Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Causes of Other Related
Geological Hazards
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Causes of Other Related Geological Hazards
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Hazel Ann S. Llamas
Editors: Anne Marielle R. Del Mundo and Vanessa A. Bautista
Reviewers: Reviewers: Dolorosa S. De Castro
Cristeta M. Arcos
Richard Brian L. Tutor
Illustrator: Leumel M. Cadapan
Ronan DC Vergara
Layout Artist: Leumel M. Cadapan
Maria Elinor F. Hemedes
Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral, Regional Director
Job S. Zape Jr., CLMD Chief
Elaine T. Balaogan, Regional ADM Coordinator
Rosemarie D. Torres, Schools Division Superintendent
Ernesto D. Lindo, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Dolorosa S. De Castro, CID Chief
Cristeta M. Arcos, EPS In-charge of LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
E-mail Address: region4a@deped.gov.ph
Disaster Readiness and
Risk Reduction
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Causes of Other Related
Geological Hazards
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Grade 11/12 Alternative
Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Causes of Other Related Geological Hazards.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

ii
For the learner:

Welcome to the Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction 11/12 Alternative Delivery
Mode (ADM) Module on Causes of Other Related Geological Hazards!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

iii
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Other Related Geologic Hazards. The scope of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The Module is intended to equip you with knowledge concerning causes of geological
hazards.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define the causes of a landslide and a sinkhole.
2. Explain the causes of a landslide and a sinkhole
3. Accurately conclude the causes and their respective geological
hazard outcome.
4. Appreciate the importance of knowing the causes of different
geological hazards.
 What I Know

From the previous module, students are already knowledgeable about landslide and
sinkholes and their different types. This module will tackle the possible series of
events that may cause these geological hazards that pose a threat to human lives
and property aside from heavy rainfall.

Read each item comprehensively and write the letter of the correct answer on
extra sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is not a natural cause of landslides?
a. climate
b. erosion
c. weathering
d. cross cutting

2. When there is a significant upsurge in precipitation it would cause a/an ______

in the level of ground water.
a. decrease
b. increase
c. insignificant
d. stable

3. Which of the following is responsible for saturating the soil with water which
causes landslides?
a. climate c. sunlight
b. erosion d. weathering

4. These are tectonic plate movements that cause the soil covering in steep slopes
to slip leading to landslides.
a. climate c. sunlight
b. earthquake d. weathering

5. Which of the following is a natural procedure of rock deterioration that weakens

the landslide-susceptible materials?
a. climate c. sunlight
b. erosion d. weathering
6. Which of the following is a natural cause of landslide?
a. clear cutting c. cultivation
b. mining d. liquefaction

7. Which of the following is a factor that affects the stability of the slope?
a. wind speed c. light intensity
b. heat change d. soil nutrients
8. Which of the following is not an effect of landslides?
a. earthquake c. death
b. tsunami d. depopulation

9. Which of the following pertain to vibrations that weaken soil due to blasting
technique?
a. clear cutting c. gravity
b. earthquake d. mining

10. Which of the following can cause dissolution sinkholes?

a. exposed carbonate rock c. narrowing wetlands
b. dissolved igneous rock d. wilted vegetation

11. Ground water pumping is an artificial cause of sinkholes, how does it

contribute to the formation of a sinkhole?
a. It transfers the water upward.
b. It dissolves acidic water to the soil.
c. It creates new water diversion systems.
d. It carries the water further downstream.

12. Which of the following is not an effect of frequent submersion of soil in water?
a. curving
b. weakened soil
c. formation of spaces
d. shriveled soil particles

13. Which of the following statement/s is true about how does a forest fire cause a
landslide?
I. it makes the soil water-resistant
II. it burns resin, oil, fat stored in vegetation
III. it strengthens the adhesiveness of the soil
IV. it increases runoff
I, II, IV only
I, II, III only
both I and II only
both III and IV only

14. Which of the following is/are true about how a volcanic eruption trigger a
landslide?

I. it attracts rain clouds

II. by altering minerals to clay
III. volcanic gas dissolved in groundwater weakens rock
IV. vibrations loosen the soil surrounding the volcano
I, II, IV only
II and III only
II, III, IV only
I, II, III, and IV
15. Which of the following is true about the relationship of gravity to landslides?
I. steeper slope can trigger massive landslide
II. steep slope means faster landslide
III. steep slope means nearer landslide debris
IV. steeper slope can cause more viscous landslide

a. I only b. II only
c. III only d. IV only

Lesson

2 Causes of Geologic Hazards

Geologic hazards pose a threat to humans and properties alike. The different types
of geologic hazards were discussed in the previous module. How these actually occur
is also discussed in the previous lesson.

