PARTS OF SPEECH

The Noun (n.)

A noun is a word which gives a name to something, in some cases you might hear them referred to as a ‘naming
word.’
There are various different subcategories of nouns such as the proper noun, the collective noun, the possessive
noun and the common noun. Each one of these serves a different purpose, let’s look at this a little more closely.

Noun Examples:
Jeffrey, Korea, pen, New Year, dog, cat, elephant, garden, school, work, music, town, Manila, teacher, farmer,
Bob, Sean, Michael, police officer, France, coffee, football, danger, happiness…
Noun example sentences:
The teacher told the children to stop chattering in class.
John is good at French but weak at History.

The Proper Noun

The proper noun is used to name a specific item, for example the names of places or people or perhaps a movie
or song title.
The capital of England is London.
Sarah is beautiful.

The Collective Noun

A collective noun is used to refer to a group of nouns, for example people or animal groups.
The swarm of bees were headed straight towards our picnic.
At church on Sunday, the choir sings loudly.

The Possessive Noun

A possessive noun is used to show ownership of something, this is done by adding an apostrophe and an s, like
in the following examples.
This is my dog’s ball.
That is Sarah’s friend.

The Common Noun

A common noun is the most simple form of a noun and gives a name to an item.
Here is a cup.
Do you want a cake?

The Article (art.)

An article is a word used before a noun to modify the noun. “The” is called the definite article and “a“, “an” are
called the indefinite article.
Examples: 
An umbrella, the boy, the school, a mouse, an apple, an hour.
Article example sentences:
I would like an apple.
He was sitting in a chair.
The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.

The Verb (vb.)

A verb is one of the most important parts of speech and is a word which is used to describe an action. There are
three main types of verbs which are detailed below.
Examples:
Walk, is, seem, realize, run, see, swim, stand, go, have, get, promise, invite, listen, sing, sit, laughed, walk…
Verb example sentences:
Don’t try to run before you can walk.
Did you kiss anybody?
Leave me alone!

The Action Verb

An action verb does exactly what you might expect, it describes an action.
The man walked down the street.
I laughed at his joke.

The Linking Verb

A linking verb is used to show a state of being rather than a physical action.
Sarah feels cold.
I am very tired.

The Modal Verb

A modal verb is used to ‘help’ the main verb and can show the speakers thoughts or attitude about what they are
saying. For example, words such as might, must, could and can are all modal verbs.
I might walk to the park this afternoon.
He can eat the last slice of cake.

The Pronoun (pron.)

A pronoun is one which replaces a noun, and once again there are various different types of pronouns within the
English language. Each one is used in a different way, let’s take a look at some examples of this.
Examples:
I, me, we, you, he, she, yours, himself, its, my, that, this, those, us, who, whom

Pronoun example sentences:

Richard isn’t at work this week; he‘s gone on holiday.
Don’t tell her the truth.
She tried it herself.
You can’t blame him for everything.
The woman who called yesterday wants to buy the house.
The Reflexive Pronoun

A reflexive pronoun is used to refer to self, for example myself or yourself.

I am going to keep this last cupcake for myself.
Peter always puts himself first.

The Indefinite Pronoun

This type of pronoun is used to refer to a non specific person or item, you might see words such as anything, few,
everyone or all.
Can you take all of these?
I need to speak to someone about this rash on my arm.

The Possessive Pronoun

A possessive pronoun is used to show possession or ownership of something, for example my, his, their or
yours.
Is this your bag?
I have been looking after his daughter.

The Relative Pronoun

A relative pronoun is used to introduce an adjective clause. You might recognise these as words such as who,
which, that or whose.
This is the woman who will be working with you.
Is this the book that everyone is raving about?

The Adjective (adj.)

An adjective is a word which describes a noun or pronoun, there are thousands of adjectives within the English
language.

Examples:
Beautiful, seven, cute, second, tall, blue, angry, brave, careful, healthy, little, old, generous, red, smart, two,
small, tall, some, good, big, useful, interesting…
Brown dog, red car, tall boy, fat cat, big garden.

Adjective example sentences:
This is a blue car.
The small squirrel ran up the tree.
During the thunderstorm, we saw some heavy rain.
My mother has short hair.
The documentary on TV last night was very interesting.
My son has an impressive collection of toy soldiers.
The weather is hot and sunny today.
My vacation was exciting.
The leaves on that tree are green and large.

The Adverb (adv.)

An adverb is used to modify, or further explain an adjective, verb or another adverb.

They can add more information to a sentence making it more clear and easier for the listener to imagine what is
being described in detail. Most of the time, adverbs will end in the letters -ly but there are some exceptions to
this rule such as the words very and never.

Examples:
Neatly, in the market, every day, tomorrow, very, badly, fully, carefully, hardly, nearly, hungrily, never, quickly,
silently, well, really, almost…

Adverb example sentences:

This is an extremely attractive photograph.
I have a very large pet dog.
My car drives quickly.
When I am running late for work, I eat my breakfast rapidly.
The boy is crying loudly.
She carefully preserved all his letters.

The Conjunction (conj.)

A conjunction is used as a way of joining two or more ideas or words together. Most commonly you will see the
words for, and, not, but, or, yet and so used as a conjunction.

Examples:
And, however, still, but, or, so, after, since, before, either, neither, because, unless…
Conjunction example sentences:
My boyfriend and I are going on a date.
I will go to the shop but not before I have had something to eat.
This is a gift for my friend.
I was tired yet I still went to the gym.

The Preposition (prep.)

A preposition is used in English to show a relationship between two words or phrases. You might recognise a
preposition as being words such as in, before, on, at, to, between etc.
Examples:
In, on, at, about, apropos, according to, after, along, above, except, from, near, of, before, since, between, upon,
with, to, after, toward…

Preposition example sentences:
The cat is sitting on the wall.
I am going to the salon after my dinner.
The boy ran along the street for an hour.
You will find the theatre in the town centre.
I saw that news in the newspapers.

The Interjection (interj.)

An interjection could also be thought of as a exclamation. They are used to emotion, reaction or excitement and
have no grammatical link to anything else within the sentence they appear.

Examples:
Ahem!, aha!, gosh!, aw!, great!, hey!, hi!, hooray!, oh!, yeah!, oops!, phew!, eh!, oh!, ouch!, hi!, well!…
Interjection example sentences:
Phew! That was a close call.
Wow! Did you see how big that bird was?
Oh, I forgot to tell you that I saw your father last week.
Hooray! You passed your exam!
Well, what did he say?
Yeah! She’s going with us tonight!

ALL ABOUT Adjective?

 In the most simple terms, an adjective is a word used to describe a noun. In general, an adjective is a word that
describes a noun or pronoun such as person, place, thing or idea. Adjective is a part of speech which is common
that people use it almost automatically, both in speech and in writing.

Adjective Examples:
English Adjectives can be identified by their endings. Common adjective endings are as follows:
-able/-ible: credible, achievable, gullible, capable, illegible, sensible, remarkable, horrible
-al: annual, functional, individual, logical, essential
-ful: awful, cheerful, doubtful, faithful, forceful
-ic: terrific, cubic, manic, rustic
-ive: intensive, adaptive, attractive, dismissive, inventive, persuasive
-less: doubtless, endless, fearless, helpless, homeless, breathless, careless, groundless, restless
-ous: adventurous, famous, generous, courageous, dangerous, tremendous, fabulous
Though, a large number of adjectives are different…

hot dark smart cool common complete large deep

thin far attractive great doubtful cold crowded

careless noisy        quiet real pink silent simple

Strange generous wide young

Types of Adjectives in English

1. Descriptive adjectives describe quality of the noun. In fact, descriptive adjectives can be attributive

adjectives or predicate adjectives.
While, Limiting adjectives limit the noun being described.

There are nine types of limiting adjectives as follows:

Definite & Indefinite Articles

Possessive Adjectives
Demonstrative Adjectives
Indefinite Adjectives
Interrogative Adjectives
Cardinal Adjectives
Ordinal Adjectives
Proper Adjectives
Nouns used as Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives

2. Possessive adjectives are used to show ownership or possession.

Possessive adjectives are my, your, his, her, its, our, their. Possessive adjectives occur before a noun (her hair) or

a an adjective + noun (her new hair).
Possessive adjectives have no singular or plural. They are used with both singular and plural nouns (his ball, his
balls).

Here is a list of subject pronouns and their possessive adjectives:

I – my You – your He – his She – her
It – its We – our They – their

3. Demonstrative Adjectives
In English grammar, this, that, these, and those are demonstrative adjectives.

For example:
This school is infinitely better than the last one I went to.
I think that book is mine.
These plants are particularly useful for brightening up shady areas.
Let me give you a hand with those bags.

Order of Adjectives

Learn rules and examples for the order of adjectives in English. 

In general, the adjective order in English is:

Determiner
Observation (Opinion)
Size and Shape
Age
Color
Origin
Material
Qualifier (Purpose)

Comparison of Adjectives

Three forms of comparison of adjectives in English

1. Positive: it is an ordinary form of adjectives

A positive adjective is used to describe something without making any sort of comparison to anything else. For
example, as seen in the sentence “I am kind.” or “This is a great movie.”

2. Comparative: shows when two persons or objects being compared

A comparative adjective is used in order to compare two things, it is quite often followed by the word than, you
can see this is the following examples. “I am nicer than him.” or “This movie is better than the first one.”

3. Superlative: indicates that the quality or quantity is at its highest or is most intense
4.
A superlative adjective is used as a way of comparing more than two things and as a way to say that the thing
you are talking about is the ‘most’, you might notice this in the following examples. “I am the nicest of all the
students.” or “This is

Compound Adjectives

Compound adjectives are adjectives that are made up of two or more words usually with hyphens (-) between
them.

Generally, compound adjectives can be formed as follows:

Adjective + Past participle
Adverb + Past Participle
Noun + Past Participle
Noun + Present Participle
Adjective + Present Participle
Adverb + Present Participle
Noun + Adjective
Adjective + Noun
Noun + Noun
Adjective + Adjective

List of Adjectives Ending in -ED and -ING

Amazing – Amazed Amusing – Amused Annoying – Annoyed

Boring – Bored Challenging – Challenged Charming – Charmed
Confusing – Confused Convincing – Convinced Depressing – Depressed
Disappointing – Disappointed Disgusting – Disgusted Disturbing – Disturbed
Embarrassing – Embarrassed Entertaining – Entertained Exciting – Excited
Exhausting – Exhausted Depressing – Depressed Disappointing – Disappointed
Fascinating – Fascinated Frightening – Frightened Frustrating - Frustrated
Inspiring – Inspired Interesting – Interested Pleasing – Pleased
Relaxing – Relaxed Relieving – Relieved Satisfying – Satisfied
Shocking – Shocked Surprising – Surprised Terrifying – Terrified
Threatening – Threatened Thrilling – Thrilled Tiring – Tired
Touching – Touched Worrying – Worried

Adjective Suffixes

-al, -ial, -ical -able, - ible -an, -ian -ary -full -ic -ive -ish
-less-like-y -ous, -ose -ant, -ent -ile

Adjectives To Describe Anything!

You can literally use an adjective to describe a whole wealth of things from how something appears to what it
smells like or its size. We are now going to look at a few examples of adjectives to describe different things.

Taste Delicious Bland Bitter Sweet Tasty

Touch Soft Windy Oily Smooth Cold
Sound Noisy Whispering Shrill Silent Hissing
Size Gigantic Huge Minute Tiny Wee
Shape Narrow Hollow Straight Rotund Crooked
Time Late Old Slow Speedy Daily
Amount Lots Many Ample Sparse Enough
Emotion Excited Amused Kind Grumpy Boring
Personality Generous Happy Smart Sassy Jaunty
Appearance Attractive Fat Spotless Confident Plain
Situation Nasty Aromatic Illegal Rainy Worse

What Is An Adverb?

The most simple way to describe an adverb is that it is a word which can modify a verb, in other words describe
it, for example ‘she runs quickly.’
The verb in this sentence is “runs”, and this has been modified with the adverb quickly. For the most part, an
adverb will end in the letters -ly, however there are some exceptions to this such as the word fast, this appears
exactly as the adjective counterpart for the word but serves as an adverb.

Adverb Types & List

There are different types of adverbs expressing different meanings. Generally, adverbs tell us how, where, when,
how much and with what frequency. Therefore, types of adverbs are classified according to their functions.
List of Adverbs in English with different types and examples.

1. Adverb of Frequency: always, sometimes, often/frequently, normally/generally, usually, occasionally,

seldom, rarely/hardly ever, never, etc.

2. Adverb of Manner: cheerfully, efficiently, painfully, secretly, quietly, peacefully, carefully, slowly, badly,
closely, easily, well, fast, quickly, etc.

3. Adverb of Time: now, yesterday, soon, later, tomorrow, yet, already, tonight, today, then, last month/year,
etc.
4. Adverb of Place: off, above, abroad, far, on, away, back, here, out, outside, backwards, behind, in, below,
down, indoors, downstairs, etc.

5. Adverb of Degree: quite, fairly, too, enormously, entirely, very, extremely, rather, almost, absolutely, just,
barely, completely, enough, etc.

6. Adverb of Certainty: apparently, clearly, definitely, doubtfully, doubtlessly, obviously, presumably,

probably, undoubtedly, etc.

7. Adverbs of Attitude: frankly, fortunately, honestly, hopefully, interestingly, luckily, sadly, seriously,

surprisingly, unbelievably, etc.

8. Adverbs of Judgement: bravely, carelessly, fairly, foolishly, generously, kindly, rightly, spitefully, stupidly,
unfairly, wisely, wrongly, etc.

Conjunctive Adverb (Linking adverb): 

besides, comparatively, conversely, equally, further, hence, in comparison, incidentally, namely, next, now,
rather, undoubtedly, additionally, anyway, certainly, elsewhere, finally, in addition, in contrast, indeed,
moreover, nonetheless, similarly, subsequently, thereafter, yet, also, meanwhile, consequently, nevertheless, etc.
hat frequency.

Adverbs To Modify A Sentence

An adverb can be used to modify a whole sentence and in this case will appear usually at the
beginning. When used in this way, the adverb is not talking about any specific thing but is rather being
used as a way to give an overall feeling for all of the information presented. Some examples of this are:

Generally, people take the train into London.

Luckily, my family lives in a nice location.
Interestingly, the ancient people ate the same meats as we do.

Adverbs For Comparison

In some cases you might use an adverb to make a comparison. You can do this by adding the words
more or most in front of the adverb.
He ran quickly.
He ran more quickly
He ran the most quickly.

Articles

In English grammar, there are two different types of article, the definite article and the indefinite article. In
the most simple terms an article is a way of letting the listener or speaker know that a noun is either unspecific or
specific. The words which are used as articles are the, an and a.

There are only three articles in English: a, an and the.

There are two types of articles indefinite ‘a’ and ‘an‘ or definite ‘the’. You also need to know when not to
use an article.
In many languages, articles are a special part of speech which cannot be easily combined with other parts of
speech.

Please show me the photo.

Can I see the blue dress, I do not like the red one.
Are we going to watch the football game?
I need the long wire, it is the only wire which will reach the plug socket.

If the noun begins with a vowel, you should use ‘an.’

If the nouns begins with a consonant, you should use ‘a.’

The words A and An are called indefinite articles. We can use them with singular nouns to talk about any
single person or thing.

The Definite Article ‘THE‘ generally specifies and identifies. It answers the question: ‘Which one?’ Is specifies
a person, place, or thing already mentioned.

Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be counted.
Examples: an apple, a school, 1 picture, 2 pictures, 3 pictures, 2 men, 4 men, 8 men.

Uncountable nouns are materials, concepts, information, etc. which are not individual objects and can not be
counted.
Examples: information, water, understanding, wood, cheese.

Conjunction

A conjunction is a word which is used to link thoughts and ideas within a sentence.

The girl is pretty and kind.

She has blonde hair with green eyes and she is wearing a blue jacket on top of a white t-shirt.
Conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases or clauses together. You can use a conjunction
to link words, phrases, and clauses, as in the following examples:

The park is empty now, but it will be filled with children after school.
You can stay on the bus until you reach London.

List of Conjunctions with Different Types

There are three types of conjunctions: 

1. The coordinating conjunction is a way of joining phrases, clauses and words together which have an equal
rank, grammatically speaking. There are many coordinating conjunctions, let’s take a look at some of the most
frequently used ones.
for not and but yet so nor
EXAMPLES:
I would like a hamburger or a chicken burger for my dinner.
She needed to be somewhere quiet, so she took her bag and went to the park.
My parents never had much money when I was growing up, but they managed somehow.

2. A subordinating conjunction can be used to join dependent and independent clauses.

After until before since because as though

Although whereas while

Common subordinating conjunctions List:

Than, rather than, whether, as much as, whereas, that, whatever, which, whichever, after, as soon as, as long as,
before, by the time, now that, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, though, although, even though, who,
whoever, whom, whomever, whose, where, wherever, if, only if, unless, provided that, assuming that, even if, in
case (that), lest, how, as though, as if, because, since, so that, in order (that), that, as …
Noun

Noun is a part of speech typically denoting a person, place, thing, animal or idea.

 concrete noun is a noun which is real or physical, you might think of it as something which can be perceived by
your senses.

I hear the music.

Her hands were wet.

TYPES OF NOUN

1. Concrete Noun  is a noun which is real or physical, you might think of it as something which can be
perceived by your senses.

Examples
Armchair Aunt Ball Bermudas Beans Balloon
Bear Blouse Bed Baby Book Blender
Bucket Bakery Bow Bridge Boat Car
Cow Cap Cooker Cheeks Crest Chest
Chair Candy Cabinet Cat Coffee Charlie

2.Common Nouns And Proper Nouns

A common noun is a noun which can refer to a general name of an object.
This type of noun does not use a capital letter unless it is appearing at the start of a sentence.
The other type of noun is a proper noun and this is used to talk about a specific person, item or place. The
proper noun always uses a capital letter, whether it appears at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence.

Paris is a large city in France.

Both Paris and France are the proper nouns within this sentence.

3. Abstract Nouns
The abstract noun is used to refer to something which is not tangible.

He showed a lot of bravery when fighting the lion.

Sarah has a lot of intelligence.

Abstract Noun Examples

Awareness Beauty Belief Childhood Clarity
Cleverness Confusion Contentment Courage Crime
Growth Happiness Hat e Hatred Inflation
Insanity Intelligence Joy Justice Kindness
Laughter Law Liberty Love Luck
Luxury Maturity Need Opinion Opportunity
Pain

4. Countable and Uncountable nouns vary from language to language. In some languages, there are no
countable nouns. In addition, some nouns that are uncountable in English may be countable in other languages.

Countable nouns are individual objects, people, places, etc. which can be counted.
Examples
Apple School Student Picture House

Uncountable Nouns are substances, concepts, materials, information… that we cannot divide into separate
elements. They can’t be counted.
Examples:
Access Adulthood Alcohol Business Blood
Botany Bacon Chaos Clothing Confidence
Compassion Calm Cotton Childhood Coffee
Danger Data Dancing Distribution

5. The collective noun is used to refer to a collection of things or people. They are used to refer to a singular verb
and make it as though it were one entity.

The pack of dogs ran wild through the town.

The choir sang loudly in the church.

Examples
Herd Pack Flock Swarm Shoal
Group Crowd Gang Mob Staff
Crew
Choir Orchestra Panel Board Troupe
Bunch Pile Heap Set Stack
Series Shower Fall

6. Compound Nouns are words for people, animals, places, things, or ideas, made up of two or more
words. Most compound nouns are made with nouns that have been modified by adjectives or
other nouns.

Examples
Airline Airport Aircraft Armchair Boyfriend
Battlefield Briefcase Butterfly Countdown Comeback
Background Cupboard Chopstick Classmate Daredevil
Daydream Dragonfly Everybody Everything Fireworks
Football Footprint Greenhouse Hallway Handcuff

7. Possessive nouns are nouns that show ownership or possession. Normally these words would be a singular or
plural noun, but in the possessive form they are used as adjectives to modify another a noun or pronoun.

Examples
Cat’s toy Charles’s car Chris’s exam Children’s clothes
Babies’ shoes Lemons’ acidity Owls’ eyes Sister’s room

Forming Regular Plural Nouns

a. Most singular nouns are made plural by adding -s to the end of the singular form.

b. When a noun ends in a sibilant sound – /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/ or /dʒ/ – the plural is formed by adding -es, or -s if
the singular already ends in -e.
c. The plural form of some nouns that end in ‘f’ or ‘fe’ is made by changing the ending to -V(es).

d. When a noun ends in “o” preceded by a consonant, the plural in many cases is spelled by adding -es.

e. Nouns that end in ‘o’ preceded by a vowel are made plural by adding -s.

f. When the ‘y’ follows a consonant, changing ‘y’ to ‘i’ and adding -es.

g. When the ‘y’ follows a vowel, the plural is formed by retaining the ‘y’ and adding -s.

Regular Plural Noun Examples

car – cars bag – bags table – tables house – houses
dog – dogs kiss – kisses dish – dishes witch – witches
judge – judges half – halves hoof – hooves calf – calves
elf – elves shelf – shelves leaf – leaves loaf – loaves
thief – thieves wolf – wolves life – lives knife – knives
potato – potatoes tomato – tomatoes hero – heroes echo – echoes
veto – vetoes domino – dominoes mosquito – mosquitoes volcano – volcanoes
piano – pianos photo – photos halo – halos soprano – sopranos
radio – radios stereo – stereos video – videos country – countries
family – families cherry – cherries lady – ladies puppy – puppies
party – parties holiday – holidays

Irregular plural nouns are nouns that do not become plural by adding -s or -es, as most nouns in the English
language do. 
Man - men woman - women
Examples
Aircraft – aircraft Barracks – barracks Deer – deer Gallows – gallows
Moose – moose Salmon – salmon Hovercraft – hovercraft

Series – series Species – species Means – means

Deer – deer Fish – fish Sheep – sheep
Offspring – offspring Trout – trout Swine – swine Person – people
Ox – oxen Man – men Woman – women
Policeman – policemen Child – children Tooth – teeth Foot – feet
Goose – geese Mouse – mice Louse – lice Penny – pence
Index – indices /indexes Matrix – matrices Vertex – vertices
Appendix – appendices Alumnus – alumni Corpus – corpora
Census – censuses Focus – foci Genus – genera
Prospectus – prospectuses Radius – radii Campus – campuses

Using A Noun As A Subject Or An Object

examples:
John is tall.
The ball bounced.

John and the ball are the subjects of these sentences and are both nouns.

However, the noun can also be used as the object of a sentence. This can be either as a direct object, which is the
noun that is on the receiving end of the action that was performed by the subject, or as an indirect object which is
a noun that is a recipient of the direct object. Let’s take a look at some examples of this.

Hand the bags to him.

Move the plate towards the baby.

In this case, the words him and baby are both nouns being used as the object of the sentence.

Nouns Used As Object And Subject Complements

A noun can be used as a subject complement and this usually occurs when using a linking verb such as seem,
to be or become. An example of this is the sentence

“John is a builder.” The noun builder is the subject complement as it is detailed what John is.

Further Uses Of Nouns

When serving as an appositive noun, the noun will come directly after another noun as a way of defining it
further.
“My mother, Angela, is a nurse.” The noun Angela is the appositive noun as it gives us further information on
the first noun, mother.

A noun may also be used as an adjective in some cases as well.

Consider the word ‘light.’ This is a noun when talking about the light or a light, however it can become an
adjective, as seen in this sentence, “The house has a light kitchen.”
When using a possessive noun, in other words, a noun which is used to denote possession of something, an
apostrophe should be used. For example, “These are the baby’s things.”

Gender of Nouns

Masculine Feminine
Sir Madam
Uncle Aunt
Nephew Niece
Wizard Witch
Hart Roe
Drake Duck
Lion Lioness
Priest Priestess
Prophet Prophetess
Patron Patroness

Verb

A verb is a word or group of words that describes an action, experience or expresses a state of being.

Verb examples: Walk, is, seem, run, see, swim, stand, go, have, get, promise, invite, listen, sing, sit, …
He speaks English
I don’t know how to spell the word
She studies hard

 Types of verbs 

1. Irregular verbs are common verbs in English that do not follow the simple system of adding “d” or “ed” to
the end of the word to form the past tense (the past simple and/or the past participle).
Fall – fell – fallen Feed – fed – fed Feel – felt – felt
Fight – fought – fought Find – found – found Fly – flew – flown
Forbid – forbade – forbidden Forget – forgot – forgotten
Forgive – forgave – forgiven Freeze – froze – frozen Get – got – got
Give – gave – given Go – went – gone Grind – ground – ground
Grow – grew – grown Hang – hung – hung Have – had – had
Hear – heard – heard Hide – hid – hidden Hit – hit – hit
Hold – held – held Hurt – hurt – hurt Keep – kept – kept
Kneel – knelt – knelt Know – knew – known Lay – laid – laid
Lead – led – led Lean – leant/ leaned – leant/ leaned
Learn – learnt/ learned – learnt/ learned
2. Modal verbs are a small class of auxiliary verbs used to express possibility, obligation, advice, permission,
ability, …

Will Shall Would Should Ought to

Must Mustn’t May Might Can
Could Have to/ Has to Don’t/ Doesn’t have to

Modal Verbs To Express Ability

Be able to Can/Can’t Be able to Could/Couldn’t

Managed to Be able to Can/can’t

Modals for Asking Permissions

Can Could May Would

Perfect Infinitive with Modals

A dynamic verb is a verb that shows continued or progressive action on the part of the subject. This is the
opposite of a stative verb.
Examples
Eat Walk Learn Grow
Sleep Talk Write Run
Read Go

Stative verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an action. They usually relate to thoughts, emotions,
relationships, senses, states of being and measurements.
Examples
Mental State Suppose Recognise Forget Remember
Imagine Mean Agree Disagree Deny
Promise Satisfy Realise Appear Astonish
Possession Have Own Possess Lack

Auxiliary Verbs

An auxiliary verb is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears, such
as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc. An auxiliary verb is most generally understood as a
verb that “helps” another verb by adding grammatical information to it.

Examples
Do: I do not feel like going out tonight.
Have: I have just received his reply.
Be: A model railway mart will beheld on Friday.
Will: He will not play volleyball.

Causative Verbs
Causative verbs are verbs that show the reason that something happened. They do not indicate something the
subject did for themselves, but something the subject got someone or something else to do for them.
Examples
Have: I had the mechanic check the brakes.
Get: I couldn’t get the engine to start.
Make: I like him because he makes me laugh.
Let: If you accept, please let me know.

Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb is one which has the ability to have a noun directly attached to it. Examples;
kick call write story answer questions

Intransitive Verbs
This type of verb cannot have a noun directly attached to it and requires the use of a preposition in order to help
it function.
Examples:
run to the shop proceed with the game abide by the rules.

No Action To Be
A no action to be verb means that the verb is not directly referencing an action. The verb to be can function as
both an auxiliary verb as well as a main verb. When it is being used as a main verb it will join a subject to an
adjective for example

Example:
The book is read by the teacher.
He is watching the TV.

Linking Verbs
This is a type of verb which is a “non be” verb and is used to link a subject to a noun, a phrase or an adjective.
For example:

This looks amazing.

The food tastes beautiful.

The Different Forms Of Main Verbs

1. Infinitives
The infinitive form of a verb is that state in which it is originally found. In English, this is often with the word
‘to’ in front of the verb, for example to run, to see, to have, to live.

2. What is a To-Infinitive?
A to-infinitive is a verbal consisting of to + a verb, and it acts like a subject, direct object, subject complement,
adjective, or adverb in a sentence.

We use the infinitive:

To indicate the purpose of an action
As subject of the sentence
As direct object of the sentence
As subject complement
As an adjective
As an adverb
After adjective
After object that is noun or pronoun referring to a person
Used with question word

Verbs Followed by Infinitives

Commonly used Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Attempt Ask Arrange Beg Begin
Care Choose Claim Consent Continue
Dare Decide Demand Deserve Dislike
Expect Fail Forget Get Hesitate
Hope Hurry Intend Learn Like
Love Manage Mean Neglect Need

Zero Infinitive
We use the Zero Infinitive when:

After modal auxiliary verbs

After the object after certain verbs, such as hear, see, make, let
After verbal idioms would rather and had better

Used with WHY
Gerunds

Gerunds are verbals that function as nouns and have an –ing ending.

The gerund form of verbs is used as follows:

Used as subject of a sentence Used as direct object of a sentence

Used as a subject complement Used as an object of a preposition
Used after certain expressions

Verbs Followed by Gerunds

Useful list of Verbs Followed by Gerunds in English.

Admit Advise Anticipate Acknowledge

Appreciate Avoid Bear Begin
Complete Consider Defer Delay
Deny Discuss Dislike Enjoy
Entail Finish Forget Hate

Present and Past Participles

What is a Participle?

A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed. They function as
adjectives, thus participles modify nouns or pronouns.

Types of Participles

1. Present Participle
This is a very simple concept as to create the present participle one must simply add the letters -ing to the verb
stem. This shows that something is happening right now. For example;
 I am leaving the house or The cat is lying on the rug.

2. Past Participle
Similarly to the present participle, the past participle shows time, in this case that something has already
happened-or has happened in the past. In order to create the past participle, one must add the letters -ed to the
verb stem. For example the sentence
 I decide what happens would become I decided what happens.
Despite the addition of -ed being the regular form of past participle, there are some irregular verbs which do not
follow this pattern. Some examples of this are as follows:

Finite and Non-finite Verbs

Another word for the finite form is the conjugated form. This happens when the verb is being used within a
sentence. By conjugating the verb you are allowing it to demonstrate tense, number, mood and person. An
example of this might be the sentence ‘he won the tournament.’ The conjugated verb here shows us that this is a
past tense sentence in the third person singular.

Finite Verb Forms

A finite verb is controlled by the number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb is singular. If the
subject is plural, the verb is plural.
Examples:
They are studying reproduction in shellfish.
I sing with the university chorus.

Non-finite Verb Forms

A non-finite verb is not controlled by the number, person and tense of the subject.
Examples:
I don’ t want to go home in the dark.
She put a blanket over the sleeping child.

Subject Verb Agreement Rules

1. The subject and verb must agree in number. A singular subject takes a singular verb, whereas a plural subject
takes a plural verb.

2. The subject is separated from the verb by “with”, “as well as”, “together with”, “along with”. These words and
phrases are not part of the subject. The verb agrees with the subject.
3. Two subjects joined by “and” are plural.
4. Two subjects joined by “or/not”, “either…or/neither…nor”, “not only…but also” take the verb that agrees
with the subject closest to it.
5.With collective nouns, the verb might be singular or plural (UK), depending on meaning.
6. In sentences beginning with “here” or “there“, the true subject follows the verb.
7. he verb is singular if the subject is a singular indefinite pronoun. The verb is plural if the subject is a plural
indefinite pronoun. And, some indefinite pronouns (some, any, all, most) may be either singular or plural,
depending upon their use in a sentence.
8. Use a singular verb for expressions of measurement, time. money and weight when the amount is considered
one unit.
9. Plural form subjects with a singular meaning take a singular verb.
10. Titles of single entities are always singular.
Verb Tenses

A. Present Simple - .Express habits or general truth

Example:
I’m nineteen years old.
Describe a future event on a designated date as part of a plan or arrangement
Examples:
The plane arrives at 18.00 tomorrow.

B. Present Continuous - Describe action going on at the time of speaking

Example:
They are swimming in the pool.
Express temporary action which may not be happening at the time of speaking
Example:
John’s driving his father’s car while his own car is in the workshop.

C. Present Perfect - Express past action which is not defined by a time of occurrence
Example:
Teresa isn’t at home. I think she has gone shopping.
Express an action which started in the past and has continued up until now
Example:
She has worked in the bank for five years.

D. Present Perfect Continuous - Express an action which started at some point in the past and may not be
complete
Example:
He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.

E. Past Simple- Describe a past habit – or an action already completed

Example:
I went to Egypt in 1988.
Can be used with or without adverbs of time
Example:
He drank his whiskey almost bottoms up.

F. Past Continuous - Express uncompleted action of the past (with or without time reference)
 Example:
Everyone was shouting.
Describe persistent habits of the past (with always, continuously, forever, etc.)
Example:
They were always quarrelling.

