MATHEMATICS (860)

CLASS XII
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I : Theory (3 hours) ……80 marks
Paper II: Project Work ……20 marks
PAPER I (THEORY) – 80 Marks
The syllabus is divided into three sections A, B and C.
Section A is compulsory for all candidates. Candidates will have a choice of attempting questions from
EITHER Section B OR Section C.
There will be one paper of three hours duration of 80 marks.
Section A (65 Marks): Candidates will be required to attempt all questions. Internal choice will be provided in
two questions of two marks, two questions of four marks and two questions of six marks each.
Section B/ Section C (15 Marks): Candidates will be required to attempt all questions EITHER from Section B
or Section C. Internal choice will be provided in one question of two marks and one question of four marks.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR THE THEORY PAPER

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

SECTION A: 65 MARKS
1. Relations and Functions 10 Marks
2. Algebra 10 Marks
3. Calculus 32 Marks
4. Probability 13 Marks
SECTION B: 15 MARKS
5. Vectors 5 Marks
6. Three - Dimensional Geometry 6 Marks
7. Applications of Integrals 4 Marks
OR
SECTION C: 15 MARKS
8. Application of Calculus 5 Marks
9. Linear Regression 6 Marks
10. Linear Programming 4 Marks
TOTAL 80 Marks

1
 ( x 1− y ± y 1− x )
SECTION A
sin-1 x ± =
sin-1 y sin -1 2 2
1. Relations and Functions
cos y cos ( xy  1 − y 1 − x )
(i) Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric,
transitive and equivalence relations. One to cos x ± =
-1 -1 -1 2 2

one and onto functions. x+ y

similarly tan-1 x +=
tan-1 y tan-1 , xy < 1
• Relations as: 1 − xy
- Relation on a set A x− y
=
tan -1
x − tan-1 y tan-1 , xy > −1
- Identity relation, empty relation, 1 + xy
universal relation. - Formulae for 2sin-1x, 2cos-1x, 2tan-1x,
- Types of Relations: reflexive, 3tan-1x etc. and application of these
symmetric, transitive and formulae.
equivalence relation. 2. Algebra
• Functions: Matrices and Determinants
- One to one and onto functions. (i) Matrices
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
Definition, domain, range, principal value of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric
branch. matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition
- Principal values. and multiplication and multiplication with a
- sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x etc. and their graphs. scalar. Simple properties of addition,
multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-
x
- sin-1x = cos −1 1 − x 2 = tan −1 . commutativity of multiplication of matrices.
1 − x2 Invertible matrices (here all matrices will
1 π have real entries).
- sin-1x= cosec −1 ; sin-1x+cos-1x= and
x 2 (ii) Determinants
similar relations for cot-1x, tan-1x, etc. Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3
matrices), properties of determinants,
minors, co-factors. Adjoint and inverse of
a square matrix. Solving system of linear
equations in two or three variables (having
unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

2
 - Types of matrices (m × n; m, n ≤ 3), • Differentiation
order; Identity matrix, Diagonal matrix. - Derivatives of trigonometric
- Symmetric, Skew symmetric. functions.
- Operation – addition, subtraction, - Derivatives of exponential functions.
multiplication of a matrix with scalar, - Derivatives of logarithmic functions.
multiplication of two matrices - Derivatives of inverse trigonometric
(the compatibility). functions - differentiation by means
1 1  of substitution.
1 2 
E.g. 0 2  = AB( say ) but BA is
2 2
- Derivatives of implicit functions and
1 1   chain rule.
not possible. - e for composite functions.
- Singular and non-singular matrices. - Derivatives of Parametric functions.
- Existence of two non-zero matrices - Differentiation of a function with
whose product is a zero matrix. respect to another function e.g.
AdjA differentiation of sinx3 with respect
- Inverse (2×2, 3×3) A −1 =
A to x3.
- Logarithmic Differentiation -
x
• Martin’s Rule (i.e. using matrices) Finding dy/dx when y = x x .
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 - Successive differentiation up to 2nd
order.
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
NOTE : Derivatives of composite functions
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 using chain rule.
 a 1 b 1 c1   d1   x • L' Hospital's theorem.
A = a 2 b2 c 2  B = d 2  X =  y 
   
a 3 b3 c3   d 3   z  -

AX = B ⇒ X = A −1 B (ii) Applications of Derivatives

Problems based on above. Applications of derivatives:

• Determinants increasing/decreasing functions, tangents
and normals, maxima and minima (first
- Order.
derivative test motivated geometrically and
- Minors.
second derivative test given as a provable
- Cofactors. tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic
- Expansion. principles and understanding of the subject as
well as real-life situations).
3. Calculus • Equation of Tangent and Normal
(i) Differentiation, Derivative of composite
functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse • Increasing and decreasing functions.
trigonometric functions, derivative of
• Maxima and minima.
implicit functions. Concept of exponential
and logarithmic functions. - Stationary/turning points.
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential - Absolute maxima/minima
functions. Logarithmic differentiation,
derivative of functions expressed in - local maxima/minima
parametric forms. Second order derivatives. - First derivatives test and second
derivatives test

3
 - Application problems based on b a

maxima and minima. ∫

a
f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
b
(iii) Integrals b c b

Integration as inverse process of ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx

differentiation. Integration of a variety of a a c
functions by substitution, by partial fractions where a < c < b
and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals b b
of the following types and problems based
on them.
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a a
a a
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without
proof). Basic properties of definite integrals ∫ f (=
0
x)dx ∫ f (a − x)dx
0
and evaluation of definite integrals.
 a
• Indefinite integral 2a 2 ∫ f ( x)dx, if f (2a − x) = f ( x)
∫ f ( x)dx =  0
- Integration as the inverse of 0  0, f (2a − x) =− f ( x)
differentiation. 
 a
- Anti-derivatives of polynomials and
∫
2 f ( x)dx,if f is an even function
a

