LAB 4 - Forces in Trusses 1 v1

FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN
MEKANIKAL DAN PEMBUATAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
SOLID MECHANICS
BMMM 2303 REV :03
LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1
1.
NAMES OF GROUP
MEMBERS & MATRIX 2.
NUMBER
3.
4.
5.
COURSE
NAME OF INSTRUCTOR 1.
2.
EXAMINER’S COMMENT VERIFICATION STAMP
TOTAL MARKS :
REV NO DESCRIPTION DATE OF REVISON
01 Reference has been added 30/8/2018
02 Main body has been change 19/2/2019
03 Experimental data has been added 05/05/2020
04
1/11
OBJECTIVE OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK
To determine the internal forces and normal or axial strains in truss members by using the
concept of static equillibrium, stress-strain relations (Hooke’s Law) and material properties
of the truss system subjected to a given loading.
LEARNING OUTCOMES(N.B Students should not rewrite these to be part of their

report)
At the end of this laboratory session, students should be able to:
1. To understand the behaviour of truss system subjected to point loading.
2. To determine the internal forces for each member of the truss system by using joint
method or/and section method.
3. Identify and specify whether the truss members in tension or compression through
the analytical analysis and compare with the experimentally measured strains data.
4. Understanding of basic laboratory practice, including design of experiments,
write a clear and well-presented technical report, data acquisition, interpretation
and analysis, and the relationship between experiments and theory.
THEORY
A truss is a structure composed of slender members joined together at their end joints. The
members commonly used in construction consist of wooden or metal struts or bars. The
end connections are usually formed by bolting or welding the ends of the members to a
common plate called a gusset plate, as shown in Figure 1-b, or by simply passing a large
bolt or pin through each of the members, Figure 1-b.
Figure 1 Internal forces truss
To design both the members and the connections of a truss, it is necessary to determine the
force developed in each truss member when the truss system is subjected to a given
loading. In this regard two important assumptions will be made:
a. All loadings are applied at the joints.
b. The truss members are joined together by smooth pins.
2/11
Because of the two assumptions, each truss member acts as a two-force member and
therefore the forces at the ends of the member must be directed along the axis of the
member. If the force tends to elongate the
member, it is a tensile force (T), Figure 2(a), and if it tends to shorten the member, it is a
compressive force (C), Figure 2(b).
In static equilibrium the truss members will satisfy the following conditions:
 Fx = 0 (1)
 Fy = 0 (2)
M = 0 (3)
When material properties are used to determine force in truss member the following
equation will be needed.
From Hooke’s law :  = E (4)
where
 = Stress in the member (N/m2)
E = Young’s modulus (N/m2)
 = Displayed axial strain produced in truss member
and Figure 2 Tensile=and compressive
F/A force in a bar (5)
where
F = Force in member (N)
A = Cross-sectional area of member (m2)
From equations (4) and (5),
F = AE (6)
APPARATUS
1. Fixed base
2. Roller base
3. Steel bars with strain sensor (strain gauges)
4. Load controller
3/11
PROCEDURES
Experiment – Forces in a Idealised Warren Girder

Layout of the apparatus and its schematic diagram are shown in Figure 4.
Steel bar with

sensor
Roller base
Fixed base Load
controller
Dial
B D
E
A
C
W
Figure 4: Idealized Warren Grider
Warren girders are common structures. They are usually used for simple bridges and in
cantilevered form for crane booms.
1. Make sure the equipment is set up properly.

2. Apply loads until 500 N in the increment of 100 N and record the strain readings in
table.
3. Subtract the initial reading (be careful with your signs) and complete Table 5. Record
all the readings.
4. Assume that Esteel = 210 GPa for all truss members. Rod diameter = 5.98 mm:.
4/11
EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Table 5 True strain reading for each truss

True strain reading ()
Load (N)
AB BC AC BD CD CE DE
0 1 3 0 -1 0 -2 -1
100 -9 10 3 -9 12 4 -8
200 -19 20 8 -19 22 8 -18
300 -30 30 13 -29 32 13 -29
400 -40 40 17 -39 42 19 -39
500 -49 49 22 -48 50 23 -47
Table 6 Experimental and theoretical forces at 500N

Experimental Theoretical
Member Error (%)
force (N) force (N)
AB
BC
AC
BD
CD
CE
DE
5/11
EXPERIMENTAL RESULT
1. From the measured data, plot graph Load (N) against True Strain () for all
members on the same axis.
6/11
2. Theoretically, calculate internal force in each member with a load of 500 N. Assume
that Esteel = 210 GPa for all truss members.
3. By using the measured data, calculate internal force (experimental force) in each
member with a load 500 N. (Esteel = 210 GPa)
7/11
4. Using a suitable method calculate the theoretical member forces for the frame work
with a load of 500 N.
5. Determine the percentage of error between experimental and theoretical force.

Complete Table 6.
8/11
DISCUSSION (N.B This section of your report must be written in the paragraphs form)
 Analyze or interpret and comment on the tabulated and graphical results obtained
for both experiments. Explain the relationship exists between the variables involve
in this work.
 Discuss and explain the differences between the experimental and theoretical
results.
9/11
 Identify which truss members are in compression and tension for both experiments.
Give the reason to this behaviour / observation and explain which members will be
of the more critical to be known its behaviour in order to avoid structural failure /
collapse.
 State the factor of errors or discrepancies for both experiments. Justify your
argument and suggest how these errors may be eliminated or minimized.
CONCLUSION (N.B Content of this section should not more than 150 words)
10/11
11/11

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FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

MEKANIKAL DAN PEMBUATAN

LAB 4: FORCES IN TRUSSES 1

EXAMINER’S COMMENT VERIFICATION STAMP

LEARNING OUTCOMES(N.B Students should not rewrite these to be part of their

Figure 1 Internal forces truss

member. If the force tends to elongate the

Experiment – Forces in a Idealised Warren Girder

Steel bar with

1. Make sure the equipment is set up properly.

Table 5 True strain reading for each truss

Table 6 Experimental and theoretical forces at 500N

5. Determine the percentage of error between experimental and theoretical force.

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