü; devletin ortaya
regional conflict: bölgesel çatışma çıkış noktası
regional peace: bölgesel barış soft balancing: yumuşak dengeleme; tek kutuplu
regional power: bölgesel güç sistemde hegemona uluslararası örgütler ve
reprisal: misilleme diplomatik ilişkiler yoluyla muhalefet etme
reservation: çekince; uluslararası bir antlaşmanın soft power: yumuşak güç; Nye’ın geliştirdiği
maddelerine konulan tek taraflı şerh askeri güç ötesinde kültür ve imaj gibi öğelerle
resolution process: çözüm süreci devletin etki alanı oluşturması
responsibility to protect (R2P): koruma sovereign right: egemenlik hakkı
sorumluluğu; Srebrenitsa ve Ruanda speculative money: kar elde etmek amacıyla
katliamlarında sonra kabul edilen BM’nin insani kurlar arasında geçiş yapmak
müdahale hakkı spill-over: neo-fonsiyonalizm’e göre işbirliğinin
right of angary: angarya hakkı; savaşan devletin bir alandan diğerine gelişmesi
acil ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere müttefik ya da spin election: erken seçim
tarafsız devletin gemisine el koyması. Savaş stability: istikrar
sonrası zararın tazmini gereklidir. standstill commitment: (tedbirleri) arttırmama
right to resistance: direnme hakkı; Locke’un taahhüdü
halkın kendine zulmeden devlete verdiği karşı Star wars Project: Reagan’ın Sovyet füze
koyma hakkı tehdidine karşı geliştirdiği savunma projesi
riparian states: kıyıdaş devletler state failure: başarısız devlet; kendi ülkesel sınırı
rule of law: hukuk devleti içinde egemenliği zayıflayan ve halkını
rules of engagement: angajman kuralları koruyamaz hale gelen devlet

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state formation: devlet inşası; Charles Tilly’e transfer pricing: transfer fiyatlaması; çok uluslu
göre insanı korumak için kurulan devletin, bir süre şirketlerin farklı ülkelerdeki fabrikalarda ürettiği
sonra kendini korumak için insana zarar vermesi mallar üzerinde maliyet manipülasyonu yapması
state of nature: doğa durumu; insanların uygarlık treaty: antlaşma; devletlerarasında hak ve
öncesi dönemi yükümlülükler doğuran ve onay gerektiren belge
state party: taraf devlet trying hands: diplomatik görüşme sırasında iç
successor state: ardıl devlet dinamikleri de göz önünde bulundurmayı ima
sui generis: nevi şahsına münhasır, kendine özgü eden oyalama taktiği
summit meetings: zirve toplantıları; Turkish Straits: Türk Boğazları
dekolonizasyon sonrası yetişmiş dışişleri personeli two level game: iki düzeyli oyun; Putnam’a göre
bulunmayan devletlerin bizzat devlet başkanı dış politikada devletlerin hem iç hem de dış şartlar
tarafından yürütülen diplomasi. Günümüzde ise uygun olduğunda daha çabuk karar aldığı görüşü
çevre sorunları ve terör gibi konuların
görüşülmesinde tercih edilir. -U-
super power: süper güç; uluslararası sistemin ultimatum: ültimatom; kesin ve son talep
tamamında etkiye neden olabilecek güce sahip UN conventions: BM sözleşmeleri
devlet UN resolution: BM kararı
suspension of the pronouncement of the unconditional surrender: şartsız teslim
judgement: hükmün açıklanmasının geriye unconstitutionality: anayasaya aykırılık
bırakılması unit veto system: birim veto; nükleer güce sahip
sustainable economic growth: sürdürülebilir devletin sahip olduğu caydırıcılık faktörü
ekonomik büyüme
-V-
-T- Vantenburg act: Vantenburg yasası: 1948’de
tacit consent: zımni rıza imzalan yasa ile Amerikan başkanının kongre
termination of an agreement: anlaşmanın sona onayı almadan antlaşma yapabilmesini sağlayan
erdirilmesi yasa
territorial integrity: toprak bütünlüğü vote of confidence: güvenoyu
territorial waters: karasuları -W-
tête-à-tête meeting: baş başa toplantı war crimes tribunal: savaş suçları mahkemesi
thalweg line: thalweg hattı: akarsuyun en derin Washington consensus: Washington konsensüsü;
aktığı noktalardan oluşan çizgi IMF ve Dünya Bankası politikaları
theory of power balance: güç dengesi teorisi; Washington concept: Washington konsepti;
Waltz’a göre güçlüye karşı zayıfla ittifak NATO’da insani müdahaleye izin veren alan
kurulmalıdır. Çünkü güçlüyle ittifak kurmak, onu dışılık
hegemon hale getirir. Rejim ve ideolojiye rağmen water stres: su stresi; tüketilen suyun
bu yol izlenirse, güç dengesine ulaşılır. yenilenebilirinden %10 fazla olması
total war: topyekûn savaş; bir devletin tüm weltpolitik: Almanya’nın da tüm dünya gibi
kaynaklarıyla savaşa dahil olması sömürgeciliğe girişmesi
torn countries: Huntington’a göre farklı west politik: Konrad Adenouer’in Batıyla
medeniyetleri içinde barındırması nedeniyle iç geçinmeden Doğu Almanya’nın çıkarının
çatışmaya açık bulunan devletler. Türkiye ve korunamayacağını kabul etmesi
Rusya gibi wet-ink signature: ıslak imza
track-two diplomacy: ikinci kanal diplomasi; withdrawal from an agreement: anlaşmadan
Dışişleri aracılığıyla değil, özel şahıslar ya da çekilme
STK’larca yürütülen diplomasi
tragedy of the commons: ortak mallar trajedisi; -X-
Hardin’in öne sürdüğü çevre ikilemi. Buna göre, xenophobia: yabancı düşmanlığı
ortak olan otlakta en fazla hayvanı en fazla şekilde
otlatmak isteyen çoban aslında hem diğerlerine -Z-
hem de kendine zarar verir. Ancak kısa vadedeki Zollverein: Alman birliğinin kurulmasını
kazancı yanında zararı nispeten azdır. sağlayan 19. yy Alman prenslikleri arasındaki
transboundary waters: sınır aşan sular gümrük birliği yapılanması
transaction costs: sözleşme maliyetleri;
antlaşmaların müzakere edilmesi, takip edilmesi
ve uygulanması sırasındaki maliyetler

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APPENDIX 5 amend: change- değiştirmek
Advanced vocabulary annex: appendix- ek
apex : tip, summit, zenith, acme, climax - zirve
A appall : frighten, horrify, terrify - dehşete düşürmek
abandon: leave, desert - bırakmak apparel : clothes, dress, garb, attire, costume - kıyafet
abate: reduce, decrease, lessen - azaltmak apparent : plain, clear, evident, obvious - açık
abbreviate: shorten, curtail, brief, abridge - kısaltmak appeal : entreaty, request, petition - başvurmak
abhor: hate, detest, loathe – nefret etmek appease : pacify, soothe, tranquilize - sakinleştirmek
abide: remain, sojourn, reside, inhabit - katlanmak appendix : supplement, adjunct - ek
abject: humiliating, contemptible, base, mean - sefil applause : acclamation, acclaim - alkışlamak
abolish: annul, nullify, revoke – yürürlükten kaldırmak appliance : instrument, apparatus, device, tool - alet
abound : teem, swarm - bol apply : use, employ, utilize - uygulamak
abreast : alongside – omuz omuza appoint : nominate, name, designate - atamak
abrupt : sudden, hasty - ani apportion : divide, allot, assign, allocate - pay
absent-minded : oblivious, inattentive - dikkatsiz appreciate : value, estimate - takdir etmek
absolute : complete, perfect – mükemmel, mutlak apprehension : anxiety, misgiving - kuruntu
absorb : swallow, engulf - emmek apprentice : trainee - çırak
abstain : refrain - kaçınmak appropriate : suitable, proper - uygun
abstract : theoretical, unpracticed - muğlak apt : inclined, disposed, prone, liable - yatkın
absurd : ridiculous, foolish, stupid - garip aptly : appropriately - uygun bir şekilde
abundance : plenty, profusion - yeterli aptitude : aptness, fitness, suitability - uygunluk
abuse : misuse, maltreat, ill-use, reproach – suiistimal archaic : ancient, antiquated, antique - tarihi
accelerate : hurry, quicken, speed up - hızlanmak ardent : passionate, eager, enthusiastic - hevesli
accept : admit, approve – kabul etmek ardor : eagerness, zeal, passion, enthusiasm - heves
access : approach - ulaşmak arid : barren - çorak
accession: getting to the throne- tahta çıkma argue : debate, discuss, dispute - tartışmak
accidental : casual, contingent - kazara arouse : awaken, stimulate - uyandırmak, tahrik etmek
acclaim : praise - övmek arrange : order, array - ayarlamak
accommodate : suit, fit, adapt, hold - yerleştirmek arrogant : haughty, insolent, overbearing - kibirli
accompany : escort, convoy – eşlik etmek arrest : seize, apprehend, capture - tutuklamak
accomplish : fulfill, complete, achieve - başarmak ascend : mount, soar, arise - yükselmek
accord : agree, assent, concur - uymak ascertain : determine, discover - doğrusunu araştırmak
account : explanation, exposition - açıklamak aspect : appearance, look, countenance - görünüş
accredited: akredite aspire : desire, long, yearn - arzulamak
accumulate : gather - toplamak assail : assault, attack - saldırı
accurate : correct, precise - kesin assassinate : murder, kill, slay - suikast düzenlemek
accuse : indict, charge, impeach, blame - suçlamak assemble : gather, collect, convene - toplamak
accustomed : customary, habitual, wont – alışık assembly : congress, parliament, diet - toplanmak
achieve : accomplish, effect, perform - başarmak assent : accede, consent - uzlaşmak
acknowledge : admit, confess, own - bilgilendirmek assess : estimate, calculate, evaluate - değer biçmek
acquaintance : associate, companion - tanıdık asset : commodity - mal
acquire : gain, win, earn, secure - dinmek assign : distribute, allot - tahsis etmek
acquit : declare sb innocent - aklamak assignment: duty, homework- görev, ödev
actual : tangible, definite, genuine - asıl associate : join, affiliate, unite, combine - birleşmek
acute : sharp, intense, severe – keskin, şiddetli assort : classify, group, sort, categorize - sınıflamak
adapt : suit, adjust, fit - uymak assume : pretend, affect - tahmin etmek
address : 1. residence, abode - adres assure : convince - temin etmek
2. speech, lecture, discourse – işaret etmek assurance: guarantee- garanti
adequate : sufficient, suitable - yeterli astonish : amaze, surprise, shock, stun - şaşırtmak
adhere : stick, cleave, cling - yapışmak asylum : refugee - mülteci
adjourn : suspend, postpone, defer, delay - ertelemek attach : fasten, affix, join, annex - bağlamak
adjust : fit, adapt, suit - uymak attachment : affection - bağlılık
admonish : give advice – nasihat etmek attain : 1. reach, win - ulaşmak, başarmak
administer : manage, execute, direct - yönetmek attempt : try - denemek
admirable : praiseworthy, excellent – takdire şayan attend : wait on, serve - katılmak
admire : esteem, revere - imrenmek attentive : heedful, alert, watchful, careful - dikkatli
admit : acknowledge, own, receive – kabul etmek attire : clothing - kıyafet
adore : worship, esteem, revere – hayran olmak attitude : position, bearing, pose - tavır
adorn : decorate, beautify, ornament - süslemek attract : draw, allure, charm - cazibe
adroit : skilful - mahir augment : increase - arttrmak, büyütmek
agenda: list of matters - gündem authority : power - otorite
allegation: accusation- itham authorize : empower, allow, permit, let - yetki vermek
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auxiliary : subsidiary, additional - yardımcı boundary : edge - sınır
available : usable - elverişli bow : stoop, bend - başıyla selamlamak
aviation: relating to airways- havacılık brave : courageous, gallant, dauntless, bold - cesur
avenge : revenge - öc almak bravery : boldness, courage, daring - cesaret
average : mean, median - vasat break : shatter, batter, destroy - kırmak, bozmak
avid : greedy, avaricious, covetous - aç gözlü breakthrough : important discovery - dönüm noktası
avoid : shun, evade, escape, elude - kaçınmak breed : generate, raise, rear, nurture - beslemek
aware : conscious - bilinçli brief : short, transitory, transient, temporary - özet
awe : wonder, amazement - merak bright : radiant, glowing, beaming, brilliant - parlak
awkward : clumsy, unskillful - sakar brisk : active, lively, energetic - hareketli
B broad : wide, extensive, vast, spacious - geniş
ban : forbid, inhibit, prohibit, outlaw - yasaklamak brood : dwell on, ponder, meditate - yuva yapmak
banish : expel, exile, deport - sürgün etmek brook : stream - akarsu
bar : hinder, obstruct, deter, stop, impede - engel brutal : savage, cruel, inhuman, barbarous - acımasız
barbarian : savage, primitive, barbaric, barbarous - cani brute : beast, animal - hayvan
bare : naked, nude, exposed - çıplak, yalın bulk : large size - yığın
bargain : contract, trade, sell - pazarlık yapmak burden : load - yük, sıkıntı
barren : sterile, infertile, unproductive - kısır burst : explode, blow up - patlamak
barrier : bar, obstruction, barricade, obstacle - engel bury : entomb, hide - gömmek
barter : trade, exchange - takas yapmak C
base : mean, degraded - temel calamity : tragedy, disaster, catastrophe - felaket
