CHAPTER 1 DR Wan Zul

Chapter 1
DC Network Analysis & Circuit theorem

1.1 Nod, Branches and Loop
A network is an interconnection of elements or devices
A circuit is a network providing one or more closed paths.
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a

resistor.
FIGURE 1
Figure above shows 5 branches consist of
 3 resistors
 10V voltage source
 2A current source
A node is the point of connection between two or more branches
 usually indicated by a dot in a circuit.
FIGURE 2
The circuit in FIGURE 2 has three nodes a, b, and c.
Actually FIGURE 2 = FIGURE 1
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
 starting at a node, passing through a set of nodes, and returning to

the starting node
1.2 Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
 states that the algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero.
OR
 The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving the node.
FIGURE 3
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)
 states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path(or
loop) is zero.
OR
 Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises

FIGURE 4
The sign on each voltage is the polarity of the terminal encountered first
as we travel around the loop
Suppose we start with the voltage source and go clockwise around the
loop as shown
Example 1:
Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Solution 1:
i1  i 2  i3
1st loop
 30V  v1  v2  0  8i1  3i2  30

2nd loop
 v2  v1  0   3i2  8i1  0
PROBLEM 1
Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in FIGURE 6.
FIGURE 6
Answer:
1.3 Nodal Analysis

KCL and KVL are fundamental laws for analyzing circuits.
For large circuits involving many components and connections, it may be

difficult to derive necessary relationships between voltages and currents,
while avoiding duplications and linearly dependent equations.
We are interested in finding the node voltages.
Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as circuit variables is

convenient and reduces the number of equations
Steps to determine node voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node. We select a reference node

with zero voltage. Any node can be selected, but it usually better to
choose one with more connections than the others. The node
selected is called the ground of the circuit.
2. Assign voltages v1, v2, . . . , vn−1 to the remaining n − 1 nodes. All
voltages at other nodes are defined with respect to the ground.
3. Apply KCL to each of the n − 1 nonreference nodes. We use only
KCL at nodes, except the ground, to derive all equations. KVL is
not preferred in nodal analysis unless necessary. We write all
equations in terms of node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown
node voltages
5. Finally, by using the node voltages, we find the desired voltage,
current, and/or power values.
If there is a node where the voltage is defined as zero, it becomes practical

to define node voltages as if they are independent values.
Common symbols for indicating a reference node. (a) common ground,

(b) ground and (c) chassis ground
EXAMPLE 2:
Once we have selected a reference node, we assign voltage designations

to nonreference nodes. Second step, we apply KCL to each nonreference
node.
At node 1 and 2, applying KCL gives
and
We now apply Ohm’s law to express the unknown currents i1, i2 and i3 in
terms of node voltages. The key idea to bear in mind is that, since
resistance is a passive element, by the passive sign convention, current
must always flow from a higher potential to a lower potential.
Current flows from a higher potential to a lower potential in a resistor.
v higher  vlower
i
R
So we obtain
EXAMPLE 3:
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown in FIGURE 7.
FIGURE 7
SOLUTION 3:
If we need the currents, we can easily calculate them from the values of
the nodal voltages.
EXAMPLE 3:
Obtain the node voltages in the circuit in FIGURE 8.
FIGURE 8
SOLUTION 3:
Answer: V1 = -2, V2 = -14
EXAMPLE 4:
Obtain the node voltages in the circuit in FIGURE 9.
FIGURE 9
SOLUTION 4:
EXAMPLE 5:
FIGURE 10
Find ix, which flows through the voltage source.
SOLUTION 5:
Using KVL and KCL
Now we using the nodal analysis. We select node 2 as a reference.
So we obtain v1 = 48/25 V.
So the ix = (2 – 48/25)/100 = 2/2500 A
EXAMPLE 6:
Find ix
SOLUTION 6:
EXAMPLE 7:
Find iy
SOLUTION 7:
EXAMPLE 8:
Find iy
SOLUTION 8:
We now consider how voltage sources affect nodal analysis.

If a voltage source is connected between the reference node and a
nonreference node, we simply set the voltage at the nonreference node
equal to the voltage of the voltage source.
v1  10V
If the voltage source (dependent or independent) is connected between
two nonreference nodes, the two nonreference nodes form a generalized
node or supernode; we apply both KCL and KVL to determine the node
voltages.
There is no way of knowing the current through a voltage source in

advance.
So the current throughout the circuit is
Applying KVL to a supernode.
EXAMPLE 9:
For the circuit shown in FIGURE 9, find the node voltages.
SOLUTION 9:
EXAMPLE 10:
Find the node voltages in the circuit as shown in FIGURE 11
FIGURE 11
SOLUTION 10:
Or
We now apply KVL to the branches involving the voltage sources as
shown in figure above. For loop 1
PROBLEM 2
Find v and i in the circuit in FIGURE 12.
FIGURE 12
Answer: −0.2 V, 1.4 A.
PROBLEM 3
Find v1, v2, and v3 in the circuit in FIGURE 13.
FIGURE 13
Answer: v1 = 3.043 V, v2 = −6.956 V, v3 = 0.6522 V.

