Syllabus

MATHEMATICS (860)
CLASS 12
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I : Theory (3 hours) ……80 marks
Paper II: Project Work ……20 marks

PAPER I (THEORY) – 80 Marks

The syllabus is divided into three sections A, B and C.

Section A is compulsory for all candidates. Candidates will have a choice of attempting questions from EITHER Section B OR
Section C.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR THE THEORY PAPER

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

SECTION A : 65 Marks
1. Relations and Functions 10 Marks

2. Algebra 10 Marks

3. Calculus 32 Marks

4. Probability 13 Marks

SECTION B : 15 Marks
5. Vectors 5 Marks

6. Three - Dimensional Geometry 6 Marks

7. Applications of Integrals 4 Marks

OR
SECTION C : 15 Marks
8. Application of Calculus 5 Marks

9. Linear Regression 6 Marks

10. Linear Programming 4 Marks

Total 80 Marks

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 Syllabus
SECTION A Concept, notation, order, equality, types of
1. Relations and Functions matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric
(i) Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric,
matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and
transitive and equivalence relations. One to one
multiplication and multiplication with a scalar.
and onto functions, inverse of a function. Binary
Simple properties of addition, multiplication
operations.
and scalar multiplication. Non- commutativity
l Relations as: of multiplication of matrices and existence of
- Relation on a set A non-zero matrices whose product is the zero
- Identity relation, empty relation, universal matrix (restrict to square matrices of order upto
relation. 3). Concept of elementary row and column
- Types of Relations: reflexive, symmetric, operations. Invertible matrices and proof of
transitive and equivalence relation. the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists (here all
matrices will have real entries).
l Binary Operation: all axioms and properties
(ii) Determinants
l Functions:
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 × 3
- As special relations, concept of writing " y is a
matrices), properties of determinants, minors,
function of x " as y= f(x).
co-factors and applications of determinants in
- Types: one to one, many to one, into, onto. finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse
- Real Valued function. of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency
- Domain and range of a function. and number of solutions of system of linear
- Conditions of invertibility. equations by examples, solving system of linear
equations in two or three variables (having
- Composite functions and invertible functions
unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.
(algebraic functions only).
- Types of matrices (m × n; m, n ≤ 3), order; Identity
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions
matrix, Diagonal matrix.
Definition, domain, range, principal value
- Symmetric, Skew symmetric.
branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric
functions. Elementary properties of inverse - Operation – addition, subtraction, multiplication of a
trigonometric functions. matrix with scalar, multiplication of two matrices (the
compatibility).
- Principal values.
- sin–1x, cos–1x, tan–1x etc. and their graphs. 1 1 
1 2 
E.g. 0 2   =AB (say) but BA is not possible.
−1 −1 x   2 2
- sin x = cos 1 − x 2 = tan −1 .  1 1   
1 − x2
1 π - Singular and non-singular matrices.
- sin −1 x = cosec −1 ; sin −1 x + cos−1 x = and
x 2 - Existence of two non-zero matrices whose
product is a zero matrix.
similar relations for cot–1x, tan–1x, etc.

( )
AdjA
sin −1 x ± sin −1 y = sin −1 x 1 − y 2 ± y 1 − x 2 - Inverse (2×2, 3×3) A–1 =
A

(
cos −1 x ± cos −1 y = cos −1 xy + 1 − y 2 1−x )
2 l Martin’s Rule (i.e. using matrices)
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
similarly tan -1 x + tan -1 y = tan -1 x + y , xy < 1 a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
1 - xy a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
x-y  a1 b1 c1   d1  x 
tan −1 x - tan -1 y = tan -1 , xy > -1      
1 + xy A =  a 2 b2 c 2  B =  d 2  X =  y 

 a3 b3 c3   d3   z 
- Formulae for 2sin–1x, 2cos–1x, 2tan–1x, 3tan–1x
etc. and application of these formulae. AX = B ⇒ X = A–1B
2. Algebra Problems based on above.
Matrices and Determinants NOTE 1: The conditions for consistency of equations in two and
(i) Matrices three variables, using matrices, are to be covered.