G. Past Perfect - Describe a completed action of the past that happened before another event took place
Example:
After he had finished work, he went straight home.

H. Past Perfect Continuous - Describe an action in the past that began before a certain point in the past and
continued up until that time
Example:

She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.

I. Future Simple
The Simple Future tense indicates that an action is in the future relative to the speaker or writer.

 Express an action, condition, or circumstance which hasn’t taken place yet

 Example:
 I will eat Japanese Food tomorrow.

J. Future Perfect - Express an action that will be complete before another event takes place
Example:
By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.

K. Future Perfect Continuous- Describe an action that will have happened for some time and will not be
complete yet at a certain point in the future
Example:
I will have been watching TV for 3 hours when you arrive.

Comparison of Verb Tenses

Present Simple vs. Present Continuous | Verb Tenses
 The present simple tense is used to express general truths, while the present continuous tense describes
actions happening now.
 The present simple tense is used to indicate present habits, while the present continuous tense is used
to express annoying habits (+ always).
 The present simple tense expresses timetable events; the present continuous tense is used to describe
future arrangements.
 The present simple tense is used to indicate permanent states; In contrast, the present continuous tense
is used to express temporary states.

Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Progressive | Verb Tenses
 The present perfect tense is used with finished actions, while the present perfect progressive tense is
used with unfinished actions.
 The present perfect tense indicates permanent actions; the present perfect progressive tense describes
temporary actions.
 The present perfect tense emphasizes the result of the action; In contrast, the present perfect
progressive tense emphasizes the duration of the action.
 The present perfect tense indicates “How much/How many“, while the present perfect
progressive tense indicates “How long something has been happening“.
Past Simple vs. Present Perfect | English Tenses
What is the difference between Past Simple and Present Perfect Tense?
 The past simple tense is used to express finished time; in contrast, the present perfecttense describes
unfinished time.
 The past simple tense is used to refer to definite time, while the present perfect tense refers to
indefinite time.
 The past simple tense indicates series of finished actions or repeated actions; the present
perfect tense expresses experience or result.
Past Perfect vs. Past Perfect Continuous | English Tenses
What is the difference between Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Tense?

 The past perfect tense expresses a past action, already finished when another past action happened;
the past perfect continuous tense describes a past action which started in the past and continued to happen after
another action or time in the past.
 The past perfect tense emphasizes the result of an activity in the past; in contrast, the past perfect
continuous tense emphasizes the duration of an activity in the past.
 The past perfect tense shows two events in the past that are linked, while the past perfect
continuous tense shows the cause of a past action.
Will vs. Going to | English Tenses
In English grammar tenses, both “Will” and “Be Going to” are used to express future tense but they do not have
the same meaning.

 Will is used to express future actions decided at the moment of speaking, while Going to describes
future plans decided before the moment of speaking.
 Will is used to indicate a prediction based on personal opinions or experiences, while going to is used to
express a prediction based on present evidence.
 Will expresses a future fact; going to is used to describe something is about to happen.

Preposition - is a word which can link verbs, nouns and pronouns together.
Preposition Examples
 In the morning In (the) summer In a moment
 On Thursday On the first day On time
 At 12 o’clock In Manhattan In a building
 On a wall At the corner Below the surface
 In front of the city hall During the conference Before dawn
 Within seven day Into her eyes Across the road
 Along the beach Down the hill
Types of Prepositions
There are five types of prepositions in English grammar.

1. Prepositions of time (ago, before, since…)

2. Prepositions of place (under, behind, between…)
3. Prepositions of movement/ Direction (up, down, over…)
4. Prepositions for agent, instruments, devices, machines…(by, with, on…)
1. Prepositional phrases (in time, on time, in love...)
Learn a useful list of prepositions classified by different categories with example sentences.

Prepositional Phrases - A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition.

Under construction
A new railroad is under construction.
For real
After two trial runs we did it for real.
At the same time
 All speak at the same time.
By the time
By the time I got there he’d gone.
By the way
By the way, how is John?
Prepositions of Time - A preposition of time is a preposition that allows you to discuss a specific time period.

List of Prepositions of Time with preposition examples.

During

We stayed at a student hostel during the conference.

 For
I’m just going to bed for two hours or so.

Until/Till
We wait till/until half past six for you.
Since
Forty years have passed away since they met.
From…to
Her visit will extend from Monday to Thursday.
Ago
He left the house over an hour ago.

Prepositions of Place
A preposition of place is a preposition which is used to refer to a place where something or someone is located.

List of Prepositions of Place with preposition examples.

 On - On a table
 Under - We slept under the open sky.
 Next to - The hotel is situated  next to  the lively  bustling  port.
Prepositions of Movement

Prepositions of movement or direction are used to show movement from one place to another. These
prepositions are most often used with verbs of motion and are found after the verb.

Down
 It’s easier to run down the hill than go up.
 Up
 She doesn’t like riding her bike up these hills.
 Into
 Don’t put new wine into old bottles.
 Toward
 She was carrying a suitcase and walking towards.
 Over
 The hotel is over the bridge.
 Onto
  I slipped as I stepped onto the platform.
 Around
 Her hair whipped around her face in the wind.
Prepositions of Place IN, ON, AT

IN
In + Countries
In + Cities
In + Neighborhood
In + Enclosed Space
ON
On + Means of transport
On + Communications
On + Surfaces
Pronoun
Pronoun is a word that substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.

In the most simple terms, a pronoun is a word which takes the position of a noun. One of the most
commonly recognised forms of the pronoun are names of people, for example John, Jill, Mary or Peter.
However, a pronoun could also be one of the following words:

 He/she It They Me Himself

 Somebody/everybody/anybody Many Each
 Few Whoever/who

A pronoun is used instead of a noun or noun phrase in a sentence. A pronoun may take place of the
name of a person, place or thing.

Pronoun examples: I, me, we, they, you, he, she, it, yours, himself, ourselves, its, my, that, this, those,
us, who, whom…

Types of Pronouns with Examples

English Pronouns can be divided into several categories: personal, indefinite, reflexive, reciprocal,
possessive, demonstrative, interrogative, reciprocal and relative.

1. Personal Pronouns
This type of pronoun is used to refer to a person, in this category you will see words such as I, we, you,
they, he, she, …

 I have green eyes.

 They are coming to my house.
 You are my friend.
There are two types of personal pronouns: subject and object.

When the person or thing is the subject of the sentence, subject pronouns are used.

Subject pronoun list: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.

Subject pronoun examples:

 I like to watch TV, but he  does not.
 You  cannot judge a tree by its bark.
 She  struck him on the nose.
 He studies hard to pass the exam.
Object pronouns are used when the person or thing is the object of the sentence.

Object pronoun list: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them.

Examples:

 Sophia likes me  but not him.

 John will call you soon.
 Don’t tell her  the truth.
 I helped him pull his boots off.
2. Reflexive Pronouns
The reflexive pronoun will end in -self or -selves and is used in reference to another pronoun. Words within the
category are himself, herself, themselves, yourself/ves, myself, itself.

 He takes care of himself.

 She can do it by herself.
 You could travel by yourself.
In English, reflexive pronouns are used when a person or thing acts on itself.

Reflexive pronoun list: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

Examples:

 She tried it herself.

 Tom hurt himself.
In English they all end in –self or –selves and must refer to a noun phrase elsewhere in the same clause.

3. Possessive Pronouns
In English, possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership. They are: mine, yours,
his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

Possessive pronoun list: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

Examples:

 Do you see that woman over there? Her dog is very friendly.

 Is that your house? No, ours is the one beside it.
 his is my laptop. It’s mine.
 These books are mine, not yours.
 This is my brother ‘s book. It’s his.
4. Demonstrative Pronouns
This type of pronoun is used to indicate something, the words in the category are these, those, that, this.

 These are the shoes that I am going to wear.

 He likes the green flowers but he prefers those red ones over there.
 I would like that one.
The demonstrative pronouns are the same words as the demonstrative adjectives (this, that, these, and those).
They often distinguish their targets by pointing or some other indication of position. They can be either near or
far in distance or time, specifically.

Demonstrative pronoun list: this, that, these, those.

 Pronoun examples:

 This is an enormous field.

 Can you see that?
 These are delicious cookies.
5. Indefinite Pronouns
The indefinite pronoun is used to talk about something which is not specific. Words in the category are some, all,
few, none, either, one, nobody, both, each, anyone, several etc.

 Nobody is going to the party.

 There are several people in my class.
 I like both of these photos.
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that refers to non-specific beings, objects, or places. Indefinite Pronouns
can also function as other parts of speech too, depending on context.

Indefinite Pronoun List: another, anybody/ anyone, anything, each, either, enough, everybody/ everyone,
everything,…

Pronoun examples:

 I don’t want anyone to see it.

 Is there anything in that box?
 You can’t blame him for everything.
 Each company is fighting to protect its own commercial interests.
 Much has happened since we met.
 No one can cope with her in English.
6. Relative Pronouns
This type of pronoun can be used as a way of giving additional information within a sentence, pronouns in this
category are that, who, which, whom…

 This is my brother who lives in New Zealand.

 This is the ball that my dog likes best.
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that relates to the word that it modifies and is not specific. In English, relative
pronouns are who, whom, which, whose, and that. They refer back to people or things previously mentioned, and
they are used in relative clauses.

Relative pronoun list: who, whom, which, whose, that.

Pronoun examples:

 The woman who called yesterday wants to buy the house.

 Now they were driving by the houses which Andy had described.
 She is an artist whose work I really admire.
 The author whom you criticized in your review has written a letter in reply.
7. Intensive Pronouns
The intensive pronoun is used as a reference to another pronoun or noun in the same sentence as a way of
emphasising it.

 The dog caught the ball itself.

 Sarah cooks dinner herself.
 I eat my candy myself.
8. Interrogative Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun is used in a question, the words within the category are who, which, where, how and
what.
 How many apples do you have?
 Which way is the hotel?
 Is that where the chair goes?
9. Reciprocal Pronouns
The reciprocal pronoun is used to show an action or feeling which is reciprocated, words in this category are one
another and each other.

 They are happy with each other.

 The two friends really care about one another.
List of Pronouns

Personal pronoun list

Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them.

Demonstrative pronoun list: this, that, these, those.

Reflexive pronoun list: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

Intensive pronoun list: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

Possessive pronoun list: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.

Relative pronoun list: who, whom, which, whose, that.

Indefinite pronoun list: another, anybody/ anyone, anything, each, either, enough, everybody/ everyone,
everything, less, little, much, neither, nobody/ no-one, nothing, one, other, somebody/ someone, something, both,
few, fewer, many, others, several, all, any, more, most, none, some, such.

Interrogative Pronoun List: who, whom, which, what, whose, whoever, whatever, whichever, whomever.

