Isabela State University Cauayan Campus Criminology Department

ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY – CAUAYAN CAMPUS
CRIMINOLOGY DEPARTMENT
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
Objectives:
At the end of the semester, the students are able to:

1. Discuss document in its legal and general aspect.
2. Classify the different kinds of questioned documents.
3. Apply the processes of Q.D. examination.

4. Enumerate and explain the qualities of a Q.D. examiner.
5. Properly handle and preserve questioned document.
6. Discuss the different terminologies related to documents.

7. Trace the Brief History of Document Examination
Document
– Any material containing marks, symbols or signs, visible, partially visible or

invisible that may presently or ultimately convey a meaning or message to someone.
Legal Basis of Document
- It is a written statement by which a right is established or an obligation is

extinguished. (People vs Morena, CA, 338 O.G 119)
- Every deed or instrument executed by person by whom some deposition or

agreement is proved, evidenced or set forth.
Deed – an instrument pertaining/conveying to real property
Instrument – formal document in writing
Legal Kinds of Documents
1. Public Document
– any instrument notarized by a notary public or a competent public official
with solemnities required by law. (Casino vs. Baans, 5 Phil. 742).
Examples: Civil Service Examination papers, NAPOLCOM Exam papers, official

receipt required by government to be issued receipt for public purposes.
ISUCYN-CCJE-GHL – 2021-2022-2
2. Official Document
– any instrument used by the government or its agent or its officers having
the authority to do so and the offices, which is in accordance with their
creation they are authorized to issue in the performance of their duties.
Examples: Registers of attorney filed by the Clerk of the Supreme Court,

Clearances Issued by any government Agencies.
3. Private Document
– every deed or instrument executed by a private person without the
intervention of a notary public or of any person legally authorized by which
documents, some disposition or agreement is proved, evidenced or set forth.
(US vs Orera, 11 Phil. 596).
Examples: Documents of Private Properties, Letters, diaries, Notebooks
4. Commercial Document commerce

– any instrument executed in accordance with the Code of Commerce or any
Mercantile law containing disposition/commercial rights or obligations.
Example: Bills of exchange, Letters of Credit, Checks, Receipt used in trading and
other commercials.
Note:
A private document may become a public or official document when it
partakes the nature of an official record. So, if the falsification committed in such
document, that is, when it is already a part of a public record, falsification of public
document is committed. However, if such private document is intended to become a
part of the public record, even though falsified prior therein, falsification of a public
document is committed.
Writings which do not Constitute Documents:

1. A draft of a municipal payroll which is not yet approved by the proper
authority. (People vs. Camacho. 44 Phil. 484).
2. Blank forms of official documents, the spaces of which are not filled up.
(People vs Santiago, CA40 O.G 4558).
3. Pamplets or books which do not evidence any disposition or agreement are

not documents but are more merchandise. (People vs. Agnis, 47 Phil. 945)
RULE 130 – Rules of Admissibility
A. OBJECT (REAL) EVIDENCE
Section 1. Object as evidence.
— Objects as evidence are those addressed to the senses of the court. When an
object is relevant to the fact in issue, it may be exhibited to, examined or viewed by
the court. (1a)
B. Documentary Evidence
Section 2. Documentary evidence.
— Documents as evidence consist of writing or any material containing letters,

words, numbers, figures, symbols or other modes of written expression offered as
proof of their contents.
1. Best Evidence Rule
Section 3. Original document must be produced; exceptions. — When the subject of

inquiry is the contents of a document, no evidence shall be admissible other than the
original document itself, except in the following cases:
(a) When the original has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in
court, without bad faith on the part of the offeror;
(b) When the original is in the custody or under the control of the party
against whom the evidence is offered, and the latter fails to produce it after
reasonable notice;
(c) When the original consists of numerous accounts or other documents

which cannot be examined in court without great loss of time and the fact
sought to be established from them is only the general result of the whole;
and
(d) When the original is a public record in the custody of a public officer or is
recorded in a public office. (2a)
Section 4. Original of document. —
(a) The original of the document is one the contents of which are the subject
of inquiry.
(b) When a document is in two or more copies executed at or about the same
time, with identical contents, all such copies are equally regarded as originals.
(c) When an entry is repeated in the regular course of business, one being
copied from another at or near the time of the transaction, all the entries are
likewise equally regarded as originals. (3a)
2. Secondary Evidence
Section 5. When original document is unavailable. — When the original document

has been lost or destroyed, or cannot be produced in court, the offeror, upon proof
of its execution or existence and the cause of its unavailability without bad faith on
his part, may prove its contents by a copy, or by a recital of its contents in some
authentic document, or by the testimony of witnesses in the order stated. (4a)
Section 6. When original document is in adverse party's custody or control. — If the

document is in the custody or under the control of adverse party, he must have
reasonable notice to produce it. If after such notice and after satisfactory proof of its
existence, he fails to produce the document, secondary evidence may be presented
as in the case of its loss. (5a)
Section 7. Evidence admissible when original document is a public record. — When

the original of document is in the custody of public officer or is recorded in a public
office, its contents may be proved by a certified copy issued by the public officer in
custody thereof. (2a)
Section 8. Party who calls for document not bound to offer it.
— A party who calls for the production of a document and inspects the same is not
obliged to offer it as evidence. (6a)
3. Parol Evidence Rule
Section 9. Evidence of written agreements.
— When the terms of an agreement have been reduced to writing, it is considered as

containing all the terms agreed upon and there can be, between the parties and their
successors in interest, no evidence of such terms other than the contents of the
written agreement.
However, a party may present evidence to modify, explain or add to the terms of
written agreement if he puts in issue in his pleading:
(a) An intrinsic ambiguity, mistake or imperfection in the written agreement;
(b) The failure of the written agreement to express the true intent and
agreement of the parties thereto;
(c) The validity of the written agreement; or
(d) The existence of other terms agreed to by the parties or their successors in
interest after the execution of the written agreement.
The term "agreement" includes wills. (7a)
4. Interpretation Of Documents
Section 10. Interpretation of a writing according to its legal meaning. — The language

of a writing is to be interpreted according to the legal meaning it bears in the place of
its execution, unless the parties intended otherwise. (8)
Section 11. Instrument construed so as to give effect to all provisions. — In the

construction of an instrument, where there are several provisions or particulars, such
a construction is, if possible, to be adopted as will give effect to all. (9)
Section 12. Interpretation according to intention; general and particular provisions. —

