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Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2.
Bar and Beam Elements
FE Analysis of Frame Structures

Members in a frame are considered to be rigidly connected.
Both forces and moments can be transmitted through their
joints. We need the general beam element (combinations of bar
and simple beam elements) to model frames.
Example 2.8
Y 500 lb/ft
3000 lb 1 2
1
8 ft
E, I, A 2 3
3 4 X
12 ft
Given: E = 30 ×106 psi, I = 65 in.4 , A = 6.8 in.2

Find: Displacements and rotations of the two joints 1 and 2.
Solution:
For this example, we first convert the distributed load to its
equivalent nodal loads.
© 1998 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 68

Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2. Bar and Beam Elements
3000 lb 3000 lb
72000 lb-in.
3000 lb 1 1 2 72000 lb-in.
2 3
3 4
In local coordinate system, the stiffness matrix for a general 2-D

beam element is
ui vi θi uj vj θj
 EA 0 0 −
EA
0 0 
 L L 
 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 
 0 3
0 − 
 L L2 L3 L2 
 0 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI 
0 − 2
k= L2 L L L 
 EA EA 
− L 0 0
L
0 0 
 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 
 0 − 3
− 0 − 2 
 L L2 L3 L 
 0 6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 
0 − 2

 L2 L L L  

Element Connectivity Table

Element Node i (1) Node j (2)
1 1 2
2 3 1
3 4 2
For element 1, we have

u1 v1 θ1 u2 v2 θ2
 1417
. 0 0 − 1417 . 0 0 
 0 0.784 56.4 0 − 0.784 56.4 
 
 0 56.4 5417 0 − 56.4 2708 
k 1 = k 1 ' = 10 × 
4

− 1417. 0 0 1417. 0 0 
 0 − 0.784 − 56.4 0 0.784 − 56.4
 
 0 56.4 2708 0 − 56.4 5417 
For elements 2 and 3, we have the stiffness matrix in local

system,
ui ' vi ' θi ' uj ' vj ' θj '
 212.5 0 0 − 212.5 0 0 
 0 2.65 127 0 − 2.65 127 
 
 0 127 8125 0 − 127 4063 
k 2 ' = k 3 ' = 104 ×  
− 212.5 0 0 212 .5 0 0 
 0 − 2.65 − 127 0 2.65 − 127
 
 0 127 4063 0 − 127 8125 

where i=3, j=1 for element 2 and i=4, j=2 for element 3.
In general, the transformation matrix T is,
l m 0 0 0 0
− m l 0 0 0 0
 
 0 0 1 0 0 0
T= 
 0 0 0 l m 0
 0 0 0 − m l 0
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1
We have
l = 0, m = 1
for both elements 2 and 3. Thus,
0 1 0 0 0 0
− 1 0 0 0 0 0
 
0 0 1 0 0 0
T=
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 − 1 0 0
 
0 0 0 0 0 1
Using the transformation relation,

k = TT k ' T
we obtain the stiffness matrices in the global coordinate system
for elements 2 and 3,

u3 v3 θ3 u1 v1 θ1
 2.65 0 − 127 − 2.65 0 − 127
 0 212.5 0 0 − 212.5 0 
 
− 127 0 8125 127 0 4063 
k 2 = 104 ×  
− 2.65 0 127 2.65 0 127 
 0 − 212.5 0 0 212.5 0 
 
− 127 0 4063 127 0 8125 
and
u4 v4 θ4 u2 v2 θ2
 2.65 0 − 127 − 2.65 0 − 127
 0 212.5 0 0 − 212.5 0 
 
− 127 0 8125 127 0 4063 
k 3 = 10 4 ×  
− 2.65 0 127 2.65 0 127 
 0 − 212.5 0 0 212.5 0 
 
− 127 0 4063 127 0 8125 
Assembling the global FE equation and noticing the following

boundary conditions,
u3 = v3 = θ3 = u4 = v4 = θ4 = 0
F1 X = 3000 lb, F2 X = 0, F1Y = F2Y = − 3000 lb,
M 1 = − 72000 lb ⋅in., M 2 = 72000 lb ⋅in.
we obtain the condensed FE equation,

 144.3 0 127 − 1417 . 0 0 u1 

 0 213.3 56.4 0 − 0.784 56.4 v1 
  
 127 56.4 13542 0 − 56.4 2708 θ1 
4
10 × u 
− .
1417 0 0 144 .3 0 127  2 
 0 − 0.784 − 56.4 0 213.3 − 56.4 v2 
  
 0 56.4 2708 127 − 56.4 13542θ2 
 3000 
 − 3000 
 
− 72000
= 
 0 
 − 3000 
 
 72000 
Solving this, we get
u1   0.092 in. 
v   − 0.00104 in. 
 1  
θ1   − 0.00139 rad 
 =  
u
 2  0.0901 in. 
v2   − 0.0018 in. 
   −5 
θ
 2  − .
388 ×10 rad 
To calculate the reaction forces and moments at the two ends,
we employ the element FE equations for element 2 and element
3. We obtain,

F3 X   − 672.7 lb 
   
 F3Y  =  2210 lb 
 M  60364 lb ⋅in.
 3  
and
F4 X   − 2338 lb 
   
 F4Y  =  3825 lb 
 M  112641 lb ⋅in.
 4  
Check the results:
Draw the free-body diagram of the frame. Equilibrium is
maintained with the calculated forces and moments.
3000 lb 3000 lb
72000 lb-in.
3000 lb
72000 lb-in.
112641 lb-in.
60364 lb-in.
672.7 lb 2338 lb
2210 lb 3825 lb
Read Section 2.7 on page 33.


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Lecture Notes: Introduction to Finite Element Method Chapter 2.

Bar and Beam Elements

FE Analysis of Frame Structures

Given: E = 30 ×106 psi, I = 65 in.4 , A = 6.8 in.2

© 1998 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 68

3000 lb 1 1 2 72000 lb-in.

In local coordinate system, the stiffness matrix for a general 2-D

© 1998 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 69

Element Connectivity Table

For element 1, we have

For elements 2 and 3, we have the stiffness matrix in local

© 1998 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 70

Using the transformation relation,

© 1998 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 71

Assembling the global FE equation and noticing the following

© 1998 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 72

 144.3 0 127 − 1417 . 0 0 u1 

© 1998 Yijun Liu, University of Cincinnati 73

Read Section 2.7 on page 33.

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