baseless: false - temelsiz calculate : count, figure, reckon, compute - hesaplamak
beam : shine, gleam, glitter, radiate - tayf cancel : annul, revoke - ertelemek
bear : carry, transport, convey - taşımak candid : frank, open, outspoken - açık sözlü
bearing : manner, behavior, conduct - tavir capacious : spacious, roomy - geniş
becoming : attractive, suitable, appropriate - uygun capacity : ability - yetenek
beg : entreat, crave - yalvarmak capital : principal, chief, prime, primary - öncül
behave : conduct - davranmak captivate : charm, fascinate - etkisi altına almak
bend : curve, crook, bow - eğilmek captivity : bondage, confinement - tutsak
beneficial : helpful, profitable, advantageous - faydalı capture : seize, catch, snare - yakalamak
benevolent : kind, humane, tender, generous - kibar careful : cautious, watchful, vigilant, discreet - dikkatli
betray : be unfaithful to, be a traitor to - ihanet etmek careless : heedless, reckless, indiscreet - dikkatsiz
beverage : drink - içecek cargo : freight, load, burden - yük
bewilder : confuse, perplex, puzzle - aklını karıştırmak carriage : vehicle, conveyance - taşıt
bias : prejudice - ön yargı carry : convey, transport, transfer - taşımak
bid : command, order, direct - emretmek; fiyat vermek cast : throw, fling, hurl, pitch - atmak
bilateral : between to sides - karşılıklı casual : unexpected - tessadüfi
bind : tie, fasten - bağlamak casualty: victim – kurban, kazazede
bite : gnaw, chew - ısırmak catastrophe : disaster, calamity, misfortune - afet
bitter : harsh, acrid, biting - acı cease : stop, terminate - durmak
blame : reproach, censure, condemn - suçlamak celebrate : observe, commemorate - kutlamak
blasphemy : disrespectful speech towards God - isyan celebrated : famous, distinguished - tanınmış
blast : explosion, outburst, burst - patlama celebrity : a famous person, hero, notable - ünlü
blaze : flame - alev celestial : heavenly - uhrevi
blemish : stain, defect, speck - leke census : count of population - nüfus sayımı
blend : mingle, mix - karışım, harman cessation : stopping - durma
blind : sightless - kör chancery: the embassy office building- konsolosluk
blink : wink, twinkle - göz kırpmak change : alter, turn, transform, vary - değişme
block : obstacle - engel charge : load - mal olmak
bloody : cruel, ruthless - acımasız charitable : generous, benign, kind - cömert
bloom : flowering - çiçek açmak cheat : deceive, defraud, trick, delude - aldatmak
blow : move with air - üflemek check : study, examination, inspection - kontrol etmek
blunt : dull - küt, körelmiş cheer : inspirit, animate - neşe
boast : brag, swagger - övünmek cheerful : gay, joyful, buoyant, jolly - neşeli
bold : courageous, daring, valiant - cesur cherish : value sth. highly - değerini bilmek
bond : union - birleşik chill : cold, coldness - soğuk
bondage : slavery, confinement - kölelik chop : cut, mince - doğramak
boom : flourish, thrive, prosper - yükselişe geçmek chronic : habitual, confirmed - kronik
border: line between the countries - sınır cite : mention as an example - örnek olarak bahsetmek
bore : weary, tire - sıkmak civil : polite, courteous, civilized - kibar
bother : annoy, worry, trouble, disturb - rahatsız etmek claim : demand, request, requirement - iddia etmek
bound : boundary, border, limit, precinct - bağlı, sınırlı clash : collide - çarpışmak
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clasp : grasp, grip, clutch - tutmak conflict : collide, clash, contend, fight - çatışma
clean : unstained, clear, pure - temiz conform : comply, yield, agree, assent - uymak
cleanse : clean, purify - temizlemek confuse : disturb, bewilder - kafasını karıştırmak
clear : distinct, evident, plain, obvious - açık confront : encounter - maruz kalmak
clever : smart, intelligent, ingenious - akıllı congestion : blockage - tıkanıklık
climb : mount, ascend, scale - tırmanmak congress : meeting, assembly, conference - kongre
clumsy : awkward - sakar conjurer : magician - sihirbaz
coarse : crude, rude, rough - kaba conquer : defeat, master, beat - fethetmek
coax : cajole, persuade - ikna etmek conscience : scruples - vicdan
cohere : stick, cling, adhere, bond - bağlamak conscientious : just, upright, honest - vicdanlı
cohesion : bond, adhesion - tutarlı conscious : aware - bilinç
collect : assemble, accumulate, aggregate - toplamak consensus : agreement - uzlaşma
collocutor: person you are talking to- muhatap consent: permission - rıza
column : pillar - sütun consequence : effect, result, outcome - sonuç
combat : struggle, fight, battle - savaşmak consider : contemplate, meditate, reflect - düşünmek
combination : conjunction, association, union - birleşik considerate : thoughtful, charitable - düşünceli
combine : unite, join, associate - birleştirmek consist: include - içermek
comfort : soothe, console, solace - teselli etmek consistent : compatible, harmonious - tutarlı
command : order, bid, instruct - yönetmek console : comfort, solace, soothe - teselli etmek
commence : begin, start, originate - başlamak consort : associate, fraternize, agree - beraberlik
commend : entrust, laud, praise, exalt - iltifat etmek conspicuous : manifest, plain, apparent - göze çarpan
commit : perform - işlemek constant : invariable, stable, unchanging - sabit
commodity : traded item - mal constitution : document of laws - anayasa
common: shared - ortak constrain : compel, coerce - zorunda bırakmak
communicate : transmit, convey - iletişim kurmak constrict : compress, contract - darltmak
compact : tightly, packed - sıkıştırılmış consult : confer - danışmak
companion : associate, partner, fellow, mate - arkadaş consultation: conferring - danışma
comparable : similar, equivalent, like - benzer consume : expend, exhaust - tüketmek
compassion : pity, sympathy, mercy - merhamet contagious : communicable, infectious - bulaşıcı
compel : force, impel - zorlamak contain : hold, accommodate, include - içermek
compensate : atone - telafi etmek contaminate : pollute, stain, corrupt - kirletmek
compete : contend, vie, rival - yarışmak contemplate : consider, reflect - ayrıntısıyla düşünmek
competent : qualified, capable, proficient - yetenekli contemporary : coexisting - çağdaş
complain : grumble - şikayet etmek contempt : scorn, disdain - küçümseme
complex : compound, complicated - karışık contemptible : mean, abject, base - alçak
comply : acquiesce, conform, consent, accede - uymak contemptuous : scornful, sneering - aşağılayıcı
component : element, ingredient - bileşen contend : struggle, fight, battle - mücadele etmek
composed : calm, tranquil - sakin content : satisfied, contented - memnun
comprehend : understand, grasp, perceive - anlamak contest : struggle , battle, combat, fight - yarışmak
comprehensive : inclusive, extensive, - anlaşılır continual : incessant, ceaseless - devamlı
compress : condense, squeeze - sıkmak contract : compact, bargain - sözleşme
compulsory : compelled, binding - zorunlu contradictory : opposing, paradoxical, inconsistent,
conceal : hide, bury - gizlemek contrary - karşıt
conceit : vanity, complacency - kenini beğenmiş contrast : comparison - zıtlık
conceive : understand, comprehend - kavramak contrive : devise, invent, design - bulmak
concentrate : focus, intensify - odaklanmak control : dominate, govern, rule, reign - kontrol etmek
concern: cause worry - endişendirmek controversy : dispute, debate - tartışma
concession : privilege - ödün convenient : handy - münasip
conciseness : brevity - kısalık converse : opposite, reverse - ters
concrete : definite - somut convert : change, transform - değiştirmek
condemn : blame, censure - suçlamak convey : carry, transport, transmit - taşımak
condense : compress, concentrate - yoğunlaşmak convict : find guilty - suçlu bulmak
condition : state, situation, circumstance - durum convince : persuade - ikna etmek
condolence: sympathy for loss - taziye core : center, heart - çekirdek
conduct : behavior, demeanor, manner - davranış corps: group- heyet
confer : bestow, give, donate, grant - ünvan vermek corpse : body - ceset
conference : meeting, convention - toplantı correct : amend, remedy, cure - düzeltmek
confess : avow, own, admit - itiraf etmek correspond : conform, accord, match – uyuşmak
confidence : trust, belief, faith, reliance - itimat correspondence: communication by letters- yazışma
confident : certain, convinced - emin corrosion : decay - çürüme, yozlaşma
confine : enclose, imprison - tutsak etmek corrupt : rotten, spoiled - bozuk
confirm : assure - temin etmek courteous : civil, polite, well-mannered - kibar
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covet : want sb else’s property - göz dikmek defend : guard, shield, shelter, protect - savunmak
cowardly : craven, afraid, timid - korkakça defense: protection - savunma
crack : break, snap, split - çatlak deficient : lacking - eksiklik
craft : skill, ingenuity - sanat definite : fixed, clear, express - açık
crash : shatter, smash - çarpışmak defy : challenge - kafa tutmak
crave : desire - arzulamak dejected : depressed, discouraged - üzgün
crazy : insane, lunatic, mad - çılgın deliberate : careful, thoughtful, cautious - kasti
credence: confidence - güven delicate : dainty, graceful, elegant - hassas
credit : belief, trust, confidence, faith - güven delicacy : dainty, savory - hassasiyet
creditable : reputable, honorable - güvenilir delinquency : unlawful behavior - suç
credulous : gullible - saf, çabuk kanan delude : lead sb into false belief - yanıltmak
crime : offense, sin, felony - suç demolition : destruction - yıkım
criminal : convict, sinner, culprit, offender - suçlu deny : gainsay, contradict - red etmek
cripple : disable, maim, ruin - sakat depart : start, leave, quit - ayrılmak
crisis : emergency - acil depict : represent, portray - betimlemek
critic : reviewer, judge - eleştirmen depletion : exhaustion - tükenme
critical : crucial, momentous, important - kritik deplore : grieve, regret, lament, mourn - üzülmek
crop : harvest, produce, yield - ürün deposit : save, store, entrust - ayırmak
crowd : throng, multitude, swarm, herd - kalabalık depressed : downcast, melancholy, gloomy - hüzünlü
crucial : vital - önemli deprive : bereave, strip - yoksun kalmak
crude : unrefined, raw - ham derive : come from a source - türemek
crude oil: raw petroleum – ham petrol descent : falling, - iniş
cruel : barbarous, ferocious - acımasız desert : abandon, forsake - terk etmek
crush : shatter, smash, crumble - çarpmak design : plan, devise, project, contrive - tasarlamak
cumbersome : bulky, inconvenient - hantal desolate : barren, ravaged - ıssız
cunning : tricky, sly - kurnaz despair : discouragement, disheartenment - umutsuzluk
curb : restrain - kendine hakim olmak desperate : hopeless, extreme, excessive - umutsuz
cure : remedy - şifa destiny : fate, doom - kader
curious : inquisitive, interested - meraklı destitute : poor, devoid - yoksul
current : prevailing, popular - hali hazırda destroy : smash, demolish - yok etmek
curse : damn, imprecate - lanetlemek detain : confine, arrest, keep - alıkoymak
curtail : curb, reduce - dizginlemek detect : spot, discern, discover - tespit etmek
custody : imprisonment, confinement - göz altı deter : prevent - engel olmak
customary : habitual - alışılan, gelenek deteriorate : get worse - kötüleşmek
customs: controls on borders - gümrük detest : hate - nefret etmek
cut : divide, sever, chop - kesmek detrimental : harmful - zararlı, aleyhine
cynical : sarcastic, satirical, sneering - ironik deviate : diverge, wander, stray - sapmak
D device : plan, design; tool - plan; cihaz
damage : injury, harm, hurt, impairment - zarar devise : contrive, invent, design - planlamak
damp : moist, humid, wet - nem devoid : lacking - yoksun
danger : hazard, risk, peril, jeopardy - tehlike devote : dedicate -adamak
dare : venture, risk, challenge, defy - cesaret etmek devour : eat up - yiyip bitirmek
daring : courageous, bold, brave, valiant - cesur devout : pious, devoted, saintly - dindar
dash : rush, dart, bolt - acele etmek dictate : fix, impose, prescribe - zorla kabul ettirmek
dawn : daybreak - gün batımı die : decease, perish, vanish - ölmek
dead : deceased, extinct, inanimate - ölü diffuse : spread, distribute, scatter, disperse - yayılmış
deadly : fatal, lethal, mortal - ölümcül digest : absorb, imbibe, assimilate - sindirmek
debate : discussion, argument, dispute - tartışma dilemma : predicament, strait - ikilem