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 Syllabus
NOTE 2: Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations to be l L' Hospital's theorem.
covered 0 ¥
- from, from, 0 0 from, ¥¥from etc.
l Determinants 0 ¥
- Order.
l  Rolle's Mean Value Theorem - its geometrical
- Minors. interpretation.
- Cofactors. l Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem - its geometrical
- Expansion. interpretation
- Applications of determinants in finding the area of (ii) Applications of Derivatives
triangle and collinearity. Applications of derivatives: rate of change
- Properties of determinants. Problems based on of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions,
properties of determinants. tangents and normals, use of derivatives in
3. Calculus approximation, maxima and minima (first
derivative test motivated geometrically and
(i) Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation. second derivative test given as a provable tool).
Continuity and differentiability, derivative of Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles
composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of and understanding of the subject as well as real-
inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of life situations).
implicit functions. Concept of exponential and
l Equation of Tangent and Normal
logarithmic functions.
l Approximation.
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential
functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative l Rate measure.
of functions expressed in parametric forms. l Increasing and decreasing functions.
Second order derivatives. Rolle's and Lagrange's l Maxima and minima.
Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their - Stationary/turning points.
geometric interpretation. - Absolute maxima/minima
l Continuity - local maxima/minima
- Continuity of a function at a point x=a. - First derivatives test and second derivatives
- Continuity of a function in an interval. test
- Algebra of continues function. - Point of inflexion.
- Removable discontinuity. - Application problems based on maxima and
minima.
l Differentiation
- Concept of continuity and differentiability of (iii) Integrals
|x|,[x], etc. Integration as inverse process of differentiation.
Integration of a variety of functions by substitution,
- Derivatives of trigonometric functions.
by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple
- Derivatives of exponential functions. integrals of the following types and problems based
- Derivatives of logarithmic functions. on them.
- Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental
- differentiation by means of substitution. Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties
- Derivatives of implicit functions and chain of definite integrals and evaluation of definite
rule. integrals.
- e for composite functions. l Indefinite integral
- Derivatives of Parametric functions. - Integration as the inverse of differentiation.
- Anti-derivatives of polynomials and functions
- Differentiation of a function with respect to
(ax +b)n, sinx, cosx, sec2x, cosec2x etc.
another function e.g. differentiation of sinx3
with respect to x3. - Integrals of the type sin2x, sin3x, sin4x, cos2x,
cos3x, cos4x.
- Logarithmic Differentiation Finding dy/dx
xx - Integration of 1/x, ex.
when y = x .
- Integration by substitution.
- Successive differentiation up to 2nd order. f '( x ) .
NOTE 1: Derivatives of composite functions using - Integrals of the type f ' (x)[f (x)]n,
f (x)
chain rule.
NOTE 2: Derivatives of determinants to be covered. - Integration of tan x, cot x, sec x, cosec x.

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 Syllabus
- Integration by parts. b b
- Integration using partial fractions. Expressions of
f (x)
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (t ) dt
a a
the form when degree of f(x)< degree of g(x)
g( x ) b a

Eg.
x+2
=
A
+
B ∫ f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( x ) dx
( x − 3) ( x + 1) x − 3 x + 1 a b

b c b
x+2 A B C
( x − 2 ) ( x − 1)
2
= + +
x − 1 ( x − 1) x − 2
2 ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
a a c

x +1 Ax + B C Where a < c < b

= +
( x 2 + 3) ( x − 1) x2 + 3 x −1 b b

∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a + b - x ) dx
When degree of f(x) ≥ degree of g(x), e.g. a a
a a
x2 + 1  3x + 1 

2
x + 3x + 2
=1− 2
 x + 3x + 2  ∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ f ( a - x ) dx
0
0
l Integrals of the type:
2a  a
dx dx px + q px + q 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx , if f ( 2 a - x ) = f ( x )
∫ x2 ± a 2 ∫
,
x 2 ± a2
,∫
ax 2 + bx + c
dx , ∫
ax 2 + bx + c
dx
∫ ()
f x dx =
 0
0 
 0, f (2a - x ) = - f (x )
and ∫ a 2 ± x 2 dx , ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx ,
a  a

2 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx = 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx , if f is an even function

∫ ax + bx + c dx , ∫ ( px + q ) ax + bx + c dx ,
-a 
0

 0, if f is an odd function
integrations reducible to the above forms.
dx (iv) Differential Equations
∫ a cos x + b sin x , Definition, order and degree, general and particular

solutions of a differential equation. Solution of
dx dx dx differential equations by method of separation of
∫ a + b cos x , ∫ a + b sin x , ∫ a cos x + b sin x + c , variables solutions of homogeneous differential

equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of
( a cos x + b sin x )dx dy
∫ c cos x + d sin x
, linear differential equation of the type:
dx
+ py = q ,

where p and q are functions of x or constants.
dx
∫ a cos2 x + b sin 2 x + c dx
+ px = q , where p and q are functions of y or
dy
1 ± x2 constants.
∫ 1 + x 4 dx, - Differential equations, order and degree.

- Formation of differential equation by eliminating
dx arbitrary constant(s).
∫ 1 + x4 , ∫ tan xdx , ∫ cot xdx etc.
- Solution of differential equations.