Collective Noun
What is a collective noun? A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals or a collection of things taken
as a whole.
Collective Nouns List
A herd of antelope
A herd of boar
A herd of buffaloes
A herd of caribou
A herd of cattle

Group Name “Pack”

A pack of bears (polar bears)
A pack of coyotes
A pack of dogs

Group Name “Flock”

A flock of birds
A flock of bustards
A flock of camels

Group Name “Swarm”

A swarm of ants
A swarm of bees
A swarm of butterflies
A swarm of eels
A swarm of flies
Group Name “Group”

A group of guinea pigs

A group of islands
A group of people
A group of dancers
A group of engineers

Group Name “Crowd”

A crowd of onlookers
A crowd of people

Group Name “Gang”

A gang of hoodlums
A gang of laborers
A gang of slaves
A series of photos

Adverbs (Underline the correct answer.

1. The rain was pouring loud on the roof. The words POURING LOUD should be changed to:
(pouring loudly, loud pouring, pouring loudness ,no change)

2. The teacher asked us to wait patient. The word PATIENT should be changed to:
(more patient, patientful, patiently, no change)

3. He was strangely quiet after lunch. The words STRANGELY QUIET should be changed to:
(strange quiet, quiet strange, most strangely quiet, no change)

4. The sun shines bright over the lake. The words SHINES BRIGHT should be changed to:
(shines brightful, shines brightly, bright shine, no change)

5. Now, I work more slow than I did before. The words MORE SLOW should be changed to:
(more slowly, most slowly, more slower, no change)

6. Javier ran quick into the ELD class. The words RAN QUICK should be changed to:
(ran quickly, ran quickest, quick ran, no change)

7. She opened her present quickly to see what was inside. The word QUICKLY should be changed to:
(quick, quicker, more quickly, no change)

Determiner- A determiner is a word which is used to introduce a noun or a noun phrase.

Types of Determiners
Which imply that the referent of the resulting noun phrase is defined specifically:

1. The definite article the.

Example: The girl, all the factories, the red wine

2. The demonstrative adjectives

Examples: this, that, these, those

3. Possessive adjectives
 Examples: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose, one’s, everybody’s, Cindy’s, Linda’s, a boy’s, the man we
saw yesterday’s.

4. Interrogatives

Examples: which, what (these can be followed by -ever for emphasis).

5. Relative determiners: which, whichever and whatever…

Example: Whichever way you look at it, things are pretty bad.

Sentence Structures

There are four structures, namely: compound-complex sentences, simple sentences, complex sentences,

and compound sentences.

Simple Sentences

These sentences have one clause (the independent clause.) The clauses usually express just one idea/ thought.
Additionally, these sentences only carry a single verb.

Examples:

 The maid is cooking.

 Sam is sleeping.
 Her mother is sweeping the house.
Compound Sentences

Compound sentences refer to sentences whose independent clauses are more than one. Meaning, their minimum
independent clauses are two, and they do not have dependent clauses. These independent clauses are joined
together using conjunctions, or punctuation. The punctuation mark used is the semi-colon and conjunctions
include: and, but, yet, for, so, nor, and or.

Examples:

 Michael studied at the US and Elizabeth studies in China. (The independent clauses are “Michael studied
at the US” and “Elizabeth studied in China” and are joined by the conjunction “and”) They are independent
clauses since they express a complete idea.
 Mary is cooking, but Moses is washing the dishes. (The sentence has two verbs “cooking” and
“washing,” hence two clauses. The clauses are joined together by the conjunction “but”)
 My vehicle broke down; I arrived late. (The semi-colon joins the clauses in this sentence)
Complex Sentences
 These sentences have a main clause and a dependent clause (at least one). Additionally, complex sentences have
to subordinate conjunctions which indicate a dependent clause, such include, like because, after, as, although,
how, before, since, if, once, then, where, until, whether, that, till, and while.

Examples:

 I missed my exam because I was late. (The independent clause is “I missed my exam,” whereas the
dependent clause is “because I was late” and the subordinating conjunction is “because”)
 I cooked hurriedly after his arrival. (“I cooked hurriedly” is the independent clause whereas the
dependent clause is “after his arrival” and “after” is the subordinating conjunction)
Complex-compound Sentences

These sentences have multiple clauses, that is, a minimum of two independent/main clauses and a minimum of
one dependent clause.

Examples:

 Mary didn’t sit the exam because she came late, so the teacher was angry. (The independent clauses in
this sentence are “Mary didn’t sit the exam” and “The teacher was angry.” On the other hand, the dependent
clause is “because she came late” )
 The teacher, who is on duty, is incompetent, but the principal is competent. (The independent clauses
are, “The teacher is incompetent” and “the principal is competent.” “Who is on duty” is the dependent clause.”)
In addition to subordinate conjunctions, dependent clauses can also begin with relative pronouns like whose,
whom, who, which, and that.
Types of Sentence s

There are four types of sentences, namely, imperative, declarative, exclamatory, and interrogative.

Declarative Sentences

These sentences are the most common. They refer to sentences that make statements, describe things/
people, and also express feelings /opinions. They must end with a full-stop.

Examples:

 Mary loves eating cookies. (Statement)

 I am excited because of the upcoming sports day. (Feeling)
 His wife is smartly dressed. (Describes a person)
Interrogative Sentences
 These refer to sentences that help people ask questions. They must have a question mark at the end.
They can begin with words like do, why, what, how, when, did, where.

Examples:

 What is an  interrogative sentence?

 Did you complete your assignment?
 Do you know the answers to the mathematics assignment?
Imperative Sentences

These are sentences that express a command, instruction, or request. They have a full-stop at the end
but could also have an exclamation mark in case of forceful demands.

Examples:

 Please give me some tea. (a request)

 Stop it! (Command)
 Close the door immediately after cleaning the house. (instruction)
Exclamatory Sentences

These are sentences that express emotions. They thus must have an exclamation mark at the end.

 Wow, he got a law degree!

 What a great day!
 How well she dances!
 I can’t believe she is finally getting married!
A sentence refers to a clause, word, or a group of clauses or words that express a complete thought. A
sentence must begin with a capital letter and end with an exclamation mark, full-stop or question mark)
There are different types of sentence structures and types and help in writing correct and complete
sentences.

Phrase
A phrase is a group of words in a sentence that does not have a subject nor a verb. A phrase
cannot express a complete thought on its own because it lacks a subject and a verb. This is
what differentiates a clause from a phrase in that it can convey a complete idea on its own
because it has a subject and a verb.
 A phrase is composed of a head, also known as a headword, which defines the grammatical
nature the unit will assume and a single or multiple optional modifiers. A phrase may further
comprise of other phrases within them.

Types of Phrases
Phrases are grouped into eight categories, namely; noun phrases, infinitive phrases, verb
phrases, appositive phrases, participial phrases, gerund phrases, absolute phrases,
and prepositional phrases.

Let’s take a look at each of the phrases in detail and its examples:

Noun Phrases
A noun phrase is composed of a noun and modifiers. Examples in a sentence:

 The disabled woman was left out of the trip.

 The deceased person was humble and faithful.
 The young vet had come across several cases of pneumonia.
 Sunday became a quiet, sorrow evening.
 The ailing mother was generous and honest.
Verb Phrases
A verb phrase is composed of a verb and words that modify the verb.

Examples:

 She was waiting for the bus to arrive.

 She was interested in watching the film.
 You have not uttered a word since morning.
 You might enjoy a cup of tea.
 He was excited to be part of the party.
 He was anxious to meet her favorite actor
 She was distressed when she failed the test.
 He was pleased to have his application approved.
 He was eager to say goodbye to his classmates.
 You might find it necessary to carry an umbrella.
 You could have won the race if you had prepared in advance.
 He was prepared to quit the job if her nemesis was to become the CEO.
Gerund Phrases
A gerund phrase is a noun phrase that starts with a verb that acts as a noun. Here are the
examples:

 Walking in a thorny bush can be stressful.

 Marking assignments can be challenging.
 Getting married is exciting.
 Taking my daughter out is fun.
 Wandering across the street is awkward.
 Getting a good grade was the result of hard work.
 Doing an assignment for her friends was the only way to earn a living.
 Attending extra classes wasn’t enough to better her grades.
 Washing clothes is tedious.
 Starring at the visitors all day did not earn her a living.
Infinitive Phrases
It is a noun phrase that starts with an infinitive verb. The following are the examples:

 I moved to the city to work on a government project.

 He planned protests to send a message to the authorities.
 I tried to convince him, but he couldn’t listen.
 The institution decided to reduce the workers’ pay.
 To prepare a meal, you need to have all the ingredients in place.
 She needs counseling to change her behavior.
 He needs to work out on his weaknesses.
 I tried to stop the boys from fighting, but my effort ended in vain.
 .He could have made it, but he was not aggressive enough.
 He has to improve if he has to be promoted to the next class.
 She has to prepare supper on time if she wants to stand a chance to do the assignment.
Appositive Phrases
An appositive phrase is a phrase that defines and reaffirms a noun. It’s composed of single or
multiple words. Here are the examples:

 Eliud, the most famous marathoner, can run 42 kilometers in less than two hours.
 My thought, submitting all the assignments in a PDF format, was welcomed by the
lecturer.
 Chelsea, my favorite football club, is doing well in the competition.
 A lion, the king of the jungle, is feared by all animals.
 My house girl, the helper of the family, is also part of my family.
 Her pet, Golden Retriever, was her everything.
 My boyfriend, the love of my life, is also a workmate.
 Christiano Ronaldo, the most famous footballer of all time, is the most adored.
Participial Phrases
This type of phrase starts with a present or past participle. Here are the examples:

 Being aware of the situation, I wish I had never told her the truth.
 We are eager to start a new chapter, having completed the previous one yesterday.
 I’m more than happy, knowing the number of guests that have confirmed to attend the
ceremony.
 Painted light-blue, the old car seemed new.
 Stolen with my computer, my watch is nowhere to be found.
Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase can function as an adverb, adjective, or a noun and starts with a
preposition.
 Here are the examples:

 He beat the odds to win the top award.

 The screwdriver was on the chair.
 I didn’t sleep for a while.
 He was surrounded by dogs.
 We stayed indoors due to bad weather.
 She wrote an interesting article.
 She knew it was as a result of neglecting duties.
 We didn’t talk for a while.
 We parted ways a long time ago.
 He doesn’t see eye to eye with her younger sister.
Absolute phrases
An absolute phrase is composed of a modifier, noun, and a participle. Here is an example:

 The harvest declined with excessive sunlight.

Clause
 A phrase is a group of words which are unrelated.
 A clause is a group of words which has both a subject and a verb.
Types of Clauses
There are many different types of clauses in the English language. We are now going to take a
look at the different types as well as looking at some examples of how these clauses might
look.

Noun Clause
This type of clause is a dependent clause which plays the part that a noun would play. These
types of clauses will start with words such as who, how, what, when, whether, which, whom,
why, whenever, whoever, whatever, etc. The clause must contain a noun which is one of the
words listed and a verb. Let’s take a look at some examples of noun clauses.

 How she behaved  at the wedding was terrible.

 He did not know  where he was.
 The best part of the film was  when the boy flew.
 Whoever thought of that  is so clever.
 We need to figure out  how we can make our customers happy
 Whichever movie you select  is OK with me.
 Make sure to send  whoever helped you  a thank you card.
 My best trait is  that I am hard working.
 I wonder  how long he will be.
 You can give the money to  whoever you want.
 I do not know  whether she can run that fast.
 You can buy it  if it is on sale.
Adjective Clause
 An adjective clause is a type of clause which can modify a noun or a pronoun. This type of
clause will begin with the words who, that, whose, which. We will now take a look at some
examples of adjectives clauses.

 The winning team,  whose name is posted on the notice board  will be given free tickets
to the opera.
 Wages  which are spent well  are much more valuable.
 Yoga,  which a lot of people practice, is a good form of exercise.
 French fries,  which many people like  are not a healthy food.
 My mom remembers the days  when there was no TV.
 I know someone  who fought in world war two.
 I love telling people about Paul McCartney,  whose music I love.
 Never visit a doctor  whose plants are not alive.
 This is the teacher  who is very smart.
 The Eiffel tower is a tourist site  which is located in Paris.
 This is the dog  which bit my son.
Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a form of a clause which behaves in the same way as an adverb, that is
that it is used to modify a verb, adjective or other adverbs. We are now going to take a look at
some examples of adverbs clauses in use. They are used to describe the condition of the
action of the sentence and usually to bring more information on how, why, where, what, etc.

 Since it is only me, I will not eat out tonight.

 My son,  although he is timid, loves to play with people.
 I always keep a packed bag,  in case I find a good deal on a flight.
 Whether she likes it or not, she must write the essay.
 Unless you go quickly, you will miss the train.
 Once it saw the car approaching, the deer ran off the road.
 Now that the people have left the party, we must begin cleaning.
 As soon as he saw her, he knew that she was the one.
 My father,  when he is mad, starts shaking.
 Call me up  when you are home from your vacation.
 You won’t be able to wear those pants  unless you have the correct size.
 Eat your dinner  before it gets cold.
Independent Clause
An independent clause is can be used as a sentence in its own right or within a longer
sentence with other clauses. This type of clause will always contain a predicate and a subject.
They can link to a dependent clause or to another independent clause in order to form a more
detailed or complex statement. Let’s take a look at some examples of independent clauses in
use.

 He loves opening the door  when the wind is blowing.

 Because we liked this movie,  we will be sure to pay it forward.
 He drove to the store  to buy some bread.
 The singer sang the song well.
 Cheetahs  are the fastest animals on land.
 I run.
 I am late to work.
 I love to see the birds, when they fly overhead.
 I walk in the park every day  because it is pretty.
 I will go home.
 He likes to cycle.
Dependent Clause
A dependent clause is one which relies on another clause in order to make a complete
sentence. It can be linked with an independent clause to do this. Alone, a dependent clause
will not be thought of as a full sentence. Let’s now take a look at some examples of
dependent clauses.

 If that is a burger, I want it.

 She is hostile,  mostly because she is not happy.
 Let’s go to the beach,  while the weather is still warm.
 When the Queen arrives, we must take a bow.
 Because he cannot come to the party, she isn’t going to come either.
 Until it is nighttime,  we cannot see the stars.
 If he can work weekends,  he will earn much more money.
 This is the car  which she gave me.
 The bad acting was  why the film was not successful.
 This is the family  who live in the city.
Figure of Speech
Definition of Figure of Speech
A figure of speech is a phrase or word having different meanings than its
literal meanings. It conveys meaning by identifying or comparing one thing to
another, which has connotation or meaning familiar to the audience. That is
why it is helpful inTypes of figures of Speech

There are many types of figures of speech. Here are a few of them with detailed
descriptions:

Personification

It occurs when a writer gives human traits to non-human or inanimate objects. It is

similar to metaphors and similes that also use comparison between two objects.
For instance,

“Hadn’t she felt it in every touch of the sunshine, as its golden finger-
tips pressed her lids open and wound their way through her hair?”

(“The Mother’s Recompense” by Edith Wharton)

In the above lines, the speaker is personifying sunshine as it has finger tips that
wound their way into her hair. This is trait of using finger-tips in hair is a human one.

creating vivid rhetorical effect.

Understatement and Hyperbole

These two figures of speech are opposite to each other. Hyperbole uses

extreme exaggeration. It exaggerates to lay emphasis on a certain quality or
feature. It stirs up emotions among the readers, these emotions could be about
happiness, romance, inspiration, laughter or sadness.

I’ll love you, dear, I’ll love you

Till China and Africa meet,
And the river jumps over the mountain
And the salmon sing in the street.”
(“As I Walked Out One Evening” by W.H. Auden)

In this poem, Auden has used hyperbole to stress on how long his love his beloved
would last. Just imagine when China and Africa would meet and can river jump up
over the mountains? How salmon can be intelligent enough so that it could sing and
evolve enough and walk the streets?

Whereas understatement uses less than whatever is intended, such as,

“You killed my family. And I don’t like that kind of thing.”

(“The Chosen One” by Boon Collins and Rob Schneider)

In this line, the speaker is using an understatement because someone has killed his
family and he is just taking it very normal like nothing serious has happened.

Simile

It is a type of comparison between things or objects by using “as” or “like.” See the
following example:

My heart is like a singing bird

Whose nest is in a water’d shoot;
My heart is like an apple-tree
My heart is like a rainbow shell…

(“A Birthday” by Christina Rossetti)

Rossetti has used simile thrice in this part of the poem, comparing her heart to a
“singing bird”, “an apple-tree”, and a rainbow shell.” The poet makes comparison of
heart to a happy bird in a nest, an apple tree full with fruits and a beautiful shell in
the sea, full of peace and joy.

Metaphor

Metaphor is comparing two unlike objects or things, which may have some common
qualities.

Presentiment – is that long shadow – on the lawn –

Indicative that Suns go down –
 The notice to the startled Grass
That Darkness – is about to pass –

(“Presentiment is that long shadow on the lawn” by Emily Dickinson)

In this example, Dickinson presents presentiment as a shadow. Presentiment

actually means anxiety or foreboding, which she calls a shadow. In fact, she makes
compares it with shadow to provide a better description of anxiety that could creep
up in a person’s life and cause fear.

Pun

Pun is the manipulation of words that have more than one meanings. It
brings humor in an expression.

Whoever hath her wish, thou hast thy Will,

And Will to boot, and Will in overplus;

(“Sonnet 135” by William Shakespeare)

See the use of odd grammar rule, which is the capitalization of word “Will.” Usually
in the middle of a line or sentence, writers capitalize a name. Here it is the first
name of Shakespeare. It means he has created pun of his own name.

Function of Figure of Speech

Figure of speech is not only used to embellish the language, but also cause a
moment of excitement when reading. It is used equally in writing as well as in
speech. It, in fact, provides emphasis, clarity or freshness to expression. Clarity,
however, may sometimes suffer because a figure of speech introduces double
meanings such as connotative and denotative meanings. It also strengthens the
creative expression and description along with making the language more graphic,
pointed and vivid.

I. VOCABULARY/IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS
1. John is always entertained by Jane’s humorous remarks. The underlined word means:
 a. funny b. rude c. polite d. kind
2. The cashier patiently sorts the payments and miscellaneous fees paid by the students.
a. expensive b. several c. varied d. similar
3. Folk music is less popular to teenagers nowadays.
a. Rock b. Traditional c. Modern d. Alternative
4. We could seldom find ethnic dances these days.
a. modern b. popular c. lively d. cultural
5. Philippines is a nation where there is a diversity of culture, religion, and race.
a. widespread b. mixture c. additional d. greatness
6. The Filipino is a unique blend of the East and the West where European culture is
interspersed with that of the Orientals.
a. combined b. reduced c. bound d. separated
7. The Filipinos are famous for the bayanihan or spirit of kinship and camaraderie.
a. friendship b. envy c. loyalty d. laziness
8. The Filipinos’’ piousness comes from the Spaniards who introduced Christianity to the
country in the 16th century.
a. ungodliness b. religiousnessc. loyalty d. kindness
9. The Ilocanos of north are known to be frugal.
a. spendthrift b. generous c. thrifty d. envious
10. The mighty Greek gods and goddesses take their abode in the summit of Mt. Olympus.
a. office b. kitchen c. playground d. home
11. When I asked Mike about his exams, he said that “it was just a piece of a cake.” The
underlined idiomatic expression means that_________.
a. the exam was difficult b. the exam was easy
c. the exam was very long c. the exam was very confusing
12. Jemuel’s father works abroad. They see each other once in a blue moon only.
a. rarely b. often c. always d. everday
13. The teacher instructed us to pick out the correct answer from the choices.
a. erase b. encircle c. choose d. underline
14. Christine was on cloud nine when her crush smiled at her.
a. very happy b. very sad c. very irritated d. very surprised
15. The teacher told her students to pass their projects at their earliest convenience.
a. anytime b. as soon as possible c. tomorrowd. later
16. The library is adjacent to the SPA teachers’room.
a. near b. far c. opposite d. next to
17. The students were on their balls and excited when the winners were being announced.
a. bored b. uninterested c. alert d. ready
18. We look up to our parents and elders for their wisdom and experience.
a. admire b. respect c. hate d. love
19. The students were instructed to grab a seat before the program started.
a. stand b. shout c. sit down d. jump
20. The teacher asked the students to zip their mouths because they were very noisy.
a. eat snacks b. stop talking c. drink water d. kiss each other

II. GRAMMAR. A. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

21. The door and the window _______ stuck.
a. is b. are c. has d. does
22. Neither Mother nor Father _______ phoned.
a. has b. have c. do d. does
23. The dog or the cats ________ always howling.
a. is b. are c. has d. have
24. Both the man with the appliances and the plumber _______ arrived.
a. has b. have c. is d. are
25. Two large packages and a letter ______ delivered.
a. was b. were c. has d. have
26. Few at the conference gave _______ approval.
a. its b. their c. his d. they

27. Every one of the boys has _______ instructions.

a. his b. their c. its d. her
28. Both of my aunts sent _______ congratulations.
a. her b. their c. its d. his
29. All of the women refused to give _______ consent.
a. her b. their c. its d. his
30. Several of the men volunteered _______service.
a. his b. their c. her d. its
B. PAST TENSE VERBS
31. I dropped my favourite vase. It fell on the floor and ________ into hundred pieces.
a. scatteredb. moved c. flew d. burned
32. When I went shopping yesterday, I ________ some light bulbs and a cooking pot.
a. brought b. bought c. stole d. paid

33. The soldiers _________ the battle through the night and into the morning.
a. talked b. slept c. fought d. read
 34. I used to have a camera, but I _________ it because I needed money.
a. bought b. paid c. borrowedd. sold
35. Jane didn’t want anyone else to find her diary, so she ________ it in a shoe box in her
closet.
a. kept b. found c. bought d. wrote
36. The children _________ pictures of themselves in art class yesterday.
a. drew b. looked c. talked d. smiled
37. I have a cold. Yesterday, I __________ terrible, but I’m feeling better today.
a. looked b. seemed c. said d. told
38. Sam ran the fastest, so he _________ the race.
a. fought b. won c. ran d. finished
39. Steve __________ on the campfire to make it burn.
a. blew b. watered c. whispered d. lit
40. When I went fishing yesterday, I __________ a fish right away. But the fish was too small
to keep. I carefully returned it to the water.
a. saw b. jumped c. caught d. dreamed

C. TYPES OF SENTENCES. Use the choices in the box. Write the letter of your choice
on the blank before the number.

A. Simple B. Compound C. Complex D. Compound- Complex

________ 41. I like to eat spaghetti and hamburger.

_________42. Diane went to the party and came home late.
_________43. Jess passed the math exams, but failed in the science test.
_________44. The students waited eagerly for the bus to arrive, but it did not.
_________45. The birthday children were dressed in festival gowns and received
congratulations from all the family.
_________46. September had always been such a happy month for us, but everything was
different that September.
_________47. Katie found the rabbit.
_________48. The waterway was crowded with commercial vessels.
_________49. A person should be careful when driving a car.
_________50. It was late in the afternoon and we were still reading.