decadence : deterioration, decline - rezil olma diligent : hardworking - çalışkan
decay : deteriorate, decline - kötüye gitmek dim : obscure, faint - loş
deceit : fraud, deception, cheating - hile diminish : lessen, reduce, decrease, shrink - azaltmak
deceive : delude, cheat - kandırmak dirty : foul, unclean, filthy - kirli
decent : right, proper, nice, pure, modest - münasip disadvantage : harm, damage, injury - aleyhine
decided : resolute, determined, final - kararlı disappear : vanish, fade - yok olmak
declare : announce, proclaim - duyurmak disappoint : frustrate, baffle - hayal kırıklığına uğramak
declaration: announcement – duyuru, deklerasyon disaster : calamity, mishap, catastrophe - felaket
decline : refuse, reject - red etmek discern : perceive, notice, distinguish - fark etmek
decrease : diminish, lessen, dwindle, abate - inmek discernible : noticeable, observable - fark edilir
dedicate : devote - adamak disciple : pupil, student, scholar - öğrenci
deduct : subtract - çıkartmak discipline : training, drill, exercise, practice - disiplin
defeat : conquer, overwhelm, subdue - yenmek disclose : reveal, divulge, unveil - ifşa etmek
defect : blemish, flaw, fault, weakness - kusur disconcert : disturb, bewilder - huzurunu kaçırmak
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discourage : dishearten, depress - hevesini kırmak elude : avoid, escape - kurtulmak, yakasını kurtarmak
discreet : judicious, cautious, considerate - nazik embark : 1. start - başlamak
disdain : condemn, despise, scorn - hor görme 2. get on a ship - güverteye çıkmak
disgrace : shame, dishonor - yüz karası embarrass : confuse, perplex - şaşırtmak
disgust : sicken, nauseate - iğrenmek embed : fix, fasten, root - yerleştirmek
disgusting : offensive, sickening - iğrenç emerge : emanate, appear - ortaya çıkmak
dishonorable : disgraceful, shameful - onursuz emergency : crisis - aciliyet
disinterested : unbiased, impartial, fair - tarafsız eminent : distinguished, outstanding - göze çarpan
disloyal : unfaithful - sadakatsiz emit : discharge, shed, radiate - yaymak
dismiss : discharge, fire, refuse - atılmak emphatic : forcible, strong - vurgulu
disorder : mess, confusion, chaos - karmaşa employ : use, engage, hire - işletmek
disperse : scatter, dissipate, diffuse - yaymak empower : authorize, warrant, enable - yetki vermek
displace : replace, remove - yerini değiştirmek empty : void, vacant, blank, unoccupied - boş
dispute : argue, debate - tartışmak enchant : fascinate, captivate, charm - cezbetmek
disregard : ignore, neglect, overlook - göz ardı etmek encircle : surround, encompass, enclose - kuşatmak
dissent : differ, disagree - ayrılmak, uyuşmamak enclose : surround, circle, beset - kuşatmak
dissolve : melt - erimek encounter : face - yüzleşmek
distinct : definite, clear, plain - sarih encourage : hearten, stimulate - cesaretlendirmek
distinction : difference - ayrım endeavor : effort, struggle, exertion - mücadele etmek
distinguish : discriminate, differentiate - ayırmak endemic : restricted to one place - yaygın
distinguished : marked, famous, celebrated - tanınmış endorse : support - desteklemek
distort : mislead - yanlış yönlendirmek endow : confer, bestow, give - bahşetmek
distress : pain, anxiety, agony, anguish - sıkıntı endowment : gift, capacity, talent - yetenek
distribute : deal, apportion, assign, dispense - dağıtmak endure : sustain, bear, stand, tolerate - dayanmak
disturbance : agitation, disorder, confusion - rahatsızlık enemy : foe, adversary, opponent, antagonist - düşman
diverse : various, manifold - çeşitli enforce : apply - uygulamak
divulge : reveal - ifşa etmek enhance : increase - büyütmek
doctrine : tenet, dogma, theory, principle - öğreti enlarge : extend, augment, amplify - genişletmek
domain : area, field, territory, province - bölge enlighten : illumine - aydınlatmak
dominant : ruling, prevailing, prevalent - egemen enliven : invigorate, animate - canlandırmak
donation : gift, contribution, offering - bağış enmity : hatred - düşmanlık
doom : fate, destiny, lot, ruin, death - kader enormous : huge, immense, vast, gigantic - devasa
draft: sketch - taslak enrage : anger, aggravate - öfkelendirmek
draw : drag, pull, tug, attract - çekmek, cezbetmek ensue : follow, succeed - izlemek
dread : fear, awe - korku entangle : complicate, involve - karıştırmak
dreary : gloomy, dismay - can sıkıcı enterprising : ambitious, adventurous, energetic -
dress code: type of dressing – kıyafet tipi girişken
dubious : doubtful - şüpheli entertain : divert, amuse, please - eğlendirmek
dull : boring, tedious, uninteresting, blunt - sıkıcı enthusiasm : eagerness, zeal, passion - heves
dumb : mute, speechless - dilsiz enthusiastic : zealous, eager, passionate - hevesli
durable : lasting, enduring, permanent - dayanıklı entice : seduce - ayartmak
dusky : dim, shadowy, cloudy, obscure - gölgeli entitle : empower, qualify - yetki vermek
duty : obligation - görev entity : thing, individual, object - bağımsız
dwarf : pygmy - cüce envelop : surround, enclose - kapsamak
dwell : abide, reside, live, inhabit -yaşamak envy : jealousy - kıskançlık
E equal : equivalent, alike - eşit
earn : gain, acquire, win, obtain - kazanmak equip : furnish, provide - donatmak
earnest : sincere, ardent, eager - samimi era : time, period, age, epoch - çağ
easy : facile, light - kolay erect : upright standing, vertical - dikmek
ebb : subside, abate, recede, retire - çekilme erroneous : mistaken, incorrect, false - hatalı
economical : saving, thrifty, frugal - tutumlu err : mistake - hata yapmak
edge : border, margin, boundary - kenar, sınır error : mistake, blunder, slip - hata
effect : result, consequence, outcome - etki escape : flee, evade, avoid - kaçmak
effective : efficacious, efficient, effectual - etkili escort : convoy, guard, guide - eşlik etmek
effort : endeavor, exertion, struggle, striving - çaba esquire: mister - bey
egoism : selfishness - bencillik essence : spirit, principal - öz
elaborate : detailed, intricate, complicated - ayrıntılı essential : indispensable, vital, fundamental - gerekli
elegant : tasteful, refined, polished, graceful - zarif establish : found, institute - kurmak
elementary : primary, basic, fundamental - ilk, giriş esteem : prize, value, respect - değer biçmek
elevate : raise, lift, heighten, increase - yükseltmek estimate : judge, assess, value, evaluate - tahmin etmek
elicit : draw out - sonucuna varmak eternal : endless, everlasting, infinite - sonsuz
eliminate : remove - çıkarmak evade : escape, elude, shun - kaçmak
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evaporate : vaporize - buharlaşmak fame : reputation, renown, eminence, celebrity - ün
even : equal - berabere familiar : intimate, close, friendly, amicable - tanıdık
event : occurrence, happening, incident - olay famous : celebrated, well-known, distinguished - ünlü
eventually : ultimately, finally - sonunda fancy : imagination, fantasy - hayali
evict : eject sb from a property - arazisinden çıkartmak fascinate : charm, enchant, allure - cezbetmek
evident : plain, clear, obvious - açık, belli fashion : style, vogue, mode - moda
evil : immoral, malicious - şeytani fast : quick, swift, rapid, fleet - hızlı
examine : inspect, probe, investigate - tetkik etmek fasten : fix, attach - bağlamak
exceed : surpass, excel, outstrip - aşmak fat : plump, stout, obese - şişman
excel : surpass, outdo, exceed - üstün olmak fatal : deadly, mortal, lethal - ölümcül
excellent : fine, eminent - mükemmel fate : doom, lot, destiny - kader
exception : exclusion - istisna fatigue : exhausted - bitkin
exceptional : unusual, extraordinary - istisnai fault : blemish, flaw, shortcoming - kusur
excessive : extreme - aşırı favor : kindness, good-will - iyilik
exchange : barter, interchange, swap - değiştirme fear : apprehension, dread, terror, fright - korku
excite : stir, arouse, stimulate, incite - heyecanlandırma feasible : possible, practicable, viable - makul
exclamation : outcry - ünlem, haykırış feast : celebration, anniversary, ceremony - kutlama
exclude : expel - hariç tutmak feat : achievement, accomplishment, exploit - marifet
exclusive : excluding - tekel feeble : weak, delicate, fragile - kırılgan
execute : perform, achieve - işlemek feed : nourish, sustain - beslemek
exert : exercise, wield - çaba sarfetmek fertile : productive, fecund, fruitful - verimli
exhaust : expend, consume - tüketmek fervent : ardent, earnest, zealous, passionate - iştiyaklı
exhibit : display, show, demonstrate - teşhir etmek feud : hostility - kin
exorbitant : extreme, undue, extravagant - fahiş fidelity : loyalty, faithfulness, devotion - adanmışlık
expand : extend, swell, enlarge - genişlemek fierce : ferocious, wild, savage, brutal - acımasız
expect : anticipate, await - ummak fiery : fervent, burning, afire - ateşli, kızgın
expel : oust, banish, exile - atmak fight : conflict, battle, war, combat - dövüşmek
expend : use, consume, spend, exhaust - harcamak final : ultimate, conclusive - son
expense : cost, charge, price, expenditure - tutar financial : monetary, pecuniary - mali
expensive : costly, dear - pahalı fine : delicate, elegant, exquisite - hoş
experiment : test, trial - deney firm : stable, steadfast, determined, reliable - sabit
expert : specialist, authority, master - uzman fiscal : financial - mali
explain : elucidate, explicate, clarify - açıklamak fix : arrange - ayarlamak
explanation: clarification - izahat flame : blaze, fire - alev
explicit : clear, unambiguous, definite - açık flash : flame, flare, glare - flaş
exploit : feat, accomplishment - başarı flat : horizontal, level, even, plane - düz
expose : betray, reveal, uncover - maruz bırakmak flawless : perfect - defosuz
express : utter, state, manifest, reveal - dile getirmek flee : escape from - kaçmak
extend : increase, grow, expand, enlarge - genişletmek flexible : plastic, adaptable, adjustable, pliable - esnek
extensive : wide, broad, spacious, vast - geniş flock : bevy, brood, school, swarm, herd - sürü
extent : space, scope, range, stretch - kapsam flood : deluge, overflow - sel
exterior : outer, outside, external - dış flourish : thrive, prosper, succeed - gelişmek
exterminate : annihilate, destroy, eliminate - yok etmek flow : stream, run - akış
extinct : quenched, vanished - nesli tükenmiş fluctuate : vary in level - dalgalanmak
extol : praise - methetmek fluent : flowing - akıcı
extract : extort, derive - çıkartmak foe : enemy, opponent, adversary, antagonist - düşman
extradition: force to leave – sınırdışı etme fog : mist, haze - sis
extraordinary : exceptional, unusual - sıradışı follow : succeed, ensue - takip etmek
extravagant : wasteful, prodigal - müsrif food : provisions - erzak
extreme : ultimate, excessive, unreasonable - aşırı foolish : silly, fatuous, stupid, dull - aptal
F forbid : inhibit, prohibit - yasaklamak
fable : legend - efsane force : strength, power, might, energy - zorlamak
fabricate : make, build, produce, assemble, forecast : predict, foretell, foresee - ön görmek
manufacture - üretmek foresight : forethought - sezgi
faculty : ability, capacity, aptitude - yetkinlik forgery : fake - sahte
fade : wither, decline, decay - yok olma formidable : dreadful, threatening, fearful - korkunç
failing : shortcoming, defect, flaw - hata foster : encourage, promote - teşvik etmek
faint : indistinct, dim, feeble - çok küçük foul : filthy, dirty, stained, polluted - kötü, iğrenç
fair : unbiased, just, impartial, disinterested - adil foundation : base, basis, ground - kurum
faith : confidence, trust, credit - sadakat fraction : share - hisse
faithful : true, reliable, trustworthy - sadık fragrant : perfumed - hoş koku
false : erroneous, wrong - yanlış frame(work) : structure - çerçeve
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frank : candid, outspoken - açık sözlü gross : bulky, massive, great - hantal
fraud : deceit, deception - sahtekarlık grudge : malice, spite, malevolence - garez, kin
free : liberate, release, emancipate - özgür bırakmak guarantee : insure, warrant - taahhüt etmek
freight : cargo, shipment, load - nakliye guard : protect, shield, defend, shelter - korumak
friction : rubbing - sürtünme guess : conjecture, suppose, fancy - tahmin etmek
fright : dismay, terror, panic - korku guide : lead, conduct, show, escort - rehberlik etmek
