Anatomy Midterm Notes

4 REGIONAL CURVATURES IN THE Senile osteoporosis – diminished bone mass
SAGITTAL PLANE due to long standing imbalance between bone

resorption and bone formation
Thoracic and Sacrococcygeal curves – anterior
concavities Bone resorption and bone formation –
essential components of remodeling
Cervical and lumbar curves – posterior
concavities Osteopenia - -1.0
Curve – serves to align the center of the gravity Osteoporosis - -2.5

of the body through the pelvis. S2 vertebra Lordosis - exaggeration of either cervical or
Fetal vertebral column – has only one lumbar curvature (secondary curvature)
continuous anterior cavity More often an accented lumbar curve
VERTEBRAL COLUMN CURVATURES Maybe a severe cervical curvature
Lumbosacral angle – appears at the junction of Lumbar lordosis – caused by increase in weight
the L5 and S1 of the abdominal contents, as with the gravid
After birth – the cervical curvature forms in uterus or large ovarian tumor, or disease such
association with the child raising his head and as Spondylolisthesis
keeping it poised on the vertebral column - Postural compensation for a kyphosis in
st
Toward the end of the 1 year – lumbar curve the thoracic region or disease of the hip
forms in association with the child beginning to joint
sit up and stand upright Scoliosis – lateral deviation of the vertebral
Secondary curves – results in a modification in column, usually including malrotation
the shape of the vertebral bodies and the - Commonly found in thoracic region
intervertebral discs - Caused by poliomyelitis, congenital
ABNORMAL VERTEBRAL COLUMN CURVES hemivertebra
- Common in females, adolescent growth
Kyphosis – severe exaggeration in the thoracic spurt
curvature caused by structural changes in the - Idiopathic
vertebral bodies or intervertebral
VERTEBRAL ARCH
Disease-based kyphosis – crush fracture or
tuberculous, direct trauma Spina Bifida - The dorsal outgrowths from the
vertebral body may fail to fuse in the posterior
Senile kyphosis – osteoporosis and midline, leaving a gap in the vertebral arch of
degeneration of the intervertebral disc one or more adjacent vertebrae.
Potts disease – extraspinal source of infection - Lower thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
- A process of osteomyelitis and arthritis regions.
- Affects anterior aspect - a result of failure of the mesenchyme,
- Common in lower Thoracic and Lumbar which grows in between the neural
vertebrae disc if often spared tube and the surface ectoderm
Types of spina bifida
Spina Bifida Occulta – “hairy patch”
Meningocele – spinal fluid
Myelomeningocele – spinal nerves plus spinal

fluid
VERTEBRAL COLUMN DISLOCATION
Dislocations without fracture occur only in the

cervical region because the obliquely oriented
articular processes of the cervical vertebrae are
not interlocked with one another and permit
significant intervertebral movement
Common Dislocations – 4th and 5th, 6th, cervical

vertebrae, where mobility is greatest
In unilateral dislocations, the inferior articular

process on one side of one vertebra is forced
forward over the anterior margin of the
superior articular process of the vertebra
below.
In the thoracic and lumbar regions, dislocations

can occur only if the vertically aligned and
interlocking articular processes are fractured.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN FRACTURE
Anterior compression fractures of the vertebral

bodies are usually caused by an excessive
flexion Compression type of injury and take
place at the sites of maximum mobility or at
the junction of the mobile and fixed regions of
the column. Interestingly, the body of a
vertebra in such a fracture is crushed, whereas
the strong posterior longitudinal ligament
(which resists flexion) remains intact
segmentally with the veins of the thorax,
abdomen, and pelvis.
Pelvic venous blood enters not only the inferior

vena cava but also the vertebral venous plexus
and, by this route, may also enter the skull.
This is especially likely to occur if the intra-

abdominal pressure is increased.
A rise in pressure on the abdominal and pelvic

veins tends to force the blood backward out of
the abdominal and pelvic cavities into the veins
within the vertebral canal.
NERVE PAIN AND INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA
The intervertebral foramina (IVFs) transmit the

spinal nerves and the small segmental arteries
and veins, all of which are embedded in areolar
tissue
FRACTURE DISLOCATIONS
Fracture dislocations are usually caused by a

combination of a flexion and rotation
Site is usually where maximum mobility occurs,

as in the lumbar region, or at the junction of
the mobile and fixed region of the column, as
in the lower lumbar vertebrae.
Unstable, and the spinal cord is usually

severely damaged or severed, with
accompanying paraplegia.
C1- Jefferson Fracture: Direct Vertical Force
C2- Hangman Fracture: Severe extension injury

of the neck
VERTEBRAL VENOUS PLEXUS AND PROSTATE

CARCINOMA (AND OTHER METASTATIC
DISEASE OF THE SPINE)
The longitudinal, thin-walled, valveless

