CRITICAL BOOK REPORT

PAPER AS A PRODUCT OF CRITICAL BOOKS REVIEW ASSIGNMENT MATERIAL

WATER (H2O)

ARRANGED BY

GROUP 2:

RAHMA SAFITRI (4203332024)

AKHIRUNNISA AUDINA (4201131018)

MAYA JENITA SIMATUPANG (4203331001)

FACULTY OF MATH AND SCIENCE

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

2020
 FOREWORD

Praise our gratitude to the presence of God Almighty for all His graces so that this paper can be
compiled to completion. Do not forget the authors also say many thanks for the assistance of
those who have provided assistance in the form of material information or suggestions.

And the author hopes that this paper can increase knowledge and experience for readers, for
the future it can improve the form and add to the content of the paper to make it even better.

Due to the limited knowledge and experience of the author, the author believes there are still
many shortcomings in this paper. Therefore, the author really hopes for suggestions and
constructive criticism from readers for the perfection of this paper.

Medan, 20th September 2020

Author
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD

CHAPTER I [PRELIMINARY]

1.1. Identity of Textbook

1.2. Objective

CHAPTER II [WATER]

2.1. The Characteristics of Water

2.2. Physical Properties of Water

2.3. Chemical Reactions of Water

2.4. Abundance of Water

2.5. Benefits of Water

CHAPTER III [SUMMARY]

 Background

The concept of learning chemistry is a concept that is closely related to everyday life

day. Chemistry describes life in such a way that it looks more detailed and

diverse. This is what makes teachers apply the concept of chemistry inward

everyday life by presenting it in simple examples. Other than that,

also carried out an introduction to concepts that are often used in the world at large,

even the simple habits we often do without knowing it are

chemical concepts.
 CHAPTER 1
1.1 IDENTITY BOOK

Book 1 :

1. Book title : Water Chemistry

2. Author : Murat Eyvaz

3. ISBN : 978-1-78985-557-9

4. Publication Year : 2020

5. Publisher : British Library Catalogue

6. Pages : 219
Book 2 :

1. Book title : Water Chemistry

2. Author : Vernon L.Snoeyink, David Jenkins

3. ISBN : 978-0199730728

4. Publication Year : 1980

5. Publisher : John Wiley & Sons

6. Pages : 480/476
Book 3 :

1. Book title : Water Chemistry

2. Author : Brezonik, Patrick/Arnold, William

3. ISBN : 978-0199730728

4. Publication Year : 2019

5. Publisher : Oxford University Press

6. Pages : 809
 1.2 Objective

 Through the discussion of this book, it is hoped that the writer and the reader will be
able to find out how the characteristics of water are.
 In order to be able to understand and explain the physical properties of water and its
hydrological properties.
 The authors and readers are expected to know how the water chemistry reacts after
understanding the explanation of the book presented.
 Through the discussion of this book, it is hoped that all readers will be able to find out
the abundance of water on this earth, how to treat and get this water from the earth.
Required to be able to explain and describe what are the benefits of water for life and
for all living things in the universe.
This book was created to increase students' knowledge about water, and we can
understand more deeply what water is, what is its benefit, what are the reactions in
water and so on.
 CHAPTER 2

WATER (H2O)

2.1. The Characteristics of Water

Water is an abundant natural resource on earth, covering around. 71% of the earth's surface.
Overall the water on earth, about 98% found in oceans and seas and only 2% of which is fresh
water found in rivers, lakes and underground. Among the existing fresh water, 87% of them are
in the form of ice, 12% are in the soil, and the rest is as big 1% is in lakes and rivers. Apart from
being abundant on earth, even water has unique characteristics. These characteristics are as
follows:

a. In the temperature range suitable for life, namely 0oC (32oF) – 100oC, water is liquid. The
temperature of 0oC is the freezing point and the temperature
is 100oC is the boiling point of water.