Questions and Answers

1. Which of the following sentences contains a prepositional phrase?

A. I don't know where they went.
 B. There was a dark stain on my shirt.
C. Only the best teams make the tournament.
D. Whenever we get hungry, we also get grumpy.
2. Which of the following sentences uses commas correctly?
A. We took books, games, and food, with us.
B. Whatever was on sale, was a real bargain.
C. I really wish, Uncle Tito, that you'd come to visit.
3. Which of the following sentences is written correctly?
A. Avi has many good books, but my favorite is "Something Upstairs."
B. Please read Chapter 5, Life in the Midwest.
C. Who starred in the movie Jerry McGuire?
D. One of my favorite short stories is The Last Leaf.
4. Which of the following sentences is written correctly?
A. The poem, written by a senior, is called a "heartbreak."
B. Linda dreams of flying on the "Concorde" someday.
C. "The HIstory of English" was a fascinating television series.
D. Her first book was called sleep Late, and it was recently published.
5. At first, digging the hole was fun. With each thrust of the shovel, I could see progress.
However, before long my back hurt really badly; and I longed for the day to end.  Which of the
following phrases adds more vivid language to replace the phrase "hurt really badly?"
A. Was seriously bothering me
B. Was becoming increasingly sore
C. Screamed in agony for me to stop
D. Hurt more with every passing minute

6. Which of the following choices is a complex sentence?

A. Erica's high level of skill came from many hours of practice.
B. Erica had to invest many hours of practice and then she could achieve a high level of
skill.
C. Erica had to invest many hours of practice because she wanted to achieve a high
level of skill.
D. Erica did not enjoy the; many hours of practice, but they were necessary for her to
achieve a high level of skill.
7. Which of the following sentences is written correctly?
A. On the Friday after New Year's day, we drove two hundred miles to grandmother's
house in Lexington, Kentucky.
B. On the Friday after New Year's Day, we drove two hundred miles to grandmother's
house in Lexington, Kentucky.
C. On the Friday after New Year's Day, we drove two hundred miles to Grandmother's
house in Lexington, Kentucky.
D. On the Friday after New Year's Day, we drove two hundred miles to Grandmother's
house in Lexington, Kentucky.
8. Which of the following words is spelled correctly?
A. Milege
 B. Expectant
C. Oversite
D. Aknowledge
9. Which of the following is not a compound-complex sentence?
A. Lamar decided to sell the horse that he bought from Mr. Sanchez, but Lamar later
regretted the decision.
B. Mary and Faith worked on the project; however, they did not complete their work,
which is a disappointment to us.
C. Enrico and Javon stayed behind to clean up after the part; consequently, they were
paid generously by the teacher.
D. The students who completed their assignments early were dismissed, but they
were required to return to class when everyone else finished.
10. Which one of the following sentences presents information in a compound sentence?
A. Absorbed in the intricacies of his business for several days, he all but forgot to
comb.
B. The boy was curious about the commotion, and he, too, came to gaze into the
mirror.
C. As she lay in bed later, waiting for sleep and gazing out the window, she stared up
at the bright new moon.
D. It wasn't long, though, before the young farmer was in town and consumed with
other things.
11. Which of the following sentences does NOT use a correlative conjunction correctly?
A. Neither Jane nor Elena knew the correct answer.




B. The teacher said that we were either to write an essay or to produce a poster
about the poem.
C. Not only did I read the assignment, but also I read extra articles on the subject.
D. Lorena and Louisa completed their assignments but left them at home.
12. Which of the following sentences does NOT use a collective noun?
A. The flock of chickens was startled by the pack of dogs.
B. The baseball team has been working frantically to raise funds for new uniforms.
C. The new school was built after the voters passed the bond issue.
D. The hikers tired not to disturb the herd of cows gazing in the meadow.
13. Which of the following sentences uses abstract nouns?
A. Jessica nad Jay often discuss their different strategies for studying science.
B. Intelligence, wit, and patience make a good combination.
C. Carlos and Maria, who lives two miles away, make frequent walks to the store.
D. The bird, butterfly and bee, though very different, all posses the ability to fly.
14. Which of the following does not use the emphatic form of a verb?
A. Terry did return the shirts that did not fit after trying them on.
B. The principal does not require that each student have a signed permission slip
before leaving school.
C. My parents do the yard work early each Saturday morning.
 D. The shrub do need trimming after the long winter.
15. Which type of sentence is shown below? The baby duckling slowly swam behind its
mother.
A. Simple
B. Complex
C. Compound
D. Compound-complex
1. 
 
 A. What’s like Paris?
 B. How’s Paris?
 C. What’s Paris like?
 D. How Paris is?

2.  George..... fly to Stockholm tomorrow.

 
 A. to going
 B. goes to
 C. is going to
 D. go to

3.  I wanted an orange car, but they only had .....

 
 A. a one red
 B. one red
 C. a red one.
 D. a red.

4. 
 
 A. Mark usually eats fast.
 B. Mark fast eats usually
 C. Mark fast usually eats.
 D. Mark usually fast eats

5.  Have you...?

 
 A. got any friends in Barcelona
 B. not got no friends in Barcelona
 C. in Barcelona any friends
 D. friends in Barcelona got
6.  Every year,he goes to the coast for his holidays ....
 
 A. in train
 B. on train
 C. by train
 D. with train

7. 
 
 A. Taking train what you are?
 B. What train taking are you?
 C. Are you what train taking?
 D. What train are you taking?

8. 
 
 A. What like his brother?
 B. How his brother is?
 C. How's his brother?
 D. What's his brother like?

9.  They …….. time for lunch

 
 A. hadn’t
 B. didn't have
 C. didn’t have got
 D. had not

10. 
 
 A. Pass the salt to Tom
 B. Pass the Tom a salt.
 C. Pass the salt at Tom
 D. Pass to Tom the salt.

11.  Suddenly, we heard a loud noise, but outside, there ........there!

 
 A. was nobody
 B. is anybody
  C. wasn't nobody
 D. was somebody

12.  He says he's been robbed. He can't find his wallet …..
 
 A. not anywhere.
 B. nowhere.
 C. anywhere.
 D. somewhere.

13. 
 
 A. Where playing Manchester United?
 B. Where is playing Manchester United?
 C. Where is Manchester United playing?
 D. Where playing is Manchester United?

14. 
 
 A. What’s like the weather?
 B. How’s the weather?
 C. What’s the weather like?
 D. How the weather is?

15.  Mark ..... fly to London tomorrow.

 
 A. to going
 B. goes to
 C. is going to
 D. go to

16. 
 
 A. Give the Joan money.
 B. Give the money to Joan.
 C. Give to Joan the money.
 D. Give the money at Joan.

17.  I have to go to the bank ..... some money.

 
  A. for getting
 B. to get
 C. to getting
 D. for to get

18.  We'll never get to the airport! There is ..... time!

 
 A. few.
 B. too little
 C. too much little.
 D. too few.

19.  The door can’t be broken! he .....

 
 A. is just fixed it.
 B. have just fixed it.
 C. just fix it.
 D. has just fixed it.

20.  We're really looking forward ..... on holiday.

 
 A. to go
 B. going
 C. go
 D. to going

21.  Don’t start ..... That's for babies!

 
 A. to crying!
 B. crying!
 C. cry!
 D. in crying!

22.  If I lived in the mountains, I …….. a dog.

 
 A. will buy
 B. have bought
 C. would buy
 D. would have bought
23.  Tom is ..... Elizabeth how to copy it right now.
 
 A. telling
 B. saying
 C. saying to
 D. telling to

24.  Have you sent that e-mail to Mr. O'Neill? Yes, I’ve …..done that.
 
 A. still
 B. already
 C. yet
 D. now

25.  On a windy morning, I arrived ..... Chicago Airport.

 
 A. in
 B. on
 C. at
 D. by

26.  You live upstairs from me,..........

 
 A. do you?
 B. are you?
 C. don't you?
 D. didn’t you?

27.  Micheal ....for the Bank since last year.

 
 A. did work
 B. has worked
 C. does work
 D. works

28.  Have you phoned the restaurant about the booking? Yes, I’ve …..done that.
 
 A. still
 B. already
  C. yet
 D. now

29.  We can’t get there by 3:00pm. There is ..... time.

 
 A. few
 B. too little
 C. too much little
 D. too few

30.  He arrived ..... Heathrow airport on Friday morning.

 
 A. in
 B. at
 C. on
 D. by

31.  He’s looking forward ..... that film.

 
 A. to see
 B. seeing
 C. see
 D. to seeing

32.  He works at the theatre, .....

 
 A. doesn’t he?
 B. does he?
 C. isn’t he?
 D. didn’t he?

33.  Have you sent that fax to Mr. Smyth? Yes, I’ve …..done that.
 
 A. still
 B. already
 C. yet
 D. now

34.  I went to the cinema in the afternoon, before that I ….. lunch.
 
  A. had already got
 B. had already had
 C. have already had
 D. already had

35.  That's the boy ..... I met at the party!

 
 A. whom
 B. 
 C. what
 D. who

36.  ..... is it from Dublin to Barcelona?

