Notes Questioned Docs

Learning Objectives: Introduction
to Questioned Document
Examination
At the end of this module, the students must be able to:
1. Remember and understand the words and phrases used in the questioned document
examination.
Notes: Definition of Terms

DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. DOCUMENTS - any material containing marks, symbols, or signs either visible, partially
visible that may present or ultimately convey meaning to someone, maybe in the form of a
pencil, ink writing, typewriting, or printing on paper.
KINDS OF DOCUMENTS
1. Public Document - a document created, executed, or issued by a public official in

response to the exigencies of the public service, or in the execution of which a public official
intervened.
2. Official Document – a document that is issued by a public official in the exercise of the
functions of his office.
3. Private Document – every deed or instrument executed by a private person without the
intervention of a notary public or any person legally authorized, by which the documents
some disposition or agreement is provide evidenced or set forth.
4. Commercial Document – Any instrument defined and regulated by the Code of
Commerce or other commercial law.
5. Electronic Document – exist only in electronic forms such as date stored on a computer
network, back-up, archive, or other storage media.
6. Paper-based – produced traditionally and manually
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT – Document is usually questioned because its origin, its

contents, or the circumstances and story regarding its production, arouse serious
suspicions as to its genuineness, or it may be adversely scrutinized simply because it
displeases someone.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION/FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
- The practice of application of document examination to the purposes of the law.
FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINER/QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINER –
refers to persons who study all aspects of a document to determine its authenticity,
origin, handwriting, photocopies, inks, and papers.
HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT – any document was completely written and signed by
one person.
REFERENCE COLLECTION – Material compiled and organized by the document
examiner to assist him in answering special questions.
RELATED FIELD OF STUDY
1. Historical dating - It involves the verification of age and worth pf document or object.
2. Fraud Investigation - It focuses on the money trail and criminal intent
3. Paper and ink Specialists - These are public or private experts who date, type, source,
and/or catalogue various types of paper, watermarks, ink, printing/copy/fax machines,
computer cartridges, etc., using chemical methods.
4. Forgery Specialists - These are public or private experts who analyze, altered,
obliterated, changed, or doctored documents and photos using infrared lighting and other
equipment.
5. Handwriting Analysis - These are psychology experts who assess personality traits from
handwriting samples, also called as graphologist or graphoanalysts.
6. Forensic stylistics - Refers to the same purpose but by looking at semantics, spelling,
word choice, syntax, and phraseology.
7. Typewriting Analysis - These are experts on the origin, make, and model used in the
typewritten documents.
8. Computer Crime Investigation
9. Imprint Examination – including those produced by manual devices, mechanical devices,
and electronic printing devices; also includes those produced by the manufacture of
counterfeiters.
Learning Objectives: Handwriting
and Signature
In the end, the students must be able to:
1. Differentiate the various characteristics appearing in our handwriting
2. Understand the importance of individual characteristics in handwriting analysis
Notes: Concepts of Handwriting

and Signature
HANDWRITING
 It is the result of a very complicated series of acts, being used a whole, and a
combination of certain forms of visible mental and muscular habits acquired by long-
continued painstaking effort.
COPYBOOK FORM
 It is the instruction taught in school.
IMPORTANCE OF COPYBOOK FORM
1. The nationality of the writer

2. The system learned
3. The date when the writing was acquired4
4. To some of the influences that have surrounded the writer
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HANDWRITING
SENSORY
BRAIN -CORTEX
MOTOR
HAND/PARTS OF THE BODY RESPONSIBLE IN WRITING

FINGER, WRIST, ELBOW, AND SHOULDER
LUMBRICALS, ENTENSOR, AND FLEXOR
DEVELOPMENT OF HANDWRITING
1. Drawing Stage
2. Adolescence Stage/Manner of Execution
3. Stage of Subject Matter
4. Stage of Degeneration
STYLES OF HANDWRITING
1. Printed
2. Cursive
3. Print-writing
SIGNATURE
 A mark or sign made by an individual on an instrument or document to signify

knowledge, approval, acceptance, or obligation.
TYPES OF SIGNATURE
1. Handwritten Signature
2. Electronic Signature
3. Autopen Signature
4. Stamp Signature
5. Guided Signature
6. Model Signature
IMPORTANCE OF SIGNATURE
1. Evidence
2. Ceremony
3. Approval
4. Efficiency and Logistics

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Learning Objectives: Introduction

Notes: Definition of Terms

1. Public Document - a document created, executed, or issued by a public official in

QUESTIONED DOCUMENT – Document is usually questioned because its origin, its

Notes: Concepts of Handwriting

 It is the instruction taught in school.

IMPORTANCE OF COPYBOOK FORM

1. The nationality of the writer

PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF HANDWRITING

HAND/PARTS OF THE BODY RESPONSIBLE IN WRITING

LUMBRICALS, ENTENSOR, AND FLEXOR

 A mark or sign made by an individual on an instrument or document to signify

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