In the construction of an instrument, the intention of the parties is to be pursued;
and when a general and a particular provision are inconsistent, the latter is
paramount to the former. So a particular intent will control a general one that is
inconsistent with it. (10)
Section 13. Interpretation according to circumstances. — For the proper construction

of an instrument, the circumstances under which it was made, including the situation
of the subject thereof and of the parties to it, may be shown, so that the judge may
be placed in the position of those who language he is to interpret. (11)
Section 14. Peculiar signification of terms. — The terms of a writing are presumed to

have been used in their primary and general acceptation, but evidence is admissible
to show that they have a local, technical, or otherwise peculiar signification, and were
so used and understood in the particular instance, in which case the agreement must
be construed accordingly. (12)
Section 15. Written words control printed. — When an instrument consists partly of

written words and partly of a printed form, and the two are inconsistent, the former
controls the latter. (13)
Section 16. Experts and interpreters to be used in explaining certain writings. —

When the characters in which an instrument is written are difficult to be deciphered,
or the language is not understood by the court, the evidence of persons skilled in
deciphering the characters, or who understand the language, is admissible to declare
the characters or the meaning of the language. (14)
Section 17. Of Two constructions, which preferred. — When the terms of an

agreement have been intended in a different sense by the different parties to it, that
sense is to prevail against either party in which he supposed the other understood it,
and when different constructions of a provision are otherwise equally proper, that is
to be taken which is the most favorable to the party in whose favor the provision was
made. (15)
Section 18. Construction in favor of natural right. — When an instrument is equally

susceptible of two interpretations, one in favor of natural right and the other against
it, the former is to be adopted. (16)
Section 19. Interpretation according to usage. — An instrument may be construed

according to usage, in order to determine its true character. (17)
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 1

THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF DOCUMENTS
Objective: Students can correctly identify the Legal Kinds of Documents.
Instructions: 1. Each group will bring different documents.

2. Group members will identify and classify these documents.
Type of Writing Legal Kinds of Document Content (justification)

Ex: Computer Generated - Public - can be prepared and
(BC) issued by NSO
LAWS RELATED TO QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

Art. 170-Art. 175 of the Revised Penal Code
Art. 170 – Falsification of Legislative Documents
1. Legislative Documents – it includes bills, resolution and ordinances.

2. Applied to any person.
3. Regardless if the Legislative document is pending for approval.
4. That there must be an existing genuine copy of the document.
5. Fabricated are not included
Art. 171. Falsification by public officer, employee or notary or ecclesiastical

minister.
Ecclesiastical Minister – judge, mayor, Priest, Ministers, Bishop and the like who are
authorized by the law to solemnized marriage.
Note: The involved falsified document must change the civil status of a person as an
effect.
1. A person must be a public official, employee or notary or ecclesiastical minister.
2. That he takes advantage of his official capacity or authority over the document.
Art. 172. Falsification by private
Questioned Document
– One which the facts appearing therein are not true and are contested either in
whole or in part with respect to its authenticity, identity and origin (regarding its
production-who produced the document?) it maybe a deed, contract, will election
ballots, marriage contract, check, visas, application form, certificates etc…
- Any document which some issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny.
- One which the stated facts appearing therein are questionable or seemed
untrue, and are contested either in whole or in part with respect to its
authenticity, identity or origin.
- Questioned Document includes those being attacked or controversial either in
whole or in part as to its source of origin as to the material used in their
production and as to its relation in some other documents.
Disputed document suggests that there is an argument or controversy over the

document
Questioned Document Examination
- A term used to refer to the act of making a close and critical study of any
document – questioned, disputed or attacked, necessary to discover the facts
about them.
- The task of examination and determination of forged signature, typewriting
identification, computer print outs verification, examination of disputed documents
as to the question of paper, ink and writing instrument used, alterations in
documents and others.
Document Examiner
– A person who examines adequate exemplars of document and provides
conclusion, reasons and photographic demonstration in court, so that the court can
make its own determination in giving appropriate decision.
– serve as an expert witness using variety of scientific processes and methods
in the course of examination. He presents his opinion as expert witness in the court
of law, with regards to the document that has been examined. An expert opinion of
an expert witness need not be based on absolute certainty. The most common
“conclusion” given by an expert is really “qualified opinions”. Needless to say, the
result of a questioned document examination is opinionated in nature.
Standard Documents
– are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens which if adequate
and proper, should contain a cross section of the material from its source.
- They are used by the document examiner as the basis for his identification or
non-identification of the questioned document.
Classes of Questioned Documents (According to Albert Osborn – father of Q.D.E)

1. Document with questioned signature. (Suspected to be forged)
2. Document containing alleged fraudulent alteration.
3. Holographic document questioned or disputed.
Holographic will – will entirely write in the handwriting of the testator.

Notarial will – signed by the testator and acknowledge before a notary public
with three witnesses.
4. Documents investigated on the question of typewriting.
5. Questioned Document on issues in their age or date.
6. Questioned documents on issues of material used in their production.
7. Documents or writing investigated because it is alleged that they identify
some person through handwriting.
8. Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulently attacked or disputed.
Alterations In A Document
1. Chemical Erasures – erasures (removal of writing) done by using chemical.

- It can be revealed by the used of ultraviolet light or use of infra-red photography.
Indications:
a. Stains found on the paper
b. Bleached colon.
2. Additions – New pages of writing, typewriting or printing maybe inserted.
- Few lines are added to alter the original meaning of the document.
3. Interlineations/Intercalation – According to J. Newton Baker

– it is the writing between the lines of an instrument for the purpose of adding a
part to it or correcting what has been written.
4. Substitution – when the entire page has been removed from an instrument and
has been replaced by another piece containing matters different from those of the
removed page.
5. Cancellation and obliteration – The elimination of a word, name or sentence

without the necessity of rewriting the entire matter.
- It is occasionally found in a document of importance such as will, deed, or
contract.
- patching or retouching
The Logical Progress of Inquiry in Document Examination
1. Ascertain the facts – identify which part of the document is questionable.

