cell GENERAL BIOLOGY 1NOTES BY LYNDON BERNARDO @ YouTube: Lyndon Bernardo & Facebook: Lyndon Bernardo @ 1 the cell theory 2 prokaryotic cell 3 eukaryotic cell 4 animal cell 5 plant cell 6 mitosis 7 meiosis 8 transport mechanismQG0G008 GO0R000 Oo ay @ 23.5 THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE@ PLANT cre © PROKARYOTIC CELL ANIMAL Sb g & CELL PE euxarvotic cect SOME SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN WY CELL BIOLOGY THe CELL THEORY © All living things are 7d — aavtow van (* Pee ire A made up of cells © Discovered bacteria < = Oost te cl no ek WOU — ROBERT HOOKE = Cr onde tenant cl _ HEEUWENHOEK “ + pikeovered muceus in @ Cells are the basic 1931 — ROBERT BROWN ~ © pont ces Structural unit OF + SCHLEIDEN Sioa ond persed all living organisms. 1838 — 4" scHWANN, he ell teary © > Researched on cancer celle ard ® All cals come, From ea 1858 ~ RUDOLPH VIRCHOWS atl ne rom preexisting cells. 7. preesichng ett) ee iS 5 rues 7 PROKARYOTi¢ CELL “HB EUKERYOTI¢ CELL Greek, pro (before) , Karyon (nucleus) =® Greeks eu (well), Koryon (nucleus) =e Hac no nucleus ond membrane-bound organelles = Hac nucleus and membrane - bound =e Circular DNA rae organciles : = Linear ONA Le located in the nucteoid region (cytoplasm) Cee renter Terie —> Simpte , single-celled organisms — Mostly multicellular => Smauer thon eukaryotic. cells => Larger than prokaryotic cals e |p cell dies, the whole erganism cies Zeo.y, EXAMPLES? bacteria, orchoca cioqeellats fy EXAMPLES: tists, gungi, oniols, Bronte "9 1, aay rN Notes by Lyndon Bamardo | tyndonberardo.cornORGANELLES B Animat ceLL y . Spm ee ae a + EUKARYOTIC CELL CENTRIOLE oars SO) 7 CELL MEMBRANE —rholds the cell together Sp separates ceil gromn the others So cem- permeable —egunction ia call cepreduction CYTOPLASM => cell organesles outside the nucleus Nucveus = the control center oF the cal —reantains the NA Gorel APPARATUS CYTOSKELETON —? dynamic network OF protein gilaments ag LYsosome =e contains hyarolytic enzymes that break ddonin phagocytosed, + packaging and materials eaten coo prin sae Wacuore > good storage OF the cell RouGH ui ENDOPLASMIC. RIBOSOME > synthesis of protein © made up of ribosomal RNA ond protein MitocHON DRION RETICULUM SmooTH — center of respiration oF the cal me site of protein syntesig ENDOPLASMIC —o* powerhouse! {production of lycapretein) Reticucum + contains oxidative enzymes > cynthesis og namones Mod de that comert cigar te ATE MEMBRANE - BOUND ORGANELLES NON MEM@RANE- BOUND STRUCTURE @ NUCLEUS @ PEROXISOME © RiBOSOME ® LYSOSOME. © MITOCHONDRIA © CENTRIOLES © GOLGI APPARATUS © CHLOROPLAGT (PLANT) @ CYTOSKELETON © ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMMotes by Lyndon Bernardo | lynclonbemardocom, PLANT CeLL + Eukaryoric CELL chev oFi membrane 0 aw 4 v i deol CYTOSKELETON > dgramic, network OF protein gilaments f ROUGH cpinsie trane ENDOPLASMIC ond lipids RETICULUM =P site of protemn cyninesis (production og glycoprotein) NUCLEUS = the control center oF the ell —reantains the NA Sa Goret APPARATUS => packaging ond smodipication oF proteins CYTOPLASM > cell organetles outside the nucleus, CHLOROPLAST =» contains chlorophyll © absorbs Sunlight and uses it to produce’ ood, Vacuole —rpoud storage OF He cll RIBOSOME > synthesis of protein > made up of itosomal RNA ond protein Bo MitocHON ORION Ce Memorane © CELL WALL = =Smigrm és =? provides structural —+ contains oxidative enaymes thot convert sugar te ATP ‘support ond protects the cell