In this module we’re about to discuss the possible causes of these geologic hazards
in order to be prepared for possible threats.

What’s In

Activity 1: Determine if the illustration is a landslides or a sinkhole and determine

its type. Choose from the spool of words inside the box below.

Avalanche Debris flow Rock fall

Cover collapse Dissolution Slumping
Cover-subsidence Lateral spread Soil creep

1.
5.
 6.

2.
3. 7.

4.
 What’s New

Activity 2: Essay. Recall a specific place where you have seen and
encountered a landslide or a sinkhole. Construct a brief essay about it.
Include in your essay the following details:
1. What geologic hazard have you seen?
2. Describe what you saw and explain why that place is vulnerable to
landslides or sinkholes.
3. What effects might it cause if it happens?

In case you have no experience in seeing such geologic hazard, you may interview
someone in your household or community who has seen or encountered a landslide
or sinkhole.
Criteria 4 3 2 1 TOTAL
SCORE
Focus All information Most of the Some of the Very little of
is distinct and information information the
focused on the is distinct is relevant to information
topic. and focused the topic. is focused on
on the topic. the topic.
Organization With One or two Inconsistent No evident
exceptional of the arrangement arrangement
arrangement of content is in of content of ideas.
content and logical order with no
subtle with some transition.
transitions. evidence of
transition.
Required The essay All required All but 1 are Several
Elements includes elements are included on required
required included on the essay elements are
elements as the essay missing
well as
additional
information
from their
personal
perspective.
Content All content is Most of the Some of the Very little of
strongly information content the content is
interconnected is limited with relevant to
and developed sufficiently inadequate the topic.
with adequate developed elaboration
explanation. and oft eh
explained explanation
adequately.
 What is It

There are different causes of landslide and sinkhole. Any of the triggers are
only caused by a triggering element. A landslide can be caused by a natural or
mechanical factor / human. Natural causes of landslides can be due to Climate,
Earthquakes, Weathering, Flooding, Volcanic Activity, Forest Fires and Gravity while
Humans triggered landslides triggered by mining or clear cutting of trees.

In this lesson, we will discuss the causes of geological hazards such as

landslides and sinkholes. Types of landslide will also be addressed with you so that
you will be able to determine the various effects of rainfall-induced landslides and so
that you will be able to determine the soil or soil response in such a situation. It is
crucial that you know the various cause of landslide so that you can also process the
interaction of these causes with each other in mind.

CAUSES OF GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

 LANDSLIDE
NATURAL CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES
– Climate
Long-term climatic changes can significantly impact soil stability. A
general reduction in precipitation leads to lowering of water table and
reduction in overall weight of soil mass, reduced solution of materials
and less powerful freeze-thaw activity. A significant upsurge in
precipitation or ground saturation would dramatically increase the level
of ground water. When sloped areas are completely saturated with
water, landslides can occur. If there is absence of mechanical root
support, the soils start to run off.

– Earthquakes
Seismic activities have, for a long time, contributed to landslides across
the globe. Any moment tectonic plates move, the soil covering them also
moves along. When earthquakes strike areas with steep slopes, on
numerous occasion, the soil slips leading to landslides In addition,
ashen debris flows instigated by earthquakes could also cause mass
soil movement.

– Weathering
It is the natural procedure of rock deterioration that leads to weak,
landslide-susceptive materials. It is brought about by the chemical
action of water, air, plants and bacteria. When the rocks are weak
enough, they slip away causing landslides.
– Erosion
Erosion caused by sporadic running water such as streams, rivers,
wind, currents, ice and waves wipes out latent and lateral slope support
enabling landslides to occur easily.

– Volcanic eruption
If an eruption occurs in a wet condition, the soil will start to move
downhill instigating a landslide. Stratovolcano is a typical example of
volcano responsible for most landslides across the globe. Volcanic gases
partially dissolve in groundwater which turns into acidic hydrothermal
systems that weakens rock by altering minerals to clay.

– Forest fires
Burns vegetation that holds soil in place. Since it takes time for
vegetation to re-establish on steep slopes, the risk of landslides prevails
or up to 20 years in dry climates. Wildfire removes the protective ability
of vegetation which increases runoff, erosion, and debris flow because
the water cannot penetrate through the soil thus carrying the debris
downslope. burrowing insects also play a role by aerating the soil
destabilizing it during a wildfire because they tend to seek for cooler
soil to survive.

– Gravity
Steeper slopes coupled with gravitational force can trigger a massive
landslide. Steeper slopes can also cause the debris to move farther from
the foot of the area.

HUMAN CAUSES OF LANDSLIDES

– Mining
Mining activities that utilize blasting techniques contribute mightily to
landslides. Vibrations emanating from the blasts can weaken soils in
other areas susceptible to landslides. The weakening of soil means a
landslide can occur anytime. Earthwork alters the shape of a slope,
imposing new loads on an existing slope.

– Clear cutting
Clear cutting is a technique of timber harvesting that eliminates all old
trees from the area. This technique is dangerous since it decimates the
existing mechanical root structure of the area. It changes the amount
of water infiltrating the soil.
 Rainfall-Induced landslides are the most common and
widespread damaging landslides in the Philippines, with an average of
20 typhoons each year due to prolonged or heavy rainfall. Most rainfall-
induced landslides are shallow (less than a few meters deep), thin, and
move quickly.

Rainfall can be a cause for landslides, but soil conditions are also
very critical. Researchers wanted to take into account a number of
variables, including weather type, soil type and land-cover
characteristics. However, there was no single source for the data they
needed.

The features of precipitation occurrences, including the

accumulated volume of rainfall, length and severity, and the slope of
the terrain show the greatest effect on the stability of the slope and the
rate of occurrence of landslides and debris. In addition, the
precipitation-induced landslide depends on the type of land covered and
the type of soil. In short, the cause of rainfall-induced landslides still
rely on the factors mentioned.

Types of Landslide

1. Soil Creep Landslide is a very slow downslope movement of

particles that occurs in every slope covered with loose, weathered
material (Britannica dictionary).

The level of creep induced by one rainfall has a strong

association with the amount of rainfall and changes in soil
moisture. For the valley-head slope, the dirt creeps down and
accumulates a hollow portion of the head at the bottom of the
bottleneck, under which the dirt is compressed and forms a wave-
shaped soil.

2. Slumping Landslide is a
downward movement of rock debris,
usually the consequence of removal
of buttressing earth at the foot of a
slope of unconsolidated material
(Britannica dictionary).
3. Debris Flow Landslide happens
when the slope becomes saturated
with water, this then triggers a
landslide of water-soaked mass of
rock and soil that slides down the
slope.

Colluvial landslide in a debris flow valley is a common

occurrence that is quickly caused by rainfall. The direct
destructiveness of this type of landslide is limited, but if failure occurs,
the resultant blockage of the channel can lead to a series of magnified
secondary hazards. For this cause, it is important to explore the
possible response of this type of landslide to rainfall.

4. Rock Fall landslides are sudden slides

caused by heavy rain the rock on the slope loosens
and then slides down the slope.
 SINKHOLE
NATURAL CAUSES OF SINKHOLE
– Dissolution of sedimentary rocks
 Sinkholes occur when sedimentary rocks are dissolved. When these
rocks are dissolved, it can either form a void of water or air. A void
filled with air forma a hole and a void filled with underground water
makes a lake or a pond. Sinkholes can be in the form of holes or
depressions on the ground.

HUMAN CAUSES OF SINKHOLE

– Underground water pumping
 Pumping water underneath the ground causes drainage to alter
their flow which causes the soil to be eroded by water. Broken pipes
underneath the ground can also cause internal erosion making a
void underneath the ground. Altering drainage systems cause water
to branch into other routes where there is soluble rock can cause
erosion through the flow of water.