What is exactly the issue?
- Are your standards authentic?
- Gather sufficient number of standards for comparison
2. Analyze the Details - Synthesize (fuse or interrelate) the Elements: the date,
circumstances, condition technical problem and the like)
- Analyze all the information gathered to include the condition of the writer
and other factors which affected the writing. (ex. The document might be
written on the wall, lap or while lying in bed. The document might be
produced while inside a moving vehicle or while having drunk, illness and
other circumstances)
3. Qualify the Case – Are there some documents needed to complete the
examination? Is it possible to make complete study from the available
standard document? Is it needed to be photo-enlarged for proper
examination?
Recommendation/Conclusion – state your findings (qualified opinion). “Be a

man of science” – opinion must be based from scientific analysis and not
affected by personal feelings.
ACE-V is an acronym for the Analysis, Comparison, Evaluation and Verification

methodology used by forensic practitioners primarily when conducting feature
comparisons.
The ACE-V method was first introduced in the 1980s by David Ashbaugh, a renowned
Canadian fingerprint expert. Since then, it became the most common method of
fingerprint examination worldwide.
The purpose of the ACE-V method is to give more structure and objectivity to the
exercise of print comparison, combining the factors required for a sound scientific
practice. The ACE-V examination method is composed of the following steps:
1. Analysis
The examiner assesses the unknown print to determine whether or not it is suitable
for comparison. This involves the preliminary assessment of a number of factors like
the surface material or, the substance of the print itself.
2. Comparison
The investigator analyses characteristic attributes of the fingerprints and identifies
conformities between the found and the known latent prints.
3. Evaluation
The examiner answers a few questions:
– are there any conformities between the revealed print and the known ones?
– is there a sufficient number of minutiae to identify the unique correlation?
4. Verification
Care and Handling of Questioned Documents
1. Disputed or questioned documents should not be cut, torn or in any manner

mutilated in the slightest degree.
2. Document should not be touched with an eraser of any kind, nor with pen,
pencil or sharp instrument.
3. Document should not be folded in any new place. It should not be folded or
unfolded unnecessarily.
4. Document should not be wet.
5. Except by special permission, no chemical analysis should be made on the
document of the opposing party as chemicals applied may injure or deface
document. Test of this kind should be made only by those properly qualified
to perform.
6. Portions of the document, that are of particular importance, such as

signatures, amounts or dates, should not be encircled in any manner that the
strokes or properties are affected.
Importance of Q.D in Police Works

1. Cases are won not so much in room but in the attorney’s office at the time of
presenting and discussing the result of preliminary investigation.
2. The problem presented to the expert may arise from the slight suspicion or
misleading circumstances. It happens frequently that the experts find the
document invalid and genuine.
3. The danger of time element can jeopardize a case; hence, it is always

advisable to consult an expert for preliminary examinations.
4. Preliminary assistance may ensure the support of key facts and his reasons
can be bought out by the attorney in cross-examination may be foundation of
settlement.
Recommended Traits of a Document Examiner….

1. Excellent Eyesight –to see fine details of the material under
examination.
2. Pass the form blindness test – he can able to identify distant similarly
appearing yet different items.
3. Normal color perception – can able to differentiate and avoid

confusion of color shades.
4. Bachelor of Science Degree – in order to work in an objective manner

using his biological, physical and chemical knowledge.
5. Training and apprenticeship – in order to perform with great

confidence, efficiency and effectiveness.
Responsibilities of a QD Examiner as an Expert Witness

1. Strive constantly to improve professional standing – engage in research and
development and association with other profession.
2. Must be certain of his technical conclusion – validity of a conclusion is
affirmed by thorough examination of the data submitted for examination and
additional evidence is uncovered.
3. Must avoid outside influences – his conclusions must be based solely on the
findings deduced from the examination performed.
4. Must be fair and impartial on the witness stand – he must present only the
existing facts. He must establish firm disposition (temper/stand on his
findings) during cross examination.
5. Must protect the innocent.
Important Terminologies
1. Characteristics – any property or mark which distinguished writer and in
document examination it is commonly called as the identifying details.
2. Graphoanalysis – the study of handwriting based on the fundamental

strokes, the curve and the straight strokes.
3. Graphometry – analysis of handwriting by comparison and measurement.

4. Graphology – the art of determining character disposition and amplitude of a
person from the study of handwriting.
5. Collation – ordering or assembling of detailed results of critical comparison of

questioned documents unified results of detailed comparison between
different items or forms of information.
6. Comparison – the act of setting two or more items side by side (juxta position)
to weigh their identifying qualities.
- It refers also refers to the mental act which the element of one item related
to the counterparts of the other.
7. Ambidextrous – person has the ability to write legibly using the left and right
hand.
8. Calligraphy – the art of beautiful writing.
9. Cacography – bad writing.
10. Opinion – The term “opinion” is a technical term used in Q.D E. which may
refer to the document examiner’s conclusion.
11. Natural Writing – refers to any specimen of writing executed normally

without any attempt to control or alter its identifying habits and its usual
quality or execution.
12. Natural Variation – is used in reference to questioned handwriting shall refer
to the normal or usual deviations found between repeated specimen of any
individual handwriting or in the product of any typewriter.
13. Motor Coordination - The delicate way in which the various muscles used in
writing work together to produce written forms.
Brief History of Document Examination
 Albert S. Osborne (American) and Wilson R. Harrison (Englishman)

 Their efforts contributed to the development of the science of
document examination, both in practice and its acceptance by the
courts.
 Their texts entitled “Questioned Documents” (Osborne) and “Suspect
Documents” (Harrison) are still considered by contemporary document
examiners to be the definitive works on the subject.
 Osborne is the most influential document examiner.
J. Newton Baker
 Published a book entitled “The Law of Disputed and Forged
Documents” states that forgery was practiced from the earliest times
in every country where writing was the medium of communication.
 Titus – was a skillful forger in his time.
 Cicero – berated Anthony for making profits by counterfeiting handwriting.
 Konigin Hanschritt
 A document where a first recorded use of chemical test for a particular
ink dye was applied in 1810 at Germany.
 Francis Demelle (France)
 He published the first treatise on systematic document examination in
1609.
 Gilbert Thompson
 A railroad builder with the US Geological Survey in New Mexico, put
His own thumbprint on wage chits to safeguard himself from forgeries
in 1882.
 Alfred Dreyfus (France)

 He was convicted of treason based on mistaken handwriting
identification by Bertillon in 18 94.
 Col. Algeron Sidney
 He was convicted of treason based on his compared handwriting. After
five years, his conviction was declared null and void because the
handwriting was not proven to have written by him.
Sources of Known authorities in QDE:

• ALBERT S OSBORNE – Questioned Document
• ORDWAY HILTON – Scientific Examination of Questioned Document
• ROY A HIBER and A.M. HEADRICK – Handwriting Examination
• JAMES VP CONWAY – Evidential Document
Chapter II
HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION
Objectives:
1. Discuss handwriting and writing.
2. Classify handwriting according to the stages in a handwritten document.
3. Apply the principle in handwriting identification.
4. Illustrate or draw the different writing characteristics.

5. Examine, analyze and compare standard and questioned handwriting.
6. Differentiate handwriting examination from graphology.
7. Determine personality traits through handwriting.
Name: ____________________________ Date:

____________
Year & Block: ______________________
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO.7

Signature Examination
Objective: To compare and examine signature.

