Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 53 views

    SDH Principles: SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

    Uploaded by

    محمد فاضل
    SDH Principles document discusses the key principles of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) network technology. It describes SDH as providing standardized electrical and optical interfaces, multiplexing methods using basic rate STM-1 and higher multiples, and abundant overhead bytes for network monitoring and maintenance. The document outlines the SDH frame structure including information payload, section overhead, and pointer, as well as the SDH multiplexing structure and rates including STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, and STM-64.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    SDH Principles: SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

    Uploaded by

    محمد فاضل
    53 views6 pages
    SDH Principles document discusses the key principles of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) network technology. It describes SDH as providing standardized electrical and optical interfaces, multiplexing methods using basic rate STM-1 and higher multiples, and abundant overhead bytes for network monitoring and maintenance. The document outlines the SDH frame structure including information payload, section overhead, and pointer, as well as the SDH multiplexing structure and rates including STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, and STM-64.

    Original Title

    SDH Principles

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    SDH Principles document discusses the key principles of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) network technology. It describes SDH as providing standardized electrical and optical interfaces, multiplexing methods using basic rate STM-1 and higher multiples, and abundant overhead bytes for network monitoring and maintenance. The document outlines the SDH frame structure including information payload, section overhead, and pointer, as well as the SDH multiplexing structure and rates including STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, and STM-64.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    53 views6 pages

    SDH Principles: SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

    Uploaded by

    محمد فاضل
    SDH Principles document discusses the key principles of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) network technology. It describes SDH as providing standardized electrical and optical interfaces, multiplexing methods using basic rate STM-1 and higher multiples, and abundant overhead bytes for network monitoring and maintenance. The document outlines the SDH frame structure including information payload, section overhead, and pointer, as well as the SDH multiplexing structure and rates including STM-1, STM-4, STM-16, and STM-64.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 6

    SDH Principles

    Created: Aug 13, 2019 04:16:55Latest reply: Aug 6, 2020 01:38:20  1771  3  2  1


    View the author #1
    SDH : Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

    Advantages of SDH

    1. Interfaces
     Electrical interfaces:-Can be connected to all existing PDH signals.
     Optical interfaces:-Can be connected to multiple vendors’ optical
    transmission equipment.

    2. Multiplexing methods
     Basic rate is STM-1, other rates are multiples of the basic rate

    3.OAM function
     Abundant overheads bytes for automation, network monitoring and
    maintenance

    4. Compatibility 
     Working with all kinds of signals like PDH, SDH, ATM & FDDI 

    From ITU-T G.707:


     STM-1 is the basic transmission format
     One frame lasts for 125 microseconds (8000 frames/s)
     Rectangular block structure 9 rows and 270 columns
     Each unit is one byte (8 bits)
     Transmission mode: Byte by byte, row by row, from left to right, from top
    to bottom

    SDH Frame Structure has 3 parts:


    1. Information Payload
    2. Section Overhead
    3. Pointer
    Information Payload
     Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4)
     Used to transport low speed tributary signals
     Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH)
     Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270

    Section Overhead
    Pointer

    SDH Multiplexing Structure

    1. Mapping
     A process used when tributaries are adapted into VCs by adding
    justification bits and POH information
    2. Aligning
     This process takes place when a pointer is included in a Tributary Unit
    (TU)or an Administrative Unit (AU), to allow the 1st byte of the VC to be
    located
    3. Multiplexing
     This process is used when multiple low-order path signals are adapted
    into a higher-order path signal, or when high-order path signals are
    adapted into a Multiplex Section
    4. Stuffing
     As the tributary signals are multiplexed and aligned, some spare capacity
    has been designed into the SDH frame to provide enough space for all
    various tributary rates.Therefore, at certain points in the multiplexing
    hierarchy, this space capacity is filled with “fixed stuffing” bits that carry no
    information, but are required to fill up the particular frame

     TUG = Tributary Unit Group


     AUG = Administrative Unit Group
     STM = Synchronous Transfer Module

    SDH Rates:

