CIEG

314 Hydraulic Machines

Pelton Turbine
B i d h a n R ajkarn ikar
R e s e arch A s s o ciat e, Tu rb ine Tes t ing L a b
M a y 1 0 , 2 0 1 6

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 Major Components of Pelton Turbine
• Wheel assembly and buckets
• Nozzle Assembly
• Manifold

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 Major Components of Pelton Turbine
• Nozzle Assembly

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 Major Components of Pelton Turbine
• Nozzle Assembly

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 Major Components of Pelton Turbine
• Manifold

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 Energy Conversion in a Pelton Turbine

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 Main dimensions for Pelton runner

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 Velocity Triangles

w1= v1- u

α 2 > 90 fast runner, vu 2 < 0

α 2 = 90 medium runner, vu 2 = 0 w2
α 2 < 90 slow runner, vu 2 > 0 v2
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 The Ideal Pelton Runner
• Absolute velocity from nozzle: 𝑣" = 2. 𝑔. 𝐻(

*+ "
• Circumferential speed: 𝑢" = = . 2. 𝑔. 𝐻(
, ,

(0+ .*1+ 203 .*13 )

• Euler`s turbine equation: 𝜂. =
5.67

𝑣0" = 𝑣" 𝑣0, = 0 𝑢" = 𝑢, = 𝑢

𝜂. = 1

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 The Real Pelton Runner
• For a real Pelton runner there will always be losses. We will therefore set
the hydraulic efficiency to:
𝜂. = 0.96
• The absolute velocity from the nozzle will be:
𝑣" = 𝐶= . 2. 𝑔. 𝐻(

𝐶= range from 0.97 to 0.98

>.?.@
• 𝑢" = 𝑢, = 𝑢 =
AB
0
• Speed ratio, 𝜙 = * = 0.45 − 0.48 𝑣OPQ0RS(5 = 2. 𝑔. 𝐻(
EFG1HI7J

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 The Real Pelton Runner
>.=E3
• From continuity equation: Q = z. . 𝑣"
V
⇓
4. 𝑄
𝑑O =
𝑧. 𝜋. 𝑣"

• Where,
𝑧 = number of nozzles
𝑄 = flow rate
𝑣" = 2. 𝑔. 𝐻(

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 The Real Pelton Runner
>.=E3
• The size of the bucket and number of nozzles: Q = z. . 𝑣"
V
𝐵
3.4 > ≥ 3.1
𝑑O

• Rules of thumb:
𝐵 = 3.1 ⋅ 𝑑O 1 nozzle
𝐵 = 3.2 ⋅ 𝑑O 2-3 nozzles
𝐵 = 3.3 ⋅ 𝑑O 4-5 nozzles
𝐵 = 3.3 ⋅ 𝑑O 6 nozzles

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 The Real Pelton Runner
Runner diameter (Jet ratio ‘m’)
Rule of thumb:
𝐷 = 10 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 𝐻( ≤ 500 𝑚
𝐷 = 15 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 𝐻( = 1300 𝑚
𝐷 < 9.5 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 must be avoided because water will be lost
𝐷 > 15 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠 is for very high head Pelton D/ds
15
By interpolation,
𝐷
= 0.005 ⋅ 𝐻( + 8
𝑑O 10

400 1400 Hn [m]

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 The Real Pelton Runner
• Number of buckets:
𝑧 ≥ 17 empirical
𝑧 = 0.5𝑚 + 15 Tygun formula

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 Speed number
*
Ω = *ω ⋅ *
Q⋅z

* Q π ⋅ d s2 v1
Q= = area = u1 =
2⋅ g ⋅ H 4 2
* ω 2 ⋅ u1 2⋅ g ⋅ Hn 1
ω= = = =
2⋅ g ⋅ Hn D ⋅ 2⋅ g ⋅ Hn D ⋅ 2⋅ g ⋅ Hn D

*
Ω = ω⋅* * 1 π ⋅ d s2 ⋅ z
Q⋅z = ⋅ ds π ⋅ z
D 4 Ω=
D 4
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 Speed number
• For the diameter: 𝐷 = 10 · 𝑑O and one nozzle: 𝑧 = 1
𝑑O 𝜋. 𝑧 1 𝜋. 1
Ω= = = 0.09
𝐷 4 10 4
• The maximum speed number for a Pelton turbine with one nozzle is 0.09
• For the diameter: 𝐷 = 10 · 𝑑O and six nozzle: 𝑧 = 6
𝑑O 𝜋. 𝑧 1 𝜋. 6
Ω= = = 0.22
𝐷 4 10 4
• The maximum speed number for a Pelton turbine today is 0.22