Types of Sinkholes
- Different types of sinkholes are made by various causes.

1. Cover Collapse Sinkhole

Develop abruptly (over a period of

hours) and thus cause catastrophic
damages. They occur where the
covering sediments contain a
significant amount of clay. Over
time, surface drainage, erosion, and
deposition of sinkhole into a
shallower bowl-shaped depression

2. Cover Subsidence Sinkhole

Develop gradually where the

covering sediments are permeable
and contain sand. In areas where
cover material is thicker or
sediments contain more clay,
cover-subsidence sinkholes are
relatively uncommon and
therefore may not be seen
frequently. They are smaller and
thus may go undetected for long
periods.
3. Dissolution Sinkhole
Occur in areas where
limestone is exposed at
land surface or also is
covered by thin layers of
soil and permeable sand.
Dissolution of the
limestone or dolomite is
most intensive where the
water first contacts the rock surface. Aggressive dissolution also occurs where
flow is focused in pre-existing openings in the rock, such as along joints,
fractures, and bedding planes, and in the zone of water-table fluctuation
where groundwater is in contact with the atmosphere. Solution sinkholes are
generally small in size and also slow to develop.

4.Artificial Sinkhole
These types of sinkholes can be caused by various human activities, including
groundwater pumping and construction activities. However, the most common
activities that result in artificial sinkholes are mining, drilling, considerable
changes in weight, as well as a tremendous increase in water flow, such as a
construction of an artificial pond.
 What’s More

Activity 3: Word Hunt

Find eleven causes of landslides in the pool of letters below. Encircle your answer.

M W P Y M S G W I H V P L B J V
K I A O L I R D E E O O E H O N
E N N U U O A S T A B O N L G A
E N M I N B V O A G K G C N O N
L E E G N T I Y M I F A M O K O
I R S L J G T K I D N E S I A I
M K W A I U Y U L I G R F S D T
S A E B L R P A C K X D E O A U
T T A A E Y K E O F S O M R Y L
S E T W E A R T H Q U A K E C O
U H H S I U I K L S Z S T W I S
J S E L P U M P I N G G A I Q S
T G R T O P W E T I L U Y K A I
N O I T A T S E R O F E D R V D
V O N G G A I N D P U T F U T V
N K G I S P E R I F T S E R O F

Categorize the words that you found into Natural and Human Causes of Geologic
Hazard:

Natural Causes Human Causes

 What I Have Learned

Activity 4. Complete the following sentences.

Landslide and sinkholes are both geological hazards but are distinctly different.
Complete the following paragraphs based on what you have learned in the lecture.

Rubrics: 10 points for each paragraph. The student will be given 1 point for the first
two lines, 2 points the third line, and 3 points for the last two lines of the paragraph.

Landslide
I have learned that causes of landslides can either be __________ or ___________. Their
effect to the environment and people is/ are _________________________. These are
cause by ______________________________________________ and intensify the
occurrence of landslides by _____________________________________.

Sinkhole
I have learned that causes of sinkhole can either be __________ or ___________. Their
effect to the environment and people is/ are _________________________. These are
caused by _____________________________________________ and intensify the
occurrence of sinkhole by _____________________________________.

What I Can Do

Activity 5:
Read the article “The 17 February 2006 rock slide-debris avalanche at Guinsaugon,
Philippines: a synthesis” by Guthrie et. al.. A copy of the article is attached in the
end part of this module. Write notes describing the event and the conditions that
have led to its occurrence. Construct a reflection paper regarding the article. Your
paper should include the following:
1. Summarized version of your notes including details.
2. Explanation of your point of view regarding the article.
3. Relationship between the possible causes of the event.
 Criteria’s 4 3 2 1 TOTAL
SCOR
E
Focus All Most of the Some of the Very little of
information is informatio information the
distinct and n is is relevant information
focused on distinct to the topic. is focused
the topic. and on the topic.
focused on
the topic.
Organizatio With One or two Inconsistent No evident
n exceptional of the arrangemen arrangemen
arrangement content is t of content t of ideas.
of content and in logical with no
subtle order with transition.
transitions. some
evidence of
transition.
Required The essay All All but 1 are Several
Elements includes required included on required
required elements the essay elements
elements as are are missing
well as included
additional on the
information essay
from their
personal
perspective.
Content All content is Most of the Some of the Very little of
strongly informatio content the content
interconnecte n is limited with is relevant
d and sufficiently inadequate to the topic.
developed developed elaboration
with adequate and oft eh
explanation. explained explanation
adequately
.

