4G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

S.NIVEDITHA
III year BE CSE
(sniveditha23@gmail.com)

ABSTRACT:

Mobile communication is continuously one of the hottest areas that are developing at a booming speed, with advanced techniques
emerging in all the fields of mobile and wireless communications. With this rapid development it is expected that fourth generation
mobile systems will be launched within decades.
4G mobile systems focus on seamlessly integrating the existing wireless technologies. This contrasts with 3G, which merely
focuses on developing new standards and hardware. 4G systems will support comprehensive and personalized services, providing
stable system performance and quality service.
"4G" doesn't just define a standard; it describes an environment where radio access methods will be able to interoperate to
provide communications sessions that can seamlessly "hand-off" between them. More than any other technology, 4G will have a
profound impact on the entire wireless landscape and the total value chain. This paper focuses on the vision of 4G and briefly
explains the technologies and features of 4G.
.
 Introduction: brought the Internet into mobile personal
communications. This was a revolutionary concept
Mobile communications and wireless networks leading to hybrid communications.
are developing at an astounding speed. The approaching  3G is deploying a new system offer multimedia
4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems transmission, global roaming across a cellular or other
are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G single type of wireless network, and bit rates ranging
(third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety from 384 Kbps to several Mbps. Based on intelligent
of new services, from high-quality voice to high- DSP techniques, various multimedia data
definition video to high-data-rate wireless channel. communications services are transmitted by convergent
4G can be defined as MAGIC—Mobile 3G networks. 3G still leaves some unsolved problems
multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, that it does not concern or concerns only partly.
integrated wireless solution, and customized personal The limitations and difficulties of 3G include:
service. 4G is used broadly to include several types of  Limitation of spectrum and its
broadband wireless access communication systems along allocation.
with cellular telephone systems. The 4G systems not only  Difficult to roam across distinct
will support the next generation of mobile service, but service environment in different frequency bands.
also will support the fixed wireless networks.  Lack of end-to-end seamless
transport mechanism spanning a mobile sub-network and
The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and a fixed one.
3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia
broadcasting systems and IP-based one. The 4G communication in today's society and the limitations of
infrastructure consists of a set of various networks using 3G communication service wave the path for 4G mobile
IP (Internet protocol) as a common protocol so that users communication.
are in control because they will be able to choose every
application and environment. 4G mobile data Architecture of 4G:
transmission rates are planned to be up to 20 megabits per
second. One of the most challenging problems
facing deployment of 4G technology is how to
Evaluation: access several different mobile and wireless
networks. There are three possible architectures for
 Traditionally, wireless systems were considered as an 4G.
auxiliary approach that was used in regions where it was • Multimode devices
difficult to build a connection by wire line. • Overlay network
 1G was based on analogy technique and deployed in the • Common access protocol.
1980s. It built the basic structure of mobile
communications and solved many fundamental problems, Multimode devices:
e.g. cellular architecture adopting, multiplexing frequency
band, roaming across domain, non-interrupted This architecture uses a single physical
communication in mobile circumstances, etc. Speech chat terminal with multiple interfaces to access services
was the only service of 1G. on different wireless networks. It may improve call
 2G was based on digital signal processing techniques and completion and expand effective coverage area. It
regarded as a revolution from analogy to digital should also provide reliable wireless coverage in
technology, which has gained tremendous success during case of network, link, or switch failure. The user,
1990s with GSM as the representative. The utilization of device, or network can initiate handoff between
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) cards and support networks. The device itself incorporates most of the
capabilities for a large number of users were 2G’s main additional complexity without requiring wireless
contributions network modification or employing interworking
 2.5G extended the 2G with data service and packet devices. Each network can deploy a database that
switchinods, and it was regarded as 3G services for 2G
networks. Under the same networks with 2G, 2.5G
keeps track of user location, device capabilities,
network conditions, and user preferences.

The handling of quality-of-service (QOS) issues One or more types of satellite-

remains an open research question. based networks might use one protocol
while one or more terrestrial wireless
Overlay network: networks use another protocol.

In this architecture, a user accesses an overlay 4G mobile technologies:

network consisting of several universal access
points. These UAPs in turn select a wireless a) Open Wireless Architecture
network based on availability, QOS (Quality of (OWA)
Service) specifications, and user defined choices. A b) Spectrum-efficient High-speed
UAP performs protocol and frequency translation, wireless mobile transmission
content adaptation, and QOS negotiation-
renegotiation on behalf of users. The overlay a) Open Wireless Architecture (OWA):
network, rather than the user or device, performs
handoffs as the user moves from one UAP to A single system architecture
another. characterized by a horizontal
communication model
providing common platform
to complement different
access technologies in an
optimum way for different
service requirements and
radio environments is called
the converged broadband
wireless platform or open
wireless architecture (OWA).
A UAP stores user, network, and device OWA will be the next storm
information, capabilities, and preferences. Because in wireless communications,
UAPs can keep track of the various resources a fueled by many emerging
caller uses, this architecture supports single billing technologies including digital
and subscription. signal processing, software-
Common access protocol: definable radio, intelligent
antennas, superconductor
This protocol becomes viable if wireless devices, as well as digital
networks can support one or two standard access transceivers.
protocols. One possible solution, which will require
inter working between different networks, uses
wireless asynchronous transfer mode. To
implement wireless ATM, every wireless network The open wireless platform requires:
must allow transmission of ATM cells with
additional headers or wireless ATM cells requiring  Area and power-efficient broadband signal
changes in the wireless networks. processing for wideband wireless
applications
 Highest industry channel density (MOPS the transmitter breaks up packets received
pooling) in flexible new BTS signal from higher layers into smaller sub-
processing architectures packets, which are transmitted
 BTS solutions scalable to higher clock sequentially. If a sub-packet is received
rates and higher network capacity incorrectly, the transmitter is requested to
 Waveform-specific processors provides retransmit it. ARQ can be seen as a
new architecture for platform reuse in mechanism for introducing time-diversity
terminals for multiservice capability into the system due to its capability to
 Terminal solutions achieve highest recover from noise, interference, and
computational efficiency for application fades.
with high flexibility
 Powerful layered software architecture Hybrid ARQ self-optimizes and
using virtual machine programming adjusts automatically to channel
concept. conditions without requiring frequent or
highly accurate C/I measurements: 1) adds
Depending on the requirements redundancy only when needed; 2) receiver
following Open Wireless Platform saves failed transmission attempts to help
Architectures are developed. future decoding; 3) every transmission
helps to increase the packet success
Adaptive Modulation and Coding probability.
(AMC):

The principle of AMC is to Space-Time Coding and MIMO

change the modulation and coding format (Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output):
(transport format) in accordance with
instantaneous variations in the channel Increasing demand for high
conditions, subject to system restrictions. performance 4G broadband wireless
AMC extends the systems ability to adapt mobile calls for use of multiple antennas
to good channel conditions. Channel at both base station and subscriber ends.
conditions should be estimated based on Multiple antenna technologies enable high
feedback from the receiver. For a system capacities suited for Internet and
with AMC,users close to the cell site are multimedia services and also dramatically
typically assigned higher order modulation increase range and reliability. The
with higher code rates. On the other hand, challenge for wireless broadband access
users close to the cell boundary are lies in providing a comparable quality of
assigned lower order modulation with service for similar cost as competing
lower code rates. AMC allows different wireline technologies.
data rates to be assigned to different users
depending on their channel conditions.

Adaptive Hybrid ARQ:

A successful broadband
wireless system must have an efficient co-
designed medium access control (MAC)
layer for reliable link performance over
the lossy wireless channel. The
corresponding MAC is designed so that
the TCP/IP layer sees a high quality link
that it expects. This is achieved by an
automatic retransmission and
fragmentation mechanism (ARQ), wherein
 The target frequency band for  Frequency selectivity caused by multipath
this system is 2 to 5 GHz due to favorable improves the rank distribution of the
propagation characteristics and low radio- channel matrices across frequency tones,
frequency (RF) equipment cost. The thereby increasing capacity.
broadband channel is typically non-LOS
channel and includes impairments such as Open Backbone Network Access
time-selective fading and frequency- Platform:
selective fading.
Advantages: In recent years, access aggregation
technologies have been developed that
 Spatial diversity and coding gains for allow a common access and transport
large link budget gains (>10 dB). network to bear the traffic of subscribers
 It Increases data rates due to multiple from multiple service providers.
transmit and receive antennas. Separating access and transport from
 It Increases base station-to-user capacity. service accomplishes two points:
 Cost is scalable with performance.
 It eliminates the burden of building out an
Disadvantage: access network, reducing the barrier to
entry for new service providers and
Multiple antennas at the transmitter improving the growth potential for
and receiver provide diversity in a fading existing service providers.
environment. By employing multiple
antennas, multiple spatial channels are  It promotes technical and business
created and it is unlikely all the channels efficiencies for access and transport
will fade simultaneously. enterprises due to economies of scale and
the ability to resell that access
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division infrastructure to multiple service
Multiplexing): providers.

OFDM is chosen over a single New systems provide end-to-end

carrier solution due to lower complexity of direct IP connections for users by
equalizers for high delay spread channels extending access aggregation architectures
or high data rates. A broadband signal is to mobile broadband access. Network and
broken down into multiple narrowband service providers can leverage existing
carriers (tones), where each carrier is more equipment, tool and content bases to
robust to multi path. In order to maintain support mobile broadband end users, while
orthogonality amongst tones, a cyclic the end users experience the best of the
prefix is added which has length greater wireless and wired worlds.
than the expected delay spread. With
proper coding and interleaving across Wireless mobile Internet:
frequencies, multi path turns into an
OFDM system advantage by yielding Will be the key application of
frequency diversity. OFDM can be converged broadband wireless system.
implemented efficiently by using FFT’s at
the transmitter and receiver. At the The terminal will be very smart
receiver, FFT reduces the channel instead of dumb, compatible with mobile
response into a multiplicative constant on and access services
a tone-by-tone basis. including wireless multicasting as well as
wireless trunking. This new wireless
Advantage: terminal will
have the following features:
• 90 percent of traffic will be data.
• The security function will be enhanced The acquisition of spectrum is a key
(e.g., fingerprint chip embedded). component of the cost structure of wireless
• A voice recognition function will be systems, and two key features of spectrum
enhanced; keypad or keyboard attachment have great impact on that cost ¾ the
will be spectral efficiency of the wireless system
an option, as will wireless ness. and the type of spectrum required to
• The terminal will support single and implement the system. A fully capable and
multiple users with various service commercially viable mobile broadband
options. system can operate in as little as 5 MHz of
• The terminal will be fully adaptive and unpaired spectrum with a total of 20 Mbps
software- reconfigurable. throughput per cell in that amount of
spectrum.
b) Spectrum-efficient High-speed
wireless mobile transmission: Spectral efficiency measures the ability of
a wireless system to deliver information,
Wide-area wireless broadband “billable services,” with a given amount of
systems spectral efficiency can yield a radio spectrum. In cellular radio systems,
system capacity that allows that spectral efficiency is measured in
experience to be delivered simultaneously bits/second/Hertz/cell (bps/Hz/cell).
to many users in a cell, reducing the cost
of service delivery for this mass-market
broadband service. These systems are
optimized to exploit the full potential of
adaptive antenna signal processing,
thereby providing robust, high-speed Factors contribute to the spectral
connections for mobile users with a efficiency of a system:
minimum of radio infrastructure
 Modulation formats
The spectral efficiency of a radio  Air interface overhead (signaling
system ¾ the quantity of billable services information other than user data)
that can be delivered in a unit of spectrum  Multiple access method
¾ directly impacts network economics and
service quality. Spectrally efficient
systems have the following characteristics:
 Usage model.

 Reduced spectrum requirements, The quantities just mentioned all

minimizing up-front capital expenses contribute to the bits/second/Hertz
related to spectrum dimensions of the unit. The appearance of
a “per cell” dimension may seem
 Reduced infrastructure requirements, surprising, but the throughput of a
minimizing capital and operating costs particular cell’s base station in a cellular
associated with base station sites, network is almost always substantially less
translating into reduced costs per than that of a single cell in isolation. The
subscriber and per covered population reason is self-interference generated in the
element network, requiring the operator to allocate
frequencies in blocks that are separated in
 High capacity, maximizing the system space by one or more cells.
throughput and end-user experience even
under load Open Distributed Ad-Hoc Wireless
Networks:
 Low-powered, ad-hoc mesh access and 4-by-4 Multiple-Input-
architect networks offer spectrally Multiple-Output (MIMO) multiplexing
efficient high performance solutions. In using "adaptive selection of surviving
such peer-to-peer networks, end-user symbol replica candidate" (ASESS) based
wireless handsets act as both end terminals on Maximum Likelihood Detection with
and secure wireless routers that are part of QR decomposition and the M-algorithm
the overall network infrastructure. (QRM-MLD), which was developed by
Upstream and downstream transmission DoCoMo. Frequency spectrum efficiency,
“hop” through subscriber handsets and which is expressed as information bits per
fixed wireless routers to reach network second per Hertz, is 10 bits per second per
access points or other end terminals. Hertz, about 20 times that of 3G radio
Routing infrastructure, including handsets, networks' spectrum efficiency.
utilize intelligent routing capabilities to
determine “best path” for each 4G Features:
transmission. Routing for “best path” must
be defined for “least power”. That is,  High usability: anytime, anywhere, and
network nodes must be able to calculate with any technology. 4G networks are all-
and update routing tables to send data IP based heterogeneous networks that
packets through the paths with minimal allow users to use any system at any time
power requirements. and anywhere.
 Support for multimedia services at low
transmission cost. To support multimedia
Therefore, subscriber terminals do services,
not “shout” at a centralized base station,  High-data-rate services with good system
but rather whisper to a near-by terminal reliability will be provided. At the same
that routes the transmission to its time, a
destination. Therefore subscriber  Low per-bit transmission cost will be
terminals cooperate, instead of compete maintained
for spectrum. Spectrum reuse increases  Personalization
dramatically, while overall battery  Integrated services
consumption and RF output within a  Entirely packet switched networks.
community of subscribers is reduced.  All network elements are digital.
Thus, while the cellular handset
 Higher bandwidth
can only maintain a 144kbs (for example)
 Tight network security.
link to the base station, the ad hoc mesh
 Providing a technological response to
device can maintain a multi-megabit link
accelerated growth in demand for
without undue interference.
broadband
 Wireless connectivity
1Gbps Packet Transmission:
 Ensuring seamless services provisioning
In 4G data networks are packets
across a multitude of wireless systems and
switched networks and achieved 1Gbps
 Networks, from private to public, from
real-time packet transmission in the
indoor to wide area.
downlink at the moving speed of about
20km/h in a field experiment on fourth-  Providing optimum delivery of the user’s
generation (4G) radio access. wanted service via the most appropriate
 Network available
 Coping with the expected growth in
Internet based communications
The 1Gbps real-time packet
 Opening new spectrum frontiers
transmission was realized through
Variable Spreading Factor-Spread  4G networks expected to support real-time
multimedia services that are highly time-
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (VSF-Spread OFDM) radio sensitive
Future of 4G:
Conclusion:
“The future of wireless is not just Low cost high speed data will drive
wireless; it is a part of life.” The future forward the fourth generation (4G) as
offers faster speeds and larger bandwidth. short-range communication emerges.
It is suggested that 4G technologies will Service and application ubiquity, with a
allow 3D virtual reality and interactive high degree of personalization and
video / hologram images. The technology synchronization between various user
could also increase interaction between appliances, will be another driver. It is
compatible technologies, so that the smart probable that the radio access network will
card in the handset could automatically evolve from a centralized architecture to a
pay for goods in passing a linked payment distributed one. . 4G is likely to enable
kiosk (i-mode can already boast this the download of full length songs or music
capability) or will tell your car to warm up pieces which may change the market
in the morning, because your phone has response dramatically.
noted you have left the house or have set
the alarm. 4G is expected to provide high- We hope that future generations of
resolution images (better quality than TV wireless networks will provide virtually
images) and video-links (all of these will unlimited opportunities to the global,
require a band width of about 100MHz). connected community. Innovations in
network technology
It is likely that the forecasts of the will provide an environment in which
next 'Killer Apps' for 4G technology will virtually anything is available, anywhere,
change as customer demand develops over at any time, via any connected device.
time.