vertebral venous plexus is a clinically important
structure because it communicates above with
the intracranial venous sinuses and
Boundaries:
Superiorly and inferiorly- pedicles of adjacent

vertebrae
Anteriorly- vertebral body and intervertebral

disc,
Posteriorly- articular processes and the

zygapophyseal joint between them.
At this location, the spinal nerve is vulnerable to

compression, stretching, or edematous forces
produced by abnormalities of the surrounding
structures.
The anulus fibrosus ruptures, and the nucleus
Such factors may give rise to dermatomal pain, pulposus is forced posteriorly (like toothpaste
muscle weakness, and diminished or absent out of a tube)
reflexes.
Stenosis of a cervical IVF would affect the

spinal nerve one number higher than the IVF
itself.
Narrowing of a thoracic or lumbar IVF would

CERVICAL VS LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION
affect the spinal nerve of the same number as
the affected IVF . CERVICAL:
Stenosis of the C6 IVF between the C6 and 7 Cervical disc herniations are less common than
vertebrae would influence the C7 spinal nerve, herniations in the lumbar region.
whereas narrowing of the L4 IVF between the
The most susceptible discs are those between
L4 and 5 vertebrae would affect the L4 spinal
the C5 and 6 or C6 and 7 vertebrae.
nerve.
LUMBAR:
HERNIATED INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
The discs are very effective in resisting

compression forces.
The discs are vulnerable to sudden shocks,

particularly if the vertebral column is flexed
and the disc is undergoing degenerative
changes that favor herniation of the nucleus
pulposus.
Common in transition zones the cervicothoracic

junction and the lumbosacral junction.
Lumbar disc herniations are more common
than cervical disc herniations.
The discs affected most often are those

between the L4 and 5 vertebrae or between
the L5 vertebra and the sacrum
SPINAL CORD INJURIES
Cervical Region
- the large size of the vertebral canal

often result in the spinal cord escaping
severe injury
- Respiration ceases if the lesion occurs
above the segmental origin of the
phrenic nerves (c3, 4, and 5)
Thoracic Region
- Vertebral displacement is often

considerable, and the small size of the
vertebral canal results in severe injury
to the spinal cord
In fracture dislocations in the lumbar region,

two anatomic facts aid the patient.
◦ First, the spinal cord in the adult extends

inferiorly only to the level of about the L1
vertebra.
◦ Second, the large size of the vertebral

canal and the lumbar cistern in this region
gives the roots of the cauda equina ample
room.
Nerve injury may therefore be minimal in

this region.
Injury to the spinal cord can produce partial

or complete loss of function at the level of
the lesion and partial or complete loss of
function of afferent and efferent nerve
tracts below the level of the lesion.

Anatomy Midterm Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Anatomy Midterm Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Anatomy Midterm Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

4 REGIONAL CURVATURES IN THE Senile osteoporosis – diminished bone mass

SAGITTAL PLANE due to long standing imbalance between bone

Curve – serves to align the center of the gravity Osteoporosis - -2.5

Spina Bifida Occulta – “hairy patch”

Meningocele – spinal fluid

Myelomeningocele – spinal nerves plus spinal

VERTEBRAL COLUMN DISLOCATION

Dislocations without fracture occur only in the

Common Dislocations – 4th and 5th, 6th, cervical

In unilateral dislocations, the inferior articular

In the thoracic and lumbar regions, dislocations

VERTEBRAL COLUMN FRACTURE

Anterior compression fractures of the vertebral

Pelvic venous blood enters not only the inferior

This is especially likely to occur if the intra-

A rise in pressure on the abdominal and pelvic

NERVE PAIN AND INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA

The intervertebral foramina (IVFs) transmit the

Fracture dislocations are usually caused by a

Site is usually where maximum mobility occurs,

Unstable, and the spinal cord is usually

C1- Jefferson Fracture: Direct Vertical Force

C2- Hangman Fracture: Severe extension injury

VERTEBRAL VENOUS PLEXUS AND PROSTATE

The longitudinal, thin-walled, valveless

Superiorly and inferiorly- pedicles of adjacent

Anteriorly- vertebral body and intervertebral

Posteriorly- articular processes and the

At this location, the spinal nerve is vulnerable to

Stenosis of a cervical IVF would affect the

Narrowing of a thoracic or lumbar IVF would

The discs are very effective in resisting

The discs are vulnerable to sudden shocks,

Common in transition zones the cervicothoracic

The discs affected most often are those

SPINAL CORD INJURIES

- the large size of the vertebral canal

- Vertebral displacement is often

In fracture dislocations in the lumbar region,

◦ First, the spinal cord in the adult extends

◦ Second, the large size of the vertebral

Nerve injury may therefore be minimal in

Injury to the spinal cord can produce partial

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.