Assessment

Post Test

Direction: Read each item comprehensively and write the letter of the correct
answer on extra sheet of paper.
1. Ground water pumping is an artificial cause of sinkholes, how does it contribute
to the formation of a sinkhole?
a. It transfers the water upward.

b. It dissolves acidic water to the soil.

c. It creates new water diversion systems.

d. It carries the water further downstream.

2. Which of the following is not an effect of frequent submersion of soil in water?

a. curving

b. weakened soil

c. formation of spaces
d. shriveled soil particles

3. Which of the following statement/s is true about how does a forest fire cause a
landslide?

I. it makes the soil water-resistant

II. it burns resin, oil, fat stored in vegetation

III. it strengthens the adhesiveness of the soil

IV. it increases runoff

a. I, II, IV only
b. I, II, III only
c. both I and II only
d. both III and IV only

4. Which of the following is/are true about how a volcanic eruption trigger a
landslide?

I. it attracts rain clouds

II. by altering minerals to clay

III. volcanic gas dissolved in groundwater weakens rock

IV. vibrations loosen the soil surrounding the volcano

a. I, II, IV only
b. II and III only
c. II, III, IV only
d. I, II, III, and IV
5. Which of the following is true about the relationship of gravity to landslides?
I. steeper slope can trigger massive landslide

II. steep slope means faster landslide

III. steep slope means nearer landslide debris

IV. steeper slope can cause more viscous landslide

a. I only b. II only
c. III only d. IV only

6. Which of the following is a natural cause of landslide?

a. clear cutting
b. mining

c. cultivation
d. liquefaction

7. Which of the following is a factor that affects the stability of the slope?
a. wind speed

b. heat change

c. light intensity
d. soil nutrients

8. Which of the following is not an effect of landslides?

a. earthquake

b. tsunami
c. death

d. depopulation

9. Which of the following pertain to vibrations that weaken soil due to blasting
technique?
a. clear cutting
 b. earthquake

c. gravity
d. mining

10. Which of the following can cause dissolution sinkholes?

a. exposed carbonate rock

b. dissolved igneous rock

c. narrowing wetlands
d. wilted vegetation

11. Which of the following is not a natural cause of landslides?

a. climate c. erosion

b. cross cutting d. weathering

12. When there is a significant upsurge in precipitation it would cause

a/an ______ in the level of ground water.

a. decrease c. insignificant

b. increase d. stable

13. Which of the following is responsible for saturating the soil with water which
causes landslides?

a. climate c. sunlight

b. erosion d. weathering
14. These are tectonic plate movements that cause the soil covering in steep slopes
to slip leading to landslides.

a. climate c. sunlight
b. earthquake d. weathering

15. Which of the following is a natural procedure of rock deterioration that weakens
the landslide-susceptible materials?
a. climate c. sunlight

b. erosion d. weathering
 Additional Activities

Enrichment Activity

Since plant roots hold water and help prevent landslides, grown plants in your
community or household which is vulnerable to landslides. Document your
progress and send a narrative paper to your teacher. The narrative should include
the following:

a. Specific name of the plant and location.

b. Documented pictures of the step by step process. A before, during and
after documentation.

The paper should also answer the following questions:

1. What plant did you grow or replant in your backyard or home?

2. Why did you choose that plant and what are its characteristics that
make it helpful in preventing landslides?
3. Where did you place the plants? What is your basis of placing the
plants in that particular location?
4. What must you do in order for it to be sustainable?