Instruction: 1. Students will bring at least Ten (10) signatures of different date
2. Mark the Five documents as S1- S9 and one as Q-1.
3. Students will Exchange specimen with their sit mates.
4. Students will Examine the specimen and state their findings or observation.
Findings/Observation:
CHAPTER III. STANDARDS

Objectives:
1. Discuss the importance of Standards.
2. Collect reliable standards used in questioned document examination.
Standard Documents
– are condensed and compact set of authentic specimens which if adequate
and proper, should contain a cross section of the material from its source.
- They are used by the document examiner as the basis for his identification or
non-identification of the questioned document.
Standards or Exemplars
- Any known specimen used for handwriting or signature comparison is

called standard also known as exemplars. It is specially employed to designate
“a specimen of standard writing offered in evidence or obtained on request
for comparison with the questioned writing”.
- These known writings indicate how a person writes for he manifest
habits in his writings that identify him.
- A questioned writing is compared with known specimens of a
suspect’s handwriting/hand printing to determine his guilt or innocence.
Classes of Handwriting Standards
1. Collected Exemplars
– are KNOWN (genuine) handwriting of a person written in the course of his
daily life. It is also known as non-requested or procured standards.
- These are known specimens of a person’s handwriting gathered from any
sources of a variety of sources. They can be used to compare with
requested exemplars to ensure against disguised writing. These standards
were prepared prior to the investigation.
2. Requested Exemplars
– other writings of an individual taken upon the request of the investigator for
purposes of comparative examination with the questioned writing. It can be
used to supplement collected standards when it is insufficient in quantity.
3. Post Litem Motan exemplars – a classification of collected standards that

include those writings produced by the subject after evidential writings have
come into dispute and solely for the purpose of establishing contentions.
Points to Consider in Obtaining Collected or Procured Standards
1. Amount of standard writing available.

2. Similarity of subject matter.
3. Relative dates of the questioned signature or writing with the standards.
4. Conditions which both and known writing or signature are prepared.
5. Kinds of instrument or paper used.
Points To Consider in Requesting Standards

1. Questioned Material is dictated.
2. Allow the subject to seat in natural position of a table or desk having smooth
writing surface.
3. The dictated text must be carefully selected. It must be similar or at least

should contain many of the same words, phrases and letter combination
found in the document.
4. Adequate amount of writing must be included.

5. Some portions of the dictation should be repeated at least three times.
6. Writing instrument and paper should be similar to those used in preparing the
questioned document.
7. The dictation should be interrupted at intervals.
8. Normal writing conditions should be arranged.
9. Signature exemplars can be best obtained when the suspect is required to
combine other writings with signatures.
Special Procedures for taking request of handwriting standard where checks are
forged or suspected.
a. Furnish subject with check blanks similar to the questioned checks
b. Dictate the entries to be made on specimen checks such as:
1. Date - same as shown on Questioned check
2. Payee- -do-
3. Amount -do-
4. Signature -do-
5. Any other entries handwritten on the questioned check
c. Give subject help or suggestions in completing specimen checks.
Classes of Standard Writings Admissible for Comparison

1. Standard writings witnessed – these are writings voluntarily prepared by a
party in the presence of an investigator.
2. Standard writings admitted – if the party against whom writing is to be used

admits the genuineness of the standard, the court holds that further proof to
admit records of this nature as standards of writing for comparison.
3. Records maintained in regular course of business as Standard Writings.

4. Government documents as standard writings.

5. Ancient writing.
6. Familiarity sometimes establishes standard writings.

7. Genuineness of Standard decided by Court.
Cardinal Rules in Taking Dictated Writing

1. Do not suggest the writer on how to make the letter form.
2. Do not show him/her the questioned writing.
3. Do not help the subject with spelling or arrangement.
Name: ________________________
Date:_________________
Year & Section: _________________

Requested Standards
Objective: To apply the rules in requesting handwriting standards.

Instruction: 1. Students will bring a sample of Holographic will.
2. Students will select one of their classmates as the dictator.
3. Follow the rules when requesting handwriting standards.
4. Students will dictate a sample of holographic will as Questioned
Document.
CHAPTER IV. INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES IN THE EXAMINATION OF

QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
1. Microscopic Examination– Stereoscopic examination with low and high-power

objectives is used to detect retouching, patching and unnatural pen lift in signature
analysis.
2. Transmitted Light Examination – Documents are subjected to this type of

examination to determine the presence of erasures.
3. Photographic Examination – This type of examination is very essential in every

document examination.
4. Oblique Light Examination –Decipherment of faded handwriting, determination of

outlines in traced forgery, embossed impression,
5. Ultra-Violet Examination. This type of examination is done in a darkroom after the

lamp has been warmed up in order to give a maximum output of the ultra-violet light.
6. Electrostatic Detection Apparatus – Detects indention/ indented writings.
7. Video Spectral Comparator (VSC)

Used in the examination of masked or obliterated text, watermarks,
visible fluorescence, paper fluorescence and oblique illumination of indented writing
and embossing.
8. Shadowgraph machine – is used to enlarge minute details as much as 20x without

ocular piece.
9. UV Examination – is used in the examination of suspected substitution, typewriter
ribbons, detects counterfeit bills, stamps and labels in merchandize. It must be done
in dark areas.
10. Hand lens – used to enlarge characters.
11. Paper thickness Gauze – used to measure the thickness of the paper.
12. Typewriting measuring Plate – it measures the number of characters and letters
in typewriter.
13. Type Angle Measurement – used to measure the angle or degree of mal-
alignment in horizontal of a paper.
CHAPTER V. TYPEWRITING IDENTIFICATION
Typewriter (developed in 1867)

– a writing machine with a keyboard for reproducing letters, figures, symbols
and other resembling printed ones.
- a machine that can reproduce printed characters on papers or that can
produce letters and figures on paper.
- a machine designed to print or impress type characters on paper, as a
speedier and more legible substitute for handwriting.
Basic Principles in the Manufacture of Typewriter

1. The type bars and type faces are arranged so that they strike at a common center.
2. The escapement mechanism provides for letter spacing, a lever at the sides moves
the paper for line spacing and carriage return.
3. A cylinder called Platen feeds the paper and a moving ribbon synchronized with
the movement of the type bars provides the inking.
Platen - defined as the cylinder which serves as the backing of the paper and which
absorbs the blow on typeface.
Typeface- the printing surface of the type block
4. Usually, there are 42 keys with 84 characters.
Basic Strokes of Typewriting

