The process of BREAKING DOWN an electrolyte into E/plating

CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS by passing ELECTRIC CURRENT

through it.
Iron ring Silver

AgNO3
molten

Electrode Cathode (-) Anode (+)

Half
equation Ag+ + e Ag Ag Ag++ e
ELECTROLYSIS Products Silver atom Silver ions

Observation Grey shiny solid Anode become

deposited thinner

Electrolyte

Purification
Electrode Cathode (+) Anode (-)
Ions presence Br- , Pb2+ Impure
pure Cu
Cu
Moving of ions Br- Pb2+
Half equation 2Br- Br2 + 2e Pb2+ + 2e Pb CuSO
 Compound that
Products Bromine gas Lead
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
Brown gas in MOLTEN or AQUEOUS Electrode Cathode (-) Anode (+)
Observation Aqueous
released Grey solid STATE Half
formed  undergoes Cu2+ + 2e Cu Cu Cu2+ + 2e
equation
CHEMICAL CHANGES Products Cu atom Cu ion
2+

Brown solid
Observation Anode become
deposited thinner

POSITION in ECS CONCENTRATION TYPE of ELECTRODE

Carbon
Carbon

Cu Cu
0.01 mol 1.0 mol dm-3 electrode electrode
dm-3 CuCl2 CuCl2
CuCl2
OH-, Cl- ION PRESENCE Cu2+ , H+
Cu2+ , ION PRESENCE OH-, Cl- Cu2+ , H+ ION PRESENCE OH-, Cl-
H+
Anode MOVING OF ION Cathode
MOVING OF
Cathode Anode Cathode MOVING OF Anode half Equation
ION Factor of electrode Position in E.C.S
ION (Selected ions
Position in E.C.S half Equation Position in E.C.S Position in E.C.S Factor of Cu Cu2+ + 2e Cu2+ + 2e Cu
half Equation Conc. to discharged)
Cu2+ + 2e Cu (Selected ions 4OH- 2H
+ 2O Cu2+ + 2e Cu (Selected
to ions 2Cl- Cl2 + Copper (II) ions PRODUCT Copper atom
discharged) 2e
to O2 +
4e Copper atom PRODUCT Chlorine gas Copper Brown solid
discharged) become
Copper atom PRODUCT Oxygen gas OBSERVATION deposited
thinner
Brown solid Brown Greenish yellow
OBSERVATION Colourless OBSERVATION
deposited solid gas released Blue colour of copper (II) chloride solution remain
gas released
deposited
Blue colour of copper (II) chloride solution turn Blue colour of copper (II) chloride solution turn unchanged. Explain why ?
to
to
colourless. Explain why? colourless. Explain why? – because rate change to Cu is same with rate Cu
-Because concentration of Cu2+ ions decreases -Because concentration of Cu2+ ions decreases Cu2+
change to Cu2+
 Normally observe at Cathode in an electrolysis(negative terminal)
- -
Abe Ki te Electrolysis Confirmatory
Observation
product test

Greenish Put a damp blue litmus paper into test

Chlorine gas yellow gas tube, the litmus paper turn to red and
released bleach it

Put a damp blue litmus paper into test

Bromine gas Brown gas tube, the litmus paper turn to red and
bleach it
e-
- -
e Ki te Brown (in

<
Add starch solution into test tube,
Iodine aqeous)/purpe

<
the starch solution turn to dark blue
in gas
Put a glowing wooden splinter into
Colourless gas
Oxygen gas test tube, the glowing wooden splinter
released
will light up

Comparison between electrolytic and chemical cell

consist of electrolyte
-- consist of anode and cathode
- electron flow from anode to cathode

similarities

Electrolytic cell Voltaic cell

Difference
Normally observe at anode in electrolysis (positive
terminal)
different electrode
Almost all metal Used to produce Produced from
Grey solid formed -
(except Cu metal) Electric current
chemical reaction chemical reaction
Cu metal Brown solid formed - Elect to chem. Energy change Chem. To Elect
Put a lighted wooden -ve terminal Cathode +ve terminal
Colourless gas splinter into test +ve terminal Anode -ve terminal
Hydrogen gas
released tube, a “pop” sound is +ve terminal to – -ve terminal to
produced Flow of electron
ve terminal +ve terminal