PEROAISOME = break down fatty acids =o fuel gor cespration =r holds the cell together Se separates ceil grom He otherc Se cemi- permeable, H CeLL MODiFicaTiON + ne process by which generic cells carry out unusual functions. Cells change into epecific ceils 40 adapt ond 40 do certain tosks within the body EXAMPLES: Stem cells, red blood ceils, muscle cellsceLt cY¥cLe Dien g womcs - MATOSIS — ests to sia pete om pews cue aN ANAPHASE \(137 Pu Mitosis So, A> mses \ 7 METAPHASE, i aN) s) PROPHASE ) TELOPHASE | Ba ————+ CYTOKINESIS (oo) i Gi PHASE s / = INTERPHASE MOTHER CELL. CenTRIOLe oa tine “resting stage” (the cell isn't dividing in +his stoge) Fhe: longest part 4.) 61 (Gap 4 Phase) b-)S(Synttesis) €.) 62 (Gap2 Phase) period @ growth —---® DNA replicates os ore, preduced * G2 PHASE organs, eyoplonic plc components, centrioles ‘the cell division. vepcave errtit comouaa wucusus % (MITOSIS) + oivision of nucleus srmiote rieees CHROMOSOME. = Chromatin condenses, becomes chromosomes > Eoch encomosome. contains two identical es ‘chromatids called sister chromatids connected amare of the centromere, > Spindte Fibers begin to form ‘The centrioles migrate to oppucite poles. Nuclear envelope breaks down CHROMATIC. CHROMATIO a NUCLEAR cugongosonaes, ENVELOFE, Bw ‘Notes by Lyndon Bernardo | lyndonbernarclo;comMETAPUAGE PLATE ‘ Metaphase —* Chromosomes oliga at the center equator of the cell, aitacked to spindle gibece at the Hichchores +The eqoter is called the equaterial or metaphase plate, % Anaphase “* Sister chromatids break down ond separate ot the centromeres ond move away fron each offer. Each chromatid is now a chromosome * Cnromatid lengthens, thus elongating the cul [ Telophase > Cleavage furrow forme in the center of Hhe cel + Chromasomes once, ogoin decondence fp become hin threads of chromatin > Each chromatid clusters of oppacite pole + Nuclear membrane reappears ond spindle gibers disassemble AS Gytokinesis => Division of cytoplasm 2 The cytoplasm ond the #w> coughter cells separate TWO DIPLOID OAUGHTER CELLS. I ANIMALS 1M Plants. y = A cing micragiloment At the center of the cantiocts, pinching the elongated cal, a cell pote cell inslord. is gormed, ~ 1g etemnce rusaon! AOELL PLATE ‘Ne MICROFILAMENT Sous uae RING: Notes by Lyndon B ‘com arcs | yndonbemaxDivision of sex cells <— MEIOSIS — resets: four vor identical noptes cello) ~\ MEIOSIS L CYTOKINESIS MEIOSIS. (“3)) 3) é eneti 9 propuase tM) 2) as 4S) ( ») ) 2 7 SL wernenaset |) 7) =~» ANAPHASE TL (5) A DE ) TELOPHASE IL GD ~ CYTOKINESIS oo G2 PHASE MOTHER CELL. METAPIASE PLATE ‘ et interphase. ¥ Spode gibus cHach 4 DNA eeplicote, the chromosomes anes = preporation for =e Tehi0ds align at the call division center Cmnetaphase plate) cAROMATIN vuicueue HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES cmropt ace > Fic op ehrnoconce (gta eakera) tat ae eal store od ie (MElosis 1) PATERNAL naTERMAL —* Nuclear ivision with DNA replication Nuclear division with ONA rep! Humans have 23 poics OF humelogous ehromecones cet 0) #8 pice er outecones | Each chromosome pair ce ae 1 Forms a tetrad with its. X homologous chromosome ~ => cessing over 0 exchanging CROSSING OVER \ in poctions of 4he four chromatids results in ew nuctehR, NUCLEAR. cugomosomes Notictions. of alleles Notes by Lyndon Bemarde | tyndonbernardo.com—, = Homologous chromasomes separate aad move, Fouords ‘the pole > Sister chromatids ore still attoched of their centromeres > Similar as in mitosis MicROFIWAMENT aING —> Chromosomes align at she metaphase plate, Z oS CSIEnIne rrcow GC) Telophase | eee Each pole now has haploid set oF chromosomes + Sister chromatids seporate and each =* Each chromosome consicts oF two chromatids chromatid move to opposite poles of te cell TWO HAPLOID OAUGHTER CELLS Oytokinesis: w= Sine eet reste > Produces two haploid celle (non-identical —e Cleavage furrow forms in the center of the cell ond with halt #he chromosome, number’) = Each pole now has haploid set oF chromosomes (MeElosis 1) FOUR HAPLOID OAUGHTER CELLS + Second round oF nuclear aivision with ng DNA replication O® * = Similar os in mitosi¢ + chromotia condenses, spindle gibers forms, centrioles migrate, to oppesite poles > Produces four hapleid eels (non-identical) @ @) « ' « eg REPEAT Notes by Lynden Bernardo | lyndonbernarco.com8 TRANSPORT MecHanism Passive Transport —e movement op molecule gram high to low concentration =P no energy ic required 1. Simple Diffusion —* Molecules move straight through 4he membrane > A stote of equilibrium is reached when 4he concentration gradient is equal in all orca, EXAMPLES: oxygen, corbon dioxide course ‘oo te on sensu ‘Af — 7 ‘a 2. Osmosis * Diprusion af water through selectively permeable membrone Geugars,proteins,ions)—@) Poraceiuna(e ON HYPOTONIC ENVIRONMENT (hypo meons less) =* low concentration oF Solute outside, more inside HYPERTONIC ENVIRONMENT (hyptr means more) P high concentration of solute outside, less inside ISOTONIC ENVIRONMENT (iso means some) some concentration of solute in and out Po net movement 9, Facilitated Diffusion > Molecules or ions move through channel proteins embedded in the membrone => Diggusion with the help of transport proteins (channel proteins, carrier proteins) cuanne. Bkoren sine» CARRIER Tara eRoTeN ‘Notes by Lynton Bernardo | tyndonbermarclo.com Monet ACtive TransPort =e movement of molecule grem low to high cencentration = enesgy is required —» Adenosine Triphosphate cay ic requi ae 1. lon Pumps Sodium-Potassium Pump Sodium~ions are pumped out oF the cell, potassium iont are pumped into oF is cell © 8 068 aan en aR ° A. Endocytosis > Moves substonces into he cell ia bulk © (nutri) Phagocytosis + (“cell-cating") > taking in solid | feed portickes Pinocytosis ~ (“cell-arinkting") taking in liquid particles Receptor-mediated Endocytosis + taking in cholesterol for membrone, synthesis ond the synthesic of steroids Reverron a em Sac _ 43a}, B. Exocytosis > Moves cubstonces cut the ceil in bulk o’references BOOK SOURCE Urry, L. et. al. (2016). Campbel Biology (11th ed), Boston: Pearson. Olaveria, F, et. al (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High Schoot General Biology 1. Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, ONLINE SOURCE Articles httpi//vww.biology ariz ona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cels/cels@.htrnl https://www.thoughteo.com/cellbiology-373371 bt tpsi//www enotes.com/nomework-help/what-three-parts-cel-theory-348439 ttp://www.housview.com/prokar yote-vs-eukaryote-worksheets/ ttpsi//www.thoughtco.com/animal-cels-vs-plant-cels-373375 https://science howstuf fworks.com/ife/cellular-microscopic /plant-cells-arimal-cellshtm ht tps//sciencing com/explanation-cell-specializ ation-636342 tri ttps://wwwbicexplorer.net/cell-speciaizationhtm/ httpsi//biclogydictionary.net/transport-protein/ ttps://www.ck12.0rg/book/ck-12-biology/section/3.3/ Videos Cell Cycle and Mitosis. https://youtube/xsrHO5OwnlA Meiosis, https://youtube/cShAOWCVig