1. Straight stroke or bar
2. Curves
Scope of Fraudulent Typewriting

1. Whether the date, words or figure s of the document have been changed.
2. Whether the typewriting was done in one continuous operation, or whether a part
was written at one time and another at a later time on one machine or on different
machines.
3. Whether the additions, alterations or interlineations were written at the same time
on the same machine or written at different times on different machines.
4. Whether the typewritten pages have been substituted or inserted in the document
without authority or after the document was formally executed.
5. Whether the typewriting is an original or carbon copy.
6. Whether the document was written by a particular operator on a particular

machine.
7. Whether typewriting corresponds with the date, number and model of the
machine on which it is purported to have been written.
The Principles in Typewriting Identification
1. Typeface used by the different typewriter manufacturer can be differentiated on

the basis of design and have dating significance.
2. Through usage, typewriters develop individuality which can serve to identify

typewriting of a particular typewriter.
3. The gradual development of typewriting individuality plus ribbon condition and

typeface. Cleanliness can be used to date a document.
4. Horizontal and vertical alignment, tilting characters, lack of uniformity. (Off-

footedness) type-face score, breadths, defects and deformities all serve to identify
the typewriting of a particular time.
5. Peculiar habits of striking the type writer keys, spacing, arrangement, mistakes,
corrections, can be used to identify a typist or differentiate typists.
6. A sheet of paper cannot be reinserted in a typewriter in exact register with

previous typing done on the sheet of paper.
Typewriting Characteristics/Typewriting Identification
1. Type designs
– refers to the design, shape or form of the characters.
Elite Typewriters – it can print 12 characters per inch

Pica – it can print 10 characters per inch
2. Type face Defect
– Any peculiarity of typewriting caused by actual damage to the type face

metal. (Maybe due to casting, assembling and later on repairing)
Typeface - the printing surface of the type block.
Kinds:
1. Breakage of the element
2. Breakage of the Serif – a small terminal line across the written letter.
3. Clogged Type Face – characters may be filled with dirt or ink especially enclosed or
oval letters.
4. Off-Its-Feet – the condition of a type face printing heavier on one side of its
outline.
2 Kinds of Serif
1. Full Serif
2. Half Serif
3. Alignment Defects– typefaces are made concave to form to the curve of the platen
which serves as the printing surface. New typewriters in proper adjustments print
uniformly.
2 Kinds
1. Vertical Mis-alignment – characters may be too far to the left or to the right in
relation with the adjoining character.
2. Horizontal Mis-alignment – characters out of alignment horizontally are either too

high or too low.
2 Kinds of typewriting measurements

a. Block scale- this is use to determine which letter are out of alignment.
b. Line scale- this is use to determine if any lines or words has been added to original
documents.
4. Rebound of typewriters – the condition of a type face printing heavier on one side
of its outline.
5. Slant of the letters- this is done by measuring the slant of the letter character.
6. Uniformity- the total appearance of the typewritten document whether it has a

good or bad quality.
7. Style and size of kind characteristics- it indicates the kind or form of the alphabet.
8. Spacing- spacing the character of the page cause by the habit of the operation.
9. Weight of strokes- this is shown by shading or thickness of the strokes.
10. Special marks- dots, periods, comma’s and punctuation marks.

11. Ribbon transfer properties- ribbon conditions whether it is fading or new
replaced.
Name: ________________________
Date:_________________
Year & Section: _________________

Typewriting identification
Objective: To compare and examine typewritten documents.
Instruction: 1. Students will bring a sample of Typewritten documents of
different date.
2. Students will state their findings or observation.
Findings/Observation:
CHAPTER IV
OTHER WRITING INSTRUMENTS
Objectives:
1. Trace the age, origin or manufacture of ink and paper used in preparing the
questioned document.
2. Classify the chemical content of an ink and the component of a paper.
INK – a fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or printing.
PEN – a tool for writing or drawing with a colored fluid, such as ink; or a writing
instrument used to apply inks to the paper is a pen. It came from the Latin word
“PENNA” meaning Feather.
Basis In The Examination Of Ink
1. composition
2. resistance to moisture
3. permanence and absorption effect
4. manufacturing dates
HISTORY
A. Reed Pens/Swamp Reed
1. It came from especially selected water grass found in Egypt, Armenia and along the
shores of the Persian Golf, were prepared by leaving them under dung heaps for
several months.
2. It was the first writing tools that have the writing end slightly frayed like a brush.
About 2,000 years B.C., this reed pen was first used in NEAR EAST on papyrus and
later on parchment.
B. Quill Pen
1. As the size of writing became smaller, both writing tools and surfaces changed.
Vellum or parchment books replaced by papyrus roll and the Quill replaced the reed
pen.
2. Although quill pens can be made from the outer wing feathers of any bird, those of
goose, swan, crow by the Spanish Theologian ST. ISIDORE OF SEVILLE and this tool
was the principal writing implemented for nearly 1300 years.
3. To make quill pen, a wing feather is first hardened by heating or letting it dry out
gradually. The hardened quill is then cut to a broad edge with a special pen knife.
4. The writer had to re-cut the quill pen frequently to maintain its edge. By the 18 th
century, the width of the edge had diminished and the length of the slit had
increased creating a flexible point that produced thick and thin strokes by pressure
on the point rather than by the angle at which broad edge was held.
5. Use of the quill rapidly declined during that century, especially after the
introduction of the free public education for children; more emphasis was then
placed on the teaching of writing than on teaching the skill of quill cutting.
C. STEEL POINT PENS (BRAZEN PENS)
1. Also by the 18th century, paper had replaced vellum as the chief writing surface,
and more writing was being done for commerce than for church or crown. During this
period, attempts were made to invent a lasting writing tool that did not require re-
cutting: Horn, tortoise shell, and gemstone were tried, but steel was eventually used
for permanent pen points.
2. Although pens of bronze may have been known to Romans, the earliest mention
“BRAZEN PENS” was in 1465. The 16 th century Spanish calligrapher JUAN DE YCIAR
mentions brass pens for very large writing in his 1548 writing manual, but the use of
metal pens did not spread until the early part of the 19th century.
3. The first patented steel pen point was made by the English Engineer BRYAN
DONKIN in 1803.
4. The leading 19th century English pen manufacturers were WILLIAM JOSEPH
GILLOT, WILLIAM MITCHELL and JAMES STEPHEN PERRY.
D. FOUNTAIN PENS
1. In 1884, LEWIS WATERMAN, a New York insurance agent, patented the first
practical FOUNTAIN PEN containing its own ink reservoir. Waterman invented a
mechanism that fed the ink to the pen point capillary action allowing ink to flow
evenly while writing.
2. By 1920’s, fountain pen was the chief writing instrument in the west and remained
so until the introduction of ball point pen after WORLD WAR II.
E. BALL POINT PEN
1. JOHN LOUD, in 1888, patented the first ball point pen in its point a small metal ball
rotating that continually inks itself as it turns.
2. The ball is set into a tiny socket. At the center of the socket is a hole that feeds ink
into the socket from a long tube (reservoir) inside the pen.
3. As early as 19th century, attempts has been made to manufacture a pen with a
rolling ball tip, but not until 1938 did Hungarian inventor LADISLAO and GREGORIO
BIRO, brothers, invent a viscous, oil-based ink that could be used with such pen.
Hence, they are attributed for the invention of the first practical BALL POINT.
4. EARLY ball point pens did not write well; they tended to skip, and the slow-drying
oil-based ink smudged easily. However, ball point pen has several advantages over
the fountain pen:
a. the ink was waterproof and almost un-erasable.