 
 A. How far
 B. How long
 C. How much distance
 D. How many

37.  I .....getting up early.I do it every day.

 
 A. used to
 B. used
 C. am used to
 D. would

38.  The good looking man ..... by the door is my boyfriend.

 
 A. whose
 B. standing
 C. is standing
 D. stands

39.  I'll never forget..... Rosa win the Eurovision

 
 A. see
 B. to see
 C. seeing
 D. seen
40.  I thought you .....
 
 A. will going to help me.
 B. were going to help me.
 C. go to help me.
 D. have go to help me.

41.  The letter ..... yesterday, but I don't know for sure.
 
 A. may arrive
 B. might arrived
 C. should arrive
 D. may have arrived

42.  If you get bored, call me ..... you like, and we can go for a drink.
 
 A. whenever
 B. soon
 C. always
 D. whatever

43.  In the beginning the street was noisy, but now I............it
 
 A. used to
 B. used
 C. am used to
 D. would

44.  Thanks for remembering my birthday, but you........bought me a present.

 
 A. shouldn't have
 B. haven’t
 C. mustn't
 D. have had to

45.  After his girlfriend left him, his boss was the .......of his worries
 
 A. less
 B. least
  C. fewer
 D. last

46.  I wouldn’t mind ..... an early night, tonight I'm exhausted!

 
 A. to have
 B. have
 C. having
 D. to having

47.  You guys ..... better get a move on if you don't want to miss the film.
 
 A. ought
 B. had
 C. have
 D. would

48.  This is the cat ..... I saw.

 
 A. whom
 B. 
 C. what
 D. who

49.  I ..... working at night nowadays.

 
 A. used to
 B. used
 C. am used to
 D. would

50.  I wouldn’t mind ..... tonight.

 
 A. to go out
 B. go out
 C. going out
 D. to going out

51.  Don’t forget ..... those letters.

 
  A. to post
 B. posting
 C. to posting
 D. post

52.  I wouldn't do that if I ....you.

 
 A. am
 B. have been
 C. were
 D. would be

53. 
 
 A. Ask your mother when will be ready lunch.
 B. Ask your mother when will be lunch ready.
 C. Ask your mother when lunch will be ready.
 D. Ask your mother when will lunch ready be.

54.  I wish I ..... a million dollars, I'm tired of being poor.

 
 A. have
 B. would have
 C. had
 D. had had

55.  It's a pity you didn't come to the Exhibition. You .... It.
 
 A. would like
 B. had liked
 C. would have liked
 D. will like

56.  I'm sorry for his bad behaviour. He ......have apologised

 
 A. must
 B. may
 C. would
 D. should
57.  I think the joke........very funny, because you're laughing a lot.
 
 A. should have been
 B. must have been
 C. was to be
 D. should be

58.  Let’s have another round of drinks, ……

 
 A. don’t we?
 B. let us?
 C. shall we?
 D. will we?

59. 
 
 A. Ask the doctor when you will be able to travel.
 B. Ask the doctor when will you be able to travel.
 C. Ask the doctor you will be able to travel when.
 D. Ask the doctor when able to travel you will be.

60.  Do you like my dress? I ........especially for the wedding.

 
 A. had it done
 B. made it did
 C. had it made
 D. made it had

61.  I wish I ..... paid more attention to my English teacher.

 
 A. have
 B. would have
 C. had
 D. had had

62.  David walked by us ....... he didn't know us!

 
 A. like
 B. as if he were
  C. as if
 D. as

63.  My mother was expecting me on Friday, but.... I was arriving on Thursday.

 
 A. little did she know
 B. little known
 C. little he knew
 D. little knowing

64.  It would be lovely to go to Japan, but ….. thinking we can.

 
 A. there is no use
 B. it is no point
 C. it is no use
 D. it is usefulness

65.  It was so nice seeing Simon again! We should have called him …..
 
 A. months back.
 B. for months.
 C. since months.
 D. in months.

66.  She worked hard yesterday and ..... type all the letters.
 
 A. was able to
 B. can
 C. could
 D. would can

67.  I couldn’t mend the PC myself, so I ..... at a shop.

 
 A. had it mended
 B. had it mend
 C. did it mend
 D. had mended

68.  They laughed a lot last night. The film ..... very funny.
 
  A. should have been
 B. must have been
 C. was to be
 D. should be

 
 

Test Result

 
 

Directions: This is the first part of the Correct Usage Test which requires a good command in
English Language. It will test how well you can communicate effectively in English. A blank in
each of the sentences indicates that a word or a group of words has been omitted. Determine
which of the 4 choices is the most appropriate to fill the blank in order to make the sentence
correct. Underline the correct answer.

1. Most first-graders in Singapore _____ Mandarin.

( talk speak speech converse )

2. Cagayan de Oro appears to be on the _____ of an economic boom.

( brink verge threshold all of the above )

3. In Seoul, It only _____ two days to get a phone installed.

( needs gets takes passes )

4. Stock market indices are good gauge ___ business confidence.

( of on in with )
5.Read courtesy is often encouraged but ___ practiced.
( always mostly daily occasionally )

6.Researchers ____ found a link between smoking and cataracts.

( are can have had  )

7.Many products are _____ designed using computer software.

( doing being having making )

8. Monkeys apparently know a thing or two ______ herbal remedies.

( with about arround against )

8. You _____ not need a flash if you use fast film.

may might will all of the above

9. Drug have emerged as ____ of the foremost concerns of this decade.

one several some many

10. One ___ one, leaders of the December coup are being arrested.
to by on in

11. He left my friend and _____ in the park.

( I her hers their )

12. Many of the Philippines' current peace and order problems _____ been experienced by
Thailand.
( had have had also have also )

13. Chinos began _____ military uniform trousers in the Forties.

( as for with the )

14. Communist governments are being dismantled _____ Eastern Europe.

( inside throughout over all of the above )

Instructions: Which sentence is correct?

Q1 - Never
I never go there.
I go never there.
Never I go there.
Q2 - Usually
I usually get up at six-thirty.
I get usually up at six-thirty.
Q3 - Often
I often go there.
I go there often.
Both
Q4 - Generally
 Generally I don't read a newspaper.
I don't read a newspaper generally.
Both
Q5 - Rarely
Rarely I go there.
I go there rarely.
Both
Q6 - Soon
I'll do it soon.
I'll do soon it.
Both
Q7 - Frequently
I am frequently late for work.
I frequently am late for work.
Both
Q8 - Always
I am on always time.
I am always on time.
Both
Q9 - Yet
I haven't finished yet it.
I haven't finished it yet.
Both
Q10 - Now
I want now it.
I want it now.
Both
Q11 - Tomorrow
Tomorrow I'll go there.
I'll go there tomorrow.
Both
Q12 - Yesterday
I yesterday went there.
I went there yesterday.
Both
Q13 - Today
 She arrives today.
She today arrives.
Both
Q14 - Yet
I haven't done it yet.
I haven't yet done it.
Both
Q15 - Still
I still haven't finished.
I haven't finished still.
Both

Online English Quiz

Instructions: Choose the correct answer

Q1 - It's better ____ I thought.

as
then
than
like
Q2 - Brazil is _____ England.
biger than
bigger as
bigger than
biger as
Q3 - She is _____ in the class
the best
best
better than
as good as
Q4 - I'm not as successful ___ she is.
as
like
than
then
Q5 - It was ______ expensive restaurant I've ever been to.
more
the more
most
the most
Q6 - I'd like some ____ information.
farther
further
Either could be used here.
Q7 - It's ____ art collection in Europe.
finer
finest
the finer
the finest
Q8 - It was ____ than I was expecting.
cheaper
cheapest
Either could be used here.
Q9 - This is the ______ kitchen I've ever seen.
dirtyest
dirtiest
Either could be used here.
Q10 - Which is ____ of the two?
more difficult
most difficult
Either could be used here.
Q11 - She finished ____ than everyone else.
more quickly
quicker
Either could be used here.
Q12 - The underground is ____ buses.
more expensive
most expensive
the most expensive
more expensive than
Q13 - The plane would be _____ than the coach.
 more quickly
quicker
Either could be used here.
Q14 - It was ____ test I have ever done.
the most hard
the hardest
Either could be used here.
Q15 - There were ____ people at the game than expected.
most
more
many
Q16 - The _____ difficult thing was communication.
more
most
It depends on how many things there were.

Instructions: Choose the correct form.

Q1 - There were ______ at the college last year.

fewer
less
Q2 - I enjoyed his new film ____ than his last one.
fewer
less
Q3 - I need to spend ____ money on stupid things.
fewer
less
Q4 - I've been there ____ times than I should.
fewer
less
Q5 - I spent ____ time on the first question than the second.
fewer
less
Q6 - It was ____ difficult than I'd thought it would be.
fewer
less
Q7 - I made ____ mistakes this time.
 fewer
less
Q8 - The project is ____ complicated than the last one.
fewer
less
Q9 - There were _____ complications this time.
fewer
less
Q10 - I'd buy it if it were ____ expensive.
fewer
less

Instructions: Choose the correct answer.

Q1 - 'Quickly' is an adjective.
True
False
Q2 - 'Gone' is a past participle.
True
False
Q3 - 'She' is a pronoun.
True
False
Q4 - 'Funny' is an adjective.
True
False
Q5 - 'Sometimes' is a noun.
True
False
Q6 - 'The' is an indefinite article.
True
False
Q7 - 'But' is a conjunction.
True
False
Q8 - 'Friendly' is an adjective.
True
False
Q9 - 'Before' is a preposition.
True
False
Q10 - 'Of' is a conjunction.
True
False
Q1 - Which is the correct plural?
Passer-bys
Passers-by
Either could be used
Q2 - Which is the correct plural?
Laysby
Laybys
Either could be used
Q3 - Which is the correct plural?
Mother-in-laws
Mothers-in-law
Either could be used
Q4 - Which is the correct plural?
Shoes shop
Shoe shops
Either could be used
Q5 - Which is the correct plural?
Woman judges
Women judge
Women judges
Q6 - Which is the correct plural?
Travels agency
Travel agencys
Travel agencies
Q7 - Which is the correct plural?
Bus stations
Buses station
Buses stations
Q8 - Which is the correct plural?
Antique shops
Antiques shop
 Antiques shops
Q9 - Which is the correct plural?
Physic teachers
Physics teacher
Physics teachers
Q10 - Which is the correct plural?
Runner-up
Runners-up
Runners-ups
Q1 - Weight
Adjective
Noun
Q2 - Painterly
Adjective
Adverb
Q3 - Satisfy
Noun
Verb
Q4 - Unsightly
Adjective
Adverb
Q5 - Superficiality
Adjective
Noun
Q6 - Lavishly
Adjective
Adverb
Q7 - Austere
Adjective
Noun
Q8 - Hers
Possessive adjective
Possessive pronoun
Q9 - Her
Possessive adjective
Possessive pronoun
Q10 - Showed
 Past participle
Past simple
Q11 - Advise
Noun
Verb
Q12 - Leisurely
Adjective
Adverb
Q13 - Charismatic
Adjective
Noun
Q14 - Shown
Past participle
Past simple
Q15 - Miserly
Adjective
Adverb