functions (ax +b)n , sinx, cosx, sec2x,

cosec2x etc .
∫−a
f ( x)dx =  0

 0,if f is an odd function
- Integrals of the type sin2x, sin3x, (iv) Differential Equations
sin4x, cos2x, cos3x, cos4x.
Definition, order and degree, general and
- Integration of 1/x, ex. particular solutions of a differential
- Integration by substitution. equation. Formation of differential equation
whose general solution is given. Solution
- Integrals of the type f ' (x)[f (x)]n, of differential equations by method of
f ′( x) separation of variables solutions of
.
f ( x) homogeneous differential equations of first
order and first degree. Solutions of linear
- Integration of tanx, cotx, secx, dy
cosecx. differential equation of the type: +py= q,
dx
- Integration by parts. where p and q are functions of x or
When degree of f (x) ≥ degree of g(x), constants.
dx
+ px = q, where p and q are
e.g. dy
x2 +1  3x + 1  functions of y or constants.
= 1−  2 
x + 3x + 2
2
 x + 3x + 2  - Differential equations, order and degree.
• Definite Integral - Formation of differential equation by
eliminating arbitrary constant(s).
- Fundamental theorem of calculus
(without proof) - Solution of differential equations.
- Properties of definite integrals. - Variable separable.
- Problems based on the following - Homogeneous equations.
properties of definite integrals are to dy
be covered. - Linear form + Py = Q where P and Q
dx
b b
are functions of x only. Similarly, for
∫
a
f ( x)dx = ∫ f (t )dt
a
dx/dy.
NOTE 1: The second order differential
equations are excluded.
4
 4. Probability - Equation of x-axis, y-axis, z axis and lines
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem parallel to them.
on probability, independent events, total - Equation of xy - plane, yz – plane,
probability, Bayes’ theorem. zx – plane.
- Independent and dependent events - Direction cosines, direction ratios.
conditional events.
- Angle between two lines in terms of direction
- Laws of Probability, addition theorem, cosines /direction ratios.
multiplication theorem, conditional
- Condition for lines to be perpendicular/
probability.
parallel.
- Theorem of Total Probability.
- Baye’s theorem. • Lines
- Cartesian and vector equations of a line
SECTION B through one and two points.
5. Vectors - Coplanar and skew lines.
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction - Conditions for intersection of two lines.
of a vector. Direction cosines and direction
ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, - Distance of a point from a line.
zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position • Planes
vector of a point, negative of a vector, - Cartesian and vector equation of a
components of a vector, addition of vectors, plane.
multiplication of a vector by a scalar. Definition, - Direction ratios of the normal to the
Geometrical Interpretation, properties and plane.
application of scalar (dot) product of vectors,
vector (cross) product of vectors. - One point form.
- As directed line segments. - Normal form.
- Magnitude and direction of a vector. - Intercept form.
- Types: equal vectors, unit vectors, zero - Distance of a point from a plane.
vector. - Intersection of the line and plane.
- Position vector.
7. Application of Integrals
- Components of a vector.
Application in finding the area bounded b y
- Vectors in two and three dimensions. simple curves and coordinate axes. Area
- iˆ, ˆj , kˆ as unit vectors along the x, y and enclosed between two curves.
the z axes; expressing a vector in terms of the
unit vectors. - Application of definite integrals - area
bounded by curves, lines and coordinate axes
- Operations: Sum and Difference of vectors;
scalar multiplication of a vector. is required to be covered.
- Scalar (dot) product of vectors and its - Simple curves: lines, parabolas and
geometrical significance. polynomial functions.
- Cross product - its properties - area of a
triangle, area of parallelogram, collinear SECTION C
vectors.
8. Application of Calculus
NOTE: Proofs of geometrical theorems by using Application of Calculus in Commerce and
Vector algebra are excluded. Economics in the following:
- Cost function,
6. Three - dimensional Geometry - average cost,
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line - marginal cost and its interpretation
joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector - demand function,
equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines. - revenue function,
Cartesian and vector equation of a plane.
Distance of a point from a plane.
5
 - marginal revenue function and its Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]:
interpretation,
- Profit function and breakeven point. Overall format 1 mark
- increasing-decreasing functions. Content 4 marks
Self-explanatory Findings 2 marks
NOTE: Application involving differentiation, Viva-voce based on the Project 3 marks
increasing and decreasing function to be Total 10 marks
covered.
Topics for Project Work:
9. Linear Regression Section A
- Lines of regression of x on y and y on x. 1. Explore the principal value of the function
- Lines of best fit. sin-1 x (or any other inverse trigonometric
- Regression coefficient of x on y and y on x. function) using a unit circle.
- b xy × b yx = r 2 , 0 ≤ b xy × b yx ≤ 1 2. Explain the concepts of increasing and
- Identification of regression equations decreasing functions, using geometrical
significance of dy/dx. Illustrate with proper
- Estimation of the value of one variable using examples.
the value of other variable from appropriate
line of regression. 3. Explain the conditional probability, the theorem
Self-explanatory of total probability and the concept of Bayes’
theorem with suitable examples.
10. Linear Programming Section B
Introduction, related terminology such as 4. Using vector algebra, find the area of a
constraints, objective function, optimization, parallelogram/triangle. Also, derive the area
different types of linear programming (L.P.) analytically and verify the same.
problems, mathematical formulation of L.P.
problems, graphical method of solution for 5. Find the image of a line with respect to a given
problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible plane.
regions(bounded and unbounded), feasible and 6. Find the area bounded by a parabola and an
infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions oblique line.
(up to three non-trivial constraints). (Any other pair of curves which are specified in
Introduction, definition of related terminology the syllabus may also be taken.)
such as constraints, objective function,
optimization, advantages of linear programming; Section C
limitations of linear programming; application 7. Draw a rough sketch of Cost (C), Average
areas of linear programming; different types of
Cost (AC) and Marginal Cost (MC)
linear programming (L.P.) problems,
mathematical formulation of L.P problems, Or
graphical method of solution for problems in two Revenue (R), Average Revenue (AR) and
variables, feasible and infeasible regions, Marginal Revenue (MR).
feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum
feasible solution.
8. For a given data, find regression equations by the
method of least squares.
PAPER II – PROJECT WORK – 20 Marks 9. Using any suitable data, find the Optimum cost
Candidates will be expected to have completed two by formulating a linear programming problem
projects, one from Section A and one from either (LPP).
Section B or Section C.
NOTE: No question paper for Project Work will
The project work will be assessed by the subject be set by the Council.
teacher and a Visiting Examiner appointed locally
and approved by the Council.
6
 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PROJECT WORK
S. No. Unique PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2 TOTAL
Identification MARKS
Number A B C D E F G H I J
(Unique ID) Teacher Visiting Average Viva-Voce Total Teacher Visiting Average Viva- Total (E + J)
of the Examiner Marks by Marks Examiner Marks Voce by Marks
candidate (A + B ÷ Visiting (C + D) (F + G ÷ Visiting (H + I)
2) Examiner 2) Examiner
7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 20 Marks

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

*Breakup of 7 Marks to be awarded separately by

the Teacher and the Visiting Examiner is as Name of Teacher:
follows: Signature: Date
Overall Format 1 Mark
Content 4 Marks Name of Visiting Examiner
Findings 2 Marks
Signature: Date
NOTE: VIVA-VOCE (3 Marks) for each Project is to be conducted only by the Visiting Examiner, and should be based on the Project only