- Variable separable.
l Definite Integral
- Homogeneous equations.
- Definite integral as a limit of the sum.
dy
- Linear form +Py=Q
+ py = q , where P and Q are
- Fundamental theorem of calculus (without dx

proof)
functions of x only. Similarly for dx/dy.
- Properties of definite integrals. - Solve problems of application on growth and decay.
- Problems based on the following properties of - Solve problems on velocity, acceleration, distance and
definite integrals are to be covered. time.
- Solve population-based problems on application of
differential equations.

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 Syllabus
- Solve problems of application on coordinate geometry. - Scalar triple product - volume of a parallelepiped, co-
NOTE 1:  Equations reducible to variable separable type planarity.
are included. NOTE : Proofs of geometrical theorems by using Vector algebra
NOTE 2: The second order differential equations are are excluded.
excluded. 6. Three - dimensional Geometry
4. Probability Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation
probability, independent events, total probability, of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance
Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of
distribution, mean and variance of random variable. a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes,
Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a
Binomial distribution. plane.
- Independent and dependent events conditional events. - Equation of x-axis, y-axis, z axis and lines parallel to
- Laws of Probability, addition theorem, multiplication them.
theorem, conditional probability. - Equation of xy - plane, yz - plane, zx-plane.
- Theorem of Total Probability. - Direction cosines, direction ratios.
- Baye's theorem. - Angle between two lines in terms of direction cosines /
- Theoretical probability distribution, probability direction ratios.
distribution function; mean and variance of random - Condition for lines to be perpendicular/ parallel.
variable, Repeated independent (Bernoulli trials),
binomial distribution – its mean and variance. l Lines
SECTION B - Cartesian and vector equations of a line through one
5. Vectors and two points.
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a - Coplanar and skew lines.
vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a - Conditions for intersection of two lines.
vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel - Distance of a point from a line.
and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, - Shortest distance between two lines.
negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition NOTE: Symmetric and non-symmetric forms of lines are
of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, required to be covered.
position vector of a point dividing a line segment in
a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, l Planes
properties and application of scalar (dot) product of - Cartesian and vector equation of a plane.
vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple - Direction ratios of the normal to the plane.
product of vectors.
- One point form.
- As directed line segments.
- Normal form.
- Magnitude and direction of a vector.
- Intercept form.
- Types: equal vectors, unit vectors, zero vector.
- Distance of a point from a plane.
- Position vector.
- Intersection of the line and plane.
- Components of a vector. - Angle between two planes, a line and a plane.
- Vectors in two and three dimensions. - Equation of a plane through the intersection of two
 planes i.e. P1 + kP2 = 0.
- i , j , k as unit vectors along the x,y and the z axes; 7. Application of Integrals
expressing a vector in terms of the unit vectors.
Application in finding the area bounded by simple
- Operations: Sum and Difference of vectors; scalar curves and coordinate axes. Area enclosed between
multiplication of a vector. two curves.
- Section formula. - Application of definite integrals - area bounded by
- Scalar (dot) product of vectors and its geometrical curves, lines and coordinate axes is required to be
significance. covered.
- Cross product - its properties - area of a triangle, area - Simple curves: lines, circles/ parabolas/ ellipses,
polynomial functions, modulus function, trigonometric
of parallelogram, collinear vectors.
function, exponential functions, logarithmic functions

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 Syllabus
SECTION C PAPER II (PROJECT WORK) – 20 Marks
8. Application of Calculus
Candidates will be expected to have completed two
Application of Calculus in Commerce and Economics projects, one from Section A and one from either Section
in the following: B or Section C.
- Cost function,
- average cost, The project work will be assessed by the subject teacher
- marginal cost and its interpretation and a Visiting Examiner appointed locally and approved
by CISCE.
- demand function,
- revenue function, Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]:
- marginal revenue function and its interpretation,
Overall format 1 mark
- Profit function and breakeven point.
Content 4 mark
- Rough sketching of the following curves: AR,
MR, R, C, AC, MC and their mathematical Findings 2 mark
interpretation using the concept of maxima & Viva-voce based on the Project 3 mark
minima and increasing- decreasing functions. Total 10 mark
- Self-explanatory
NOTE: Application involving differentiation, List of suggested assignments for Project Work:
increasing and decreasing function and maxima SECTION A
and minima to be covered.
1. Using a graph, demonstrate a function which is one-
9. Linear Regression one but not onto.
- Lines of regression of x on y and y on x.
2. Using a graph demonstrate a function which is
- Scatter diagrams
invertible.
- The method of least squares.
3. Construct a composition table using a binary function
- Lines of best fit.
addition/multiplication modulo upto 5 and verify the
- Regression coefficient of x on y and y on x. existence of the properties of binary operation.
- bxy × byx = r2, 0 ≤ bxy × byx ≤ 1
4. Draw the graph of y = sin-1 x (or any other inverse
- Identification of regression equations trigonometric function), using the graph of y = sin
- Angle between regression line and properties of x (or any other relevant trigonometric function).
regression lines. Demonstrate the concept of mirror line (about y = x)
- Estimation of the value of one variable using the and find its domain and range.
value of other variable from appropriate line of 5. Explore the principal value of the function sin-1 x (or
regression.
any other inverse trigonometric function) using a
Self-explanatory unit circle.
10. Linear Programming
6. Find the derivatives of a determinant of the order of
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, 3 x 3 and verify the same by other methods.
objective function, optimization, different types of
linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical 7. Verify the consistency of the system of three linear
formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method equations of two variables and verify the same
of solution for problems in two variables, feasible graphically. Give its geometrical interpretation.
and infeasible regions (bounded and unbounded), 8. For a dependent system (non-homogeneous) of three
feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible linear equations of three variables, identify infinite
solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints). number of solutions.
Introduction, definition of related terminology such as 9. For a given function, give the geometrical
constraints, objective function, optimization, advantages
interpretation of Mean Value theorems. Explain
of linear programming; limitations of linear programming;
the significance of closed and open intervals for
application areas of linear programming; different types
continuity and differentiability properties of the
of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical
theorems.
formulation of L.P problems, graphical method of solution
for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible 10. Explain the concepts of increasing and decreasing
regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum feasible functions, using geometrical significance of dy/dx.
solution. Illustrate with proper examples.