frighten : scare, terrify, alarm, dismay - korkutmak guilty : criminal, culpable - suçlu
frightful : alarming, awful, horrible - korkunç guiltless : innocent, blameless, immaculate - suçsuz
frugal : economical, thrifty - tutumlu gush : spurt, spout - fışkırmak
fruitless : futile, sterile, unproductive - kısır H
frustrate : disappoint, thwart - boşa çıkarmak habitual : usual, customary, accustomed - sıradan
fume : smoke - duman habituate : accustom, familiarize - alıştırmak
fun : pleasure, amusement -eğlence halt : stop, cease - durmak
fundamental : basic, essential, primary - temel hamper : hinder, prevent, obstruct - engel olmak
funny : amusing, diverting - komik hang : suspend, dangle -asılmak
furnish : provide, supply - tedarik etmek happen : occur, befall - meydana gelmek
fury : rage, anger, wrath - garez harbor : accommodate, board, room, shelter - sığınmak
fuse : melt, dissolve - eritmek hard : solid, inflexible, unyielding - sert
futile : ineffective, useless, vain – sonuçsuz, nafile hardship : trial, oppression, suffering - zorluk
G hardy : vigorous, sturdy, robust, stout - dayanıklı
gaiety : mirth, glee, cheerfulness, joviality - neşe harm : injury, damage, hurt, detriment - zarar vermek
gain : obtain, secure, acquire, earn, win - kazanmak harmony : agreement, concord, unity - uyum
gallant : brave, valorous, valiant, intrepid - cesur harsh : rough, severe, austere - sert
gang : band, clique - çete hasten : hurry, accelerate, urge , quicken - acele etmek
gash : deep cut - kesik yara hate : detest, abhor, loathe - nefret etmek
gasp : pant - soluk soluğa kalmak hatred : aversion, hate, detestation - nefret
gather : collect, assemble, muster - toplanmak haughty : proud, arrogant - gururlu
gaze : stare - gözünü dikip bakmak hazard : danger, peril, jeopardy - tehlike
generosity : charity, bountifulness - cömertlik heal : cure, remedy, amend - tedavi etmek
generous : bountiful, unselfish, charitable - cömert heap : mass, stack, pile, accumulation - yığın
genial : sympathetic, cordial, friendly, kindly - kibar heavy : weighty, demanding, burdensome - yoğun, ağır
gentle : clement, humane, merciful, amiable - kibar hectic : busy, hurried - telaşlı
ghost : phantom, spirit - hayalet helpful : useful, advantageous, profitable - yardımsever
gift : donation, present, contribution, offering - yetenek heredity : ancestry - kalıtsal
gigantic : huge, enormous, tremendous - devasa heritage : inheritance - miras
give : deliver, bestow, impart, accord - vermek heroic : brave, courageous, dauntless, gallant - epik
glad : delighted, pleased, elated - mutlu hide : conceal, screen, veil, shroud, cover - saklamak
glamorous : stylish, desirable - göz alıcı hinder : interrupt, check, impede, hamper - engellemek
glance : glimpse - gözü çarpmak hint : suggestion, implication, allusion - tüyo
gleam : flash, beam, glimmer - ışıltı hoarse : husky - kısık sesli
glee : exultation, merriment, hilarity - neşe hoax : trick - hile
glide : slide, slip - kaymak, süzülmek hoist : raise, elevate, lift - kaldırmak
gloomy : obscure, depressed, melancholy - melankolik hole : opening, cavity, hollow, pit - delik
glory : praise, honor, celebrity, fame - görmek homely : plain, simple, unattractive, ugly - sade
godly : pious, saintly, devout, holy - yüce honesty : uprightness, justice - dürüstlük
good-will : benevolence, favor, kindness - iyilik honor : fame, repute, reputation - onur
govern : rule, reign - hükmetmek honorable: reputable - saygıdeğer
grace : elegance, refinement - lütuf hopeless : desperate, despairing, despondent - ümitsiz
gracious : benign, courteous, polite - lütufkar horrible : terrible, dreadful, hideous, grim - korkunç
grand : imposing, stately, dignified - büyük hostile : antagonistic - düşmanca
grant : bestow, confer, award – vermek, bahşetmek hostility : enmity, antagonism - düşmanlık
grasp : seize, hold, clutch, grab, catch - kavramak huge : mammoth, vast, gigantic, colossal - devasa
grateful : appreciative, thankful, obliged - müteşekkir humane : merciful - merhametli
gratify : satisfy - sevindirmek humanitarian: compassionate - insani
grave : tomb; important, serious - mezar; ciddi humble : unassuming, meek, modest - mütevazi
great : immense, enormous, huge, vast, grand - büyük humid : damp, moist - nemli
greed : avidity, avarice, covetousness - tamah humiliate : degrade, disgrace, shame - küçük düşürmek
greedy : avaricious, desirous, covetous - tamahkar humorous : funny, comical - müzip
greet : accost, salute - karşılamak hurt : injure, damage, mar, impair - yaralamak
grief : sorrow, woe, sadness - üzüntü hypocrite : pretender - ikiyüzlü
grieve : lament, mourn, sorrow, bewail - üzülmek I
grind : grate, rub - öğütmek ideal : perfect, model, exemplary - mükemmel
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idiotic : foolish, stupid, fatuous - aptalca inconstant : fickle, variable, unstable - değişken
idle : indolent, lazy, slothful - tembel incontrovertible : indisputable - tartışılmaz
ignite : catch fire - tutuşmak incorporate : combine, integrate, include - birleştirmek
ignoble : mean, base, degraded - alçak increase : augment, enlarge - artırmak
ignorant : illiterate, uneducated - görgüsüz, cahil incredulous : skeptical, doubtful, dubious - şüpheci
ignore : overlook, disregard, neglect - önemsememek incur : suffer sth unpleasant - (bir olay nedeniyle)
illegal : unlawful, illegitimate, illicit - yasa dışı çekmek
illustration : explanation - betimleme indecent : vulgar, coarse, rude, immodest - yakışıksız
imaginary : fanciful, visionary - hayali indefinite : vague, obscure, uncertain - belirsiz
imitate : mimic, mock, reproduce, copy - taklit etmek independence: liberty - bağımsızlık
immense : huge - devasa indifference : unconcern, apathy - kayıtsızlık
immerse : submerge, dip, submerse - daldırmak indignation : resentment, wrath, anger - kızgınlık
immigration: moving to a country – iltica etme indignity : humiliation, insult, scorn - onur kırıcı
imminent : impending - yakında olacak indispensable : necessary, essential - vazgeçilemez
immoderate : excessive, extreme, exorbitant - aşırı induce : persuade, instigate, urge - ikna etmek
immoral : vicious, corrupt, amoral - ahlak dışı indulge : spoil - şımartmak
impact : effect - etki industrious : diligent, assiduous - çalışkan
impair : injure, deteriorate - zarar vermek inept : inapt, unsuitable, inappropriate - uygun olmayan
impart : give, bestow, grant, confer - vermek, bildirmek inert : inactive - hareketsiz
impartial : unbiased, just, fair, disinterested - tarafsız infant: baby - bebek
impediment : obstacle - engel infamous : notorious, disgraceful - rezil
impel : compel, drive, urge - sevketmek infectious : contagious, communicable - bulaşıcı
imperceptible : barely visible - zor seçilen inflammatory: igniting - alevlendirici
impetus : stimulus - hız inflate : swell, expand - şişmek
implement: appliance - uygulama inflexible : rigid, unbending, stern, resolute - değişmez
implore : supplicate, entreat, crave - yalvarmak inform : notify, acquaint - bildirmek
imply : mean indirectly - ima etmek information : intelligence - istihbarat
impolite : uncivil, rude, discourteous - kaba infrastructure: groundwork - altyapı
importance : significance - önem ingenious : wise - bilge
impose : enforce sth - empoze etmek inherent : natural, intrinsic, built-in, innate, congenital -
impregnable : unassailable, invincible - ele geçirilemez kalıtsal
impromptu : unrehearsed - doğaçlama inhabit : dwell - (bir yerde) yaşamak
improper : unfit, inappropriate - yakışıksız inhibit : restrain, prohibit, forbid - engellemek
improve : ameliorate, better - geliştirmek initial : first, introductory, beginning - ilk , öncü
improvident : unwary, wasteful - savurgan initialed: marked with the first letter of a name- paraflı
improvised : impromptu - irticalen initiate : begin, originate, inaugurate - başlamak
impudent : brazen, insolent, rude - kaba injury : harm, damage, impairment - yaralanmak
impulsive : emotional - duyguları harekete geçiren innate : present from birth - doğuştan
impunity : exemption - cezadan kurtulacağını düşünme innocent : pure, blameless, faultless - masum
impute : attribute, accuse - suçlamak innumerable : countless, numerous - sayısız
in-depth: thorough - derinlemesine inquire : ask, query - talep etmek
inaccurate : incorrect, erroneous - yanlış inquiry : investigation, scrutiny, research - talep
inactive : inert, lazy, passive, inanimate - hımbıl inquisitive : curious - meraklı
inadvertent : heedless, negligent - kazara, kasıtsız insane : lunatic, crazy - çatlak
inanimate : lifeless - cansız insecure : unsafe, uncertain - emniyetsiz
inapt : unsuited, unsuitable, inappropriate, unfit - insolent : rude, overbearing, arrogant -görgüsüz
uygun olmayan instantly : immediately, instantaneously - anında
inborn : innate, native, natural - doğuştan instrument : tool, implement - araç
incarcerate : imprison, confine - hapsetmek insulation : isolation - yalıtım
incense : scent, fragrance - tütsü insult : scorn, slander, abuse - aşağılamak
incentive : motive, stimulus, spur, impulse - uyarıcı intact : uninjured - etkilenmemiş, zarar görmemiş
incessant : uninterrupted, ceaseless, constant - devamlı integrity : uprightness, honesty - dürüstlük
incidental : accidental, casual, contingent - tesdüfi intelligence: information - istihbarat
incisive : penetrating, keen - sorunla ilgilenen intensify : deepen, strengthen - yoğunlaştırmak
incite : stimulate, spur, instigate, provoke - uyarmak intent : intention, design - niyet etmek
inclination : tendency, trend - meyil intentional : deliberate, purposeful, planned - niyet
include : contain, comprise - içermek interfere : intervene, intrude - müdahele etmek
income : returns, revenue, gain, earnings - gelir interim : temporary - geçici
incommode : impede, hinder, bother - rahatsız etmek interpret : explain, translate - tercüme etmek
incompatible : incapable - kabiliyet olarak yetersiz interrupt : suspend, intermit, stop, hinder - bölmek
inconsistent : incompatible, inharmonious, intervention : interference - ara
incongruous, incoherent - çelişkili intimate : close, familiar - yakın kişi
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intolerable : unbearable - tahammül edilemez legacy : tradition, culture, heritage, inheritance - miras
intolerant : narrow, prejudiced, biased - hoş görüsüz legend : fable, myth - efsane
intricate : complex, complicated - anlaşılması güç legislation: abolishing laws - yasama
intrude : trespass, encroach, violate - sızmak, girmek legitimate : licit, legal, lawful - yasal
intuition : insight - sezgi lengthen : extend, stretch, prolong, protract - uzatmak
inundate : flood - sel lenient : mild, clement, merciful - yumuşak, müşfik
invaluable : priceless, precious - paha biçilemez lessen : diminish, decrease, abate, dwindle - azaltmak
invariable : uniform, unchangeable - değişmez level : even, flat, plain, horizontal - seviye
investigation: thorough check - araştırma liable : responsible, answerable, accountable - güvenilir
involve : include, embrace, contain, comprise - içermek liberal : tolerant, broad-minded - özgürlükçü
irrigate : water - sulamak liberate : release, free, deliver - serbest bırakmak
irritate : vex, fret, anger, enrage, infuriate - tiksinmek lift : raise, elevate, exalt, uplift - yükseltmek
irrevocable : irreversible - geri döndürülemez light : illumination, radiance - ışık
isolation : separation, segregation - yalıtım, dışlama lighten : illuminate, brighten, shine - aydınlatmak
issue : point, problem, question - konu likely : probable, possible - muhtemel
J/K limber : flexible - esnek
jam : pack, force, squeeze - sıkıştırmak limit : bound, boundary - sınır
jealous : envious - kıskanç link : bond, tie, connection - bağ
jeer : scoff, mock, ridicule - alay etmek liquid : fluid - sıvı
jeopardy : risk, danger, peril - tehlike livelihood : living, employment - geçinme
jest : joke - şaka yapmak lively : energetic, active, vigorous, brisk - canlı
join : link, fasten, attach, combine - katılmak livestock : animals for sale - davar
joint: together - ortak load : burden - yük
jolt : shock, startle - şok etmek loathe : abominate, detest, hate, abhor - nefret etmek
joyful : glad, delighted, buoyant, elated - neşeli lodge : shelter, harbor, house, quarter - kiralık barınak
joyless : cheerless, gloomy, dismal - mutsuz loft : attic - tavan arası