b. the ball point pen could write on many kinds of surface.
c. could hold in almost any position of writing;
d. the pressure required to feed the ink was ideal for making carbon copies.
5. Ink formulas were improved for smoother flow and faster drying and soon ball-
point replaced the fountain pen as the universal writing tool.
F. FIBER TIP PENS

1. In 1963, fiber tip markers were introduced to U.S market and have challenged the
ball point as the principal writing instrument.
2. The first practical fiber tip pen was invented by YUKIO HORIE of Japan in 1962. It
was ideally suited to the strokes of Japanese writing which is traditionally done with a
pointed ink brush.
3. Unlike its predecessors, the fiber tip pen uses dye as a writing fluid. As a result, the
fiber tip pen can produce a wide range of colors unavailable in ball point and fountain
pen inks. The tip is made of fine nylon or other synthetic fibers drawn to a point and
fastened to the barrel of the pen. Dye is fed to the point by elaborate capillary
mechanism.
G. FELT-TIP MARKERS – are made of dense natural or artificial fibers impregnated

with a dye. These markers can be cut to a variety of shapes and sizes, some up to an
inch in width. A modification of the ball point pen using a liquid dye fed to a
metal/plastic ball was introduced in the U.S from Japan in 1973.
COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INKS
INK – a fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or printing.

A. INDIAN INKS – The oldest form of Indian ink consisted of a suspension of carbon
black (soot or lampblack) in water to which glue or vegetable gum was added. Inks of
these compositions are still on the market mostly in the shape of sticks or cakes. In
modern carbon ink, the glue or gum is replaced by a solution of shellac in borax or
ammonia. These inks are not affected by oxidants. It is practically impossible to
remove the last traces of the carbon paper without causing damage to it.
B. LOGWOOD INKS – These inks which were used extensively about a century is now
obsolete and are no longer manufactured. They were made from an aqueous extract
of logwood chips and potassium chromate.
C. IRON GALLOTANATE INKS – This ink has been used as writing for over a thousand
years. Formerly it was made of a fermented infusion of gall nuts to which iron salts
were added. The ink was composed of suspension of the black almost insoluble ferric
tannate. The particles were kept in suspension by adding glue or Arabic gum. This
manufacturing method was not economical and so it had to be changed. It was
observed that if the ink was slightly acidified with hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid,
the oxidation of the ferrous iron was checked and the undesirable precipitation of the
ferric tannate was prevented. The ink thus obtained was practically colorless and did
not acquire the black color desired before it matured on paper. Coloring material
(Aniline dyes) was added to the ink as well as sterilizing agent to prevent growth of
mold and bacteria in the ink.
D. FOUNTAIN PEN INKS – These inks are regarded as special fountain pen inks and
consisting of ordinary iron gallotannate inks with lower iron content in most cases
but with a higher dyestuff content than normal inks. This type of ink is placed on the
market under the name “blue-black permanent”. The iron content range from .7(e.g
PARKER QUINK permanent blue) to 2.7 Fe/I9(e.g Pellican Fullhaltertinte).
E. DYSTUFF INKS – These inks are composed of aqueous solutions of synthetic

dyestuff, to which a preservative and a flux are added. The writing qualities of the ink
maybe improved by addition of substances such as glycerol, glucose or dextrin. The
dark blue and black inks are often composed of four or more dyes because no black
dyestuff of sufficient pictorial capacity is known.
F. WATER RESISTANT WRITING AND DRAWING INKS – These inks are special group
of dyestuff inks. They consist of a pigment paste and a solution of shellac made
soluble in water by means of borax, liquid ammonia and ammonium bicarbonate.
Sometimes the pigment suspension is combined with acid or basic dyestuff.
G. ALKALINE WRITING INSTRUMENT – These are quick drying inks which possess a
ph of from 9 – 11. They penetrate quickly through the size of the paper allowing the
ink to penetrate quickly into the paper. The dyestuffs in this ink consist of acid dyes,
sometimes combined with phthalo cyanide dyes. These inks are not much in demand
because they are rather expensive and because the materials of many fountain pens
are affected by it. The best known of these inks are the Parker super chrome inks
which are in color black, blue, red and green. Phthalocyanine dye is found in the blue
super chrome inks. The super chrome inks are already obtainable since 1950, which
fact maybe of importance for the determination of the age of the document.
H. BALLPOINT PEN INKS – The ballpoint pen did not appear on European market
before 1945. The development of the present pen was accomplished during World
War II because the Army and the Air Force needed a writing instrument which will
not leak at high altitude and which supplies quick drying water-resistant writing.
1. In principle, the construction of all ballpoint pens is the same. The differences are
in the finish, the precision with which the instrument is made, the size and the
material of the ball, and the composition of the ink.
2. As a rule, the diameter of the ball is within 0.6 – 1.0 mm, the cheapest makes
having the largest diameter. The ball is made steel while the more expensive is
sapphire.
3. The quality of the pen is chiefly to be judge by the writing angle. The best writing
angle for a ballpoint pen is 90 degrees, but a normal hand of writing seldom uses this
angle.
4. The cheaper makes have a minimum writing angle of 55-60 degrees. If one writes
as at too small angle, the brass socket holding the ball will scratch a line into the
paper, parallel with the ink line.
I. STAMP PAD INKS – They are made with acid of substances such as glycerol, glycol,
acetic or benzyl alcohol and water. Airline dyes are added as coloring matter. For
quick drying stamp pad ink, more volatile organic solvents are used as acetone,
ethanol, etc.. As a vehicle, dextrin, gum Arabic, or tannin is sometimes added.
Through the addition of tannin, the stamp impression becomes water resistant after
drying.
J. HECTOGRAPH INKS – These inks very much resemble stamp pad inks and are
exclusively made with basic dyes. To the dyestuff solution several other substances
are added as such as glycerol, acetic acid and acetone.
K. TYPEWRITER RIBBON INKS – These inks are usually composed of a blend of aniline
dyes, carbon black and oil such as oleic or castor oil. The two-tone ribbons however
contain no dyes, but pigments suspended in oil base. This is necessary because
aniline dyes tend to bleed and would cause the sharp division between the differently
colored halves of the ribbon to merge.
L. PRINTING INKS- Printing inks often consist of a mixture of colored pigments,