b. Water temperature changes slowly so that water has properties as excellent heat storage.
Slow water temperature change prevent stress in living things due to temperature changes
which is sudden and maintains the temperature of the earth to be suitable for living
things. This property also causes water to be used very well as engine coolant.
c. Water requires high heat in the evaporation process. Evaporation is the process of
changing water into water vapor. This process requires large amounts of thermal energy.
Instead, the change process water vapor into a liquid (condensation) releases a large
amount of heat energy.
d. Water is a good solvent. Water is able to dissolve various types chemical compounds.
Rainwater contains a large amount of chemical compounds very little, while sea water
can contain up to chemical compounds 35,000 mg/liter. This property allows nutrients to
be dissolved transported to all body tissues of living things and allows toxic materials that
enter the body tissues of living things are dissolved to be issued again.
e. Water has a high surface tension. A liquid is said to have high surface tension if the
pressure is between the molecules of the liquid high.
f. Water is the only compound that stretches when frozen. On when frozen, water stretches
so that the ice has a density (mass / volume) which is lower than water.
g. We use the word water to mean the dilute aqueous solution/suspension of inorganic and
organic compounds that constitutes various types of aquatic systems
 2.2. Physical Properties of Water

Water in liquid form is colorless, odorless, tasteless and is a hard-to-compress compound which
has several unique properties. One of its distinctive properties is in experiencing
cooling/freezing. With the characteristic of most of the compounds that will shrink when
cooling/freezing, the volume of water will expand when frozen. Another characteristic of water
is that it has a high boiling point and heat of evaporation compared to hydrilla which has almost
the same molecular weight. The high boiling point and heat of evaporation are caused by the
strong bond between water molecules. To release a water molecule in the liquid phase to the
vapor phase, a large amount of kinetic energy is required to weaken the bonds between water
molecules. By having a high boiling point and heat, evaporation of water will have a cooling
effect. The ability of water molecules to bind themselves to each other in the liquid phase called
cohesion causes surface tension to arise. Water molecules on the surface are held more strongly
to molecules in the liquid (below the surface) than water molecules present in the air above the
liquid. Therefore, the surface boundaries of the liquid and gas phases are like a plastic membrane
which tends to shrink so that they have a minimum area. This liquid property is known as surface
tension. Because water molecules have a large attraction between each other, water has a very
high surface tension, higher than most types of liquids.
Water : 1. Aclear colorless, nearly odorless and tasteless liquid H2O, essential for most plant and
animal life and the most widely used off all solvents. Melting point 0oC (32oF), boiling point
100oC (212oF), specific gravity (4oC) 1000, weight/gallon (15oC) 8.337 pounds. 2. Any of
various from water such as rain
3. Any body of water such as a sea, lake, river or stream.

2.3. Chemical Reactions of Water

Chemical reactions are described by chemical equations.

Example: The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water is represented by the
following equation.
2H2 + O2  2 H2O

It is often useful to indicate whether the reactants or products are solids, liquids, or gases by
writing an s, l, or g in parentheses after the symbol for the reactants or products, as shown in the
following equations.
2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(g)
2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s)  Al2O3(s) + 2 Fe(l)
Because so many reactions occur when solutions of two substances dissolved in water are mixed,
a special symbol, aq, is used to describe these aqueous solutions.
The process in which a sample dissolves in water will be indicated by equations such as the
following.
H2O
C12H22O11(s)C12H22O11(aq)
A chemical equation is a statement of what can happen, not necessarily what will happen. The
following equation, for example, does not guarantee that hydrogen will react with oxygen to
form water.
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(g)
It is possible to fill a balloon with a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen and find that no reaction
occurs until you touch the balloon with a flame. The balanced equation for this reaction describes
the relationship between the amounts of hydrogen and oxygen consumed and the water formed if
or when this reaction is initiated.