judicial : judicious, juridical - adli lofty : high, elevated, tall, sublime - yüce
judicious : wise, sensible, reasonable - adil loiter : linger, loaf - aylak aylak gezinmek
jump : spring, bound, hop, leap - zıplamak lone : solitary, lonely, secluded, separate - yalnız
junction : combination , joining, juncture - kesişim longing : desire, yearning, aspiration - özlem duymak
justify : back, confirm, testify - doğrulamak loose : lax, slack - gevşek
keen : sharp, acute, poignant - canlı, güçlü lordly : grand, magnificent, majestic, lofty - asil
kill : slaughter, slay, assassinate, massacre - öldürmek loud : noisy, resounding, deafening - gürültülü
kind : benign, humane, compassionate - kibar lower : reduce, decrease, diminish, lessen - düşürmek
kindle : ignite, inflame, fire - tutuşturmak loyal : faithful, devoted - sadık
kingpin: mainman - elebaşı lubricious : slippery, smooth - kaygan
kinship : relationship - yakınlık lucid : clear, plain - akıcı
knack : skill - maharet lucrative : profitable - kazançlı
L ludicrous : ridiculous, comical, funny - saçma, gülünç
labor : toil, work, exertion - iş luminous : bright, shining, lucid, brilliant - parlak
laborious : 1. toilsome, arduous, difficult - yorucu lure : allure, decoy, attract, tempt, seduce - cezbetmek
2. diligent, industrious - çalışkan lust : sexual desire - şehvet
lack : deficiency, need, want, scarcity - eksik luster : brilliance, brightness, radiance - pırıltı
lag : linger - ağırca ilerlemek lusty : hearty, vigorous, robust, stout - canlı, dinç
lament : bemoan, deplore, grieve, mourn - yas tutmak luxurious : sumptuous, ornate - lüks
lane : path, way, passage, alley - yol M
languid : faint, weak, feeble, exhausted - uyuşuk, halsiz mad : insane, lunatic, crazy - çılgın
large : huge, enormous, immense - geniş madden : infuriate, irritate, provoke, annoy - kızdırmak
last : final, ultimate, conclusive, terminal - son magnificent : splendid, stately, majestic - görkemli
latent : hidden, concealed, potential - gizli magnify : augment, amplify, exaggerate - büyütmek
laud : praise, exalt, applaud - beğenmek magnitude : degree, extent, proportion - büyüklük
laugh : giggle, chuckled, grin, smile - gülmek maid : girl, maiden, lass - kız
lavish : expend, waste, squander - savurmak main : chief, prime, principal, leading - ana, temel
lawful : legal, legitimate, valid - yasal maintain : keep, retain - iyi halde tutmak
lax : not strict - gevşek maintenance : subsistence, livelihood, living - bakım
layman : sb without knowledge on a subject - bir majestic : stately, grand, august, imposing - şahane
konuda söz sahibi olmayan maladroit : unskillful, awkward, clumsy - beceriksiz
lazy : idle, indolent, slothful, sluggish - tembel malady : disease, illness, ailment - hastalık
league : alliance, confederation, union - birlik malcontent : dissatisfied, discontented - menuniyetsiz
lean : incline, bend - eğilmek male : masculine, manly - ekrek
leap : jump, bound, spring, hop - zıplamak malice : ill will, spite, enmity, malevolence - kötü niyet
leave : quit, depart - ayrılmak malicious : malevolent, evil-minded - kötü niyetli
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malignant : fatal - ölümcül misinterpretation: misunderstanding – yanlış anlama
maltreat : mistreat, abuse - kötü davranmak mislead : misguide, misdirect - yanıltmak
manage : conduct, direct, administer - yönetmek mistake : error, blunder, slip - hata
manager : administrator, executive, director - yönetici misty : foggy - sisli
maneuver : move; scheme, plot - hareket etmek, plan mix : blend - karışım
manful : manly - erkekçe moan : groan, mourn - üzülmek
mangle : maim, ruin, spoil, mar - parçalamak mock : ridicule, sneer - dalga geçmek
mania : excitement, enthusiasm - heves moderate : reasonable, temperate, mild, average - vasat
manifest : evident, obvious, apparent - açık modest : humble, decent - ağır başlı
manifold : various, numerous - çeşitli modify : change, alter, vary - değiştirmek
manner : mode, fashion, way, method - tavır moist : damp, humid, wet - nemli
margin : border, edge, rim - sınır momentous : important, consequent, serious - ciddi
mariner : sailor, seaman - denizci monetary : pecuniary - parasal
marital status: married or not- medeni hal monotonous : tedious, dull, unvaried - sıkıcı
mark : note - işaretlemek monster : demon, devil - canavar
marriage : wedding, matrimony - evlilik monstrous : tremendous, gigantic, enormous - kocaman
marvelous : wonderful, extraordinary - olağanüstü mood : disposition, temper - hal
mask : veil, disguise - gizlemek moody : gloomy, sullen - hüzünlü
mass : aggregation, accumulation, pile - birikinti moral : ethical, righteous, virtuous - ahlaki
massacre : slaughter, murder - kıymak, katletmek moreover : besides, further, furthermore - dahası
massive : bulky, immense, huge, tremendous - toplu mortal : fatal, lethal, deadly - ölümcül
master : commander, chief, head - üstat mostly : generally, chiefly - genelde
matchless : unrivaled, unequaled, unparalleled - eşsiz motif : figure, pattern, design, device - desen
matter : substance, material, stuff - madde motion : gesture, movement, move - hareket
mature : ripe, complete, grown, fully-developed - olgun motionless : fixed, still, stationary - hareketsiz
maxim : proverb, saying - özdeyiş motive : motivation, incentive - güdü, neden
meager : scanty, deficient, insignificant, thin - yetersiz mount : ascend, climb, scale - tırmanmak
mean : express, humble, ignoble - cimri, kötü kalpli mourn : grieve, lament, bewail, deplore - üzülmek
measureless : limitless, boundless, infinite - sınırsız movement : drive, crusade - hareket
meddlesome : interfering - bölmek multitude : host, crowd, mass - çok sayıda, kalabalık
medicine : drug - ilaç munites: matters - husus
meditate : contemplate, reflect, ponder - düşünmek munition: armour - muhimmat
medium : means - vasıta murder : assassination - cinayet
meet : encounter, confront, face - karşılaşmak murmur : grumble, mumble, mutter - söylenmek
melancholy : depressed, gloomy, dismal - hüzün muse : meditate, ponder - derince düşünmek
melt : fuse, dissolve, thaw - erimek mute : silent, dumb, still - sessiz ; dilsiz
menace : threaten, intimidate - tehdit etmek mutiny : revolt, rebellion, uprising, rebel - isyan
mend : repair, fix - onarmak mutual : reciprocal - karşılıklı
merciful : compassionate, clement, humane, N
sympathetic - merhametli naive : ingenuous, candid, downright - saf, toy
merciless : pitiless, relentless - merhametsiz naked : nude, bare, stripped - çıplak
mercy : compassion, benevolence - merhamet namely : that is to say - yani
merit : worth, excellence, value - değer, kıymet narrow-minded : intolerant, illiberal - dar kafalı
merry : jolly, gay, mirthful, hilarious - neşe nasty : filthy, dirty, foul, polluted - kötü, terbiyesiz
mess : confusion, muddle - karmaşa native : inborn, inherent, natural, innate - yerli
mighty : powerful, potent - güçlü nearly : almost, approximately, well-nigh - neredeyse
migrate : immigrate, emigrate, move - göçmek neat : orderly, trim, tidy, smart - düzenli
mild : amiable, gentle, temperate - yumuşak, hafif necessary : essential, requisite, vital - gerekli
milestone : important event - kilometre taşı negate : deny - reddetmek
mingle : mix, blend - harmanlamak neglect : disregard, ignore, overlook - önemsememek
minor : secondary, subordinate - ikincil, önemsiz negligence : carelessness - ihmal
minority: outnumbered group - azınlık negligible : trivial, unimportant - ihmal edilebilir
minute : detailed, precise - detaylı negotiate : treat, bargain - uzlaşmak
miraculous : marvelous, incredible - mucizevi negotiation: agreement – uzlaşma, müzakere
mirth : gaiety, glee, merriment - mutluluk nervous : excitable, uneasy - sinirli
miscellaneous : various - çeşitli, türlü noble : lofty, honorable, dignified - asil
mischief : harm, injury, damage, hurt - hasar nonconformist : disobedient - asi
misdeed: guilt – hata, suç notable : noteworthy, remarkable - dikkat çekici
miser : niggard - cimri notice : information, intelligence – ihtar, ilan
miserable : wretched, unhappy - üzgün notify : inform, acquaint - bildirmek
misery : wretchedness, distress, suffering - üzüntü notion : opinion, view - tanım, ifade
misgiving : distrust, suspicion - kuşku, kaygı notorious : known for sth bad - kötü ünlü
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nourish : nurture, breed - beslemek original : inventive, creative - özgün
novel : new, fresh - yeni originate : spring, emanate - kaynak almak, doğmak
nuisance : trouble - baş belası ornament : decoration - süsleme
nullify : cancel - ertelemek outbreak : 1. epidemic, plague, rash - salgın
numberless : innumerable, numerous, myriad, 2. explosion, burst, outburst - patlak verme
countless - sayısız outcome : result, consequence - sonuç
nurse : care, look after - bakmak outdo : surpass, excel - alt etmek
nurture : nurse - besleme outlaw : criminal - kanun kaçağı
nutrition : nourishment - besin outline : contour, sketch, draft - eskiz
O outlive : survive - hayatta kalmak
oath : promise - yemin outrage : insult, abuse, maltreat, injure - öfke
obedient : submissive, docile - baş kaldırma outspoken : frank, open candid - açık sözlü
object : protest, remonstrate - karşı çıkma outstanding : prominent, striking - göz alıcı
objective : unprejudiced, unbiased, fair - yansız overall : complete - tüm
obligation : requirement, duty - zorunluluk overcome : conquer, surmount - üstesinden gelmek
oblige : require, compel, force - yaptırımda bulunmak overlook : disregard, neglect, ignore; face - göz ardı
obscene : explicit - müstehcen etmek; yönü bakmak
obscure : unclear, uncertain, blurred - muğlak overpower : overcome, overwhelm - alt etmek
observance : fulfillment, performance - itaat overrate : neglect - gözünde büyütmek
observation : noticing, perceiving, watching - inceleme oversee : supervise, survey, watch - göz kulak olmak
observe : 1. perceive, notice, watch - incelemek oversight : mistake, blunder - gözden kaçırma
2. comply, conform, follow, fulfill - uymak overthrow : subvert - devirmek (hükümet)
obsolete : outdated - demode overwhelmingly : overpower, crush - ezici çoğunlukla
obstacle : obstruction, hindrance, impediment - engel own : acknowledge, admit, allow - sahiplenmek
obstinate : unyielding, stubborn, inflexible - dik kafalı P
obstruct : block, stop, bar, hinder, impede - engellemek pace : step, gait, walk, step - hız
obtain : get, acquire, procure - elde etmek pacific : peaceful, calm, tranquil, quiet - sakin
obvious : evident, clear, apparent - açık, sarih pacify : calm, tranquilize, ameliorate - sakinleştirmek
occasion: incident – özel olay pack : package, bundle, parcel - paketlemek
occult : mysterious, secret, mystical - gizemli pact : compact, contract, bond - anlaşma
occupation : profession - meslek pain : suffering, distress, torment - ızdırap
occupy : capture, seize - doldurmak painstaking : assiduous, diligent - incelikle, hassasiyetli
occur : happen, befall - olmak pale : pallid, wan - soluk
occurrence : event, incident, affair - olay panic : terror, fright, alarm - korkmak
odd : unusual, strange, eccentric, bizarre - garip pant : gasp - nefes nefese kalmak
odor : smell, fragrance, scent, perfume - koku parallel : corresponding - bezerlik gösteren
offend : irritate, annoy, vex, provoke - rencide etmek paralyse : benumb - felç etmek
offense : transgression, crime, felony - suç paramount : supreme, chief, principal - üstün
offensive : displeasing, irritating, unpleasant - çirkin partake : participate, share - yer almak
offer : present, proffer, tender - önermek partial : biased, prejudiced, unfair - taraf tutan
official: authorized – resmi, yetkili partisan : adherent, supporter - destekçi
old-fashioned : outmoded, archaic - eski moda participation : contribution - katılım
ominous : foreboding - uğursuz partition : divide, separate, apportion - bölme
omnipresent : ubiquitous - yaygın passage : way, route, path, lane, thoroughfare - geçit
only : sole, single, unique - tek passion : zeal, ardor, fervor - tutku
operate : work, manage - işlemek passionate : ardent, zealous, enthusiastic - tutkulu
operation : transaction, affair - işlem, ameliyat passive : inactive, inert - pasif
operative : effective, efficient, effectual - etkili pastime : diversion, entertainment- hoşça vakit geçirme
opponent : adversary - rakip patch : mend, repair, fix - yama