carbon black and a “base” which may consist of oil, resins, synthetic resins or a
mixture of these. It is possible to remove printing ink from a document by scrubbing
the document with an aqueous solution of a suitable detergent. The rubbing and
breaking up of the surface of the ink and the detergent facilitates the suspension and
eventual removal of the carbon and other ingredients by the water.
M. CANCELLING INKS – These inks often contain carbon and this fact should be
burned in mind when it is required to decipher faint cancellation marks on a postage
stamp and wrapper. Carbon is opaque to infrared sensitive plate and be relied upon
to improve the legibility of any marking affected by carbon containing cancelling ink.
Erasure of cancelling ink on valuable stamps usually affected by attack on the
medium which bind the carbon to the surface of the stamp and it is to be regretted
that many cancelling inks are manufactured with media which offers resistance to
attack so that the resistant carbon can simply be swabbed off. This can be usually be
detected by infra-red photography which will reveal the traces of carbon, which
almost invariably remain on the stamp.
N. SKRIP INK – These are manufactured by W.A Chaffer Pen Company since 1955.
The ink contains substances which are colored is colorless in visible light and has a
strong affinity for the fibers of the paper, and yet is not bleached by hypochlorite ink
eradicator; the original will produce a characteristic fluorescence and can be
deciphered by reviewing under filtered ultra-violet. Similarly, if writing made with
washable strip, soak in water so the invisible dye is washed out, the original record
can be read clearly by filtered ultraviolet light.
THE CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF INK
A. THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION AND SEPARATION OF THE DYESTUFFS

IN THE IN (CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYTICAL METHODS)
1. This ink examination is restricted to a comparison of the dyestuff in the ink but
sometimes it is also possible to identify one or more of the components of the dye.
2. Regarded as the principal method of ink examination. Inks usually contain several
dyestuffs and chromatographic analysis will be able to distinguish and sometimes to
identify these dyes.
3. To identify a dyestuff, it is necessary to possess a collection as complete as possible

of the various dyes used in the manufacture of inks.
4. The chromatic separation of the dyes maybe carried out by paper chromatography
Procedure:
A. Collection of the ink material.
B. Extraction of the ink strokes by scraping fragments from the ink stroke. Dyestuff
inks can as a rule can be extracted with water. Ball point ink can be extracted with
organic solvent such as ethanol, acetone or butanone. Pyridine is the best solvent for
ball point inks.
C. It is also possible to cut a small pocket at starting line in the chromatographic
paper into which the ink fragments are placed. The pocket is firmly pressed.
D. The vessel which is a beaker or a flask is filled with the solvent; then the filtered
paper strip containing the ink material is lowered into the vessel with the ends just
touching the surface of the solvent and let it hang on the side of the vessel for 15 –
20 minutes.
E. The chromatography should be carried out in shaded light.
DETERMINATION OF THE AGE OF THE INK

1. In the examination of questioned documents, the query of the age of writing
sometimes arises. This maybe the case when the questioned document is undated, or
if it is suspected that the date of the document is not purportedly what is written in
the document.
2. There is also the problem of comparative examination of the possible difference in

age of parts of a handwritten text on one and the same document, on one and the
same cash book, or one on the same police blotter. This examination of the relative
ages of two or more ink writings may serve to answer the question which was written
first.
3. In general, in order to determine the age of writing or the difference in the ages of
different writings, the document examiner makes use of a property of the ink writing
which changes in the course of time. This selection of properties will be determined
by the composition of ink and the circumstances under which the writing ages.
PAPER EXAMINATION
Paper
– is a sheet of interlaced fibers usually cellulose fibers from plants, but
sometimes, from cloth rags or other fibrous materials that is formed by pulping the
fibers causing them to felt, or mat, to form a solid surface.
Kinds of Paper:
• It was first made of artificial material known as PAPYRUS.
• PARCHMENT is another writing material from skin of animals of
sheeps, cloves or goat used for special manuscripts.
• VELLUM is from young fine calves or kids use for book making
• Cai Lun – a Chinese Court Official for which the invention of paper is
attributed to him in about 105AD.
• Nicolas Louis Robert – a Frenchman who devised a machine the first
mechanical papermaking process.
• Fourdrinier Brothers (Henry, Sealy and Bryan Donkin) – made
commercialized the invention of Loius and now called FOURDRINIER
BASIS IN PAPER EXAMINATION
1. Color
2. Thickness
3. Finish or surface
4. watermarks
5. wove or laid style
6. cutting
7. size
8. ruling
9. padded or loose sheets
10. wiremarks
11. composition or character of fibers
FORGERIES
- The making or altering of a written instrument for fraud or deceit.
What are the crimes called forgeries?

1. Forging the seal of the government, signature or stamp of the Chief Executive.(Art.
161)- Reclusion Temporal
2. Counterfeiting coins (Art. 163)

Penalty-1. Prision Mayor in its minimum and medium period and fine not exceeding
10,000- if the counterfeited coin is the silver coin of the CBP amounting Ten centavo
and above.
3. Prision Correcional in its minimum or medium period and a fine of 2,000 if the
counterfeited coin is below ten centavo.
3. Prision Correcional in its minimum period and a fine not exceeding 1,000 be of
currency of foreign country.
3. Mutilation of coins (Art. 164)
4. Forging treasury or bank notes or other documents payable to the bearer (Art. 166)
5. Counterfeiting instruments not payable to bearer (Art. 167)
6. Falsification of legislative documents (Art. 172)
7. Falsification by public officer, employee or notary or ecclesiastical minister (Art. 171)
8. Falsification by private individuals (Art. 172)
9. Falsification of wireless, cable, telegraph and telephone messages. (Art. 173)
10. Falsification of medical certificates, certificates of merit or service (Art. 174)
What are crimes under counterfeiting of coins?

1. Making and importing and uttering false coins (Art.163)
2. Mutilation of coins-importation and utterance of mutilated coins (Art. 164)
3. Selling of false or mutilated coin, without connivance (Art. 165)
Definition of Terms
1. Import- means to bring them into. The importation is complete before entry at the Bureau of
Customs.
2. Utter – means to pass counterfeited coins. It includes the delivery or the act of giving them
away. A counterfeited coin is uttered when it is paid when the offender is caught counting the
counterfeited coins preparatory to the Act of delivering them, even though the person may not
obtain the gain he intended.
Pertinent Laws to Protect Philippine Peso

1. PD 247- Defacement, mutilation, tearing, burning or destruction of the BSP bank notes and
coins.
2. Chapter III, Circular 61, series of 1995 – Prohibits the reproduction or use of facsimiles of the
Philippine currency coins.
Under what authority does the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) issue
currency?
- Pursuant to Sec. 50, R.A. 7653, the BSP shall have the sole power and authority to
issue currency within the territory of the Philippines.
Is there a limit to the amount of notes and coins that the BSP may issue?
- The total amount of banknotes and coins that the BSP may issue shall not exceed
the total assets of the BSP. Banknotes and Coins
Name: ________________________ Date:_________________

Year & Section: _________________

Typewriting identification
Objective: To be familiar with the security features of the Philippine peso bill.
Instruction: 1. Students will draw the different denomination of the Philippine peso bill.
2. Students will label the security features of each denomination.
How does BSP preserve and maintain the integrity of the currency?
Currency Integrity is maintained as follows:

• The Investigation Division, Cash Department is vested with police authority to
investigate, make arrests, conduct searches and seizures in accordance with the
law during the course of anti-counterfeiting operations.
To encourage more public support and participation and ensure better chances
for successful operations, the BSP launched in 2004 the Revised Reward
System giving higher financial rewards to persons who give information on
counterfeiting activities leading to the arrest of suspects, seizure/confiscation of
counterfeit currencies and paraphernalia and the filing of appropriate charges in
court to counterfeiters.
The coverage of BSP Revised Reward System was further expanded with the
inclusion of informers on cases of hoarding and mutilation/destruction of
Philippine coins as being eligible for reward pursuant to Monetary Board
Resolution No. 266 dated 12 February 2009.
• The Currency Analysis and Redemption Division, Cash Department conducts

information campaigns on familiarization of genuine Philippine and acceptable
foreign currencies, counterfeit detection, BSP advocacies on the Clean Note
Policy, Revised Reward System, Coin Re-circulation Campaign and other related
issues.
CHAPTER VIII. COUNTERFEIT DETECTION
STEPS IN RECOGNIZING GENUINE BSP NOTES:
1. “Study and familiarize yourself with the characteristics, designs and distinct features of BSP
banknotes by following these steps”:
PAPER
Feel the paper
- The genuine note is printed on a special kind of paper which is rough when you run
your fingers thru it. It does not glow under the ultraviolet light. During paper manufacture, the
watermark, security fibers, security threads and iridescent are included.
WATERMARK
Examine the watermark on the unprinted portion of the note. The water mark is silhouette
of the portrait appearing on the face of the note.
SECURITY FIBERS
Inspect the security fibers. Embedded red and blue visible fibers are scattered at
random on both surfaces of a genuine note and can be readily picked.
EMBEDDED SECURITY THREAD

- View the embedded security thread. The embedded security thread is a special thread
vertically implanted off center of the note during paper manufacture.
WINDOWED SECURITY THREAD

View the windowed security thread on the improved version of the 100’s, 500’s,
and 1000 notes and the new 200 notes. The windowed security thread is a narrow security
thread vertically located like “stitches” at the face of the note.
IRRIDESCENT BAND
Find for the iridescent band on the improve version of 100’s, 500’s and 1000 notes and the new
200 notes. A wide glistening gold vertical stripe with the numerical value printed series.
PORTRAIT
Recognize the portrait. Appears life-like. The eyes “sparkle”. Shadings are formed
by the lines that give the portrait a characteristics facial expression which is extremely difficult
to replicate.
SERIAL NUMBER
Check the serial number. Composed of 1 or 2 prefix letters and 6 or 7 digits. The letters and
numerals are uniform in size and thickness.
BACKGROUND/ LACEWORK DESIGN

Scan the background/ lacework design are made up of multicolored and well-
defined lines.
VALUED PANEL
Check the numerals found at the four corners of the front and back of the note.
FLUORESCENT PRINTING
– look for the presence of fluorescent print when the note is exposed under the ultra-
violet light.
MICROPRINTING
Verify under the lens the presence of the micro printing on the denominations
50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000.

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ISABELA STATE UNIVERSITY – CAUAYAN CAMPUS

QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

At the end of the semester, the students are able to:

2. Classify the different kinds of questioned documents.

3. Apply the processes of Q.D. examination.

5. Properly handle and preserve questioned document.

6. Discuss the different terminologies related to documents.

– Any material containing marks, symbols or signs, visible, partially visible or

Legal Basis of Document

- It is a written statement by which a right is established or an obligation is

- Every deed or instrument executed by person by whom some deposition or

Instrument – formal document in writing

Legal Kinds of Documents

Examples: Civil Service Examination papers, NAPOLCOM Exam papers, official

Examples: Registers of attorney filed by the Clerk of the Supreme Court,

Examples: Documents of Private Properties, Letters, diaries, Notebooks

4. Commercial Document commerce

Writings which do not Constitute Documents:

3. Pamplets or books which do not evidence any disposition or agreement are

RULE 130 – Rules of Admissibility

A. OBJECT (REAL) EVIDENCE

Section 1. Object as evidence.

Section 2. Documentary evidence.

— Documents as evidence consist of writing or any material containing letters,

1. Best Evidence Rule

Section 3. Original document must be produced; exceptions. — When the subject of

(c) When the original consists of numerous accounts or other documents

Section 4. Original of document. —

Section 5. When original document is unavailable. — When the original document

Section 6. When original document is in adverse party's custody or control. — If the

Section 7. Evidence admissible when original document is a public record. — When

3. Parol Evidence Rule

Section 9. Evidence of written agreements.

— When the terms of an agreement have been reduced to writing, it is considered as

(a) An intrinsic ambiguity, mistake or imperfection in the written agreement;

(c) The validity of the written agreement; or

The term "agreement" includes wills. (7a)

Section 10. Interpretation of a writing according to its legal meaning. — The language

Section 11. Instrument construed so as to give effect to all provisions. — In the

Section 12. Interpretation according to intention; general and particular provisions. —

Section 13. Interpretation according to circumstances. — For the proper construction

Section 14. Peculiar signification of terms. — The terms of a writing are presumed to

Section 15. Written words control printed. — When an instrument consists partly of

Section 16. Experts and interpreters to be used in explaining certain writings. —

Section 17. Of Two constructions, which preferred. — When the terms of an

Section 18. Construction in favor of natural right. — When an instrument is equally

Section 19. Interpretation according to usage. — An instrument may be construed

LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 1

Objective: Students can correctly identify the Legal Kinds of Documents.

Instructions: 1. Each group will bring different documents.

Type of Writing Legal Kinds of Document Content (justification)

LAWS RELATED TO QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

Art. 170 – Falsification of Legislative Documents

1. Legislative Documents – it includes bills, resolution and ordinances.

Art. 171. Falsification by public officer, employee or notary or ecclesiastical

Disputed document suggests that there is an argument or controversy over the

Questioned Document Examination

Classes of Questioned Documents (According to Albert Osborn – father of Q.D.E)

2. Document containing alleged fraudulent alteration.