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 Syllabus

11. Explain the geometrical significance of point of 25. Find the area bounded by a parabola and an oblique
inflexion with examples and illustrate it using graphs. line.
12. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples) the 26. Find the area bounded by a circle and an oblique line.
concept of local maxima and local minima using
27. Find the area bounded by an ellipse and an oblique
graph.
line.
13. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples) the
28. Find the area bounded by a circle and a circle.
concept of absolute maxima and absolute minima
using graph. 29. Find the area bounded by a parabola and a parabola.

14. Illustrate the concept of definite integral b

f(x)dx , 30. Find the area bounded by a circle and a parabola.
∫a
expressing as the limit of a sum and verify it by actual (Any other pair of curves which are specified in the
integration. syllabus may also be taken.)
15. Demonstrate application of differential equations to SECTION C
solve a given problem (example, population increase
31. Draw a rough sketch of Cost (C), Average Cost (AC)
or decrease, bacteria count in a culture, etc.).
and Marginal Cost (MC)
16. Explain the conditional probability, the theorem of
Or
total probability and the concept of Bayes' theorem
with suitable examples. Revenue (R), Average Revenue (AR) and Marginal
Revenue (MR).
17. Explain the types of probability distributions and
derive mean and variance of binomial probability Give their mathematical interpretation using the
distribution for a given function. concept of increasing - decreasing functions and
maxima-minima.
SECTION B 32. For a given data, find regression equations by the
18. Using Vector algebra, find the area of a parallelogram/ method of least squares. Also find angles between
triangle. Also, derive the area analytically and verify regression lines.
the same. 33. Draw the scatter diagram for a given data. Use it to
19. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of draw the lines of best fit and estimate the value of Y
properties of triangles (sine/cosine rule, etc.) when X is given and vice-versa.
20. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of 34. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost by
compound angles, e.g. sin (A + B) = Sin A Cos B + applying the concept of Transportation problem.
Sin B Cos A, etc. 35. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost and
21. Describe the geometrical interpretation of scalar maximum nutritional value by applying the concept
triple product and for a given data, find the scalar of Diet problem.
triple product. 36. Using any suitable data, find the Optimum cost in
22. Find the image of a line with respect to a given plane. the manufacturing problem by formulating a linear
23. Find the distance of a point from a given plane programming problem (LPP).
measured parallel to a given line. NOTE: No question paper for Project Work will be set by
24. Find the distance of a point from a line measured CISCE.
parallel to a given plane.
qq

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 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PROJECT WORK
S. Unique TOTAL
PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2
No. Identification MARKS
Number A B C D E F G H I J
(Unique ID)
of the Teacher Visiting Average Viva- Total Teacher Visiting Average Viva- Total (E + J)
candidate Examiner Marks Voce by Marks Examiner Marks Voce by Marks
(A + B Visiting (C + D) (F + G Visiting (H + I)
÷ 2) Exam- ÷ 2) Exam-
iner iner
7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 20 Marks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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8
9
10
Syllabus

*Breakup of 7 Marks to be awarded separately by the Name of Teacher:

Teacher and the Visiting Examiner is as follows: Signature: Date
Overall Format 1 Mark Name of Visiting Examiner
Content 4 Marks
Signature:
Findings 2 Marks Date
NOTE: VIVA-VOCE (3 Marks) for each Project is to be conducted only by the Visiting Examiner, and should be based on the Project only