     STM-1 = 155.520 Mbit/s


     STM-4 = 622.080 Mbit/s
     STM-16 = 2,488.320 Mbit/s (~2.5 Gbit/s)
     STM-64 = 9,953.280 Mbit/s (~10 Gbit/s)
    Composition 2 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s
    1x VC-4 0 0 1
    3x VC-3 0 3 0
    42xVC-12 + 1xVC-3 42 1 0
    ‫‪63xVC-12‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
    ‫‪ #CDCF‬وهي ‪ optical Transmission‬ن اهم التكنولوجيا في عالم ال‬
    ‫‪ CDCF‬يعني ايه‬
    ‫دي عباره عن ‪ ٤‬حاجات هدفهم عمل تحسين لشبكه الترانسميشن اوبتيكال‬
    ‫وهم‬
    ‫‪Colorless‬‬
    ‫‪Directionless‬‬
    ‫‪Contentionless‬‬
    ‫‪Flex grid‬‬
    ‫‪ Roadm‬الحاجات دي بتشتغل علي ال‬
    ‫‪ optical Network elements‬احد اهم ال ‪ Roadm‬ال‬
    ‫‪ wavelengths‬لل ‪ multiplexer‬عباره عن‬
    ‫‪ reconfigurable‬بيتميز انه‬
    ‫وتحديد مسارات للترافيك ‪ configuration‬بمعني انه يمكن‪ J‬التحكم فيه عن بعد وعمل ال‬
    ‫‪ #colorless‬بالنسبه لكلمه‬
    ‫‪ wavelength‬اي ‪ color‬هيكون قادر علي استقبال‪ J‬أي ‪ Roadm‬معناها ام اي بورت في ال‬
    ‫معينه وبالتالي ‪ colors‬وكانت قادره علي التعامل‪ J‬مع ‪ add , drop ports‬اسمها ‪ multiplexer‬قديما كان‪ J‬بورت ال‬
    ‫تغيير التردد يحتاج تروح السنترال‬
    ‫‪ #Directionless‬بالنسبه لكلمه‬
    ‫قادر علي تمرير للترافيك في أي مسار بغض النظر عن التوصيالت ‪ multiplexer‬اصبح ال‬
    ‫‪ wavelength‬وبكده اصبح مش الزم اروح السايت علشان اغير مسار اي‬
    ‫‪ #contentionless‬بالنسبه لكلمه‬
    ‫بدون ‪ multiplexer‬من نفس ال ‪ color , wavelength‬معناها ان بقا عندك القابلية انك تدخل وتخرج نفس التردد‬
    ‫‪ interference‬حدوث‬
    ‫‪ #flexGrid‬بالنسبه لكلمه‬
    ‫‪ More flexible‬تتقسم بشكل ‪ channel spacing‬معناها‪ J‬ان اصبح ال‬
    ‫علشان‪ J‬تتناسب مع ارسال واستقبال اي سرعات‪ J‬من الداتا بأس أحجام‬
    ‫‪ fixed channel spacing‬بدال من استخدام‬
    ‫ ل‬optical doctor ‫ عباره عن‬software ‫ بيستخدم في اداره شبكات ال‬optical Transmission ⁦ ⁩
    ‫ ال‬system ‫ ده عملته‬Huawei
    ‫ ليه اهداف اساسيه ذي اهمهم قياس ال‬OSNR
    ‫ عن‬J‫ ودي عباره‬optical signal to noise ratio
    ‫ قيمه مهمه جدا بتستخدم في قياس ال‬signal strength and quality
    OSNR = signal Power / noise power
    ‫ بيعمل‬J‫ وكمان‬Power measurements ‫ علي مستوي كل‬channel
    ‫ ويقدر يعمل‬power flatness ‫ يعني يضمن أن قيم ال‬power ‫ متساويه لكل ال‬wavelengths
    ‫ لما بيظهر اي مشكلة في ال‬power ‫ بيبدا يعمل‬power value optimization
    ‫بيتكون من جزءين وهم‬
    Hardware
    Software
    ‫ ال‬hardware ‫ هدفه قياس قيم ال‬signal power , noise power , BER
    ‫ ال‬software ‫ بين ال‬J‫ هدفه عمل مقارنه‬current value ‫ وال‬threshold ‫ وعمل ال‬reporting ‫وإظهار ال‬
    graphical relationship ‫ بين القيم كلها لل‬user
    ‫ بالنسبه لل‬HW ‫ بتكون مجموعه من الكروت اللي راكبه في ال‬shelf
    ‫ ال‬shelf ‫ الزم يكون‬Huawei ‫ وبيشتغل‬DWDM ً‫ذي مثال‬
    OSN 1800 , 3800 , 6800 , 8800 , 9800
    ‫الكروت بتكون‬
    Optical transponder
    Optical amplifiers
    Spectrum analyzer
    ‫ طريقه عمل ال‬optical doctor system ‫بتكون كاالتي‬
    ‫ المهندس بيدخل يعمل ال‬configuration ‫ الخاصه بال‬optical doctor
    ‫ بعدها يبدا ال‬software ‫ الخاص بال‬tool ‫ دي يبعت ال‬configuration commands ‫ لل‬hardware
    ‫ بعدها يبدا يشتغل ويقيس ال‬power values ‫ ويعمل ال‬signal analysis
    ‫ بعدها يبدا يبعت ال‬measument ‫ ويعمل‬reporting ‫ اذا في أي‬alarms ‫ ناتجه عن‬OSNR , power flatness ,
    noise , bit error
    ‫ ويبدا يعمل‬channel optimization

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy