JKR

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Pile Design Report
Sample Design Calculations

For Micropiles in Kenny
Hill Formation
Generalized Subsoil Profile
- Generally flat terrain
- Subsoil profile:
0-3m, silty SAND, SPT=1- 5
3-6m, silty SAND, SPT= 15 - 50
6-20m, highly weathered sandstone
Schematic Detail
Mild Steel Capping Plate

L = 350mm
B = 350mm
Soil becoming Thickness = 10mm
weathered rock
Mild Steel Stiffeners
Thickness = 10mm
Pile Boring
Diameter = 200mm
API Pipe
O.D. = 127.0mm
Thickness = 9.2mm
fy (min) = 552 Mpa
L = 20.0m Grade = N-80
Cementitious Grout
W/c = 0.45
Fcu = 25 Mpa
Safe Working Load

Pa = 80 tonnes
Lsocket = 20m
Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 1

Subject : Micropile Design
1.0 Material Properties

1.1 Basic Dimensions and Properties
1.1.1 Micropile Diameter, D = 200mm
1.1.2 Pile Composite Modulus Ep = 41 GPa
1.1.3 Moment of Inertia, Ip = 7.85E+07 mm^4
1.2 Cementitious Grout

1.2.1 Max. water/cement ratio = 0.45
1.2.2 Anti-shrink / Additives = Adogroud 100g 150kg bag
1.2.3 Grout Area. Ac = 45686 mm"2
1.2.4 28 day Comp. Strength, Fcu' = 25 MPa
1.2.5 Density = 2000 kg /M^3
1.2.6 Elastic Modulus. Ec = 28 GPa
1.3 API Pipe Reinforcement

1.3.1 Source =
1.3.2 Outer Diameter, OD = 127 mm
1.3.3 Wall Thickness. t = 9.19 mm
1.3.4 Inner Diameter. ID = 108.62 mm
1.3.5 Cross Sectional Area, As = 3401 mm^2
1.3.6 API Specification = 5A-80
1.3.7 Grade Designation = N-80
1.3.8 Mm. Yield Strength, fy = 552 MPa
1.3.9 Elastic Modulus. Es = 210 GPa
1.4 Compliance with British Standards Designed Req. Min. Source

(Max)
1.4.1 Working Grout/API Pipe Bond (MPa) 0.8 12 BS8110
1.4.2 Grout Characteristic Strength, fcu (MPa) 25 20 BS8004
1.4.3 Cement content (kg/m"3) 400 00 BS8004
1.4.4 Grout working compressive stress,0.4fcu/FoS 0.2 x fcu 0.25 x fcu BS8004
1.5 Minimum Factors of Safety

1.5.1 Against Structural Failure = 2.00
1.5.2 Against Buckling Failure = 1.60
1.5.3 Against Geotech. Failure = 2.00 Skin Friction
1.5.4 Against Geotech. Failure = 2.50 End Bearing
2.0 Structural Design

Assuming that the applied vertical load is carried by the API Pipe alone.
2.1 Ultimate Load Capacity Pu = 0.87 x fy x As
= 1633450 N
= 1633.5 kN
= 163.3 tonnes
Use the Factor of Safety prescribed in Section 1.5 on Plate 2
2.2 Allowable Load Capacity Pa = 82 tonnes

2.3 Design Safe Working Load SWL = 80 tonnes
3.0 Geotechnical Design

Refer Piler Analysis for derivation of Geotechnical Safe Working Load -Appendix ......
3.1 Design Length
3.1.1 Safe Working Load per Pile P = 800 kN
3.1.2 Nominal Diameter D = 200 mm
3.1.3 Embedment Ls = 20.0 m
3.2 Grout l API Pipe Bond

3.2.1 Ultimate Grout Pipe - Bond Stress, t (u) = 2.0 MPa
3.2.2 Factor of Safety = 2.5
3.2.3 Working Bond Stress, t (w) = 0.8 MPa
3.2.4 Req'd API Pipe Embedment in Grout = 2.5 m
< 20.0 m
Therefore, adopted socket length is OK
4.0 Buckling (Pile Slenderness) Analysis not appropriate

for Kenny Hill Formation
4.1 Pile End Conditions (Unfilled Cavities)
4.1.1 Pile Top (at Pilecap Level) = Fixed
4.1.2 Pile Base (at Rock Head Level) = Fixed
4.1.3 Ass. length in unfilled cavity L assumed = 1m
4.1.4 Effective Length - 0.7 x L L eff. = 0.7 m
4.2 Eucler's Buckling Load (Unfilled Cavities)

4.2.1 Effective radius r =41.8
4.2.2 Euler Critical Load Pe =@pi^2 - Ep l(Lelr)^2 = 1428 kN
FOS available =9.78 OK
4.3 Elastic Buckling Load of Pile embedded in Overburden (ie Winkler Medium)
4.3.1 Average SPT in Overburden soils, N = 50
4.3.2 Est. Und. Cohesion Overburden soils, Cu = 6 ' N kPa 300 kPa
4.3.3 Modulus of Horiz. Subgrade Reaction, kh'c = 67*Cu
20100 kPa = 20.1 MPa
4.3.4 Elastic Buckling Load, Pcr = 2 x @sgrt (Ep x Ip x kh x d)
= 16014 kN
4.3.5 FOS available = 20.02 OK
5.0 Rate of Corrosion of Reinforcement

5.1 Ex Oil Drill API Pipe Reinforcement
5.1.1 Outer Diameter O.D. = 127.0 mm
5.1.2 Wall Thickness t = 9.2 mm
5.1.3 Internal Diameter I.D. = 108.6 mm
5.1.4 Cross sectional Area As = 3401 mm^2
5.1.5 API Specification = 5A-80
5.1.6 Grade Designation = N-80
5.1.7 Min Yield Strength fy = 552 MPa

5.1.8 Elastic Modulus Es = 210 GPa

5.1.9 Allowable Axial Working Stress (Clause 7.4.6.3.1 BS8004)
Fa = 50% of Yield Strength
= 276 MPa
5.2 Design for allowable corrosion as for sheetpiles w/o grout/

concrete protection
5.2.1 Allowable corrosion rate = 0.01 mm/year
5.2.2 Max. pile axial load Pa = 800 kN
5.2.3 Req'd Steel Area Asc = 2899 mm^2
5.2.4 Min. OD of API Pipe O.D. = 124.5 mm
5.2.5 Allowable Corrosion Period Tc = 255 years
Summary
No additional reinforcement required, Tc > Design Life of 50 years.
6.0 Pilehead Capping Details

Safe Working Load = 800 kN
6.1 Capping Plate Size

6.1.1 Assume characteristic strength of pileca f cu = 25 MPa
6.1.2 Permissible direct compressive stress fcu13.65 = 6.85 MPa
6.1 3 Req'd bearing area of capping plate = 116800 mm^2
Adopt plate of dimmensions (mm) 350 x 350 OK
6.2 Thickness of Stiffners

6.2.1 Allowable Axial Compressive Stress = 155 MPa
(Table 17 (a). BS449 : Part 2: 1969)
6.2.2 Contact Area of API Pipe on Capping Plate = 3401 mm^2
6.2.3 Stiffener projection beyond API pipe OD = 184 mm
6.2.4 Required thickness of MS Stiffeners t(s) = 2.4 mm
Adopt 10 mm
(4No. MS Stiffeners)
6.3 Thickness of Capping Plate

6.3.1 Allow Shear Stress on Capping Plate = 125 MPa
(Table 10. BS449:Part 2:1969)
6.3.2 Effect. Punching Shear Shear Perimeter = OD of API Pipe + Perimeter
- 8 x thickness of stiffeners
= 1599 mm
6.3.3 Required Thickness of Capping Plate = 4.0 mm
Adopt 10 mm
6.4 Allowable Bearing Stress on Capping Plate

6.4.1 Allow. Bearing Stress on Capping Plate = 210 MPa
(Table 9. BS449:Part 2:1969)
6.4.2 Proj. Bearing Area (API + Stiffeners) = 10761 mm^2
6.4.3 Actual Bearing Stress = 74 MPa
< All. Bearing Stress, OK

6.5 Check Stiffeners for Buckling

6.5.1 Bearing Area of API Pile = 3401 mm^2
6.5.2 Bearing Area of 4No. Stiffeners = 7359 mm^2
Assume uniform distribution of Pile Axial Load,
6.5.3 Compressive Load per Stiffener = 136.8 kN
6.5.4 Pile head Embedment into Pilecap = 150 mm
6.5.5 Assume Stiffener Depth, d = 140 mm
(Conservative Estimate)
6.5.6 Slenderness Ratio of Stiffener
d ' @sgrt(3)1 thickness of stiffener = 24.2
6.5.7 Allow. Compressive Stress = 146 MPa
(Table 17(a). BS449)
6.5.8 Allow. Buckling Load on Stiffener = 268.6 kN '
> Compressive Load of Stiffener, OK
6.6 Check Bearing on API Pipe

Moment equilibrium about intersection of Capping Plate and API Pipe,
6.6.1 Bearing Force on API Pipe = 180 kN
6.6.2 Assume material for API Pipe to be equivalent to G55 steel,
6.6.3 Allow. Bearing Stress = 320 MPa
6.6.4 Allow Bearing Load = 448 kN
> Actual Bearing Force, OK
6.7 Fillet Weld Design (Stiffener to API Pipe)

6.7.1 Weld Length per Stiffener = 2xd
= 280 mm per stiffener
6.7.2 Req'd Shear Load Capacity for weld = 0.49 kN/mm
Adopt 7 mm Fillet Weld

Design Report
1. Introduction
This report presents the design criteria and design calculations for pile foundation for
Interchange 3 of Project B 15 Road Upgrading Works.
Interchange 3 is a cloverleaf interchange with arch shaped R.C bridge as shown below
From structural analysis the compression load coming over the piles from one half of the
bridge is 12600 ton while the other half is 2800 ton in tension.
2. Site Condition
The topograph of the site is rolling to undulating. The subsoil condition is generalized as
shown above.
The top 12m to 16m from the OGL of the residual soil is clayey silt with SPT 6-39 (aver
age SPT=20): This is underlain by hard clayey silt sith SPT exceeding 50 up to 28m bgi.
3. Analysis
Shallow foundation is not suitable because part of the formation is on filled ground and also
part of the foundation is in tension or high compression.
Driven spun piles cannot or not practical to provide adequate tension required. Large diam
eter bored piles are suitable for high compression and tension required.
4. Design Calculations
4.1 Compression piles
The allowable compression load carrying capacity of the single pile has been cal
culated based on the SPT 'N" values, using the following formula.

Allowable load : Ab, af + As,fs

3 2
Ab = 2
base area (m )
qf = unit base resistance

= 400 Nb (in SI-unit), Meyerhof's Empirical Formula
Nb = average 'N' over 5m above and 3m below depth

being considered (< 50)
As = Pile circumference area (m2)
fs = unit skin friction

= 2 Nave (in SI-unit)
Nave = Average SPT value with depth
Factor of safety of base resistance = 3 to control settlement

Factor of safety of friction resistance = 2
The detailed pile calculations are given in Appendix B.
4.2 Tension piles

The allowable tension load carrying capacity of single pile has been calculated
based on SPT 'N' values, using following formula
Allowable load = As . fs 2
As = Pile circumference area
fs = Unit skin friction

= 2 Nave (in SI-unit)
Nave = Average SPT 'N' value with depth
Factory of safety against friction resistance = 2
The detailed pile calculations are given in Appendix B.
5.1 General
Diameter of Compression pile : 1500 mm with design load of 900 ton
Diameter of Tension piles : 1200m with design load of 400 ton
Estimated pile length = 19m socketing 3 times diameter into hard stratum of SPT> 50
5.2 Preliminary Load Tests Analysis

Compression load tests and pull out tests were carried out at the Interchange bridge site to
assess the performance of the piles installed to the design lengths.

(a) West Abutment

The tension Test Piles (No.81) located on the west abutments satisfied the per
formance criteria. Based on Prof Chin's Stability Plot:
Ultimate load : 1141 tonne
Average Unit Shaft Friction : 16 tonne/m2
The compression Test Pile No. 15 located ont the west abutments satisfied crite
ria at work load and 2 x work load but just failed to satisfy the recovery criteria.
Based on stability plot.
Ultimate capacity : 2,490 tonne
Ultimate Shaft capacity : 1,945 tonne
Mobilised Toe capacity : 548 tonne
Ultimate Unit Shaft Resistance : 39 tonne/m2
Mobilised Unit Toe Resistance : 310 tonne/m2
Based on these assessment, piles were constructed to following toe elevations:

Compression Piles : RL 33.00
(5m longer than Test Piles)
Tension Piles : RL 31.00

(same length as Test Pile)
(b) East Abutment

Tension Pile No. 71 was tested. Pile satisfy the deflection criteria at working load
but however failed to attain the 2 x working load without excessive movement.
Based on Stability Plot, the following capacitities can be estimated:
Ultimate Shaft capacity : 624 tonne
Unit Shaft Resistance : 9 tonne/m2
This is much less than the 16.0 tonne/m2 value of tension pile No. 81. Based on
the evaluated value of 9.0 tonne/m2, all remaining working tension
piles are installed to RL 21.00 toe level, l O.Om longer than the test pile.
Compression pile No. 65 was first tested. It failed to satisfy the performance cri
teria. Estimated capacities are:
Ultimate capacity : 1600 tonne
Ultimate Toe capacity : 1041 tonne

Unit Shaft Resistance : 12 tonne/m2
Mobilised Unit Toe Resistance589 tonne/m2 Based on above results, Test Pile
No. 2 (Pile No.66) located 4.50m from P65 was installed to toe level RL 33.00
(5.Om longer). Theoretical ultimate capacity should be of the order of 1,900
tonnes. The test showed the following:
Ultimate capacity : 1520 tonne
Mobilised Toe capacity : 790 tonne
Ultimate Unit Shaft Resistance : 10 tonne/m2
Mobilised Unit Shaft Resistance : 447 tonne/m2
These are less than values obtained from P65, indicating significant variation in the sub
soil strength. Concreting procedures are satisfactory and concrete batch records
and test indicate supplied concrete complied with the requirements of the specification.
Concreting volume of pile does not indicate occurrence of collapse of borehole or neck
ing. Since the pile was concrete immediately after boring, strength relaxation due to
aging should not occured.
Based on above, all remaining piles are to be installed to toe levels 23. Pile No. P52 will
be test to assess amount of pile head movement at working load and 2 x working load.
Estimated ultimate capacity of piles to toe level RL 23.00 is order 2,100 tonnes.
(c) Results of loads tests carried out at Interchange No. 3 are shown in Figure T1 to
T.

Road B -15 A ppe ndix B
P ILE LE N G T H E S T IM A T IO N A LO N G T H E IN T E R C H A N G E # 3
(WEST SIDE OF THE CENTRE LINE OF THE ROA D)
where Ab = base area (m^2)

qf = 400*Nb(SI-Unit s)
Nb = SPT value at base
As = pile circumf erence (m^2)
fs = 2*Nave (SI-Unit s)
Nave = average spt value wit h dept h
A llowable load = Ult imat e load along base/ 3.0 + Ult imat e load along shaf t / 2.0
A llowable load = A b*qf / 3 + A s*f s/ 2
FS f or base resist ain 3.00

FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
FS f or f rict ional res 2.00
B ored pile diamet er 1.20 met ers S UB S O IL P R O F ILE A LO N G T H E B R ID G E LO C A T IO N
R ed uced Db SPT C o r r ect ed A ver ag e U LT I M A T E S HA F T R E S I S T A N C E U LT I M A T E E N D B E A R I N G R E S I S T A N C E A LLO W A B LE LO A D Reduced
Level ( m) D ep t h N N N ave f s=2 N As Qs Nb q f =4 0 0 N b Ab Qb B ase S haf t T o t al ( kN ) Level(m)
65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 4133 1.767 7304 2435 0 2435 68 B oring B H-11(West side) B oring B H-13(West side)
Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L

64 1 16 15.5 7.75 15.5 4.71 73 12 4650 1.767 8217 2739 37 2776 66 Dept h(m) RD Level 64.89m Dept h(m) RD Level 66.50m
63 2 16 15.5 10.33 20.67 9.42 195 13 5000 1.767 8836 2945 97 3043 64 0 0
62 3 16 15.5 11.63 23.25 14.14 329 13 5233 1.767 9248 3083 164 3247 62 2 M ed clayey silt SPT 16 2 M ed clayey silt SPT 10
61 4 17 16 12.5 25 18.85 471 14 5571 1.767 9846 3282 236 3517 60 4 M ed clayey silt SPT 17 4 M ed clayey silt SPT 11
60 5 17 16 13.08 26.17 23.56 817 15 5825 1.767 10294 3431 308 3739 58 6 St if f clayey silt SPT 23 6 St if f clayey silt SPT 12
59 6 23 19 13.93 27.86 28.27 788 17 6925 1.767 12237 4079 394 4473 56 8 St if f clayey silt SPT 29 8 V .St if f clayey silt SPT 39
58 7 23 19 14.56 29.13 32.99 961 18 7250 1.767 12812 4271 480 4751 54 10 V .Sof t clayey silt SPT 2 10 V .St if f clayey silt SPT 39
57 8 29 22 15.39 30.78 37.7 1160 19 7625 1.767 13474 4491 580 5072 52 12 V .Sof t clayey silt SPT 2 12 Hard clayey silt SPT 50
55 10 31 23 16.68 33.36 47.12 1572 21 8275 1.767 14623 4874 786 5660 48 16 Hard clayey silt SPT 47 16 Hard clayey silt SPT 50
53 12 28 21.5 17.54 35.08 58.55 1984 22 8775 1.767 15507 5169 992 6161 44 20 Hard clayey silt SPT 50 20 Hard clayey silt SPT 50
48 17 47 31 19.92 39.83 80.11 3191 27 10850 1.767 19174 6391 1596 7987 34 Soil Invest igat ion Ph:ll Soil Invest igat ion Ph:l
47 18 50 32.5 20.58 41.16 84.82 3491 29 11400 1.767 20145 6715 1746 8461 32
46 19 50 32.5 21.18 42.35 89.54 3792 30 11950 1.767 21117 7039 1896 8935 30 B oring B H-13(Eest side)
45 20 50 32.5 21.71 43.43 94.25 4093 36 14525 1.767 25668 8556 2047 10602 28 Dept h(m) RD Level 25.75m
44 21 50 32.5 22.2 44.41 98.96 4395 43 17100 1.767 30218 10073 2197 12270 26 0
43 22 50 75 24.5 49 103.67 5080 48 19300 1.767 34106 11369 2540 13909 24 2 M ed clayey silt SPT 6
42 23 50 75 26.6 53.21 108.38 5767 54 21500 1.767 37994 12665 2883 15548 22 4 M ed clayey silt SPT 9
41 24 50 75 28.54 57.08 113.1 8456 59 23625 1.767 41749 13916 3228 17144 20 6 St if f clayey silt SPT 7
39 26 50 75 31.98 63.96 122.52 7837 70 27875 1.767 49259 16420 3918 20338 16 10 V .St if f clayey silt SPT
36 29 50 75 36.28 72.57 136.66 9917 75 30000 1.767 53014 17671 4958 22630 10 16 Hard clayey silt SPT 50
6 20 Hard clayey silt SPT 50
Not e: 4 22 Hard clayey silt SPT 50
1. Correct ed N = 15 + 0.5 (N-15), f or N up t o and equal t o 4 t imes N=50 2 24 Hard clayey silt SPT 50
Page 10
Pile Design Report


26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1600 1.131 1810 603 0 603 68 B oring B H-11(West side) B oring B H-13(West side)

25 1 8 6 3 6 3.77 23 5 1800 1.131 2036 679 11 690 66 Dept h(m) RD Level 64.89m Dept h(m) RD Level 66.50m
24 2 8 6 4 8 7.54 60 5 2160 1.131 2443 814 30 844 64 0 0
23 3 6 6 4.5 9 11.31 102 6 2400 1.131 2714 905 51 956 62 2 M ed clayey silt SPT 16 2 M ed clayey silt SPT 10
22 4 9 9 5.4 10.8 15.08 163 7 2686 1.131 3037 1012 81 1094 60 4 M ed clayey silt SPT 17 4 M ed clayey silt SPT 11
21 5 9 9 6 12 18.85 226 7 2900 1.131 3280 1093 113 1206 58 6 St if f clayey silt SPT 23 6 St if f clayey silt SPT 12
9 17 50 32.5 16.78 33.56 64.09 2151 35 14075 1.131 15918 5306 1075 6381 34 Soil Invest igat ion Ph:ll Soil Invest igat ion Ph:l
8 18 50 32.5 17.61 35.21 67.86 2389 42 16650 1.131 18831 6277 1195 7472 32
7 19 50 75 20.48 40.95 71.63 2933 48 19075 1.131 21573 7191 1467 8658 30 B oring B H-13(Eest side)
6 20 50 75 23.07 46.14 75.4 3479 54 21500 1.131 24316 8105 1740 9845 28 Dept h(m) RD Level 25.75m
5 21 50 75 25.43 50.86 79.17 4027 59 23625 1.131 26719 8906 2013 10920 26 0
-1 27 50 75 36.05 72.11 101.79 7340 75 30000 1.131 33929 11310 3670 14980 14 12 V .St if f clayey silt SPT
-2 28 50 75 37.4 74.79 105.56 7895 75 30000 1.131 33929 11310 3947 15257 12 14 V .St if f clayey silt SPT
-3 29 50 75 38.65 77.3 109.33 8451 75 30000 1.131 33929 11310 4226 15535 10 16 Hard clayey silt SPT 50
-4 30 50 75 39.82 79.65 113.1 9008 75 30000 1.131 33929 11310 4504 15814 8 18 Hard clayey silt SPT 50
Page 11
Pile Design Report



48 0 50 32.5 32.5 65 0 0 33 13000 1.131 14703 4901 0 4901 68 B oring B H-11(West side) B oring B H-13(West side)

47 1 50 32.5 32.5 65 3.77 245 33 13000 1.131 14703 4901 123 5023 66 Dept h(m) RD Level 64.89m Dept h(m) RD Level 66.50m
46 2 50 32.5 32.5 65 7.54 490 33 13000 1.131 14703 4901 245 5146 64 0 0
45 3 50 32.5 32.5 65 11.31 735 40 15833 1.131 17907 5969 368 6337 62 2 M ed clayey silt SPT 16 2 M ed clayey silt SPT 10
44 4 50 32.5 32.5 65 15.08 980 45 17857 1.131 20196 6732 490 7222 60 4 M ed clayey silt SPT 17 4 M ed clayey silt SPT 11
43 5 50 75 39.58 79.17 18.85 1492 48 19375 1.131 21913 7304 746 8050 58 6 St if f clayey silt SPT 23 6 St if f clayey silt SPT 12
32 16 50 75 62.5 125 60.32 7540 75 30000 1.131 33929 11310 3770 15080 36 28 Hard clayey silt SPT 50 28 Hard clayey silt SPT 50
31 17 50 75 63.19 126.39 64.09 8100 75 30000 1.131 33929 11310 4050 15360 34 Soil Invest igat ion Ph:ll Soil Invest igat ion Ph:l
30 18 50 75 6..82 127.63 67.86 8661 75 30000 1.131 33929 11310 4330 15640 32
29 19 50 75 64.38 128.75 71.63 9222 75 30000 1.131 33929 11310 4611 15921 30 B oring B H-13(Eest side)
28 20 50 75 64.88 129.76 75.4 9784 75 30000 1.131 33929 11310 4892 16202 28 Dept h(m) RD Level 25.75m
27 21 50 75 65.34 130.68 79.17 10346 75 30000 1.131 33929 11310 5173 16483 26 0
24 24 50 75 66.5 133 90.48 12034 75 30000 1.131 33929 11310 6017 17327 20 6 St if f clayey silt SPT 7
Page 12
Pile Design Report




5) Check for buckling load
Qub = λ√Cu El
Where = λ = 10
CU = 15 kPa
E = 210 kN/mm2
I = 1/64 B (d14 - d24)
Qub = 10 √15 x 210 x B (101.64 - 85.444)

64 106
= 907 kN
Allowable Qb = 907
___
2
= 454 kN > 300 kN
OK
6) Check for elastic compression
e = PL P = 300 kN
L = 10m
EP A = 31416 mm2
Ep = 35.3 kN/mm2
= 300 x10 x103

31416 x 35.3
= 3 mm

Sample Pile Design Calculations
1. Project : KKS Road Project

Piled Embankment for the approaches to Sg. Likas
Bridge.
2. Generalized subsoil profile.
C
L
Piled embankment
Bridge
V.soft to soft clay

Sand Lenses
Stiff to hard
Sandstone/shale
* Flat alluvial formation
* Top 24m consists of soft to very soft alluvium with few localized sandy lenses (Cu =
10-20 kPa with an average of about 15 kPa except at lenses of sand). Stiff to hard
strata of about 2 - 4m thick overlying on highly to moderately weathered
sandstone/shale bedrock. WT is near the ground surface.
3. Analysis
Stability and settlement analysis have concluded that simple ground treatments by partial
sand replacement with high strength woven polyester geotextile reinforcement or vertical
drains are not possible to achieve FOS = 1.5 and or post construction settlement to be less
than 200mm for the first 5 years of service if height of embankment exceeds 4.2m.
Piled raft embankment is adopted in preference to EPS, elevated structure and stone column
treatment because:
a) EPS embankment is technically not acceptable because the site is subject to flooding
& the cost is high.
b) Elevated structure is about 30% more expensive (separate analysis)
c) Though treatment by stone columns is cheaper, it requires longer time to consolidate

and technically less superior
4. Design calculation
Analysis has shown that driven R.C piles will be the most cost effective.
The site has no vibration or noise or ground heave constraints. Pile capacity of about
600 kN is chosen to get optimum pile spacing of 2 to 3m and raft thickness of 350 -
450mm for pile depth of about 30m.
Use 250X250 R.C piles at spacing "x" bothways Max design capacity - 625 kN.

Load on each pile = x2.d.h, where x = spacing

d = soil density
= 20kN/m3 h
h = embankment height
625 = x2.20.h
x = (31.25/h)1/2
For h = 6.5m, x = 2.19m, say 2.0m
For h = 6.0m, x = 2.2m, say 2.0m
For h = 5.5m, x = 2.38m, say 2.25m
For h = 5.0m, x = 2.50m, say 2.25m
For h = 4.5m, x = 2.64m, say 2.25m (allow some traffic load of 10 kPa)
Conclusion:
Use 250x250 R.C x 30m long at 2.0m spacing for h=6.5 - 6.0m & 2.25m spacing for h = 4-6m
(Pile capacity calculations enclosed).
R.C piles (MS 1314, Class 1) are designed as end bearing piles driven to set.


Design of Micropile
a) Design load per pile = 800kN

b) Diameter of micropile = 200mm
c) Main reinforcement = 3 Nos of 50mm diam. deformed bars of yield
stress fy = 410N/mm2.
d) Factor of safety = 2.5 (min)
e) Grout characteristic strength, fcu = 20N/mm2.
Check Structural Capacity

Area of reinf, Asc = B/4 x 502 x 3
= 5892mm2
fcu = 20N/mm2
Area of grout, Ag = B /4 x 2002
= 31,416mm2
..Area of net grout = 31,416 - 5892
= 25,524mm2
According to BS 8110, clause 3.8. 4.3
Ultimate axial load, Pu = 0.4 fcu Ac + 0.75Asc fy
= 0.4x20x25,524 + 0.75x5892x410
= 2,016kN.
.. Factor of safety = Pu/800
= 2.53
> 2.5 O.K.
Check Bond Length Required

- Depth of micropile = 20m
At least l0m will be embedded in very hard decomposed granite SPT, N > 50.
- Bond between grout & hard formation = 0.4N/mm2
.. Min required bond length in hard

formation, Ib = 800 x 2.5 x l 000N
B x 200 x 0.4
= 7958mm
= 8.0m.
< 10m provided O.K.
Design of M.S. Plate for Pile Head

Use 250mm x 250mm x 20mm M.S. plate
Stress on plate = 800 x l03N
250 x 250
= 12.8N/mm2
< 155N/mm2 O.K.
(allowable stress BS449)
Details of Micropiles & works specification are encl

Works Specification for Design and Installation of

200mm Diameter Micropiles
1. Scope of work shall include design & installation of 200mm diam micropiles of 20m provi
sional length. The micropiles shall be reinforced with 3 Nos. of 50mm diam deformed bars
(fy = 410N/mm2) The working load of the micropile is 800KN.
2. Drilling
Initial drilling involves installation of 242mm diam conductor casing through loose soil
(about 1.5m) by means of rotary boring or equivalent. Upon reaching hard/stiff formation
down the hole hammer will be used to advance the borehole till a minimum penetration of
10m in very hard decomposed granite. The drilled hole will be flush clean by compressed
air before the reinforcement bars are inserted into the hole. Suitable coupling device will be
used. During drilling, a complete record of soil strata will, be taken for Engineer's inspec
tion.
3. Grout Mix
Ordinary Postland cement with water cement ratio of 0.5 will be used Non-shrink cement
admixture will be added to improve bonding.
4. Grouting Procedure
A high speed Koken grout mixer is used for the mixing of the cement grout. The capacity
of the grout mixer is about 25-0 litres.
For grout mixing, 100 litres of water with some non shrink admixture is poured into the
mixer follow by 4 bags of 50 kg. ordinary Portland cement then allow to mix throughly,
normally a few minutes. After mixing, the cement grout, a pressure hose is connected to the
grouting pipe which acts as tremie pipe for grouting. The other end of the pressure hose is
connected to a diesel engine high pressure pump.


Micropile Design Calculations
Micropile design for underpinning works for an old building is shown as follows. The subsoil con-
sists of about 3m of very soft clay, 5m to 8m of stiff to hard sandy clay with gravels (SPT = 11 to
42). The bedrock generally consists of highly weathered and fractured sandstone/shale (RQD = 0 -
25%, UCS = 7.5 Mpa).
1) Micropile details
Diameter of micropile = 200 mm
Design load of micropile = 300 kN
Pipe diameter = 101.6 mm
Pipe wall thickness = 8.08 mm
Steel grade (API pipe) = N80
Yield strength = 500 N/mm2
(a) Check for structural capacity

Ultimate structural capacity
PU = B (101.62 -85.44 2) X 500 kN
4 1000
= 1187 kN
Applying factor of safety of 2.5.
Allowable structural capacity.
PA = 1187
2.5
= 475 kN > 300 kN
OK
(b) Check for geotechnical capacity

Based on boreholes BH1 and BI-12, the depth of bedrock (sandstone/shale) varies
from 8.7 m to 11.0 m b.g.l. Since the overburden soil consists of about 3.0 m of very
soft soil, the shaft friction on the remaining overburden soil (5 to 8 m) with N value
of 11 to 42 should be ignored and the micropiles are designed to be socketed into the
bedrock.
The socketing length in rock, L, is worked out as follows:
FS Qa = 0.05 qa B D x L + 0.5qa B D2
4
where FS is the factor of safety

= 2.5

Qa = Allowable geotechnical capacity

qa = Unconfined compressive strength of rock
= 7.5 Mpa for sandstone/shale
Bond stress = 5% of UCS of rock
D = Diameter of micropile hole
2.5 x 300 = 0.05 x 7.5 x 103 x B x0.2 L +

0.5 x 7.5 x 103 x B x 0.22
4
750 = 235.6 L + 117.8
L = 2.68 m
Designed socketing length of pile = 3.0 m
2) Check overall underpinning pile support

Estimated total load of the whole building (3 storey).
= 2,000 tons
No. of micropile points = 95

Load on each pile = 2,000
95
= 21 tons
Working load for each micropile provided = 30 tons
OK
3) Check for anchorage bond between underpinning pile and the existing foundatic
Since epoxy grout is used to fill the hole formed by the micropile in the existir foundation
and the strength of epoxy grout is much higher than the concrete strength, it can be consid
ered as monolithic for the whole foundation.

Critical section
for shear check
Existing
Column Proposed 200mm
Stump Ø micropile
650mm
100
mm
1900mm
4) Check for shear failure of existing foundation.
Perimeter for shear check, p = 1900 mm
Effective depth of foundation, d = 1050-50-10

= 990 mm
Maximum reaction load, V = 300 kN
Shear stress, V = V
Pd
= 300 x 103
1900 x 990
= 0.16 N/mm2
From Table 3.9, BS 8110 for d > 400 mm and

100As/bd = 0.25 (nominal reinforcement), allowable shear stress Vc = 0.40 N/mm2
V<Vc OK
In grouting operation, the cement grout is pumped into the borehole through the pipe by
tremie method. All loose material, cuttings and water in the borehole are displaced by the
cement grout. Pressure applied should be just adequate to displace the cutting and water
from the borehole. Temporary casings should be withdrawn where cement grout overflow
from the casing and top up cement grout if necessary.

Item
Description Quantity Unit Rate $ ¢
No.
A. Design and install cast in-situ 800kN working
capacity micropiles complete with
reinforcement as shown on the drawings in
provisional lengths 20.0m and pressure-
grouted with and including approved grouting
material, drilling in all types of soils and
rock and all coring casings, linings, plugs,
etc. and disposal of all excavated material
and debris from site.
Design information:-
a) Diameter of piles: 200mm

b) Main bars: 3Y50
c) Links: R05 helical link @ 100mm c/c
d) Steel casings: 292mm O.D x 9mm thick
e) Grout: Cement grout, w/c = 0.5, fcu = 20N/m2
f) Grout additives: Non shrink admixture
g) Factor of safety : 2.5
h) Bond strength: 0.9N/mm2
i) Bond length: 10m
j) Ultimate load: 2016kN
k) Capacity: 800kN
l) Working load: 800kN
m) etc
Design and install all capping plates and

starter bars
Design information:-
Plate size: 250 x 250mm

Plate thickness: 25mm
B. Starter bar size: 3Y50 or 8Y25

Projek : Cadangan Blok Tambahan pada Hospital

Bersalin di Hospital Besar, K.Lumpur.
1.0 Tujuan
Laporan ini bertujuan untuk menyampaikan laporan penyiasatan tanah dan syor-syor
asas yang sesuai bagi:Projek blok tambahan pada hospital bersalin, Kuala Lumpur.
2.0 Skop Projek

Perlaksanaan projek ini melibatkan pembinaan blok tambahan 2 tingkat di Hospital
Bersalin. Blok yang dicadangkan ini dikelilingi oleh bangunan sedia ada.
3.0 Keadaan Tanah

3.1 Sebanyak 3 ujian gerekan dalam telah dijalankan. Hasil ujian menunjukkan
keadaan lapisan tanah seperti berikut :-
Ukurdalam(m) Jenis Tanah SPT (blows/ft.)
0 - 4.5 Very soft CLAY 0-4
4.5 - 9/10.5 Loose SAND 1-7
9/10.5-13.5/16.0 Stiff silt or CLAY 1-9
13.5/16.0 Limestone RQD = 73 - 100%.
>16.0 Limestone -
3.2 Kedudukan aras air bawah tanah ialah 1.45m.
4.0 syor-syor Asas

4.1 Penapak konkrit tetulang adalah tidak sesuai kerana keupayaan galas yang rendah
dan jugs paras air bawah-tanah adalah tinggi.
"Driven R.C. or steel piles" adalah juga tidak sesuai kerana masalah "noise &
vibration" dikawasan Hospital sukar diterima. "Inclined bedrock" juga mungkin
mengakibat "excessive pile deviations".
Syor-syor asas yang dicadangkan adalah seperti berikut :-
Jenis Bangunan Jenis Asas Saiz Panjang Keupayaan Geseran Beba

(mm) (m) galas yg Kulit Ujian
dibenarkan negatif
Blok Tambahan Cerucuk 200Ø 16.5-19 200kN - 400kN

mikro with 102
(micropile) API paip
(4”Ø)
4.2 Cerucuk mikro hendaklah digerudi sehingga ke paras batukapur dan dikunci
(key) minima 3m ke dalam batukapur.
4.3 Sekurang-kurangnya 2 bilangan cerucuk digunakan untuk setiap tiang.
4.4 Jack pile (200x200xl5m) juga boleh diterima sebagai cerucuk gantian.

5.0 Syor-syor Tambahan

5.1 Jika rongga (cavity) ditemui, cerucuk hendaklah dipanjangkan
melebihi rongga dan dikunci (keyed) minima 3m ke dalam batukapur
tanpa rongga. (rujuk Fig. 1).
5.2 Untuk mengatasi masalah penanaman micropile dirongga, penender mestilah

diarah mengemukakan cadangan sistem 'micropile installation' dan teknik-teknik
'grouting' dirongga semasa tawaran dibuat.
6.0 Hal-hal lain

Satu set rekod penanaman cerucuk-cerucuk yang diuji berserta ujian beban hendaklah
dihantar ke Unit Makmal bagi tujuan dokumentasi.

Lampiran ‘A’
Micropile Specfication
1. General
The work involves the construction of 200mm (8") diameter micropile. The micropile shall
be fabricated using steel tube and the bond length of micropile shall be 16m or directed
by the S.O. The working load of micropile is 200 kN and factor of safety used in design is
2.0. The whole of work and materials shall be in, accordance with curreht Malaysian or
British Standard or other National Standards approved by the S.O.
2. Reinforcement
Steel grade - HFS 16 (BS: 1775 - 1964)
External diameter 139mm (51/2”)
Thickness - 9.5mm (3/8") 2
Yield strength - 250 N/mm (16 Tsi)
3. Grout
The grout shall be thcFoughly mixed with Ordinary Portland Cement (MS522) and water
(MS28). The grout shall be Antishrink cement grout. The water cement ratio shall be 0245 -
0.50. The 28 days. Strength for cement grout shall be 25N/mm (3570 psi). The representa
tive cubes shall be collected on each day of grouting works for testing on the 28th days.
Details of admixture shall be submitted to the S.O. for approval before commencement of
works. The use of the admixture shall comply with instruction by the manufacturer & MS
922. The grout shall be free from segregation, slumping, & bleeding of water and fine
materials during and after placing.
4. Installation
a) Drilling
The drilling for installation of micropile shall guarantee the absence of Vibration
which may cause damage to the existing building. Adequate precaution must be
taken to ensure boreholes for micropile do not collapse during drilling.
If necessary, temporary casing shall be used. During drilling of borehole, the con
tractor shall maintain complete record of soil profile. The logging shall include
depth of soil and water table. This drilled hole Viand! soil bore log shall be
signed by contractor's site representative and a copy of which shall be deposited
with the S.O. The contractor shall be required to keep representative sample of
soil for each soil profil in plastic bag for inspection by.the S.O. Sample may only
be disposed after the S.O. is satisfied that the logging has been properly done.
The type-of drilling equipment shall be approved by the S.O. The drilled hole
shall be flushed ckean.with air or water.
b) Fabrication of micro pile

Method of splicing of bars or pipes shall be approved by the S.O. Centralisers at
about 3m centre must be used to ensure a minimum cover of 25mm or directed
by the S.O.

c) Grouting
The contractor shall also provide details on method and equipment used in grout
mixing. Further information such as grouting pressure, grouting procedure, grout
ing equipment and techniques employed in grouting under water shall also be
furnished and approved by the S.O.
'To prevent deterioration of strength of soil, soil coring, installation of reinforce

ment and cement grouting shall be carried out in one continous operation.
5. Load Testing
Micro-pile shall be load tested to 2 times design load using the Maintain Load Test.
Minimum of one (1) load test shall be carried out. The contractor shall also specify and pro
vide details of the method of load testing. Micropile shall be constructed only after the pre
liminary pile pass the load test requirements of JKR standard specification for building
Works.

Contoh Jadual Sebut Harga
Bil. Description Unit Quantity Rate $
1 MICROPILES
(ALL PROVISIONAL)
A. Allow for Preliminaries Item
B. Provide all necessary piling

equipment on site, maintain on site,
dismantle and remove from site on
completion, allow for all standing
or idling time and cost of operation
for the whole of piling works. Item
C. Installation of 200mm diameter

Micropiles in soil, including coring,
4" diameter pipe, steel plate head,
jointing and extension and grouting MR
in cement, all as specified (50
positions)
D. Provide all necessary pile testing

equipment on site, dismantle and
remove from site on completion.
T est 200mm diameter Micropiles in soil
as specified. NO

Lampiran E1
Pile Design
for
SMK (Perempuan Raja Zarina)
Kelang
1. This project consists of construction of one additional 3-storey school block.
2. Max column load = 57 ton
3. This is a typical coastal alluvium site where first 60ft to 100 ft consists of very soft clay
4. Deep Sounding is very suitable and 4 nos of D/S results give consistent results as shown in
Lampiran E-1
5. The site is a flat land and the first 4 ft is imported fill (about 5 years ago) Negative friction
has to be checked.
6. Selection of piles (Refer to Fig. 1)

6.1 Non displacement piles not suitable because of low column load and very soft clay
near the first 100 ft.
6.2 Timber pile also not suitable bacause its max length is about 40 ft. only.
6.3 Use 12" x 12" x 100 ft R.C. piles Design load = 30 Ton/pile (max)
7. Check Pile Capacity (Refer to Lampiran E-1)

From D/S results
Qu = Qs + Qp
where Qu = ultimate capacity
Qs = skin friction
Qp = end resistance

7.1 Skin friction, Qs

Based on total friction (remoulded)
At 30m (100ft), total friction = 3,000 kg.
Qs = tube friction x-pile perimeter

tube perimeter
= 3,000 x (12" x 2.54 x 4)
11.3
= 32,300 kg
= 30 Ton.
Based on local friction (undisturbed)
Qs = (8.5 x 0.05 + 7.5 x 0.13 + 13 x 0.27 + 0.9) x 3.28 x 4 x 0.92
= 70 Ton
Sensitivity = Qs (undisturbed)
Qs (remoulded)
= 70
30
= 2.3, within usual range
Q's = " Qs, where " = 0.7 (Bjerrum)

= 0.7 x 70
= 49 Ton
7.2 End Resistance, Qp,
Qp = 80 (kg/cm2) x 1 ft2 x 0.92
= 73.6 Ton
Qu = 49 + 73.6
= 122.6 Ton

7.3 Negative friction

Negative friction for piles at spacing more than 3 x diameters is
fn = 0.2 Po (Bjerrum)
where Po = effective overburden
= γ h
= 100' (100psf - 62.4 psf)
= 3760 psf
Max. fn = 0.2 Po
= 0.2 x 3760
= 752 psf
Average fn = (0 + 752)/2
= 376 psf
Total negative friction = fn x As

= 376 x (100 x 4)
= 150,400 lb
= 67 Ton
7.4 Allowable load, Qs

The negative skin friction, QN should only considered in combination with dead
load because QN acts mainly at the lower portion of the pile and would only affect
the settlement.
2.5 QD.L = Qu - QN
QD.L = 70% Qa
2.5 x 0.7Qa = Qu - QN
Qa = (Qu - QN) /1.75
= (122.6 - 67)/1.75
= 31 Ton
say 30 Ton/pile
Notes : The filling is done about 5 years ago. At least 60 - 70% consolidation com
pleted.
fn used is about the same as the undrained shear strength. Hence QN estimated is on the
light side.
To prevent tensile stress and buckling during driving, free drop hammers is preferred.
8. Recommendation
Use 12" x 12" x 100 ft R.C. piles
Friction piles, driven to the required pene:,tration and load test to verify the capacity. (No
"set" required).# Load tests after 4 weeks of driving.


Memo
Daripada: Penolong Pengarah Makmal,Caw. Rekabentuk & Penyelidikan, IP. JKR
Kepada: Penolong Pengarah(Binaan), Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L.

Bil surat: (X) dlm. PKR.RB 4112 Tarikh : 26.3.1983
Per: Cadangan Masjid Baru di Batu 31/2, Jalan Cheras, K.L.

Berhubung dengan perkara yang tersebut di atas, sukacita dimaklumkan bahawa cadan
gan asas yang disyorkan adalah seperti berikut:-
1. Keputusan penyiasatan tanah

Sebanyak 28 Nos. Proba JKR dan 5 Nos. “Deep Boring” telah dijalankan ditapak projek
itu. Keputusan - keputusan yang diterima menunjukkan bahawa kawasan projek ini
adalah terdiri daripada batu kapur. Paras batu kapur adalah daripada 2.5m hingga 14m
daripada paras permukaan tanah sedia ada. Oleh kerana keadaan batu dasar yang susah
untuk diramalkan, langkah-langkah pengawasan dan faktor keselamatan yang lebih
tinggi perlu diambil di dalam rekabentuk asas.
2. Syor-syor asas
2.1 Jenis - jenis asas yang disyorkan adalah seperti dicatitkan di dalam Lampiran A.
Sebelum kerja - kerja ‘piling’ dimulakan sekurang - kurangnya satu ujian Proba JKR
perlu dijalankan di setiap kedudukan tiang untuk menentukan paras batu dasar (>400
blows/kaki). Sekiranya paras batu dasar didapati kurang daripada 4.5m dibawah per
mukaan bumi, adalah dicadangkan supaya menggunakan “R.C.cylinder foundation”
(sila lihat Lampiran A & B)
2.2 Sekurang - kurangnya 2 cerucuk perlulah digunakan ditiap-tiap kedudukan tiang

kecuali jika ‘R.C.cylinder foundation’ digunakan. Tiap - tiap tiang hendaklah diikat den
gan rasak bawah dikedua - dua arah. Ini adalah sebagai langkah awas oleh kerana terda
pat rongga - rongga dan kemungkinan masalah surutan.
2.3 Untuk memperolehi pengawasan yang lebih baik semasa memacu cerucuk tukul jatuh
bebas(free drop hammer) dicadangkan supaya digunakan. Ini ialah supaya cerucuk tidak
menerima hentaman dan menyimpang berlebihan (overdriving and excessive deviation)
oleh kerana keadaan batu dasar yang mencerun (inclined bedrock surfaces).
2.4 Hujung cerucuk keluli hendaklah dikelulikan dengan plat yang lebih. Ini adalah perlu
untuk menahan tegasan yang berlebihan (withstand overstressing) apabila cerucuk sam
pai ke paras batu dasar.
2.5 Sekurang - kurangnya 2 nos. kumpulan cerucuk (pile group, NCT single pile) perlulah
dipilih untuk ujian beban. Satu set “driving records” dan keputusan ujian beban hendak
lah dihantar kepada Unit Makmal ini untuk analisa dan sebagai rekod di Unit Makmal.
2.6 Perhatian hendaklah diberi kepada pengalaman yang lepas iaitu cerucuk - cerucuk tam
bahan mungkin diperlukan untuk menggantikan cerucuk - cerucuk yang menyimpang

berlebihan dan cerucuk - cerucuk yang masih tidak ‘set’ diparas yang dalam (>10m).
Adalah dicadangan supaya tambahan sebanyak 25m disertakan didalam “B.Q.”
2.7 Oleh kerana keadaan tanah yang rumit (tricky) jurutera tapak bina hendaklah selalu
rujuk kepada keputusan penyelidikan tapak semasa menyelia kerja - kerja pembinaan
asas. Apabila cerucuk dijangka sampai paras batu dasar, kejatuhan pemukul (drop of
hammer) hendaklah dikurangkan. Tujuan langkah ini ialah untuk “better keying & bed
ding effect on rock surface”. Langkah ini juga akan mengurangkan cerucuk daripada
menyimpang berlebihan.
Sekian disampaikan ulasan kami untuk tindakan tuan selanjutnya.
‘Berkhidmat Untuk Negara’
......................................................
(Ir. Neoh Cheng Aik),
Jurutera Kerja Kanan (R1),
bp. Penolong Pengarah (Makmal),
Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L.

Lampiran A
Cadangan Asas Untuk Pro jek

Mas jid Batu 31/2, Jalan Cheras,K.L.
1. Bangunan Masjid (13T - 105T)

Sila gunakan cerucul; keluli 203mm x 203mm x 45kg/m (Grade 43A9 BS 4360) den
gan beban keupayaan 210 0/eerucuk. Untuk tujuan tawaran, panjang cerucuk ialah 8.5m
(27ft) ATAU "R-C- cylinder foundation".Sila lihat Para 2.1
2. Bangunan Quarters Kelas G(9T - 16T)

Sila gunakan eerucuk I-,yu berubat (treated timber pile) 125m x 125m dengan beban
keupayaan 5W/oerucuk. Untuk tujuan taviarany panjang cerucuk ialah 8.5m (27 ft).


Lampiran E 5
Extension of Terminal Building, Subang Airport
1. General
The project consists of extension of International and Domestic Transper Corridor for
Subang International Airport. The proposed-site is situated approximately 13 miles west of
Kuala Lumpur.
Due to the close proximity of the proposed site to the existing terminal building v where the
Control Tower for the airport is located, severe vibration such as driving piles is unaccept
abldo Bored and Cast-in-situ piles were considered most suitable.
2. Soil Condition
The site consists of residual soils of granite.
Lampiran E5-1 represents the generalised poil profile. The top layer of the soil consists of
brown firm sandy silty clay with some organic matters. The depth of this top soil varies
from 6" to 2ft. Beneath this top soil underlies the yellowish with patches of grey medium
sandy clayey silt with some gravelse This medium sandy clayey silt extend to a depth of 40
to 85 ft. below R.L. 86.00'. Between these layers of medium sandy clayey silt and the frac
tured or slightly weathered granite bedrocksq lies the greyish very stiff decomposed granite
residual soil. The thickness of this decomposed granite residual soil varies. Water table is
about Oft. b.g.l.
3. Load Settlement Criteria

The system of piling to be designed shall meet the followings:-
a) Safety Factor
The factor of safety for the purpose of computing the working load shall be taken
as 2.5.
b) Working Load
The working load adopted for single pile shall not be greater than the ultimate
load divided by the safety factor of 2.5 and the ultimate load is defined as:
(i) Load at which the gross settlement continues to increase without any further
increase in load.
(ii) Load at which gross settlement is 10% of the pile diameter.
c) Settlement Criteria
(i) Gross settlement of the pile at working load during the first cycle of load
ing, loading to one time working load, shall not exceed 0.5".
(ii) The residual settlement of the pile at the end of the first cycle of loading
shall not exceed 0.10".
(iii) The gross settlement of the pile at twice the working load shall not exceed
1.5"

d) Group Effect
Negligible because of small group (2 or 3 pile per group) & large spacing 2.5 Ø.
4. Structural Capacity of Piles

Since piles are not fully reinforced, the structural capacity of the piles will be solely depend
on the concrete section of the piles* In this case, the pile is reinforced for the top 40ft.
only for the dispersion of the possible slight bending moment elperienced at the pile top.
The piles will be designed as short columns. According to CP 2004, the structural carrying
capacity of Cast-in-situ concrete pile, that is, the safe working load per pile, W
W - 1/4 (Acc.Uw)
Where Acc = Gross cross section of the area of concrete

Uw = Specified cube crushing strength at 28 days.
= 3000 psi.
For d = 18”Ø, max. structural load = 80 Ton.

d = 24”Ø, max. structural load = 150 Ton
d = 30”Ø, max structural load = 230 Ton.
5. Check Pile Capacity

Use 18" Ø bored piles x85 ft max. Meyerhofs’ formula (modified) is applicable for bored
piles in residual soil
Qu = Qs + Qp
= fs As.+ Op Ap
= N As + N. Ap
50
where N = average SPT along pile shaft
N = average SPT near pile base (4Ø above pile base & 2Ø below pile base).
As = pile shaft area (ft2)
As = pile base area (ft2)

Based on DB12
18"Ø x 75'
N = 16 fs = N = 0.32 TSF
50
N = 50 qp = 50 TSB
Qs = fs As
= 0.32 x (1.5' x 3.1416 x 75) = 113 Ton
Qp = 50 x (1/4 x 1.52 x 3.1416) = 88 Ton
Qa = Qs/20 + Qp/3.0
= 56.5 + 29.3
= 85.8 Ton
say 80 Ton
Based on DB 10
18"Ø x 55ft
N = 20 fs = 0.4 TSF
N = 80 qp = 80 TSF
= 0-4 x (1o5 x 301416 x 55) =104 Ton
Qp = 80 x (1/4 x 1o5 x 1o5 x 3o1416) = 141 Ton
Qa = Qs/2.0 + Op/3.0 = 52 + 47 = 99 Ton

say 80 Ton.
Based on DB 13
18”Ø x 80ft.
N = 23 fs = 0.46 TSF
N = 35 qp = 35 TSF
Qs = 0.46 x (1.5 x 3.1416 x 80) =173 Ton
Qp = 35 x (1/4 x 3o1416 x 1o5 x 145) =62 Ton
Qa = Qs / 2.0 + Qp / 3.0 =173/2 + 62/3.0

= 86 + 31
= 117 Ton
> 80 Ton.

6. Founding Level
Founding level should be determined by observing the soil type from the boring. Suitable
founding soil should be weathered granite bedrock or oompacted/cemented clayey silt with
gravels, or up to a max depth of eft'. In case of dou7gt, SPT should be carried in the bored
base.
7. Recommendation
Use 18”Ø bored pile Vrith max capacity 80 Ton per pile. Site engineer should use the DB
results to determine the founding level. Para 6 above can be used as a guide. 4 Nos load
tests should be carried out to verify the capacity.

DB 13 DB 12 DB 11 DB 10 DB 9 DB 8 DB 7 DB 6 DB 5 DB 4 DB 3 DB 2 DB 1

Hard surface tarmac
Sandy silty clay
Stiff sandy clayey silt with gravels
Compact clayey silty sand with gravels
Hard, Fractured, Weathered granite
Loose clayey, silty sand
Fig. 1 Soil Profile
Scale: Horizontal 3/16” to 48’0”
Page 45
Pile Design Report
Lampiran E 6
1. Objective
To design the foundation system for the proposed Dewan Orang Ramai in Kampung
Cheras Baru
2. Introduction
2.1 The proposed.structure is a one-storey assembly-hall'situated on Lot 405 in
Kampung Ceras Baru, M11rim Ampang, Daerah Hulu Langat
2.2 Column loads

Maximum - 68T
Minimum - 30T
3. Site Condition
3.1 Surface Condition
The terrain is generally flat. It was formerly an old building site that has been
cleared. Springs of water are visible which suggest the ground water table is
very near the ground surface. The only visible form of undergrowth are bushes
and shrubs.
3.2 Subsurface Condition

3.2.1 Referring to the geological map of Kuala Lumpur District (after Ting
and Ooi 1972)2, Kampung Cheras Baru is located in the Granite
region. Hence the soil is residual Gradite soil.
3.2.2 Scope of Site Investigation.

Initially 6 Nos of JKR Probes were performed by the district office of
JKR Hulu Langat. Due to the inconsistency of the probe results, a
more elaborate method of sub-soil exploration in the form of 3 Nos.
Deep Boring was done by the Unit Makmal Ibu Pejabat JKR.
Borehole positions are as indicated in Appendix B. From the borelog
results (APPENDIX C) the soil profile is not consistent along the three
boreholes. Generally) though, the sub-soil eonsists of interlayer
between sand, clay and stilt. The first 9 metres Appears to be com
prised of loose to medium dense sand and very soft-to firm clays (the
variation occuring with depth). Below 9m the soil seems to improve
from medium dense to very dense silts and sands as well as stiff to
very hard clays. The groundwater is very near to the surface and the
subsoil is assumed to be fully saturated.
3.2.3 Other Relevant Information.

Near to the proposed site of the hall, in a north, easterly direction is sit
uated a quarry. There is an access-road leading to the intended site but
it is in a bad state.

4. Foundation Analysis and Recommendation
4.1 Selection of type of foundation

With reference-to the results obtained from the S.I. done the first 5 metres com
prises of compressible material which is of insufficient strength to sustain the
intended imposed loads. Hence an ordinary shallow foundation in the form of a
pad footing would not suffice. A piled foundation system is warranted here in
order to transfer the loads to the stronger material found below 15m of the
ground-level. In selecting the particular type of pile'to be used, particular consid
eration has been made to
(a) Cost.
(b) Driving lengths
(c) Resistance to hard driving.
(d) Strength mf pile as structural member
(e) Effectiveness in mobilising friction and end-bearing
(see T able 1)
Table 1 : Selection of Pile Type
T ype Max. length Resistance Structural Merit as Merit as Cost
of of to Hard Capacity frictional end (per m run)
pile Driving possible Driving pile bearing
(18m) pile
R.C.
v 2 v 2 v 2 v 1 v 2 v 2
Steel
v 1 v 1 v 1 v 2 v 1 X 3
T imber X 3 X 3 X 3 X 3 X 3 v 1
Figures in box represents order of choise

e.g. 3 third choice
From Table 1, the most apparent' choice would be to use steel piles. However,
based on the soil variation (profile) and the intended loading system which is rel
atively small, the .use of steel' piles is overly conservative. Furthermore hard
driving is not expected.RC piles would be more appropriate in this case because;
(a) it is more economical
(b) RC piles would be able to mobilise sufficient safe end-bearing resistance

at a much shallower depth than would be necessary fdv its steel counter
part.
(c) Due to its rougher surface texture RC piles can mobilise frictional resist
ance better than steel piles

Hence RC Piles would serve better and cheaper than-steel piles as both a friction
al and end-bearing pile in this particular sub-soil condition.
4.2 Estimation of Ultimate Loads

4.2.1 Design Assumptions
(a) The soil is fully saturated. In calculating the effective overburden pressure,
Pd, the values of X sat for the various soil categories are obtained from
Appendix B in Ref. 1 (Pg. 397).
(b) For an SPT value of N 11p the undrained cohesion Cu, is assumed
approximately to be 125 lbs/ft ,
(c) Due to the inconsistency in the soil variation for the three boreholes, the
piles were designed based on each individual borehole result and the worst
(or lowest)' calculated working load per pile was adopted for use.
(d) The criteria for design was only to consider both frictional and end-bear
ing piles. Totally frictional or totally end-bearing-piles were not consid
ered.
(e) Assumed that piles would achieve safe and bearing resistance in soil lay
ers with SPT values of N-~ 15 i.e. in medium dense coesionless soils or
stiff cohesive layers.
(f) Factor of safety adopted is 2.5 (para 4.6 pg. 149 of. ref. 1)
(g) Lower values of Ø were assumed for silts as compared to sands.Generally,
Type of Silts N Øº
V.loose to loose 0 - 10 27 - 29
Medium Dense 10 - 30 29 - 34
Dense to V.Dense 30 34 - 39
(h) In obtaining the end-bearing resistance in cohesion soils, the bearing

capacity factor No is taken to be 9 (Para 2 Pg. 122 Ref. 1)
4.2.2 Formulae Used in the Estimation of the Ultimate Loads

4.2.2.1 In Cohesionless Soil.
For frictional resistance
*Qs Avg. uni akin friction = is (1.) Ref. 1 Pg. 137 Para 4)

where
Qs a Ultimate akin resistance
As = .Area, of shaft .
Avg. unit skin friction is obtained from Fig. 4.19
Pg. 139 of Ref. 1)
*The foriaula (Ref. 1 Pg. 136 Eln. 4.13) .
Qs = 1/2 K, Pd tan As is not applicable in this

particular case because it becomes invalid for
penetration depths/width ratios 10-20 for straight
sided piles (Ref. 1 Pg. 137)
For End-Bearing
Qb = Pd Nq Ab (2) (Ref. 1 Pg. 135 Eqn.4.12)
where
Qs = Ultimate End,-Bearing Resistance.

Pd = Effective Overburden Pressure
Nq = Bearing Capacity Factor
(obtained from Berezantsevs' Curves in Ref. 1 Pg 134
Fig. 4.14 (b) )
Ab = Area of pile base
It should be noted that value of Qb at penetration depths of 20

diameters is taken as the peak value for ultimate end bearing
resistance but shall not exceed 100 tons/ft2.
4.2.2.2 In Cohesive Soil

For frictional resistance
Qs = α Cu As - (3) (Ref. 1 Pg. 123 Eqn. 4o5) ,
where
Qs = Ultimate skin resistance
α = adhesion factor (taken - 1)
Cu = Average undisturbed undrained cohesion of

soil surrounding pile shaft
As = Area of shaft
For End-bearing resistance

Qs = No Cb Ab - (4)(Ref. 1 Pg. 122 Eqn. 4.2)

where
No = Bearing Capacity factor (taken = 9)
Cb = Undisturbed undrained cohesion of soil at pile

toe
Ab = Area of pile base
4.2.3 Recommendation
Scope of work done on S.I. were 6 Nos. JO -Probes and 3 Nos. Deep
Boring. On compilation of the results, the soil profile was generalized as
Table 2 : Generalized Soil Profile

Depth (m) Soil Type and Condition
0-9 Loose sand and soft clay
9 - 13 M. Dense Silts and firm clay
> 13 Dense/V.Dense silts and
firm /stiff/v.stiff clays
follows:-
A piled foundation system was selected instead. of shallow foundation in
order to transfer the loads onto the stronger layers at the lower depths.
RC piles were chosen and- designed to be partly frictional and partly endr
bearing. Trids were done with 15" s 15", 12" z 12" and 10" = 10" RC
Pile size Penetration Working loads (Tons/pile)
Depth (m) BH 1 BH 2 BH 3
15" x 15" 21.5 101 - -
12" x 12" 20 69 37 42
21.5 70 40 52
16.5 32 28 31
10" x 10" 19.5 42 26 31
Table 3 : Summary of Analysis
piles. The results are summarised in the table below.

It should be noted that due. to the inconsistency of the soil variation of the
three boreholes done, the design was based on each individual borehole.
From the analysis done, it was decided to use a combined system of RC
piles driven to a depth of 2090m below formation level in order to opti
mise the cost of pile installation and prevent the problem of eccentricity
between columns and single pile foundation system during construction.

Hence the recommended system is as follows:-

For the-loading range of
(a) 30T - 40T - Use 10" _ .10" RC pile with a working load of
20T/pile driven to a depth of 20m below forma
tion level.
(b) 40T - 70T - Use a minimum of 2 Nose 12" = 12" piles with a
working load of 35T/pile driven to a depth of 20m
below formation level.
4.3 Settlement Analysis

In this particular project, the concern for settlement would be over
(a) settlement of the pile toe
(b) settlement of the sub-soil due 'to the surcharge weight of the fill material.
4-3.1 In the case of (a), settlement checks were not done as the piles are not totally fric
tional and generally the recommended foundation system would result in only 2
Nos* of piles to a . group. Furthermore, work done by X.Je Tomlinson have
shown that for piles of small to medium (up to 600mm) diameter the settlement
under the working load will not exceed 10mm or 3/8" if the safety factor is not
lower than 2.500..-00.00. (Ref- 1 Pg. 149)
4.3.2 Settlement. of tho sub-soil due to the surcharge weight of the fill material
4.3.2.1 Essumptions made
(a) Soil layers with an SPT value of N48 were taken as compressible lay
ers
(b) Depth of compressible layer = 12m, .
(c) Effective area of fill was approximated to be the same as the plan area
of the proposed Dewan Orang Ramai
i.e. B - 17m and L . 321x.
(d) Depth of fill was not constant throughout the site. This is because the
original ground level is not the same over the intended site.
Plane DB 2 0.3m
qf2
DB 2
Plane DB 3
0.6m
qf3
Formation Level DB 3
1m
O.G.L qf1
DB 1
Fill Material
12m Compressible Layer

Below is a schematic presentation of the fill depth and area.
(e) The bulk density of the fill material was assumed to be 18 bulk
(f) The borehole positions were taken as the points of consideration in

estimating the settlement of the soft layer due to the surcharge weight
of the fill, i.e. Points DB1,'DB2 and DB3
(g) With regards to (e), the generalized surcharge weights over the'respeo
tive points in a plane orientation (see Fig. 1) area-
Plane DB1; qf1 - 18 kN/m2
Plane DB2; qf2 - 6 kN,/m2
Plane DB3; qf3 - 12 kN/m2
(h) The compressible soil was classified as type CL under the Casagrande
classification system
(i) Liquid Limit of the soil was assumed to be 35%
(j) Voids ratio assumed to be 0.7
(k) The Compression Inde= Cc was obtained from the relationship cc o 0.009
(Lw - 10%)
where Lw = liquid limit-of the clay

(Eqn. 2.24 Ref. 3 Pg. 128)
4.3.2.2 Estimation of settlement

To obtain the average immediate _settlement the method of Janbu, Jerrum and
Kjaernsli was adopted where
Average settlement = p1 = U1 U1 of B ....(5)
E
U1 Uo are obtained from Refs 1 Pg. 180 Fig. 5.10

qf = net surcharge of the fill
B = width of fill area
E = Modulus of Elasticity of clay

Values of E were obtained from Ref. 1 Pg. 186 BU- 5 .17
For Consolidation Settlement, Terzaghils conventional 1-D consolidation theory

was used.
So = Co H. Log Po +σz ......(6)
1 t e, Po

where,
Co = Compression Index
Eo = Initial voids ratio
H = Thickness of compressible layer (m)
Po = Effective overburden pressure (kN/m2)
σz = Value of vertical stress at depth considered (kN/m2)
Values of were obtained from
σz = qfI o .... (7) (Ref. 4 Pg. 223)
Where qf = surcharge of fill
Io = Influence factors obtained from Padumts Chart (Ref. 4 .Fgi 224 Fig.
7.2)
4.3.2.3 From the settlement analysis. done on the effect of the surcharge weight of the -
fill material, the following were obtained
settlement under plane DB1 - 92mm (3.6")
settlement under plane DB2 - 30am (1.2")
settlement under plane DB3 - 232 am (9")

(centre of fill)
Obviously, there is substantial total and differential settlement of the soft layer
due to the effect of the fill surcharge.
In the light. of this estimation, it is advisable to design a suspended floor for the
proposed structure and to use tie-beams (ground beams) for the foundation sys
tem (tied in two cUreotions) in order to have a more rigid structure.
4.4 Load Testing Requirement

4.4.1 2 nos. of load tests are recommended in accordance with JKt siandard
specificationsiUnit Malarial are to be advised of the date the loading
tests are to be done and copies of the results are to be cent to Unit
Makmal for purposes of monitoring and records.
4.4.2 The test loadings should be done at least 4 weeks after the test piles are
driven, to fully mobilise frictional resistance between soil and pile
interface.

4.5 Associated Designs
4.5.1 Requirements of fill material and its commotion Soil should be of suit
able selected fill material. The H.S. 1377 s 1972 method shall be used
as the standard compaction test for determining the moisture density
relationship of the soil. The selected material should have liquid limit
values less than 35 (LL 35) and values of plasticity index less than 55
(Pole L 55)-The -field density after compaction shall be determined in
accordance with the "Band Replacement Method" or AASHO T205-64
(Rubber Balloon Method). The fill shall be compacted to a density of
not less than 95% of the ma3d!m,m dry density as determined by the
Standard Compaction Test.
The type of compacting equipment to be used shall be subject to the

approval of the Superintending Officer.
4.5.2 Structural Recommendations

In order to deal with the expected settlement of the soft sub-soil due to
the surcharge of the fill material, it is advisable to design a suspended
floor system for the structure.
Further precautions should be taken in the form of tying the columns

in two-directions with ground beams so as to' haves. more rigid struc
ture.
5. Conclusion
From the-analysis done based on assumptions laid down in Clause ~4.2.1, the recommen
dations are
i) For the load range of
30T - 40T Use 10'1 x 10" RC piles with a working load of 20T/pile
40T - 702' Use a minimum of 2 Nos 12" x 12" piles with a working load of
35T/pile:
ii) The piles shall function as partly frictional and partly end-bearing.
iii) Piles are to be driven to set below the formation level
iv) Specify tender lengths to be 20m and an additional 10% should be added to the number
of piles specified in the BQ or summary of tender to cater for pile deviations during
driving.
v) Use suspended floor and tie beams are to be provided in two directions between the col
umn positions.
6. Appendices
Appendix A : Location Plan
Appendix B : Layout plan showing locations of site investigation

Appendix C : Generalized soil profile Borelog Results
7. Bibliography
Ref. 1 : PILE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE -
M. J. TOAIIINSON
VIEWPOINT PUBLICATION
Ref. 2 : MALAYSIAN SOILS AND ASSOCIATED PROBLEKS

- DR. 001 TECK AUN
Ref. 3 : FOUNDATION RESIGN AND CONS'T'RUCTION

- M.J. TOMLINSON
PITMAN INTEMATIONAL TEXT 3rd Edition
Ref. 4 : ELEMENT OF SOIL MECHANICS - G. N. SMITH

CROSBY LOW00D STAPLES 4th Edition '

Proposed Pile
V.soft silty clay N=2
Med. dense to loose silty sand 2.00
Loose silty sand N=5
V.Loose silty sandy N=2 3.00
V.loose silty sand N=1
2.45
V.soft silty clay N=1 3.15 V.soft silty clay N=0 4.50
Loose silty sand N=2
4.0 5.00
Loose silty sand N=2 V.soft silty clay N=2
5.0 6.00
Med. dense silty sand N=21 V.Loose silty sandy N=2 Firm clayey silt N=4
6.0 7.50
Soft silty clay N=4 Sofy sandy silt N=4
9.0 9.00

Firm silty clay N=8 Firm silty clay N=5
12.00 18.00
Firm silty clay N=14
13.5 13.50
Firm silty clay N=7 Stiff clayey silt N=15
Stiff clayey silt N=18 15.00
Stiff silty clay N=15 18.00

V.Stiff clayey silt N=35
19.50
22.5
Hard silty clay N=30 V.stiff clayey silt N=24
25.50
Hard clayey silt N=50
Hard clayey silt N=40 27.00
Hard clayey silt N>50
28.70
29.45 Quartzite and decomposed granite
-21.6
28.5 Hard silty clayey -30.6 V.dense silty sand N>50 Sandy silt N>50
Basalt(Boulder) -32.1 Granite
33.05 Hard clayey silt -34.25 Granite
Page 56
Pile Design Report
Cadangan Syor asas untuk Projek Rumah

Kediaman Kelas 'G' Penjara Penor, Kuantan, Pahang.
1. Introduction
The project site is located off the Pekan - Kuantan trunk road. From the site plan an earth
filling of 1' to 5' is proposed for the whole site. The project consists of construction of
6 Blocks of JKR Standard 5-storey Class G Quarters.
2. Site Conditions
6 nos of boreholes were carried out to determine the subsoil conditions. The sub soil con
sists of soft silty clay with organic matters from ground level to 6m below ground level.
From 6m to 12m below ground level the soil consists of loose silty sand with decayed mat
ters and from 12m to 28m the soil is of loose to medium stiff sandy clay with SPT N aver
ages from 6 to 12. From 28m_to,36m the soil strata consists of dense sandy'silt with traces
of gravel. SPT N ranges from 18 to 50.
3. Geotechnical Evaluation
Due to the 1' to 5' of fill, consolidation settlement may occur for the compressible layers of
soil. Hence negative skin friction on piles is to be accounted for.
12" x 12" r.c. piles are evaluated for the bearing capacities. It is found that the founding
depths of the piles varies from 28.5m to 36m.
The following table is abstracted from the calculations for which the estimated founding
depths Ultimate loads (Qu) and allowable loads (Qa) are tabulated. A factor of safety of 2.5
and negative skin friction of 16 tons are used in the calculations.
BH nos. Estimated depths Ultimate load Allowable load
(m) Qu (tons) Qa = Qu/2.5 - Qn
1 33 197.54 65.59
2 31.5 178.65 55.03
3 28.5 166.84 50.31
4 28.5 183.87 57.12
5 36 208.56 67.00
6 35 204.62 65.42
From the above it is noted that the calculated bearing capacities of the 12" x 12" r.c. piles
ranges from 50.00 to 67 tons. Hence it is proposed that 12" x 12" JKR r.c: piles of Grade 40
concrete be used.
The allowable working load of the 12" x 12" JKR r.c. piles shall be 49 tons per pile.
Calculations for the geotechnical evaluations for the 6 boreholes are attached.
4. Conclusion
12" x 12" JKR Standard R.C. piles grade 40 with tender length of 36m shall be used.
Allowable load per pile is 49 tons.The estimated negative friction load is 16 Ton per pile.
Hence the test load shall 2 x (49 + 16) = 130 Tons. At least 4 piles shall be selected for load
tests.
All piles are designed as end bearing piles. All piles shall be driven to set which can be
achieved at about 28.5m to 36m below ground level.

Cadangan Kelas ‘G’, Penjara Penoh, Kuantan, Pahang.

Evaluation of 12” x 12” reinforced concrete pile.
Borehole 1
Depth S.P.T Ap Qs Qs’ Ab Qu Qa

Soil Description Fs Fb Qb’ (tons)
(m) N (Na) (ft) (Tons) (tons) (sq ft) (tons) (tons)
Top soi l, soft
0 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
clayey silt
1.5 Loose clayey silt 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
7.5 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Soft silty clay,

10.5 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
traces of sand
12 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
13.5 Ditto 5 2.5 0.05 4 0.98 0.98 20 1 20.00 20.98 8.39
Stiff silty clay,

15 6 5.5 0.11 4 2.16 3.15 24 1 24.00 27.15 10.86
traces of sand
16.5 Ditto 8 7 0.14 4 2.76 5.90 32 1 32.00 37.90 15.16
18 Ditto 7 7.5 0.15 4 2.95 8.86 28 1 28.00 36.86 14.74
19.5 Ditto 7 7 0.14 4 2.76 11.61 28 1 28.00 39.61 15.84
21 Ditto 6 6.5 0.13 4 2.56 14.17 24 1 24.00 38.17 15.27
22.5 Ditto 9 7.5 0.15 4 2.95 17.12 36 1 36.00 53.12 21.25
24 Ditto 18 13.5 0.27 4 5.31 22.44 72 1 72.00 94.44 37.77
25.5 Ditto 16 17 0.34 4 6.69 29.13 64 1 64.00 93.13 37.25
27 Ditto 30 23 0.46 4 9.05 38.18 120 1 120.00 158.18 63.27
Dense silty sandy

28.5 25 27.5 0.55 4 10.82 49.00 100 1 100.00 149.00 59.60
gravel
30 Ditto 24 24.5 0.49 4 9.64 58.65 96 1 96.00 154.65 61.86
31.5 Ditto 21 22.5 0.45 4 8.86 67.50 84 1 84.00 151.50 60.60
33***
Ditto 30 25.5 0.51 4 10.04 77.54 120 1 120.00 197.54 79.02 79.02
*
34.5 Ditto 50 40 0.80 4 15.74 93.28 200 1 200.00 293.28 117.31
36 Ditto 50 50 1.00 4 19.68 112.96 200 1 200.00 312.96 125.19
To calc. negative skin friction (Qn)

Qn = fn x As, where fn = 0.25 x Po /2
Po = (110 -62.5) x H x 3.28, where H = 12m = 1869.6 16.43
Qn = 0.25 x Po /2 x As x H x 3.28/2240
Allowable load Qa’ = (Qu/2.5 – Qn) = 62.59
*** from borelog N = 50, use N = 3D only


Borehole 2
Depth S.P.T Ap Qs Qs’ Ab Qb’ Qu Qa
Soil Description Fs Fb (sq ft) (tons) (tons)
(m) N (Na) (ft) (Tons) (tons) (tons)
Top soi l, soft
0 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
clayey silt
3 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
7.5 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Soft silty clay,

10.5 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
traces of sand
12 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
13.5 Ditto 4 2 0.04 4 0.79 0.79 16 1 16.00 16.79 6.71
Stiff silty clay,

15 11 7.5 0.15 4 2.95 3.74 44 1 44.00 47.74 19.10
traces of sand
16.5 Ditto 12 11.5 0.23 4 4.53 8.27 48 1 48.00 56.27 22.51
18 Ditto 7 9.5 0.19 4 3.74 12.00 28 1 28.00 40.00 16.00
19.5 Ditto 5 6 0.12 4 2.36 14.37 20 1 20.00 34.37 13.75
21 Ditto 4 4.5 0.09 4 1.77 16.14 16 1 16.00 32.14 12.86
22.5 Ditto 6 5 0.10 4 1.97 18.11 24 1 24.00 42.11 16.84
24 Ditto 6 6 0.12 4 2.36 20.47 24 1 24.00 44.47 17.79
25.5 Ditto 5 5.5 0.11 4 2.16 22.63 20 1 20.00 42.63 17.05
27 Ditto 24 14.5 0.29 4 5.71 28.34 96 1 96.00 124.34 49.74
Dense silty sandy

28.5 26 25 0.50 4 9.84 38.18 104 1 104.00 142.18 56.87
gravel
30 Ditto 24 25 0.50 4 9.84 48.02 96 1 96.00 144.02 57.61
31.5 Ditto 30 27 0.54 4 10.63 58.65 120 1 120.00 178.65 71.46 71.46
33**** Ditto 50 40 0.80 4 15.74 74.39 200 1 200.00 274.39 109.76
34.5 Ditto 50 50 1.00 4 19.68 94.07 200 1 200.00 294.07 117.63
36 Ditto 50 50 1.00 4 19.68 113.75 200 1 200.00 313.75 125.50

Po = (110 -62.5) x H x 3.28, where H = 12m = 1869.6 16.43
Qn = 0.25 x Po /2 x As x H x 3.28/2240


Borehole 3
S.P.T Ap Ab Qb’ Qu
Depth Qs Qs’ Qa
Soil Description Fs (ft Fb (sq ft) (tons) (tons)
(m) N (Na) (Tons) (tons) (tons)
)
Top soil , soft clayey
0 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
silt
3 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
4.5 Loose clayey s and 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
7.5 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Soft silty clay, traces

10.5 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
of sand
12 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
13.5 Ditto 8 4 0.08 4 1.57 1.57 32 1 32.00 33.57 13.43
Stiff silty clay, traces

15 9 8.5 0.17 4 3.35 4.92 36 1 36.00 40.92 16.37
of sand
16.5 Ditto 12 10.5 0.21 4 4.13 9.05 48 1 48.00 57.05 22.82
18 Ditto 9 10.5 0.21 4 4.13 13.19 36 1 36.00 49.19 19.67
19.5 Ditto 11 10 0.20 4 3.94 17.12 44 1 44.00 61.12 24.45
21 Ditto 8 9.5 0.19 4 3.74 20.86 32 1 32.00 52.86 21.14
22.5 Ditto 6 7 0.14 4 2.76 23.62 24 1 24.00 47.62 19.05
24 Ditto 5 5.5 0.11 4 2.16 25.78 20 1 20.00 45.78 18.31
25.5 Ditto 6 5.5 0.11 4 2.16 27.95 24 1 24.00 51.95 20.78
27 Ditto 30 18 0.36 4 7.08 35.03 120 1 120.00 155.03 62.01
Dense silty sandy

28.5 30 30 0.60 4 11.81 46.84 120 1 120.00 166.84 66.74 66.74
gravel
30 Ditto 50 40 0.80 4 15.74 62.58 200 1 200.00 262.58 105.03
31.5 Ditto 50 50 1.00 4 19.68 82.26 200 1 200.00 282.26 112.90
33 Ditto 50 50 1.00 4 19.68 101.94 200 1 200.00 301.94 120.78
34.5 Ditto 50 50 1.00 4 19.68 121.62 200 1 200.00 321.62 128.65
36 Ditto 50 50 1.00 4 19.68 141.30 200 1 200.00 341.3 0 136.52

Po = (110 -62.5) x H x 3.28, where H = 12m = 1869.6 16.43
Qn = 0.25 x Po /2 x As x H x 3.28/2240
*** from borelog N = 50, use N = 3D only ddedit


Borehole 4
Top soil , soft
0 0
clayey silt
1.5 Loose clayey silt 9 4.5 0.08 4 1.51 1.51 36 1 36.00 37.51 15.00
3 Ditto 15 12 0.20 4 4.01 5.52 60 1 60.00 65.52 26.21
Loose clayey
4.5 7 11 0.19 4 3.68 9.20 28 1 28.00 37.20 14.88
sand
6 Ditto 3 5 0.09 4 1.67 10.87 12 1 12.00 22.87 9.15
7.5 Ditto 4 3.5 0.06 4 1.17 12.04 16 1 16.00 28.04 11.22
9 Ditto 0 2 0.00 4 0.67 12.71 0 1 0.00 12.71 5.09
Soft silty clay,

10.5 0 0 0.03 4 0.00 12.71 0 1 0.00 12.71 5.09
traces of sand
12 Ditto 5 2.5 0.00 4 0.84 13.55 20 1 20.00 33.55 13.42
13.5 Ditto 6 5.5 0.04 4 1.84 15.39 24 1 24.00 39.39 15.76
Stiff silty clay,

15 6 6 0.09 4 2.01 17.40 24 1 24.00 41.40 16.56
traces of sand
16.5 Ditto 8 7 0.10 4 2.34 19.74 32 1 32.00 51.74 20.70
18 Ditto 6 7 0.12 4 2.34 22.08 24 1 24.00 46.08 18.43
19.5 Ditto 10 8 0.12 4 2.68 24.76 40 1 40.00 64.76 25.90
21 Ditto 11 10.5 0.14 4 3.51 28.27 44 1 44.00 72.27 28.91
22.5 Ditto 10 10.5 0.18 4 3.51 31.78 40 1 40.00 71.78 28.71
24 Ditto 8 9 0.18 4 3.01 34.79 32 1 32.00 66.79 26.72
25.5 Ditto 8 8 0.15 4 2.68 37.47 32 1 32.00 69.47 27.79
27 Ditto 35 21.5 0.14 4 7.19 44.66 140 1 140.00 184.66 73.87
Dense silty sandy

28.5 32 33.5 0.37 4 11.21 55.87 128 1 128.00 183.87 73.55 73.55
gravel
30 Ditto 50 41 0.57 4 13.72 69.59 200 1 200.00 269.59 107.84
31.5 Ditto 50 50 0.70 4 16.73 86.32 200 1 200.00 286.32 114.53
33 Ditto 50 50 0.85 4 16.73 103.04 200 1 200.00 303.04 121.22
34.5 Ditto 50 50 0.85 4 16.73 119.77 200 1 200.00 319.77 127.91
36 Ditto 50 50 0.85 4 16.73 136.50 200 1 200.00 336.50 134.60

Po = (110 -62.5) x H x 3.28, where H = 12m = 1869.6 16.43
Qn = 0.25 x Po /2 x As x H x 3.28/2240


Borehole 5
Top soil , soft
0 0
clayey silt
3 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Loose clayey
4.5 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
sand
6 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
7.5 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Soft silty clay,

10.5 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
traces of sand
12 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
13.5 Ditto 8 4 0.08 4 1.57 1.57 32 1 32.00 33.57 13.43
Stiff silty clay,

15 7 7.5 0.15 4 2.95 4.53 28 1 28.00 32.53 13.01
traces of sand
16.5 Ditto 6 6.5 0.13 4 2.56 7.08 24 1 24.00 31.08 12.43
18 Ditto 6 6 0.12 4 2.36 9.45 24 1 24.00 33.45 13.38
19.5 Ditto 7 6.5 0.13 4 2.56 12.00 28 1 28.00 40.00 16.00
21 Ditto 6 6.5 0.13 4 2.56 14.56 24 1 24.00 38.56 15.43
22.5 Ditto 6 6 0.12 4 2.36 16.92 24 1 24.00 40.92 16.37
24 Ditto 10 8 0.16 4 3.15 20.07 40 1 40.00 60.07 24.03
25.5 Ditto 13 11.5 0.23 4 4.53 24.60 52 1 52.00 76.60 30.64
27 Ditto 28 20.5 0.41 4 8.07 32.67 112 1 112.00 144.67 57.87
Dense silty sandy

28.5 32 30 0.60 4 11.81 44.48 128 1 128.00 172.48 68.99
gravel
30 Ditto 18 25 0.50 4 9.84 54.32 72 1 72.00 126.32 50.53
31.5 Ditto 22 20 0.40 4 7.87 62.19 88 1 88.00 150.19 60.08
33 Ditto 20 21 0.42 4 8.27 70.45 80 1 80.00 150.45 60.18
34.5 Ditto 21 20.5 0.41 4 8.07 78.52 84 1 84.00 162.52 65.01
36 Ditto 30 25.5 0.51 4 10.04 88.56 120 1 120.00 208.56 83.42 83.42
To calc. negative skin friction (Qn )

Po = (110 -62.5) x H x 3.28, where H = 12m = 1869.6 16.43
Qn = 0.25 x Po /2 x As x H x 3.28/2240
Allowable load Qa’ = (Qu/2.5 – Qn) = 67 .00
*** from borelog N = 50, use N = 3D on ly


Borehole 6
Top soi l, soft
0 0
clayey silt
3 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Loose clayey
4.5 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
sand
6 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
7.5 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
9 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
Soft silty clay,

10.5 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
traces of sand
12 Ditto 0 0 0.00 4 0.00 0.00 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.00
13.5 Ditto 10 5 0.10 4 1.97 1.97 40 1 40.00 41.97 16.79
Stiff silty clay,

15 7 8.5 0.17 4 3.35 5.31 28 1 28.00 33.31 13.33
traces of sand
16.5 Ditto 6 6.5 0.13 4 2.56 7.87 24 1 24.00 31.87 12.75
18 Ditto 7 6.5 0.13 4 2.56 10.43 28 1 28.00 38.43 15.37
19.5 Ditto 5 6 0.12 4 2.36 12.79 20 1 20.00 32.79 13.12
21 Ditto 4 4.5 0.09 4 1.77 14.56 16 1 16.00 30.56 12.23
22.5 Ditto 5 4.5 0.09 4 1.77 16.33 20 1 20.00 36.33 14.53
24 Ditto 11 8 0.16 4 3.15 19.48 44 1 44.00 63.48 25.39
25.5 Ditto 15 13 0.26 4 5.12 24.60 60 1 60.00 84.60 33.84
27 Ditto 27 21 0.42 4 8.27 32.87 108 1 108.00 140.87 56.35
Dense silty sandy

28.5 26 26.5 0.53 4 10.43 43.30 104 1 104.00 147.30 58.92
gravel
30 Ditto 16 21 0.42 4 8.27 51.56 64 1 64.00 115.56 46.22
31.5 Ditto 20 18 0.36 4 7.08 58.65 80 1 80.00 138.65 55.46
33 Ditto 18 19 0.38 4 7.48 66.12 72 1 72.00 138.12 55.25
34.5 Ditto 23 20.5 0.41 4 8.07 74.19 92 1 92.00 166.19 66.48
36 Ditto 30 26.5 0.53 4 10.43 84.62 120 1 120.00 204.62 81.85 81.85

Po = (110 -62.5) x H x 3.28, where H = 12m = 1869.6 16.43
Qn = 0.25 x Po /2 x As x H x 3.28/2240

Design Calculations of Bored Piles

& Pile Caps for Proposed SK
Taman Segar Cheras
1. Introduction
The project consists of construction of 2 blocks. of 4-storey JKR Std. School buildings. The
site is generally flat with about 2½m fill some 5 years ago. The generalized subsoil proper
ties are as follows:-
0 - 12m : loose clayey sand with localized very dense layer. Average SPT, N = 5.
12m - 17m : medium to dense silty clayey sand, N = 16
17m - 27m : very dense grey spotted yellowish fine to coarse silty sand with gravel
(N = 40 - 50). Water table 15m bgl.
No of colums per block is 44 and the columnload is about 78 Ton (max.)
Due to presence of localized very. dense cemented clayey sand with gravels at shallow
depth, very hard driving will encountered at shallow depth if driven piles are used.
Bored piles are considered more cost effective piling system in this case when compared
with other suitable piling system such as H piles (R.C. piles are Not suitable). Though the
site consists of sandy soil, the bored piles are considered suitable because water.table is low
and the residual soil is usually quite impermeable.
460mm diameter bored piles are proposed.
2.1 Design Criteria

- Concrete Grade 25 for piles & caps
- Design compressive stress = 4.8N/mm sq.
< fcu/4.
- Longitudinal reinf provided is 1.0% for full bored shaft, i.e. 6Y20 & R9
@ 300mm c/c as helical reinforcement.
- Installation procedure according to JKR spec (KPKR 6/1989).
- max design load = 80 Ton.
- max test load = 2 X design load.
2.2 Geotechnical Capacity

Use modified Meyerhof’ s equation:
Ultimate capacity, Qu = N1 As + K2 Ab
K1 K2
Where N1 = average SPT value for shaft

K1 = 50
K2 = 1
N2 = average SPT valug at base
As = surface area(ft2)
Ab = base area (ft2)

Generalised Design SPT

0 - 17m, average SPT = 8
17m - 24m,average SPT = 40
Average SPT @ 24M = 50
.'. Total ultimate frictional resistance
Qs- Spx52x1.5xi1 +540 0 x22 x1.5xi1
= 39.2 + 82.9
= 122.1 Ton
Total ultimate end bearing
Qb = 50 x 1.52 x 11 /4 = 88.3 Ton
:. Qu =12.2.1+88.3 = 210.4 Ton
.'. Safe load Qa = 210.4/2.5 = 84.1 Ton
Say 80 Ton per bored pile (18" diam x 24m)
3. Pilecap Design
Single Pilecap for Pile Diameter 460mm (18" Diam x 24m Bored Pile)
No. of Pile = 1
Pile Diameter = 460mm
Size of Pilecap = 660 x 660 x 900mm
Steel Reinforcement
Main Bars = 0.15% x b x d = 792mm2
.. Provide 4 Y 16 Bothways
Horizontal Links = 0.25% OF Main Steel Area = 100mm2

.: Provide 3 Y 10
Quantities Per Cap

Excavation = 0.41 m3
Volume of Concrete = 0.39 m3
WT. of Reinforcement = 26.6 kg. (Y 16)

= 4.8 kg. (Y 10)
Lean Concrete = .44 m2
Formwork = 2.38 m2
Steel Content = 134 lb/yd3


LAPORAN GEOTEKNIK
MAKTAB PER GUR UAN SRI PIN ANG ,

BUKIT MIER TAJAM,
SEBERANG PERA1,
PULAU PIN ANG
DISEDIAKAH OLEH :
IR. ANNIES MD. ARIFF
EH. AHMAD AZLAN AHMAD
(INSTITUT LATIHAN & PENYELIDIKAN JKR)

Pendahuluan skop kerja penyiasatan tersebut dibuat

Laporan ini adalah 'bertujuan untuk menyam- mengambilkira faktor-faktor berikut:-
paikan keterangan ringkas sumbangan yang i) Jenis bangunan serta beban-beban tiang yang
telah diberi oleh Pusat ini di dalam menentukan terlibat,
pemilihan asas-asas yang sesuai bagi bangu-
nan-bangunan yang dicadangkan untuk projek ii) Kegunaan bangunan,
yang disebut di atas. Sumbangan ini. adalah
bersesuaian dengan peranan utama pusat ini iii) Ciri-ciri geology kawasan,
sebagai satu organisasi.sokongan kepada semua
cawangan di dalam JKR dalam hal- hal yang iv) Keadaan kawasan tapak,
bersangkut-paut dengan bidang geoteknikal.
v) Kerja-kerja tanah - potongan dan penimbu
Laporan ini akan' ketengahkan juga masalah- san.
masalah parancangan yang dihadapi semasa
pusat ini menjalankan kerja penyiasatan -tapak Selain dari perancangan skop kerja penyiasatan
dan kerja merekabentuk asas yang sesuai bagi kedudukan lokasi ujian-ujian juga dibuat den-
bangunan bangunan yang terlibat gan mengambilkira faktor-faktor yang dise-
butkan di atas.
Bagi 'projek ini permintaan untuk menjalankan
penyiasatan tapak dan seterusnya'pen gesyoran Adalah dimaklumkan bahawa perkara (v) di
syor-syor asas telah dikemukakan oleh atas hanya dapat dibuat andaian sahaja semasa
Cawangan Kerja Pendidikan melalui surat perancangan skop penyiasatan tapak kerana
PKR(KP)MP/PP/87/17(102) bertarikh paras formasi tidak dinyatakan di dalam luk-
27/02/1989. isan tatatur tersebut.
Skop Projek Oleh kerana projek ini telah dikelaskan sebagai

Pelaksanaan projek ini melibatkan pembinaan projek SEGERA dan memandangkan beban
32 bush bangunan dengan ketinggian bangu- kerja semasa unit penyiasatan tapak pusat ini
nan-bangunan di antara 1-tingkat hingga 4- pada masa itu adalah terlalu banyak maka
tingkat. Lingkungan beban-beban tiang pula keputusan telah dibuat supaya kerja-kerja
adalah dari serendah-rendah 50.0 kN sehingga penyiasatan tapak ini dijalankan secara kontrak.
setinggi 1800.0 kN. Penyediaan tapak meli- Juga bagi menjimatkan masa telah dipersetujui
batkan kerja-kerja pemotongan se dalam di bahawa tender kerja ini dilakukan secara lan-
antara 0.0 hingga 6.Om dan penimbusan set- tikan terus. Kontraktor yang telah dilantik'
inggi di antara 0.0 hingga 6.0m. untuk menjalankan kerja-kerja ini adalah
Sekata Bina Sdn. Bhd. dengan kos kontrak
Butiran bangunan mengikut bilangan tingkat kerja terhad tidak melebihi $50,000-00.
adalah seperti berikut:-
Oleh yang demikian, kawalan kos yang ketat
1-tingkat - 16 unit
telah dilakukan semasa kerja-.kerja penyiasatan
2-tingkat - 7 unit
sedan& dijalankan bagi memastikan kos
4-tingkat - 8 unit
keseluruhan kontrak ini tidak melebihi
Tangki Air - 1 unit
$50,000-00.
Skop Penyiasatan Tapak/Tanah
Keputusan Penyiasatan Tapak
Berpandukan lukisan punca tatatur yang dike-
Berpandukan kepada peta Hydrogeologi
mukakan, satu skop kerja penyiasatan tapak,
Semenanjung Malaysia tapak projek ini, iaitu
berupa 33 bil. ujian gerekan dalam, 3 bil. ujian
daerah Bukit Mertajam, adalah terletak di atas
gerimit tangan dan 89 bil. ujian proba
formasi batu GRANIT yang diselubungi oleh
Mckintosh, telah dirancangkan. Perancangan
tanah jenis KELODAK/BERLIAT. Ini adalah

berpadanan dengan keputusan penyiasatan tusan ujian-ujian tanah yang dibuat ditempat
tapak/tanah yang diperolehi di mana tanah kedudukan atau berdekatan dengan bangunan
bawahan adalah jenis tanah LIAT/KELODAK yang terlibat. Walaubagaimanapun disebabkan
dan berpasir. Tanah adalah dalam keadaan pindaan ke atas pelan punca projek ini, di mana
sederhana kental hingga sangat kental di antara lokasi kebanyakan bangunan telah dialihkan,
paras dalaman 0.0 hingga 35.0m, dan keras maka terdapat bebarap ujian gerekan dalam
sehingga sangat keras pada -dalaman lebih dari berada diluar kawasan tapak bangunan, mala-
18.0m. han terdapat juga beberapa bangunan yang
tidak ada sebarang ujian penyiasatan tapak
Kedudukan paras air bawah tanah semasa kerja dijalankan. Dalam hal demikian, pusat ini telah
penyiasatan dijalankan (bulan Mac, 1989) membuat ekstrapolasi kepada keputusan-kepu-
adalah di antara 1.55m hingga kering. tusan ujian tanah yang paling berdekatan den-
gan bangunan yang tiada sebarang ujian tanah,
Rekabentuk Syor Asas dan mengunakan maklumat tersebut berserta
Pada amnya pemilihan jenis sistem asas adalah pengetahuan geologi kawasan bagi membuat
berdasarkan kepada faktor-faktor berikut:- penganalisa geoteknik.
a) kemampuan tanah bawahan menanggung Berpandukan faktor-faktor di atas dan juga

beban yang akan ditanggung berdasarkan keputusan penyiasatan tapak yang telah dibuat,
keupayaan galas yang dibenarkan yang ' dua (2) jenis sistem asas telah direkabentuk
dikira bersesuaian dengan keadaan tanah bagi projek ini. Dua (2) jenis sistem asas yang
bawahan dan juga ciri-ciri geologi dimaksudkan itu ialah asas penapak konkrit
kawasan. dan alas cerucuk. Bagi sistem asas cerucuk dua
jenis cerucuk telah direkabentuk iaitu cerucuk
b) beban tiang dan jarak antara tiang konkrit tetulang dan cerucuk kayu berubat.
c) faktor keselamatan terhadap kegagalan dan Bagi sistem asas cerucuk daya tanggung ceru-
enapan yang dapat diterima pada beban cuk-cerucuk yang direkabentuk adalah dari
kerja struktur bagi memenuhi kehendak separa geseran badan (frictional) dan separa
'servicibilty limit state' tangouno hujung (end bearing) dan faktor kese-
lamatan yang telah digunakan di dalam perki-
d) Kawalan mutu semasa pembinaan raan adalah.2.0 serta menggunakan kekuatan
tanah dalam lingkungan batasan rendah.
e) Jenis struktur
Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan geseran badan
f) tapak timbusan atau potongan ialah beban yang ditanggung oleh cerucuk
berkenaan akan dipindahkan ke tanah melalui
g) ekonomik rintangan geseran (frictional resistance) di
antara permukaan badan cerucuk dan tanah,
Oleh yang demikian sebelum menentukan dan ini akan hanya terjadi sekiranya cerucul:
sebarang sistem asas yang hendak digunakan, tersebut mengalami mendapan lebih dari men-
faktor-faktor di atas perlu diteliti terlebih dahu- dapan tanah (relative settlement of pile is
lu bagi setiap bangunan supaya satu sistem asas greater than that of the soil). Maksud tanggung
yang sesuai dan ekonomik dapat ditentukan. hujung pula ialah beban yang ditanggung oleh
cerucuk akan dipindahkan ke tanah melalui
Perlu dinyatakan disini bahawa di dalam hal penghujung cerucuk (base of pile).
membuat perkiraan rekabentuk geoteknik
adalah mustahak ciri-ciri jenis tanah serta buti- Contoh-contoh perkiraan rekabentuk kedua-dua
ran kekuatan tanah-tanah yang dipilih di dalam jenis sistem, asas ada seperti di dalam lampi-
perkiraan rekabentuk diperolehi daripada kepu- ran-lampiran 'A' dan 'B'.

Bagi bangunan-bangunan yang mana telah

disyorkan lantai gantung keputusan-ini adalah
berdasarkan kepada beberapa faktor yang mana
adalah seperti di bawah:-
a) timbusan Yang akan dilakukan adalah ter

lalu tinggi,
b) Kegunaan bangunan.
Contoh perkiraan anggaran enapan tanah tim-

busan adalah seperti di dalam -Lampiran 'E'.
Senarai Lampiran
Lampiran 'A' - CONTOH PERKIRAAN
REKABENTUK GEOT
EKNIK BAGI CERU
CUK KONKRIT TETU
LANG
Lampiran 'B' - CONTOH PERKIRAAN

REKABENTUK GEOT
EKNIK BAGI PENAPAK
Lampiran 'C' - SURAT SYOR ASAS

YANG TELAH DIKE
MUKAKAN KEPADA
CAW. KERJA PEN
DIDIKAN
Lampiran 'D'- LAPURAN PENYIASA

TAN TAPAK YANG
TELAH DIJALANKAN
Lampiran 'E' - CONTOH PERKIRAAN

ANGGARAN ENAPAN
TANAH TIMBUSAN

Lampiran 'A'
Pile Foundation Design for Administration Blocks (4-Storey)

Northern Block : F.F.L. = 16.0m; Fill = 0.5 to 1.0m
Central Block : F.F.L. = 17.5m; Fill = 0.0 to 1.5m

Cut = 0.0 to 1.0m
Southern Block : F.F.L. = 19.0m; Fill = 0.0 to 2.0m

Cut = 0.0 to 1.5m
Column Load : 755.OkN (83 numbers); 700.OkN (83 numbers)
Deep Boring : DB/3, DB/4 and DB/G (Refer sketch attached)
Shaft Resistance Formulae

a) CLAY : Q = α*Cu*A. where α = adhesion factor
Cu = undisturbed undrained cohesion '
A. = surface area of pile
b) SILT : Q = N/60*A. where N = Standard Penetration Test
c) SAND : Q. = N/50*A.
Base Resistance Formulae:

a) CLAYQb, = N*Ab where Ab = base area of pile
b) SILT = 2. 5iN*Ab
c) SAND Qb, = 4N*Ab
Design Analysis
Adopt DB/4 since worst case and assume.height of fill = 2.0m Try R.C. Pile of size B" x B"
Shaft Resistance
For depth 0 - 2.0m b. F. F. L. : FILL
For depth 2 - 5.0m ; CLAY ; assume N = 13

take Cu = 82.0 kN/m2 (Terzaghi)
α = 1.0 (Tomlinson)
α = 0.4 (McClalland)
adopt α = 0.7
Q = 0.7*82.0*4*B*3.0 = 1.783B tonnes
39.37*9.81
For depth 5 - 9.0m : SAND ; assume N = 7

Q. = 7*4*B*4.0*3.281 = 0.612B tonnes

50* 12
For depth 9 - 11.0m: SILT ; assume N = 6

Q. = 6*4*B*2.0*3.281 = 0.219B tonnes
60*12
For depth 11 - 18.0m: CLAY ; assume N = 13

take α = 82.0 kN/m2 a. = 0. 65
Q = 0.65*82.0*4*B*7.0 = 3.864B tonnes

39.37*9.81
Q = 6.478B tonnes
Base Resistance
At depth 21.Om b.F.F.L. take N = 13 and since proportion of SAND is quite high (> 30%) adopt
Qb = 2.0*N*Ab (i.e. between CLAY & SILT).
Qb = 2.0*13*B*B = 0.130B2
144
Ultimate Resistance Qa = Qp + Qb
= G.478B-+ 0.180B2
If B = 12 inches; Q, = 77.7 + 26.0 = 103.7 tonnes
Take overall Factor of Safety = 2.0
Allowable Resistance Q11, = 103.7/2.0 = 51.8 tonnes (say 52.0)
To allow for erratic nature of underlying soil and also as per para 3.0 of report allow for '15%
increase.
Hence adopt 12" x 12" R.C.Piles @ 21.0m with Q~,s = 450.0 kH/pile
Although the bulk of the carrying capacity of pile is mainly frictional set might be achieved before
depth design.
Hence set readings to be taken during driving and if set not achieve drive to design depth.


Lampiran `B'
Shallow Foundation Design For Pre-School Block (1-Storey)

Proposed F.F.L. = 26.0m; Cut = 4.5 to 5.0m
Column Load 128.OkN (22 numbers); 167.OkN (23 numbers)
Deep Boring DB/14-(R.L. = 30.74m)
At depth 1.Om b. F. F. L. take N *= 9 ( lower bound) and at this depth soil is COHESIVE (silty
CLAY),
Try pad footing of size B (m) x L -(m) @ depth 1.0m b.F.F.L.
From NAVFAC DM-7.2;
q*No*(1+0.08/L) + (D where c = undrained cohesion

Na = bearing capacity factor
D = depth of footing
below original grd. level.
( = bulk density of soil
Take c = 55.0 kn/m2. Assume 0 = 0° and (=18..0 kN/m3
Consider case when ground water table is 1.0m b.F.F.L.
Therefore for square footing, B/L = 1, and for 0 = 0°, Na = 5.53

55.0*5.53*1.3 + 18.0*5.74
= 395.4 + 103.3
= 498.7 kN/mz
Adopt Factor of Safety = 3.0

q~ " = 498.7/3.0 = 166.2 kN/mx (say 166.0)
If ignoring depth contribution i.e. XD,

q"lro = 395.4 kN/mz
Applying same F.o.S.; gall = 131.8 kN/mz
Therefore adopt square footing with gall = 94.0 kN/mo (2000 p.s.f.) 0 1.0m b.F.F.L. (i.e. to follow
standard drawing).

Lampiran ‘C’
( )dlm. PKR.RPM.
85/ 173/GO5/03
30hb. Jun. 1989
Pengarah,
Cawangan Kerja Pendidikan,
Ibu Pejabat JKR,
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin,
50582 KUALA LUMPUR.(u.p: Ir. Lam Yok Lon)
Tuan,
Perkara : CadanganMaktab Perguruan Sri Pinang, Bukit Mertajam, Pulau Pinang.
Merujuk perkara di atas dengan segala hormatnya disampaikan keputusan penyiasatan tapak dan
syor-syor asas untuk tindakan tuan selanjutnya.
2.0 Selaras dengan penguatkuasaan surat pekeliling KPKR 2/88, sistem cerucuk alternatif oleh
pentender boleh diterima.
3.0 Dimaklumkan juga bahawa seperti perbincangan yang telah diadakan dengan pegawai tuan
Ir. Lam Yok Lon pada 15/06/1989, pusat ini bersetuju bahawa kos anggaran asas bagi pro
jek ini ditambah lebih kurang 15% atas sebab desakan untuk melaksanakan projek ini
secepat mungkin. Pertambahan ini adalah untuk menyesuaikan perkara yang mungkin be
rlaku semasa pembinaan atas langkah-langkah yang dibuat semasa perancangan untuk
menyingkatkan tempoh masa perancangan dan rekabentuk seperti berikut:-
a) Penyiasatan tapak telah dilakukan secara 'appointed - contractor' dan dengan ini kos
kontrak tidak boleh melebihi $50,000.00. Ini telah menghadkan skop penyiasatan
tapak yang perlu dijalankan.
b) Lokasi-lokasi bangunan telah diubah daripada lokasi cadangan asal yang mengaki
batkan ada beberapa bangunan tidak terdapat ujian gerekan dalam dijalankan.
c) Ketidak seragaman keadaan tanah bawahan ditapak projek ini yang mana masalah
(a) telah menyulitkan lagi keadaan ini. 4.0 Perlu dimaklumkan bahawa pusat ini
mendapati bahawa tidak terdapat apa-apa sistem perparitan yang telah disediakan
bagi projek ini. pleh yang demikian pihak tuan perlulah mengkaji akan hal ini dan
membuat pengesyoran yang sewajarnya.
Sekian, harap maklum
'BERKHIDMAT UNTUK HEGARA'

'CINTAILAH BAHASA KITA'
Saya yang menurut perintah,
( IR. NEON CHENG AIK )

Penolong Pengarah Kanan (Pusat Penyelidikan) b.p. Pengarah,

Institut Latihan & Penyelidikan JKR, Jalan Serdang,43000 KAJANG, Selangor DarulEhsan.
Projek : Cadangan Maktab Perguruan Sri Pinang,
Bukit Mertajam, Pulau Pinang.
1.0 Tujuan
Laporan ini adalah bertujuan untuk menyampaikan keputusan penyiasatan tapak dan syor-
syor asas yang sesuai bagi projek di atas.
2.0 Skop Projek

Perlaksanaan projek ini akan melibatkan pembinaan blok-blok bangunan seperti yang tert
era di dalam lukisan pelan tatatur BKP 187/89/1 (PRE) A dan penyediaan tapak akan
melibatkan kerja-kerja pemotongan sedalam di antara 0.0 hingga b.Om dan penimbusan di
antara 0.0 hingga 5.0m.
3.0 Skop Kerja Penyiasatan

Dalam menialankan kerja-kerja penyiasatan, sebanyak 30 bil. ujian gerekan dalam, 85 bil.
ujian proba Mackintosh dan bil. ujian gerimit tangan telah dijalankan dan lot:asi-lokasi
ujian-ujian ini adalah berdasarkan kepada lukisan tatatur asal BKP 187/89/1(PRE). Kerja-
kerja penyiasatan tapat: ini telah dijalankan oleh Sekata Bina Sdn. Bhd. Disamping ujian-
ujian di tapak, ujian-ujian makmal juga telah diIakukan ke atas contoh-contoh tanah yang
diperolehi bagi mengetahui jenis dan sifat-sifat tanah yang terdapat di tapak.
4.0 Syor-syor Asas
Keupayaan
Keupayaan galas
Jenis Jenis Saiz & Beban Ujian tanggung yg.
yg. Dibenarkan
Bangunan Asas Panjang (kN/cerucuk) Dibenarkan
(kN/cerucuk)
(kN/m 2)
‘A’ Cerucuk 305 x 305 450.0 900.0 -
Konkrit @ 21.0
Tetulang
‘B’ " 305 x 305 " " -

@ 18.0
‘C’ Penapak - - - 95.0(2000 psf)

Konkrit @ 1.5m b.F.L.
Tetulang (JKR probes >
40 blows/foot).
‘D’ (A) " - - - "
(B) " - - - 71.0 (1500 psf)

@ 1.5m b.o.g.l.
(JKR probes >
40 blows/foot).
‘E’ " - - - 71.0 (1500 psf)
@ 1.5m b.F.L.
(JKR probes >
30 blows/foot) .

‘F’ (A) Cerucuk 152 x 152 100.0 200.0 -

Kayu @ 9.0
Berubat
(B) Penapak - - - 71.0 (1500 psf)

30 blows/foot).
‘G’ " - - - 71.0 (1500 psf)

@ 1.5m b.o.g.l.
(JKR probes >
40 blows/foot).
‘H’ Cerucuk 305 x 305 500.0 1000.0 -

Konkrit @ 18.0
Tetulang
‘J’ " " " " -
‘K’ Penapak - - - 71.0 (1500 psf)

Konkrit @ 1.5m b.o.g.l.
40 blows/foot).
‘L’ Cerucuk 305 x 305 430.0 860.0 -
Konkrit @ 15.0
Tetulang
‘M’ Penapak - - - 95.0 (2000 psf)

40 blows/foot).
‘N’ Cerucuk 254 x 254 160.0 320.0 -
Konkrit @ 6.0
Tetulang
‘P’ " 305 x 305 500.0 1000.0 -

@ 15.0
‘Q’ Penapak - - - 95.0 (2000 psf)

40 blows/foot).
‘R’ " - - - "
‘S’ " - - - "

‘U1’ (A) Cerucuk 381 x 381 650.0 1300.0 -

Konkrit @ 18.0
Tetulang
(C) " 381 x 381 650.0 1300.0 -

@ 18.0
atau " 305 x 305 450.0 900.0 -

@ 18.0
(B) Penapak - - - 95.0 (2000 psf)

Konkrit @ 1.5m b.o.g.l.
50 blows/foot).
‘U2’ (A) " - - - 95.0 (2000 psf)

@ 1.5m b.F.L.
(JKR probes >
40 blows/foot).
(B) Cerucuk 381 x 381 650.0 1300.0 -

Konkrit @ 15.0
Tetulang
atau " 305 x 305 450.0 900.0 -

@ 18.0
‘V’ " 381 x 381 650.0 1300.0 -
atau
305 x 305 450.0 900.0 -
atau
254 x 254 300.0 600.0 -
@ 15.0
‘T’ " 381 x 381 900.0 1800.0 -

@ 18.0
‘X’ Penapak - - - 95.0 (2000 psf)

40 blows/foot).

Syor-syor asas adalah seperti berikut:-

Nota:
i) Cerucuk Konkrit Tetulang
a) Daya tanggung beban kebanyakan cerucuk-cerucuF: yang direkabentuk adalah dari
separa geseran badan dan separ.a tanggung huiung dan keupayaan galas yang disy
orkan adalah berdasarkan kekuatan tanah dalam lingi:ungan batasan rendah serta
menggunakan faktor keselamatan 2.0.
b) Sekurang-Wrangnya 5 bilangan cerucuk permulaan perlu ditanam bagi setiap bangu

nan yang dicadangi;an yang memerlukan asas cerucuk dan 1 bilangan cerucuk ini
perlu dijalankan ujian beban (ini bermakna bahawa sekurang-kurangnya satu ujian
beban dibuat bagi setiap bangunan yang melibatkan asas cerucuF:). Ujian beban ini
boleh dijalankan selepas 3 minggu cerucuk-cerucuk berkenaan ditanam.
ii) Penapak Konkrit Tetulang

a) Fenapak-penapak E:onkrit hendaklah ditanam ke paras dalaman yang telah ditetap
kan di dalam jadual di atas (b. F. L. - below formation, atau b.o.g.l. - below original
ground level), dan lobang-lobang asas yang dikorek hendaklah jangan dibiarkan ter
dedah terlalu lama. Kerja-kerja 'concrete sdreeding' dan konkriting hendaklah
dilakukan secepat mungkin selepas penggalian lobang asas.
b) Walaubagaimanapun ujian pengesahan proba-proba JKR perlu dijalankan terlebih

dahulu bagi setiap kedudukan tiang bangunan-bangunan yang-dicadangkan bagi
memastikan hentaman proba-proba ini tidak kurang dari apa yang dicatitkan di dal
am jadual di atas dari dasar lobang asas kebawah dan ujian-ujian ini hendaklah dibu
at sebelum kerja-kerja pergorekkan lobang-lobang asas.
iii) Cerucuk Kayu Berubat
a) Daya tanggung cerucuk yang direkabentuh adalah separa geseran badan dan sep
ara tanggung hujung dan faktor keselamatan yang digunakan di dalam perkiraan
adalah 2.0 serta menggunakan kekuatan tanah- dalam lingkungan batasan rendah.
b) Cerucuk hendaklah ditanam sehingga mencapai set yang sesuai dan ini dijangka
akan ditemui di paras dalaman lebih dari 6.0m.
c) Cerucuk !:ayu KEMFAS Berubat yang diluluskan oleh SIRIM hendaklah digu
nakan dan perlu mematuhi keperluan-keperluan yang terkandung di dalam surat
pekeliling KF*:R 7/1984.
d) Sekurang-kurangnya 3 bil. cerucuk permulaan perlu ditanam terlebih dahulu dan

2 bil. cerucuk ini hendaklah dijalankan ujian beban. Ujian beban ini boleh
dilakukan selepas 3 minggu cerucuk-cerucul: berkenaan ditanam.
5.0 Syor-syor Tambahan

a) Kerja-kerja penimbusan dan pemotongan hendaklah dijalankan pada perinakat
permu laan kerja-kerja pembinaan dan tanah yang ditimbus hendaklah di dalam
lapisan tidak melebihi 300mm dan setiap lapisan dipadat ke tahap 95% mengikut
Piawaian Kepadatan British dengan penentuan JKR.
b) Bagi bangunan-bangunan di mana lantai-lantai tingkat bawah akan diletakkan di atas

tanah timbus melebihi 2.50m kegunaan lantai gantung adalah diperakukan, dan
untuk bangunan-bangunan lain yang mana lantai-lantai tingkat bawah akan
dilekakan di atas tanah timbus tidak melebihi 2.50m lantai-lantai ini hendaklah
diperkuatakan dengan 2 lapisan BRC dan sambungan bebas disediakan di anatara
lanatai dan rasuk/dinding bangunan.
c) Penyediaan penyambung bagi setiap jarak 6.0m adalah wajar bagi lantai-lantai
apron kesemua bangunan yang dicadangkan dan mana-mana lantai apron yang akan
diletakkan di atas timbus melebihi -1.0m lantai apron ini perlu dipisahkan daripada
tiang/rasuk/dinding bangunan dengan bitumen.
d) Bagi blok-blok bangunan di mana pusat ini telah mengesyorkan lebih dari satu saiz
cerucuk, pihak tuan . bolehlah memilih mana-mana saiz.yang didapati lebih
ekonomik tetapi HANYA SATU SAIZ CERUCUK DIBENARKAN bagi satu ban
gunan.
e) Pusat ini juga mengesyorkan agar. kecuraman cerun-cerun yang akan didirikan tidak
melebihi IM: 1(H) bagi cerun-cerun potong (cut slopes) dan, IM: 1.5(H) bagi cerun-
gerun timbud (filled slopes).
6.0 Hal-hal Lain

Satu set rekod penanaman cerucuk-cerucuk yang diuji berserta dengan keputusan ujian-
ujian bebannya hendaklah dikemukakan kepada pusat ini untuk tujuan dokumentasi.
7.0 Penutup
Dikemukakan syor-syor dan ulasan pusat ini untuk tindakan tuan selanjutnya.
Pusat Penyelidikan,Institut Latihan & Penyelidikan JKR.

Lampiran 'E'
Settlement Estimation of Fill
From classification results underlying soil is of the COHESIVE type with a fair proportion of
sandy materials. It is most probable that the fill material to be used would be obtained from the
cut-areas. Hence for settlement analysis it is assume that the fill material is of the cohesive type.
In the estimation of soil settlement it is assume that the - original underlying soil where the fill
would be place experience negligible settlement and whatever settlement that would occur is sole-
ly from consolidation of the fill under its own weight. It is also assume that the fill is uncompacted
since it is most common now that the control exercised in placing fill and compaction has fre-
quently been insufficient to ensure an adequate and uniform support for structures immediately
after placement.
Hence for estimation of settlement of fill, fig. 1.0 below would be used.
From fig. 1.0 graph 5, cohesive material would settle around 11% of its thickness.
Suppose that construction period is 2 years and construction of ground floor would be carried out
after a period of 1.5 years after placement of fill..
Take case where height of fill = 2.50m
Therefore settlement of fill = 0.11 x 2.50 = .275m
Settlement (': of height of fill) = 0.08 x. 2.50 = 0.200m after period of 1.5 yrs.
Hence remaining settlement after = 0.275 - 0.200 = 0.075m period of 1.5 yrs.
Therefore for those buildings placed on fill ground of height >> 2.50m suspended floor is recom-
mended and for the others . place on fill < 2.50m independent floor with 2 layers of BRC.

Projek : SM. Kebangsaan Sungai Besar,Sabak Bernam, Selangor.

Pakej : KBSM.
1.0. Tujuan.
Lapuran ini adalah bertujuan untuk menyampaikan keputusan penyiasatan tapak dan syor
asas yang sesuai bagi.projek diatas.
2.0. Skop Kerja

Perlaksanaan projek ini akan melibatkan pembinaan 1 Blok, 2 Tingkat (6BD,) bangunan
sekolah seperti yang tertera didalam pelan tatatur JKR/SB:765/81A. Aras tanah sediada
adalah merupakan cadangan aras formasi tapakbina ini,dan tidak-melibatkan sebarang
penambunan.
3.0. Skop Kerja Penyiasatan Tapak

Sebanyak 8 bilangan ujian proba JKR telah dijalankan oleh JKR Sabak Bernam, dan-2
bilangan ujian gerekan dalam telah dijalankan oleh Unit Makmal dilokasi-lokasi yang
bertanda didalam pelan tatatur.
4.0. Syor-syor Asas

Berdasarkan kira-kira rekabentuk, syor asas adalah seperti berikut:-
Jenis Asas Saiz Asas Panjang Asas Keupayaan galas Beban

(mm) (mm) yg. Dibenarkan Ujian
(kN/cerucuk)
Cerucuk Konkrit
254 x 254 30.0 300 600
Tetulang
4.1. Daya tanggung beban cerucuk konkrit tetulang yang direkabentuk adalah
kebanyakannya dari geseran badang, Perkiraan adalah menggunakan kekuatan tanah
di dalam lingkungan batasan rendah. Ini bermakna hanya 1 cerucuk sahaja diper
lukan bagi setiap tiang.
4.2. Bacaan set tidaklah perlu semasa penanaman cerucuk, dan cerucuk bolihlah
ditanamkan diparas dalaman 30.0m.
4.3. Sekurang-kurangnya 6 (enam) bilangan cerucuk permulaan hendaklah ditanam dan 1
(satu) bilangan cerucuk yang berdekatan dengan.lokasi ujian gerekan dalam hendak
lah dijalankan ujian.beban selepas 4 (empat) minggu cerucuk. berkenaan ditanam.
5.0. Syor-syor Tambahan

Bagi mengelakkan keretakan lantai apron unit ini berpend.apat penyed.iaan penyambung
bagi setiap jarak 6.Om adalah wajar. Lantai apron juga perlulah dipisahkan daripada dind
ing dan tiang bangunan supaya pergerakan berlainan sekiranya berlaku akan tersekat.
6.0. Hal-hal Lain

Satu set rekod penanaman cerucuk-cerucuk berserta dengan' keputusan ujian-ujian beban
nya hendaklah dikemukakan kepada unit ini bagi tujuan kaiian lanjut dan rekod.
7.0. Penutup.
Dikemukakan syor-syor dan ulasan unit ini untuk tindakan tuan selanjutnya.

DATAS OBTAINED FORM : EN. BAHARUDIN LOKMAN JKR(O) S B
PROJEK : SMK SUNGAI BESAR

DAERAH : SABAK BERNAM NEGERI : SELANGOR
1. HISTORY OF SITES
* Any Cut / Fill ? NO
- If there’s fill – when ?
- What is the depth of fill?
* Is there a slope ? NO
- How far from the proposed building ?
- What is the height of the slope ?
2. HISTORY OF EXISTING NEARBY BUILDINGS
* What is the type of foundation ? PILE

If Pile - What Type ? RC
- What Size ? 305 x 305
If Pad - What Depth ? -
- What Bearing Capacity ?
* When Constructed ? 80’s
* How is the present conditions ? OK
- Any apron / floor cracks ? SIGN OF

- Other sign of distress ? CRACKS
* How far is the nearest building ? 30’
3. SOIL CONDITIONS
* What type of soils ? SOFT CLAY
* What is the water level ? HIGH
HBB /hbb


UNIT MAKMAL
NO. HELAI …………… 1…………
KIRA – KIRA REKABENTUK
REKABENTUK OLEH ……… ….…
CAWANGAN REKABENTUK DAN PENYELIDIKAN IBU PEJABAT, JKR.
NO. FAIL ……………………… …...
PROJEK : SMK SUNGAI BESAR.
DAERAH : SABAK BERNAM. TARIKH ………4.10.89…………
PAKEJ : KBSM
RUJUKAN KIRA – KIRA CATATAN
Lukisan 1. Blok / 2 tct. (GBD) sekolah RL : 29.54
JKR/SB: 765/81A FL : 30.00

Column Loadings(T)
Lukisan Frame
Front Back
F1 20 18
F2 29 25 MAX 29T
F3 25 21
Datas &
No fitting included
Assumptions
Level Geological SPT Cu x

2
(m) (ft) Section (N) kN/m
0 0 v/s
v/s
α 12 40 - (0.03) 1.0
v.soft v/s 25
Cu to (0.23) 0.9
Stiff -
Silty
Clay
Qu = Qs + Qb
Clay: Qs = As x Cu Qb = Ab 9 Cb
Sand : Qs = ASN Qb = Ab 4 N
50
Qa = Qu
f.o.s.
E96

UNIT MAKMAL
NO. HELAI ……… 2…………….….
REKABENTUK OLEH ……… …..…
NO. FAIL ……………………… .…...
DAERAH : SABAK BERNAM. TARIKH ………4.10.89……….…
PAKEJ : KBSM
Try RC Piles
Level BXB Qs Qb Qa Qa Remarks

(m) (ft) (in) (T) (T) (T) (T)
30 100 61 B 3.5 B 2
10 x 10 51 2.4 35 27 * quite close
12 x 12 61 3.5 42 32
15 x 15 76 5.5 53 41
67B 40B2
10 x 10 56 28 47 42
12 x 12 67 40 58 54
15 x 15 84 63 77 74
Cost comperison
F2 F2 F2
F1 F3 F3 F3 F3 F3 F3 F1
Frames Front Back Col

F1 2 2 4
F2 3 3 6
F3 6 6 12
E96

UNIT MAKMAL
NO. HELAI …… 3..…………….……
REKABENTUK OLEH ……… …..…
NO. FAIL ……………………… .…...
DAERAH : SABAK BERNAM. TARIKH ……4.10.89………….…
PAKEJ : KBSM
Frames Column No of Piles

10” x 10” @ 12” x 12” @ 15” x 15” @
Loads(T)
30T(30m) 30T(30m) 30T(30m)
at 100 at 100 at 100
F1 20
18
F2 29
25
F3 25
21
Total 22 22 22
Rate $0.32/m 2 $0.30/m 2 $0.28/m 2

Per m Per m Per m
Materials $960/- $1296/- $1890/-
10% 96/- 129.6/- 189/-
Total Cost $23,232/- $31,363/- $45738/-
Recommended R.C. Piles

Size : 10” x 10” (254 x 254)
Length : 1 00’ (30m)
Qa : 30T/Pile (300kN Pile)
f.o.s. : 1.5 skin 3.0 bearing
Pile is of mainly friction
E96

Project : SM.KEB.SUNGAI BESAR, SABAK BERNAM, SELANGOR.
BD = Bilik Da
Bangunan : 2 tingkat SC = Makmal S
Jenis (BD/SC/BDS/SCS) : BD BDS = Bilik D
Pile dim. : 254 mm sq. piles SCS = Makmal
Length : 30 m
W.Load : 30 Tonnes
No. of Column Column Piles/

Frames Piles Req’d.
Frames Position Load Column
F1 2 Front 20.0 1 2
/////////////////////////////// Back 18.0 1 2
F2 3 Front 29.0 1 3
/////////////////////////////// Back 25.0 1 3
F3 6 Front 25.0 1 6
///////////////////////// ////// Back 21.0 1 6
TOTAL : 22
$35.20 /m. length Cost : $23,232.00
ALTERNATIVELY : -
Pile dim. : 305 mm sq. piles

Length : 30 m
W.Load : 45 Tonnes

F1 2 Front 20.0 1 2
/////////////////////////////// Back 18.0 1 2
F2 3 Front 29.0 1 3
/////////////////////////////// Back 25.0 1 3
F3 6 Front 25.0 1 6
/////////////////////////////// Back 21.0 1 6
TOTAL : 22
$47.52 /m. length Cost : $31,363.20

Project : SM.KEB.SUNGAI BESAR, SABAK BERNAM, SELANGOR.
BD = Bilik Da
Bangunan : 2 tingkat SC = Makmal S
Jenis (BD/SC/BDS/SCS) : BD BDS = Bilik D
Pile dim. : 381 mm sq. piles SCS = Makmal
Length : 30 m
W.Load : 30 Tonnes

F1 2 Front 20.0 1 2
/////////////////////////////// Back 18.0 1 2
F2 3 Front 29.0 1 3
/////////////////////////////// Back 25.0 1 3
F3 6 Front 25.0 1 6
///////////////////////// ////// Back 21.0 1 6
TOTAL : 22
$69.30 /m. length Cost : $45,738.00
ALTERNATIVELY : -
Pile dim. : 305 mm sq. piles

Length : 30 m
W.Load : 45 Tonnes

F1 2 Front 20.0 1 2
/////////////////////////////// Back 18.0 1 2
F2 3 Front 29.0 1 3
/////////////////////////////// Back 25.0 1 3
F3 6 Front 25.0 1 6
/////////////////////////////// Back 21.0 1 6
TOTAL : 22
$47.52 /m. length Cost : $31,363.20

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FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Pile Design Report

Sample Design Calculations

Generalized Subsoil Profile

- Generally flat terrain

Mild Steel Capping Plate

Safe Working Load

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 1

Subject : Micropile Design

1.0 Material Properties

1.2 Cementitious Grout

1.3 API Pipe Reinforcement

1.4 Compliance with British Standards Designed Req. Min. Source

1.5 Minimum Factors of Safety

2.0 Structural Design

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 2

2.3 Design Safe Working Load SWL = 80 tonnes

3.0 Geotechnical Design

3.2 Grout l API Pipe Bond

4.0 Buckling (Pile Slenderness) Analysis not appropriate

4.2 Eucler's Buckling Load (Unfilled Cavities)

5.0 Rate of Corrosion of Reinforcement

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 3

5.1.8 Elastic Modulus Es = 210 GPa

5.2 Design for allowable corrosion as for sheetpiles w/o grout/

6.0 Pilehead Capping Details

6.1 Capping Plate Size

6.2 Thickness of Stiffners

6.3 Thickness of Capping Plate

6.4 Allowable Bearing Stress on Capping Plate

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 4

6.5 Check Stiffeners for Buckling

6.6 Check Bearing on API Pipe

6.7 Fillet Weld Design (Stiffener to API Pipe)

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 5

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 6

Allowable load : Ab, af + As,fs

qf = unit base resistance

Nb = average 'N' over 5m above and 3m below depth

As = Pile circumference area (m2)

fs = unit skin friction

Nave = Average SPT value with depth

Factor of safety of base resistance = 3 to control settlement

The detailed pile calculations are given in Appendix B.

4.2 Tension piles

As = Pile circumference area

fs = Unit skin friction

Nave = Average SPT 'N' value with depth

Factory of safety against friction resistance = 2

The detailed pile calculations are given in Appendix B.

5.2 Preliminary Load Tests Analysis

Cawangan Jalan, Ibu Pejabat JKR, K.L Page 7

(a) West Abutment

Average Unit Shaft Friction : 16 tonne/m2

Ultimate Shaft capacity : 1,945 tonne

Mobilised Toe capacity : 548 tonne

Ultimate Unit Shaft Resistance : 39 tonne/m2

Mobilised Unit Toe Resistance : 310 tonne/m2

Based on these assessment, piles were constructed to following toe elevations:

Tension Piles : RL 31.00

A llowable load = A bqf / 3 + A sf s/ 2

A llowable load = A bqf / 3 + A sf s/ 2

A llowable load = A bqf / 3 + A sf s/ 2