2.4. Abundance of Water

The abundance of water as the solvent of life is essential for life on the Earth.
Ward and Brownlee in their discussion of the habitability of the Earth quote the
abundance of water on the Earth as 0.1% and that of carbon as 0.05%. Later they
quote the water abundance by weight as about half a percent, so this may give
the range of uncertainty in the estimates. They contrast this with the
concentrations in carbonaceous meteorites which contain up to 20% water and
4% carbon. Even though the water abundance seems low, it is actually quite
large compared to the other rocky planets and the source of all the water on the
Earth is still somewhat uncertain. The high abundance of water in the
meterorites and in comets leads to the hypothesis that the water came from
intense early bombardment of the Earth by such bodies. By contrast, the studies
of moon minerals from the Apollo program revealed the minerals of the moon to
be remarkably dry, with little or none of the hydration that is common in similar
Earth minerals.
Most water molecules have a molecular weight of 18, however, since hydrogen
and oxygen each have 3 isotopes, there exist 18 possible molecular weights for
water. In the water molecule both hydrogen atoms are located on the same side
of the oxygen atom ; thir bonds with the oxygen atom are 105oapart. The
 hydrogen atoms carry a positive charge while the oxygen atom is negatively
charged. Because of this distribution of charge, H2O is a strongly dipolar
molecule.

2.5. Benefits of Water

Water has benefits as a generator of electricity, helps the photosynthesis process in plants and as
a source of survival for humans or other living things.
Talking about air will not be complete without discussing the benefits of water itself. Apart from
having a very important function in the life of living things on earth, air also provides great
benefits for the survival of all creatures on earth, be it humans, animals or plants.
In one of the definitions of water that has been entered above, the fact is that air functions in the
body's metabolic processes. Yes, water can bring health benefits for humans because some water
content contains substances that are good for body health. Consuming air regularly will help the
metabolism process run smoothly, so that humans are not susceptible to diseases related to the
metabolism system.
In addition, water also has other benefits that are no less important for life. For example, as a
means of transportation which can also help in the economy. Water can also provide recreational
benefits, as several water sources can be used as recreational areas, such as beaches, reservoirs,
rivers and lakes.
That is the explanation starting from the definition of water, its functions, sources and benefits.
With all the understanding of air, we teach to be wiser in warning and to be able to play an active
role in preserving it, because air is the most important thing in the life of every living thing on
this earth.
 CHAPTER III
SUMMARY

Scientifically, water can be interpreted as a chemical compound consisting of two

elements, namely the element H2 (hydrogen) which binds to the element O2 (oxygen) which then
produces a water compound (H2O). Water covers nearly 71% of the Earth's surface. There are
1.4 trillion cubic kilometers (330 million miles) available on Earth. Water can be a solid (ice), a
liquid (water) and a gas (water vapor). Water is the only substance that occurs naturally on the
Earth's surface in all of its three forms. Water is a chemical substance with the chemical formula
H2O: one water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen
atom. Water is colorless, tasteless and odorless under standard conditions, namely at a pressure
of 100 kPa (1 bar) and a temperature of 273.15 K (0°C). Water is often referred to as the
universal solvent because it dissolves many chemicals. Water is in dynamic equilibrium between
the liquid and solid phases under standard pressure and temperature. In its ionic form, water can
be described as a hydrogen ion (H+) associated (bonded) with a hydroxide ion (OH–). Water
molecules can be broken down into their original elements by flowing an electric current. This
process is called water electrolysis. At the cathode, two water molecules react by capturing two
electrons, reduced to H2 gas and a hydroxide ion (OH–). Meanwhile, at the anode, two other
water molecules decompose into oxygen gas (O2), release 4H+ ions and flow electrons to the
cathode. The H+ and OH– ions undergo neutralization so that some water molecules are formed
again. The equivalent overall reaction of water electrolysis can be written as follows.
2H2O(l)  2H2(g) + O2(g)
The hydrogen and oxygen gas generated from this reaction forms bubbles at the
electrodes and can be collected. This principle is then utilized to produce hydrogen and hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) which can be used as fuel for hydrogen vehicles.
This book has advantages, namely that the content is quite complete, has a very detailed
explanation of water, the reaction of water with one is quite a lot and is clear and easy to
understand.
The shortcomings of this book are that part of the book's composition is not neat and
part of the language is not clear.