Criteria’s 4 3 2 1 TOTA
L
SCOR
E
Focus All Most of the Some of the Very little of
information information information the
is distinct is distinct is relevant to information
and focused and focused the topic. is focused on
on the topic. on the topic. the topic.
Organizati With One or two of Inconsistent No evident
on exceptional the content arrangement arrangement
arrangement is in logical of content of ideas.
of content order with
 and subtle some with no
transitions. evidence of transition.
transition.
Required The narrative All required All but 1 are Several
Elements includes elements are included on required
required included on the essay elements are
elements as the essay missing
well as
additional
information
from their
personal
perspective.
Content All content is Most of the Some of the Very little of
strongly information content the content
interconnect is sufficiently limited with is relevant to
ed and developed inadequate the topic and
developed and elaboration has no
with explained of the documentati
adequate adequately, explanation on.
explanation with proper with some
supported documentati documentati
with on. on.
documentati
on.
What I Know What's More Assessment
1. B 1. Soil creep 1. C
2. B 2. Dissolution 2. D
3. A 3. Slumping 3. A
4. B 4. Debris flow 4. C
5. D 5. Cover subsidence 5. A
6. D 6. Rock fall 6. D
7. D 7. Cover collapse 7. D
8. A 8. A
9. D 9. D
10. A 10. A
11. C 11. B
12. D 12. B
13. A 13. A
14. C 14. B
15. A 15. D
Answer Key
What’s More
M W P Y M S G W I H V P L B J V
K I A O L I R D E E O O E H O N
E N N U U O A S T A B O N L G A
E N M I N B V O A G K G C N O N
L E E G N T I Y M I F A M O K O
I R S L J G T K I D N E S I A I
M K W A I U Y U L I G R F S D T
S A E B L R P A C K X D E O A U
T T A A E Y K E O F S O M R Y L
S E T W E A R T H Q U A K E C O
U H H S I U I K L S Z S T W I S
J S E L P U M P I N G G A I Q S
T G R T O P W E T I L U Y K A I
N O I T A T S E R O F E D R V D
V O N G G A I N D P U T F U T V
N K G I S P E R I F T S E R O F
Natural Causes Human Causes
Forest Fire Mining
Climate Deforestation
Earthquake Pumping
Weathering
Erosion
Volcanic Eruption
Gravity
Dissolution
References

210 Lab #2. Accessed July 1, 2020.

http://classes.colgate.edu/bselleck/geol210/lab2/slump.htm.

“24 Shocking Before-After Photos You Won't Believe Are Real: Natural
Disasters, Geology, Before after Photo.” Pinterest. Accessed July 1, 2020.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/232568768230237588/.

(n.d.). Retrieved July 03, 2020, from https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/cover-subsidence-

type-sinkholes

Allen, C., Aurelio, M., MA. Aurelio, E., E. Barrier, P., MLP. Bautista, K., SG. Catane, H., . .
. Y. Yamanaka, H. (1962, January 01). The 17 February 2006 rock slide-debris
avalanche at Guinsaugon Philippines: A synthesis. Retrieved July 03, 2020, from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10064-009-0205-2

Cover Subsidence Sinkhole Graphic. (n.d.). Retrieved July 03, 2020, from
http://www.geohazardsinc.com/are-there-different-types-of-sinkholes/cover-
subsidence-sinkhole-graphic/

“Landslides Warning Sign Vector Images (over 180).” VectorStock. Accessed

July 1, 2020. https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-
vectors/landslides-warning-sign-vectors

“Traffic Sign Landslide Warning Sign Rock, Rock, Angle, Text, Triangle Png.”
PNGWing. Accessed July 1, 2020. https://www.pngwing.com/en/free-
png-xmgit.

Maynard, Barry. “Landslide Types-Creep.” Flickr. Yahoo!, December 2, 2008.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/fenneman/3076572501.

Landslides. (n.d.). Retrieved July 01, 2020, from

https://www.klamathcounty.org/812/Landslides

Landslides - All the different Kinds: Landslide, Diagram, Geology. (n.d.).

Retrieved July 01, 2020, from
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/394768723579480675/
Randazzo, D. (2018, March 06). Are There Different Types of Sinkholes? Retrieved July 03,
2020, from http://www.geohazardsinc.com/are-there-different-types-of-sinkholes/

Villamor S. Quebral, Ed.D., ”Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction”, Lorimar

Publishing Inc.,2016, pp58-71