opportune : timely, seasonable - yerli yerinde pathetic : pitiable, touching, moving - acıklı
opportunity : chance, occasion - fırsat patience : endurance, fortitude, perseverance - sabır
oppose : resist, object - karşı çıkmak pause : suspension, interruption, break, halt -durma
opposite : contrary, reverse - karşı peaceable : pacific, peaceful, amicable - barışçıl
oppress : maltreat, persecute - sıkıntı vermek peaceful : tranquil, placid, serene, calm - huzurlu
oppression : tyranny, despotism, persecution - sıkıntı peak : top, rest, summit, acme - zirve
oral : verbal, spoken, vocal - sözlü peculiar : strange, odd, queer, eccentric, unique - tuhaf
orbit : path, course - yörünge pecuniary : monetary, financial - mali
ordeal : trial, test - çetin sınav pedantically: didactic – üsten bakarak konuşma
order : direction, mandate, command - emretmek pedestrian : walker - yaya
orderly : regular, systematic, methodical - nizami peek : peep, peer, pry - dikizlemek
ordinary : common, usual, customary - sıradan peer : equal, mate, match - eş
organize : construct, form - örgütlemek, yönetmek penance : self-punishment - kendini cezalandırma
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penetrate : pierce, permeate - girmek, sokmak praise : laud, commend, admire - övmek, yüceltmek
penetrating : piercing, sharp, acute, keen - giren pray : entreat, supplicate, beg, implore - dua etmek
pensive : thoughtful, meditative, reflective - dalgın precaution : prudence - önlem
perceive : notice, apprehend, understand - algılamak precious : valuable, invaluable, priceless - kıymetli
perception : understanding - algı precise : definite, correct, strict, accurate - net, kesin
perform : execute, fulfill, accomplish - icra etmek predecessor : forerunner - selef
peril : risk, jeopardy, danger, hazard - tehlike predict : foretell, foresee, forecast - tahmin etmek
period : age, era, epoch - dönem predisposition : innate - doğuştan
periphery : edge, border, fringe, margin, rim - alan predominant : prevailing, prevalent, dominant - baskın
perish : die, disappear, vanish - yok olmak predominate : prevail, dominate - üstün gelmek
permanent : lasting, constant, everlasting - sürekli preeminent : conspicuous, noticeable - üstün
permission : leave, permit, allowance - izin prejudice : bias, partiality - ön yargı
permit : allow, let - izin vermek preliminary : introductory, preparatory - başlangıç
perpetual : everlasting, infinite - sonsuza dek süren premises : building - bina
perplex : confuse, puzzle - karıştırmak premium : bonus, gift, reward - ödül, prim
persecute : oppress, harass, molest, afflict - zulmetmek preoccupied : absorbed, engrossed - kafası meşgul
persevere : persist, endure - dayanmak prescribe : ordain, direct, dictate, decree - tarif etmek
persuade : induce, entice - ikna etmek present: show - sunmak
pertinent : appropriate, suitable, fit, proper - uygun presently : currently - şu anda
pervade : permeate, penetrate - doldurmak, kaplamak preserve : keep, conserve, shelter, shield - korumak
petition : entreat, supplicate, beg, solicit - talep prestige : reputation, influence, distinction - itibar
phony : false - yanlış presume : assume, suppose - öngörmek
picturesque : colorful, scenic - güzel manzaralı pretend : feign, affect, assume - gibi davranmak
piece : segment, scrap, shred, fragment - parça pretense : pretext, excuse - bahane
pierce : penetrate - sokmak prevail : prevalent, dominant, current - yenmek
piety : devoutness - takva prevent : hinder, obstruct, interrupt - engellemek
pile : heap up, accumulate, assemble, amass - yığmak previous : prior, earlier, former, preceding - önceki
pilgrim : wanderer - hacı pride : conceit, self-esteem, vanity, arrogance - gurur
pillar : column, prop - sütun primary : elementary, fundamental, basic - öncü, ilk
pious : devout, reverent, religious - dindar prime : primary - ilk
piquant : sharp, pungent - acı, keskin primitive : primeval, uncivilized, uncultured - ilkel
pitiful : pitiable, pathetic, piteous - acıklı principal : prime, paramount, capital, chief - temel, asıl
pitiless : merciless, cruel, ruthless, relentless - acımasız priority: first concern - öncelik
pity : sympathy, compassion - acıma private : individual, personal, confidential, secret - özel
placid : calm, peaceful, tranquil, serene, quiet - sakin privilege : prerogative - ayrıcalık
plague : epidemic, outbreak - salgın probe : examine, explore, investigate - soruşturmak
plain : clear, distinct, lucid, unambiguous - açık, sade procedure : proceeding, course, process - işleyiş
platform : stage, scaffold, scaffolding, pulpit - sahne proceed : advance, progress, continue - ilerlemek
plead : entreat, beg, supplicate - yalvarmak proclaim : announce, declare, promulgate - ilan etmek
plight : predicament, dilemma - kötü durum procure : acquire, gain, win, obtain - edinmek
plot : scheme, intrigue, conspiracy - senaryo prodigious : wonderful, astonishing - muhteşem
plunge : immerse, submerge, dip - suya daldırmak productive : fertile, fruitful - üretken
pointed : sharp, piercing, severe, keen - sivri uçlu profession : employment - iş, meslek
poison : venom - zehir proficient : skilled, adept, skillful - yetenekli
polish : brighten, smooth, shine - parlatmak profound : deep - derin
polished : smooth, glossy, shiny - parlak profusion : abundance, bounty - bolluk
polite : courteous, civil, genteel - kibar progress : advancement, progression - ilerleme
pollute : dirty, contaminate - kirletmek progressive : forward, advanced - ilerleyen
ponder : meditate, reflect, deliberate - iyice düşünmek progressively : increasingly - ilerleyerek
popular : common, current, general - ünlü, yaygın prohibit : forbid, inhibit - yasaklamak
port : harbor, haven - liman project : plan, scheme, design - tasarı
portion : part, section, segment, fragment - pay prolong : lengthen, extend, protract - uzatmak
portray : picture, depict - resmetmek prominent : distinguished - seçkin
pose : state, assert, propound - ortaya sürmek promote : further, encourage - terfi ettirmek
position : station, place, locality, site - durum prone : inclined, disposed, liable, tending - meyilli
post : duty - görev proof : evidence, testimony - kanıt
postpone : defer, delay, adjourn - ertelemek proper : appropriate, suitable, suited - uygun
posture : pose, attitude - tutum property : 1. possession, effects, estate - mal
potent : powerful, mighty, influential - güçlü 2. quality, character, feature, characteristic - özellik
poverty : state of being poor - yoksulluk prophesy : foretell, predict - gelecekten haber vermek
practicable : achievable, attainable - uygulanabilir proponent : supporter - destekçi
practice : custom, habit - uygulamak proportion : size, extent, dimensions - oran
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propose : offer, proffer, suggest - önermek reasonable : rational, logical - makul
proposition : proposal - teklif reassure : encourage, comfort - garanti vermek
prosecute : sue - dava açmak rebel : insurgent, traitor - isyancı
prospective : anticipated - müstakbel rebellion : mutiny, revolt - isyan
prosper : thrive, flourish - canlanmak, gelişmek rebellious : defiant, rebel, mutinous - isyancı
prosperity : wealth - refah rebuke : reprove, reprimand, scold - azarlamak
prosperous : successful, flourishing, thriving - başarılı recall : recollect, remember - hatırlamak
protect : defend, guard, shield - korumak recede : go back - geri çekilmek
protest : remonstrate, complain, object - karşı çıkmak recency : latest - yenilik
proud : arrogant, overbearing, self-important - kibirli reciprocal : mutual - karşılıklı
prove : confirm, verify, validate - kanıtlamak recite : rehearse - ezberden okumak
provisional: temporary - geçici reckless : careless, rash, heedless, imprudent - dikkatsiz
proverb : maxim, saying - atasözü reckon : 1. count, compute, enumerate - hesaplamak
provide : furnish, supply, afford - temin etmek 2. consider, regard, deem - sayma, kabul etmek
provision : food, supplies - erzak recognize: admit - tanımak, kabul etmek
provoke : enrage, vex, irritate - galeyana getirmek recommend : commend - önermek
prudent : cautious, discreet, careful, wary - temkinli recommendation: suggestion - öneri
pseudo : sham, counterfeit, false, fake - sahte recompense : compensation, reward - tazmin etmek
publish : announce, proclaim, declare - yayınlamak reconcile : conciliate, appease - barıştırmak
purchase : buy, procure - satın almak recover : regain, reclaim, retrieve, restore - atlatmak
pure : uncontaminated, clean, spotless, immaculate -saf reduce : decrease, abridge, abate, lessen - azaltmak
purge : purity, clear, clean, clarify - temizlemek refer : attribute, ascribe, impute - söz etmek
purpose : object, intent, aim, end - teklif etmek referee : umpire, judge - hakem
pursue : follow - takip etmek refined : purified, clarified, distilled - saflaştırılmış
pursuit : search for - aramak reflect : meditate, ponder, contemplate - yansıtmak
push : shove, thrust - itmek reflection : image - yansıma
pyre : fire of woods - odun ateşi reform : better, rectify, correct, repair - yenilemek
Q refresh : freshen, enliven, reanimate - tazelemek
quaint : strange, odd, unusual, extraordinary - ilginç refuge : sanctuary, haven - sığınak
quake : shake, shudder, tremble, shiver - sarsılmak refuse : decline, reject, rebuff - reddetmek
qualify : fit, suit, entitle, equip - yeterli olmak refute : disprove - yalanlamak
quality : characteristic, attribute, property - nitelik regain : recover, retrieve - tekrar kazanmak
quarrel : dispute, argument, controversy - tartışma regard : consider, account, deem - sanmak
quest : search - araştırmak regardless : inattentive, neglectful - dikkatsiz
quick : prompt, rapid, swift, fleet - çabuk region : section, province - bölge
quiet : pacific, calm, tranquil, serene - sessiz, sakin register : enroll, list, record, catalogue - kaydolmak
quit : stop, cease, leave - sona erdirmek regret : deplore, lament - pişman olmak
quiver : shiver. shake, tremble, vibrate - sarsılmak regular : uniform, even, systematic, formal - düzenli
quote : mention - bahsetmek regulate : control, direct, adjust, arrange - düzenlemek
R regulation : rule, order, law - düzenleme
radiant : shining, bright, brilliant, beaming - parlayan rehearse : recite, practice, drill, train - prova yapmak
rage : anger, fury, wrath - öfke reign : rule, govern, prevail - iktidara geçmek
raid : invasion - saldırı reinforce : strengthen, intensify - desteklemek
raise : lift, elevate, hoist - yükseltmek rejoice : delight - zevk
random : haphazard, aimless - rasgele relation : connection, relationship, association - ilinti
range : extent, scope, compass - saha relax : loosen, slacken - gevşemek
rank : position, standing, station, level - rütbe release : 1. emit, give off, give out, let off - salmak
rapid : speedy, fast, swift, fleet - çabuk 2. loosen, loose, untie, unbind, unclasp - gevşetmek
rapture : ecstasy, joy, bliss, exultation - büyük coşku relentless : merciless, ruthless, pitiless - acımasız
rare : scarce, uncommon, extraordinary - nadir reliable : trustworthy, dependable, infallible - güvenilir
rascal : scamp, villain, scoundrel - alçak , namussuz relief : alleviation, ease - rahatlatma, kurtarma
rash : reckless, heedless, indiscreet - dikkatsiz relieve : ease, alleviate - rahatlatmak, kurtarmak
ratify : confirm, sanction, validate - onaylamak religious : pious, devout, reverent - dini
ration : apportion, distribute, mete - istihkak relish : taste flavor, savor - zevk
rational : reasonable, sensible - mantıklı reluctant : unwilling, averse - gönülsüz
raw : crude, rude, uncooked - ham remain : last, abide, endure - kalmak
reactionary : repulsive - gerici remainder : remnant, residue, rest - kalan
readily : easily, willingly - gönüllü remark : comment, utterance, statement - söz , görüş
real : actual, factual, authentic, genuine - gerçek remarkable : notable, distinguished - dikkate değer
realize : grasp, understand, conceive - farketmek remedy : cure, treatment - şifa
realm : kingdom - krallık remember : recall, recollect - hatırlamak
rear : nurture, raise, nurse - yetiştirmek remembrance : reminiscence, memory - anma
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remote : distant, removed - uzak right : just, equitable, upright - doğru
remove : transfer, transport, carry - taşımak righteous : moral, virtuous, equitable - doğruluk