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 Selection of Speed
• For a given conditions, Pelton turbines have a wide range of speed. If the speed
of the turbine made higher, then,
a) Specific speed will increases
Advantages:
‒ The size of the turbine will become smaller and hence it will be less costly
‒ The jet diameter will decrease. Reduction in jet diameter will raise the jet ratio and
enhance the runner efficiency
Disadvantages:
‒ Need multi-jets with which the governing becomes complicated and more expensive
b) The speed of directly coupled generator will increase. This means that
smaller number of pair of poles are required and hence the generator will
also be costly
c) Material employed for high speed machines (turbine and generator) will be
costly, as high speed causes great stresses in revolving parts
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 Dimensioning of a Pelton Turbine
1) The flow rate and head are given
∗𝐻 = 1130 𝑚
∗𝑄 = 28.5 𝑚3/𝑠
∗𝑃 = 288 𝑀𝑊
2) Calculate actual velocity of jet and choose speed ratio 0.48 and calculate 𝑢
𝑣" = 𝐶= . 2. 𝑔. 𝐻(
3) Choose the number of nozzles, 𝑧 = 5
4) Calculate 𝑑𝑠 from continuity for one nozzle
4. 𝑄
𝑑O = = 0.22 𝑚
𝑧. 𝜋. 𝑣"

5) Choose the bucket width

𝐵 = 3.3 · 𝑑O = 0.73 𝑚
𝐿 = 2.3 𝑡𝑜 2.8 · 𝑑O

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 Dimensioning of a Pelton Turbine
6) Find the diameter by interpolation
𝐷
= 0.005 ⋅ 𝐻( + 8
𝑑O
⇓
𝐷 = 13.65 ⋅ 𝑑O = 3.0 𝑚
D/ds
15

10

400 1400 Hn [m]

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 Dimensioning of a Pelton Turbine
7) Calculate the speed:
𝐷 2. π. 𝑁 𝐷
𝑢" = 𝜔 q = q
2 60 2
⇓
𝑢"q 60
𝑁= = 452 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋q𝐷
8) Choose the number of poles on the generator:
The speed of the runner is given by the generator and the net frequency:
vBBB
𝑁= [𝑟𝑝𝑚] where 𝑍P = pair of poles on the generator
wF
vBBB
The pair of poles will be: 𝑍P = = 6.64 ≈ 7
@

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 Dimensioning of a Pelton Turbine
9) Recalculate the speed:
3000
𝑁= = 428.6 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑍P

10) Recalculate the diameter:

𝐷 2. π. 𝑁 𝐷 𝑢"q 60
𝑢" = 𝜔 q = q ⟹ 𝐷 = = 3.16 𝑚
2 60 2 𝜋q𝑁
11) Choose the number of buckets
𝑍 = 22

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 Dimensioning of a Pelton Turbine
12) Diameter of the turbine housing (for vertical turbines)
𝐷6Q0OS(5 = 𝐷 + 𝐾 q 𝐵 = 9.4 𝑚

K
9

1 4 6 z

13) Calculate the height from the runner to the water level
at the outlet (for vertical turbines)
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ≈ 3.5 𝐵 ≈ 𝐷 = 3.1 𝑚

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 Dimensioning of a Pelton Turbine
Given values: Chosen values: Calculated values:

*Q = 28.5 m3/s Speed ratio =0.48 ds = 0.22 m

*H = 1130 m z = 5 N = 428.6 rpm

B = 0.73 m D = 3.16 m

z = 22 Height = 3.1 m

Zp = 7 Dhousing= 9.4 m

*P = 288 MW

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 Jostedal, Sogn og Fjordane

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 Example: Khimti Power Plant
1) The flow rate and head are given
*H = 660 m
*Q = 2.15 m3/s
*P = 12 MW

2) Calculate actual velocity of jet and choose speed ratio 0.48 and
calculate 𝑢"
𝑣" = 𝐶= . 2. 𝑔. 𝐻(
3) Choose the number of nozzles
z = 1

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 Example: Khimti Power Plant
4) Calculate ds from continuity for one nozzle
4. 𝑄
𝑑O = = 0.15 𝑚
𝑧. 𝜋. 𝑣"

5) Choose the bucket width

𝐵 = 3.2 · 𝑑O = 0.5 𝑚
𝐿 = 2.3 𝑡𝑜 2.8 · 𝑑O
6) Find the diameter by interpolation
𝐷
= 0.005 ⋅ 𝐻( + 8 = 11.3
𝑑O
𝐷 = 1.7 𝑚

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 Dimensioning of a Pelton Turbine
7) Calculate the speed:
𝐷 2. π. 𝑁 𝐷
𝑢" = 𝜔 q = q
2 60 2
⇓
𝑢"q 60
𝑁= = 613 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋q𝐷
8) Choose the number of poles on the generator:
The speed of the runner is given by the generator and the net frequency:
vBBB
𝑁= [𝑟𝑝𝑚] where 𝑍P = pair of poles on the generator
wF
vBBB
The pair of poles will be: 𝑍P = = 4.9 ≈ 5
@

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 Dimensioning of a Pelton Turbine
9) Recalculate the speed:
3000
𝑁= = 600 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑍P

10) Recalculate the diameter:

𝐷 2. π. 𝑁 𝐷 𝑢"q 60
𝑢" = 𝜔 q = q ⟹ 𝐷 = = 1.74 𝑚
2 60 2 𝜋q𝑁
11) Choose the number of buckets
𝑍 = 22

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