PROBLEM 4
Find V1, V2, and V3 in the circuit as shown in FIGURE 14
V1 V2 V3
FIGURE 14
1.4 Mesh Analysis

Using mesh currents instead of element currents as circuit variables.
Reduces the number of equations that must be solved simultaneously.
A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loop within it.
Mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents.
It is only applicable to a circuit that is planar.
A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane with no branches
crossing one another.
Planar circuit
Nonplanar circuit
Paths abefa and bcdeb are meshes, but path abcdefa is not a mesh.
The first step in the Mesh Current method is to identify “loops” within the
circuit encompassing all components.
In figure above, the loop formed by V1, R1 and R2 will be the first and V2,
R3 and R2 will be the second.
Loop current, i1 and i2 is called mesh current.
Apply KVL to find the mesh currents in a given circuit. KCL is not used
in mesh analysis unless necessary. We write equations in terms of mesh
currents.
Applying KVL to the first mesh/loop, we obtain

 V1  R1 I 1  R3 i1  i2   0
Or
R1  R3 i1  R3i2  V1
or
EXAMPLE 11:
For the circuit in figure below, find the branch currents I1, I2, and I3 using
mesh analysis.
SOLUTION 11:
For mesh 1
EXAMPLE 12:
Find power of 50 V source
SOLUTION 12:
EXAMPLE 13:
Find the power of 2 resistor
SOLUTION 13:
Ic = 6 A since there is no any other mesh sharing the branch of the 6 A

source.
Ia = 6.19 A and Ib = 5.48 A
P2 = (6.19 - 5.48)2  2 =
PROBLEM 4:
Answer: i1 = 2/3
i2 = 0
EXAMPLE 14:
Find vx
SOLUTION 14:
EXAMPLE 15:
Use mesh analysis to find the current io in the circuit in figure below.
SOLUTION 15:
For mesh 1
Or
Then
Mesh analysis with current source.

Let say we have the circuit as shown if figure below.
We create a supermesh as the periphery of the two meshes and treat it
differently
A supermesh must satisfy KVL like any other mesh. So applying KVL to
this supermesh gives
Or
We apply KCL to a node in the branch where the two meshes intersect.
Then it gives
Finally
EXAMPLE 16:
For the circuit in FIGURE BELOW, find i1 to i4 using mesh analysis.
SOLUTION 16:
The two supermeshes intersect and form a larger supermesh as shown.
Applying KVL to the larger supermesh gives
Or
Applying KCL to node P and Q, then we obtain
and
Applying KVL to the mesh 4,
Or
Finally
PROBLEM 5:
Use mesh analysis to determine i1, i2, and i3 in figure above
Answer:
i1 = 3.474 A, i2 = 0.4737 A, i3 = 1.1052 A.
The difference of nodal analysis and mesh analysis are:

Nodal Mesh
To get node voltage To get current flow in each branch
Method: apply KCL in the first step Method: apply KVL in the first step

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CHAPTER 1 DR Wan Zul

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Chapter 1

DC Network Analysis & Circuit theorem

A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a

Figure above shows 5 branches consist of

A node is the point of connection between two or more branches

 usually indicated by a dot in a circuit.

Actually FIGURE 2 = FIGURE 1

A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

 starting at a node, passing through a set of nodes, and returning to

1.2 Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

 Sum of voltage drops = Sum of voltage rises

Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in FIGURE 5

 30V  v1  v2  0  8i1  3i2  30

Find the currents and voltages in the circuit shown in FIGURE 6.

1.3 Nodal Analysis

For large circuits involving many components and connections, it may be

We are interested in finding the node voltages.

Choosing node voltages instead of element voltages as circuit variables is

Steps to determine node voltages:

1. Select a node as the reference node. We select a reference node

If there is a node where the voltage is defined as zero, it becomes practical

Common symbols for indicating a reference node. (a) common ground,

Once we have selected a reference node, we assign voltage designations

Find ix, which flows through the voltage source.

We now consider how voltage sources affect nodal analysis.

There is no way of knowing the current through a voltage source in

Applying KVL to a supernode.

Answer: −0.2 V, 1.4 A.

Answer: v1 = 3.043 V, v2 = −6.956 V, v3 = 0.6522 V.

1.4 Mesh Analysis

Applying KVL to the first mesh/loop, we obtain

Find power of 50 V source

Find the power of 2 resistor

Ic = 6 A since there is no any other mesh sharing the branch of the 6 A

Mesh analysis with current source.

Applying KCL to node P and Q, then we obtain

Applying KVL to the mesh 4,

Use mesh analysis to determine i1, i2, and i3 in figure above

The difference of nodal analysis and mesh analysis are:

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