render : contribute, afford, present - vermek, sunmak rigid : strict, severe, stern, rigorous - sert
renew : regenerate, renovate - yenilemek rigorous : painstaking - özenli
renown : repute, fame, eminence, reputation - şan rim : edge, border, margin, brim - kenar
rent : lease, let - kiralamak riot : uproar, disturbance - ayaklanma
repair : mend, remodel, amend, fix - tamir etmek ripe : mature, mellow, developed - ham
repel : repulse, parry - geri püskürtmek risk : hazard, danger, venture, peril - tehlike
repent : regret, atone - pişman olmak rival : competitor, antagonist, opponent - rakip
replace : substitute - yerini değiştirmek roam : ramble, wander, rove, stray - gezmek
reply: answer - yanıtlamak roar : cry, bellow, shout, yell - kükremek
represent : depict, portray - göstermek, betimlemek rob : deprive, plunder, pillage - soymak
repress : check, restrain, curb - bastırmak robust : sturdy, vigorous, stalwart - dayanıklı
reprimand : rebuke - azarlamak rot : decay, corrupt, degenerate - çürüme
reproach : reprimand, condemn, rebuke, scold - azar rotate : turn, spin, revolve, wheel, roll - çevirmek
reproduce : copy, duplicate, beget - kopyalamak rotten : decayed, foul, corrupt - çürük
reprove : rebuke, blame - paylamak rough : uneven, rugged, wild - kaba, işlenmemiş
reputation : repute, honor, fame, distinction - ün rouse : stir, excite, awaken, provoke - uyarmak
request : petition, entreat, beg - talep rude : discourteous, impolite, coarse - kaba
require : demand, enjoin - gerektirmek rudimentary : fundamental, basic - basit, temel
requisite : necessary, essential, indispensable - gerekli ruin : decay, demolish, destroy, damage - yok etmek
rescue : save, deliver, redeem - kurtarmak rural : rustic - kırsal
research : investigate, study, examine - araştırmak rush : dash - acele etmek
resemblance : analogy, similarity - benzerlik ruthless : pitiless, cruel, harsh, relentless - merhametsiz
resentment : anger - öfke S
reserve : save, retain, keep, hold - ayırmak, saklamak sacred : holy, divine - kutsal
reside : dwell, abide, live, inhabit - yaşamak sad : sorrowful, mournful - üzgün
residence : dwelling, house, habitation - mesken safe : secure, protected - güvenli
resident: dweller - sakinleri sanction : embargo - yaptırım
resign : relinquish, abandon, forsake, quit - istifa etmek sanguinary : bloody, cruel, ruthless - acımasız
resilient : rebounding, elastic - esnek sanitary : sterile - temiz
resist : withstand, oppose, confront - karşı koymak sarcasm : irony - iğneleme
resistance: fighting against - direniş satire : irony, sarcasm - iğnelemek
resolute : resolved, steadfast, determined - kararlı satisfy : gratify, meet, satiate, suffice - tatmin etmek
resolve : determine, decide, separate - karar vermek savage : wild, cruel, brutal - vahşi
respect : esteem, deference, reverence - saygı duymak save : rescue, salvage - kurtarmak
respectable : estimable, honorable - saygı değer savor : taste, flavor - tat
respectful : courteous, polite, civil - saygılı scale : portion - ölçek
responsible : accountable, answerable, liable - sorumlu scan : scrutinize, investigate - taramak
restful : calm, tranquil, peaceful, serene - sakin scanty : meager, insufficient, inadequate - seyrek
restore : renew, renovate, repair, return - yenilemek scarce : rare, insufficient, deficient - nadir
restrain : check, repress, curb, suppress - dizginlemek scare : terrify, alarm, startle, frighten - korkutmak
restrict : confine, limit, restrain, curb - sınırlamak scatter : sprinkle, strew, disperse, dissipate - yaymak
result : outcome, consequence - sonç scent : odor, perfume - koku
retaliate : avenge, requite, revenge - misilleme yapmak scheme : plan, design, project - tasarı
retaliation: taking revenge - misilleme scoff : mock, scorn, jeer, sneer - alay etmek
retard : slow down - yavaşlatmak scold : reprove, reproach, reprimand - azarlamak
retire : withdraw, recede, retract - bir köşeye çekilmek scope : range, extent, space - alan
reveal : disclose, divulge, unveil - ifşa etmek score : gain - puan almak
reverence : worship, respect - saygı göstermek scorn : contempt, disdain, mockery, scoff - alay
reverse : invert - ters çevirmek scream : shriek, cry - çığlık atmak
revert : return, come back, revisit - geri dönmek scrupulous : careful, painstaking, meticulous - ihtiyatlı
review : reexamination - gözden geçirip düzeltmek scrutinize : examine, investigate - incelemek
revise : change, modify, amend - gözden geçirmek scrutiny : examination, investigation - inceleme
revoke : cancel - iptal etmek search : seek, explore - aramak
revive : revitalize - yeniden canlandırmak secluded : deserted - ıssız
revolt : rebel, mutiny - isyan etmek secret : clandestine, conceal, private - sır
revolution : overthrow, revolt - ihtilal secure : safe, protect - güvence altına almak
revolve : rotate, circulate, roll, orbit - dönmek seek: look for - aramak
reward : recompense, prize - ödül segregate : isolate, separate, dissociate - ayrı tutmak
ridicule : mockery, sneer, mock, jeer - alay seize : grasp, grab, clutch, capture, grip - kuşatmak
ridiculous : absurd, funny, comical - alaycı send : transmit, dispatch, convey -göndermek
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sensation : excitement, stimulation, agitation - duygu slight : insignificant, trivial, trifling - önemsiz
sensational : exciting, stimulating - duygusal slim : slender, thin - ince
sense : meaning, signification, denotation - his slip : mistake, error, blunder -sürçme
senseless : stupid, foolish, silly, idiotic - hissiz slumber : sleep - uyumak
sensibility : susceptibility, sensitivity - hassasiyet sly : cunning, artful - kurnaz
sensible : rational, reasonable - mantıklı smart : intelligent, bright, sharp, clever - akıllı
sensitive : impressionable, susceptible - duyarlı smash : shatter, crush, crash - çarpmak
sensual : voluptuous, sensuous - hissi smooth : even, plain, flat - pürüzsüz
sententious : concise, succinct - özdeyişlerle konuşan snare : trap, lure, bait - tuzak
sentiment : emotion, sentimentality, sensibility - duygu so called: false - sözde
separate : divide, part, split - ayırmak soak : steep, drench, wet, saturate - ıslanmak
sequence : succession, series - süreç soar : tower, rise, ascend, mount - yükselmek
serene : calm, peaceful, tranquil, placid - sakin sober : sane, sound - ayık
serious : important, momentous, grave - ciddi sociable : affable - girişken
serve : assist, help, aid, contribute - yardım etmek solace : comfort, consolation - teselli
sever : separate, divide, cut, cleave, rend - kesmek sole : only, single, solitary - yalnız
severe : tough, rigid, stern, strict - acı, şiddetli solemn : serious, stately - ciddi
shabby : ragged, beggarly, poor - pejmürde solid : firm, substantial, sound, stable - katı
shade : hide, protect, conceal, cover, shelter - gölge solitary : isolated, lonely - yalnız
shake : sway, waver, agitate, shudder - sarsılmak solitude : isolation, loneliness - yalnızlık
shameful : disgraceful, humiliating, dishonorable, soothe : relieve, allay, mitigate, assuage - yatıştırmak
ignominious - utanç kaynağı sophisticated : artificial, mundane, worldly - karmaşık
shameless : brazen, insolent, unashamed - utanmaz sore : painful, grieved, distressed, sorrowful - acı veren
share : portion, part - hisse sorrow : distress, anguish, grief, sadness - acı
sharp : keen, acute, pointed, pungent, severe - keskin sort : classify, class, assort - sınıflamak
shed : emit, radiate, diffuse - yaymak sound : uninjured, unharmed, unimpaired, healthy - sağ
shatter : break, crush, crack - kırmak sour : acid, tart - ekşi
shelter : protect, harbor, defend - sığınak sovereign : supreme, paramount - lider, egemen
shield : protect, defend, secure, guard - kalkan sovereignty: domination: egemenlik
shine : beam, glare, gleam, glisten - parlamak spacious : ample, capacious, extensive, vast - geniş
shining : radiant, gleaming, brilliant - parlayan span : distance, length - mesafe
shiver : tremble, quake, shudder, shake - titremek spare : save, reserve - yedek
shorten : curtail, abbreviate, reduce - kısaltmak sparkle : spark, glitter, twinkle - parıltı
short-sighted : near-sighted - miyop special : particular, especial, peculiar, specific - özel
showy : ostentatious, gaudy, loud - havalı specimen : sample, model, pattern - misal
shrewd : astute, sharp, acute, penetrating - kurnaz spectacular : dramatic, impressive - etkileyici
shrink : contract, shrivel, diminish, decrease - kısalmak speculation : supposition, conjecture, surmise - söylenti
shun : elude, avoid, evade, escape - kaçınmak speculative : tentative - kuramsal
shy : bashful, reserved, timid, coy -utangaç spend : expend, waste, consume - harcamak
siege : blockade, besieging - kuşatma spin : turn, rotate - çevirmek
sign : token, indication, trace, hint - işaret spite : ill-will, maliciousness, malice - kötü niyet
significant : important - belirgin splendid : gorgeous, magnificent, dazzling - görkemli
signify : express, indicate, mean - simgelemek splendor : brilliance, grandeur, pomp - ihtişam
silent : speechless, dumb, mute, tacit - sessiz split : cleave, rend, separate - ayrı
simultaneous : concurrent, synchronous - eş zamanlı spoil : damage, harm, corrupt - berbat etmek
sin : transgression, crime, offense - günah spontaneous : voluntary, willing - içten gelen
sincere : candid, earnest, true, real - samimi spot : find, locate, pinpoint, detect - yer
sip : drink, absorb, sup - yudumlamak spouse: wife or husband- eş
situation : location, position, site, place, spot - durum spread : unfold, extend, stretch, expand - yaymak
size : dimensions, proportions, magnitude - boyut sprinkle : scatter, strew, disperse - saçmak
skeptical : skeptic, doubtful, incredulous - şüpheci spur : incitement, stimulus, incentive - dürtü
skilled : able, capable, competent - yetenekli stab : thrust, plunge - bıçaklamak
skillful : adroit, deft, adept, proficient - yetenekli stable : invariable, constant, steady - sabit
skip : spring, jump, leap, bound, hop - atlamak stagnant : inert, inactive - durgun
skirmish : battle, fight, conflict, combat - savaşmak stain : taint, spot, dirty, blemish, blot - leke
slack : loose, relaxed - gevşek stake : stick - kazık
slander : defame, scandalize, vilify - karalama stale : vapid, old, decayed - bayat
slaughter : butcher, murder, slay - kıyım stammer : stutter, hesitate, falter - kekelemek
slavery : bondage, enslavement - kölelik stamp : trample, crush, pound - damgalamak
slay : murder, slaughter, massacre, butcher - kıymak stand : endure, bear, tolerate, endure - dikilmek
slender : slim, weak, fragile,delicate - zayıf, dayanıksız stare : gaze - dik dik bakmak
slide : glide - kaymak startle : surprise, alarm, amaze, astound - şaşırtmak
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state : condition situation, status, environment - hal supernatural : miraculous, abnormal - doğa üstü
stately : imposing, majestic, magnificent - görkemli supply : furnish, provide, replenish - tedarik etmek
statement : declaration, announcement - ifade support : aid, help, assist, advocate - desteklemek
station : standing, rank - mevki suppose : assume, presume - sanmak
status : position, standing, rank - konum surpass : exceed, excel, outdo - üstün gelmek
steadfast : firm, stanch, steady, resolute - sadık surplus : abundant - bol
stem : derive, originate - türemek surrender : give in, submit - teslim olmak
sterile : barren, unproductive, fruitless - temiz, hijyenik survey : watch, inspect, examine - incelemek
stern : firm, severe, harsh, hard - haşin suspect : suppose - şüphelenmek
stick : adhere, cohere, cling, cleave - sadık kalmak suspend : defer, postpone, delay - askıya almak
stiff : rigid, solid - değişmez suspense : uncertainty, hesitation - kararsızlık
stifle : smother, suffocate, strangle, choke - boğmak suspicion : doubt, mistrust, distrust - şüphe
still : motionless, stationary - hareketsiz sustain : bear, carry, support, uphold -tahammül etmek
stimulating : restorative, encouraging - motive eden sustainable: tenable - sürdürülebilir
stimulus : incentive, incitement, stimulation - uyarıcı swallow : eat, gorge, gulp, engulf, devour - yutmak
stingy : parsimonious, miserly, mean - cimri sway : swing, wave, brandish, rule - hükmetmek
stir : agitate, incite, instigate, prompt - karıştırmak swear : avow, vow - yemin etmek
stock : store, inventory, reserve - mevcut mal, borsa sweat : perspiration - ter
stoop : bend, lean, bow, crouch - eğik durmak sweep : clean - temiz
stout : stalwart, sturdy, athletic, vigorous - dinç sweeping : broad, wide, comprehensive - geniş içerikli
strain : stretch, tighten - germek swift : speedy, fleet, rapid - hızlı
strange : 1. unusual, extraordinary, bizarre - acayip swivel : spin, rotate, turn - dönmek
2. foreign, alien - yabancı T
stranger : alien, foreigner - yabancı taboo : prohibition - yasak
stray : wander, rove, roam, ramble - yolunu kaybetmek tackle : deal with - baş etmek
stream : current, run, flow - akım tale : story, narrative, account, fiction - hikaye
strength : power, force, vigor, might - güç talent : aptitude, capacity, capability, gift - yetenek
strenuous : vigorous, energetic, active - güçlü talkative : garrulous, wordy, verbose - geveze
stress : emphasis, accent, force - vurgulamak tame : domesticated, mild, domestic - terbiye etmek
stretch : extend, lengthen, pull - germek tangible : real, substantial, concrete - elle tutulur
strict : rigid , stiff, severe, harsh - katı, sert tear : rend, rip, sever, split - yırtmak
strife : conflict, discord, quarrel - çekişme tease : irritate, bother, disturb, annoy - kızdırmak
stringent : severe, constricted, tight, strict - sıkı, katı tedious : boring - sıkıcı
strike : hit, knock, beat, pound, slap - saldırı temperament : disposition, make-up, nature - mizaç
strive : endeavor, try, struggle, toil - uğraşmak temperate : moderate, self-restrained - ılımlı
stroke : striking, blow, beating, beat - atak, çarpıntı temporary : transitory, fleeting, ephemeral - geçici
stroll : ramble, wander, roam, rove - gezinmek tempt : induce, allure, seduce, attract - baştan çıkarmak
strong : powerful, vigorous, mighty, potent - güçlü tempting : seductive, attractive, alluring - cezbedici
stubborn : obstinate, dogged, rigid, stiff - dik kafalı tendency : trend, proneness, inclination, bent - meyil
stuff : material, substance, matter - şey, madde tender : soft, delicate, lenient, mild - ılımlı
stun : astound, daze, astonish, amaze - şaşırtmak tense : rigid, strained, nervous - gergin
sturdy : strong, robust, stalwart, muscular - dayanıklı termination: ending - son verme
subdue : conquer, defeat - boyunduruk altına almak terrible : dreadful, awful, frightful, appalling - berbat
submerse : dip, sink, plunge, immerse - suya daldırmak terrific : splendid, glorious, superb, marvelous - harika
submit : hand in - teslim etmek terror : horror, panic, fright, dismay - korku
subordinate : inferior, secondary - ikincil, ast text: wording - metin
subscribe : agree - onaylamak, abone olmak thrifty : careful with money - tutumlu
subsidize : back, finance, fund - sübvanse etmek tiresome : wearisome, tedious, dull, boredom - yorucu
substance : matter, material, stuff - madde toil : work, labor, strive - sıkı çalışmak
substantial : real, actual, material - gerçek token : symbolic - nişan, işaret
subtract : deduct, discount - çıkartmak tolerance : toleration, patience - hoş görü
succession : sequence, series - birbirini izleme tolerate : endure - dayanmak
successive : consecutive, continuous - ardı sıra toll : damage sustained - kayıp sayısı
succinct : concise, brief, lean, condensed - az ve öz tool : instrument, implement, utensil - alet
succumb: yield, mağlup olmak torment : afflict, pain, rack, torture - sancı
suffer : undergo, experience - bir şeyden çekmek torrential : heavy, severe - yoğun
sufficient : enough, adequate, ample - yeterli tide : stream, current - akım, dalga
suggest : indicate, hint, intimate - önermek touch : impress, move, strike, stir - duygulandırmak
summary : digest, extract, abstract - özet tough : firm, strong, hard, sturdy - sert
summit : top, apex, pinnacle, acme - zirve trace : vestige, mark, sign, track - iz
summon : call, bid, convene, convoke - celp etmek traffic : trade - ticaret
superficial : shallow, external, outward - yüzeysel trail : drag, draw - iz sürmek
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traitor : betrayer - hain untie : unfasten, loose, unknot - çözmek
tranquility : serene - sakin unyielding : inflexible, firm, stanch, steadfast - bağnaz
transact : manage, conduct - iş görmek, yapmak upright : erect, perpendicular, conscientious - dürüst
transform : change alter, convert - değiştirmek uproar : disturbance, tumult, turbulence - şamata
transmit : send, dispatch, convey, carry - iletmek upset : 1. overturn - ters dönmek
transparent : clear, pellucid, lucid, limpid - saydam 2. defeat, overwhelm, embarrass - yenmek
transport : carry, convey, transport - taşımak urge : force, instigate, stimulate - zorlamak
trap : pitfall, snare - tuzak urgent : pressing, imperative, exigent - acil
treachery : betrayal, treason - ihanet useful : serviceable, profitable - kullanışlı
treasure : prize, cherish - hazine V
treat : entertain, regale, feast - ziyafet ineffective : empty, devoid, destitute - etkisiz, sonuçsuz
tremble : shake, quiver, quake - sallanmak, titremek vacant : empty, void, unoccupied - boş
tremendous : huge, gigantic, colossal - devasa vagabond : wandering, nomadic, vagrant - avare
trend : tendency, direction, inclination - eğilim vague : indefinite, obscure, uncertain - müphem
trespass : encroach, infringe, intrude - izinsiz girmek vain : useless, worthless, trifling, trivial - faydasız
trial : hearing; affliction, sorrow - duruşma; dert valiant : brave - cesur
trick : cheat, swindle, beguile, deceive - oyun, hile valid : sound, cogent, effective -geçerli
trifling : trivial, insignificant, petty - önemsiz vanish : disappear, end, cease, fade - kaybolmak
trim : clip, prune, shave, shear, arrange - kırkmak vanity : excessive pride - kibir
triumph : win, succeed, prevail - zafer variable : changeable, fickle, unsteady - değişken
troop : band, squad, herd - birlik variety : diversity, kind, sort, species, type - tür
trouble : disturb, annoy, vex, bother - sorun çıkarmak various : diverse, varied - türlü
troublesome : annoying, arduous - sorun çıkaran vary : change, alter, diversify, transmute - değişmek
true : factual, actual, real, authentic - gerçek vast : extensive, immense, huge, enormous - bol
trust : confidence, belief, faith, credit - güvenmek velocity : speed, pace, rapidity, celerity - hız
trustworthy : reliable, true, dependable - güvenilir vengeance : avenging, revenge - intikam
tumult : commotion, disturbance, disorder - patırtı venture : hazard, danger, jeopardy, risk - tehlike
twinkle : glimmer, sparkle - parıldamak verbal : oral, spoken - sözel
twist : contort, distort - bükmek verge : edge, rim, margin, brim, brink - sınır, kenar
typical : representative, model, exemplary - özgü versatile : multi functional - çok yönlü
tyrannical : despotic, oppressive - zorba yönetim version : translation - çeviri
tyrant : dictator, oppressor - diktatör vertical : upright, plumb, erect, perpendicular - dikey
U vibrant : vibrating, shaking, oscillating - titreşimli
ugly : unlovely, unsightly, homely - çirkin vibrate : oscillate, shake, tremble - titremek
ultimate : final, last, extreme - son vice : wickedness, evil - kötü
umpire : referee, arbiter, judge - hakem vicious : immoral, depraved, corrupt - şeytani
unaccountable : inexplicable, strange, view : prospect, outlook, idea, notion - görüş
incomprehensible - anlaşılmaz vigilant : attentive, wary, alert, awake - tetikte
unanimity : accord, agreement - genel kabul gören vigorous : strong, robust, sturdy, energetic - dinç, atik
unanimously : agreed on by everyone - genel kabul villain : rascal, scoundrel - kötü kişi
gören violation : breach, transgression - ihlal, çiğneme (yasa)
unassuming : modest, unpretentious - alçakgönüllü violence : vehemence, intensity, force - şiddet
unbearable : intolerable, insufferable - dayanılmaz virgin : maiden, maid - bakire
unbiased : fair, impartial, disinterested - tarafsız virtual : practical, implicit - sanal
unbounded : unlimited, limitless, immense - sınırsız virtually : nearly - neredeyse
uncivil : impolite, discourteous, impudent - kaba virtue : goodness, uprightness, morality, justice -erdem
uncompromising : unyielding, rigid, firm - uzlaşmaz virtuous : right, upright, moral - erdemli
undergo : experience, suffer - kötü bir şey yaşamak visible : apparent, obvious, evident, clear - görünür
undermine : ruin, thwart - yıkmak vision : sight, perception, discernment - görüş
undertake : assume - üstlenmek visionary : fanciful, imaginary, illusory - hayalperest
unequaled : matchless, peerless - benzersiz vista : view, prospect, perspective - manzara
unfortunate: unlucky - talihsiz vital : indispensable, important - önemli
uniform : invariable, unchanging, consistent - tek tip vivid : bright, brilliant, animated, spirited - canlı
unite : join, combine, incorporate, connect - birleşmek vizier: prime minister of Sultan- vezir
universal : entire, ecumenical - evrensel vocation : business, occupation, profession - iş, meslek
unlawful : illegal, illicit, illegitimate - yasa dışı vogue : fashion, style, mode - moda
unrefined : coarse, crude, vulgar - işlenmemiş void : useless, ineffectual, vain - boş, faydasız
unrelenting : relentless, inexorable, harsh - acımasız volume : size, measure, magnitude, mass - hacim
unsettled : unstable, unsteady - değişken, kararsız voluntary : spontaneous, free, unforced - gönüllü
unsophisticated : simple, naive - saf, cahil vow : pledge, promise - yemin etmek
unstable : unsteady, precarious, inconstant - kararsız voyage : cruise, sailing - seyahat etmek
unsteady : unsettled, changeable, unstable - kararsız vulgar : coarse, mean, rude - kaba
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vulnerable : susceptible - meyilli, yatkın
W
wage : pay, salary, earnings - maaş
wake : rouse, arouse - uyanmak
wander : ramble, rove, roam, stray - gezinmek
ware : good, merchandise - mal
warp : bend, deform, twist -eğriltmek
wary : alert, careful, cautious - dikkatli
waste : squander, dissipate, lavish - israf etmek
watchful : vigilant, alert, observant, attentive - dikkatli
wave : undulate, fluctuate - dalgalanmak
weak : fragile, frail, delicate, feeble - zayıf, güçsüz
weaken : deplete, diminish, lessen - zayıflatmak
weakness : flaw, defect, fault - zayıflık, kusur
wealth : abundance, profusion - varlık
wear out : exhaust - yıpranmak
wearisome : tiresome, boring, tedious - yorucu
weary : exhausted, tired, wearied, fatigued - bitkin
weave : intertwine, twist, curl, meander - dokumak
weigh : consider, ponder, contemplate - düşünmek
welfare : prosperity - refah
wet : drenched, dampened, moist - ıslak, nemli
whim : caprice, whimsy - kapris
whip : lash, beat, flog, thrash - kırbaçlamak
whirl : spin, rotate, revolve, wheel - dönmek
wholesale : extensive, indiscriminate - toptan satış
wholesome : healthful, healthy, salutary - sağlıklı
wicked : evil, immoral, impious, profane - lanetli
widespread : extensive, prevalent, sweeping - yaygın
wild : untamed, undomesticated - vahşi
wily : shrewd, cunning, crafty - kurnaz
win : obtain, gain, procure, secure - kazanmak
wise : judicious, sensible, rational - bilge
withdraw : retire, retreat, secede - çekmek
wither : fade, decay, decline - solmak, sönmek
withhold : reserve, retain, hold back - saklamak
witness : sb that sees a occurrence - şahit
witty : amusing, clever, comic - şakacı
woe : distress, affliction, sorrow, grief - keder
wonder : surprise, amazement, awe - merak
wonderful : awesome, astonishing - muhteşem
workmanship : handicraft, handiwork - işçilik
worry : torment, annoy, disturb - endişelenmek
worship : revere, respect, venerate, adore - tapmak
worthy : worthwhile, deserving - layık
wound : injure, hurt - yara
wrap : cover, envelop, muffle - sarmak, kaplamak
wrath : anger, ire, rage, resentment, indignation - gazap
wreck : destroy, devastate, ruin, shatter - yıkmak
wretched : miserable, dejected, distressed - zavallı
Y
yawn : gape - esnemek
yearn : crave, desire, want - arzulamak
yearning : longing, craving, desire - arzulayış
yield : 1. produce, bear - üretmek
2. surrender, submit, concede - teslim olmak
Z
zeal : passion, enthusiasm, ardor, zealousness - tutku
zealous : ardent, enthusiastic, eager, earnest - tutkulu
zenith : apex, peak, tip - zirve
zest : gusto, heartiness, eagerness - çeşni, zevk
zone : area, area, region, district, section - bölge
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