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Stoichiometry Part II

The data provided illustrates the Law of Constant Composition. Specifically: - 3 volumes of hydrogen gas and 1 volume of nitrogen gas combine to form 2 volumes of ammonia gas. - The volume ratios of the reactants and products (H2:N2:NH3 = 3:1:2) are in a simple whole number ratio, as required by the Law of Gaseous Volumes. - The Law of Gaseous Volumes, proposed by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, states that the volume ratios of gases involved in a chemical reaction are always whole number ratios.

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112 views6 pages

Stoichiometry Part II

The data provided illustrates the Law of Constant Composition. Specifically: - 3 volumes of hydrogen gas and 1 volume of nitrogen gas combine to form 2 volumes of ammonia gas. - The volume ratios of the reactants and products (H2:N2:NH3 = 3:1:2) are in a simple whole number ratio, as required by the Law of Gaseous Volumes. - The Law of Gaseous Volumes, proposed by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, states that the volume ratios of gases involved in a chemical reaction are always whole number ratios.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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4.

Law of reciprocal/equivalent proportions:


Richter in 1992, studied the composition of different compounds by considering the set of
three elements.
“The weight ratio of two elements(A & B) which separately combine with the fixed
weight of third element (C) is either equal or simple multiple of their weight ratio when
they(A & B) combine together to form a compound.”

Wt. ratio of A & B A ACC Wt. ratio of A & B


which combined which separately
together to form a
AB
combined with the
compound B
fixed wt. of C= A:B
A:B = m:n(let) = x:y(let)
C BCC
𝑚 𝑥
Fixing the wt. of C =⋯ ×
𝑛 𝑦
❑ Illustration
This law can be illustrated by taking three set of compounds formed by same set of three
elements.
Let us consider the formation of three compounds as: C
In CO2
The weight ratio of C & O = C : 2 X O
CS2 CO2
= 12:32
S O
In SO2 SO2
The weight ratio of S & O = S: 2 X O
= 32: 32
Wt. ratio of C & S which separately combined with the fixed wt.(32 parts by weight) of O
= C:S
=12: 32 =3:8
In CS2
The weight of C & S = C : 2 X S = 12: 64 =3: 16
𝟏 𝟑
Which is the simple multiple of 3/8 by ½ ( i.e, × ).
𝟐 𝟖
Hence this illustrates the law of reciprocal proportions.
5. Law of gaseous volume: Joseph Luis Gay Lussac
This law explains the volume relation of gaseous reactants and products in gaseous
chemical reactions.
It states that “Under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, the volume ratio of
gaseous reactants and products of a given chemical reaction always bears a simple
whole number ratio.”

❑Illustration
Let us consider hydrogen gas and chlorine gas combine together to form hydrogen
chloride.
H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(g)
1V 1V 2V

Experimentally it is found that 1 volume of hydrogen gas combines with 1 volume of


chlorine gas to give 2 volumes of hydrogen chloride gas.
The volume ratio of gaseous reactants and products viz. hydrogen, chlorine and hydrogen
chloride = 1:1:2 Which is a simple whole number ratio.
Q. If 3 volumes of hydrogen gas and one volume of nitrogen gas combine
together to form 2 volumes of ammonia gas. Which law of stoichiometry is
illustrated by this data?

Dalton’s atomic theory


John Dalton put forward the atomic theory to provide a theoretical proof for the
validity of the laws of chemical combination/ laws of stoichiometry. The essence
of the theory are postulated as:
1. Every matter is composed of extremely small, indivisible and discrete particles called
‘atoms’.
(But, after the discovery of radioactivity, atoms can be dissociated as well as they can
fuse together by fission & fusion respectively.)
2. Atoms can neither be created nor can be destroyed by any chemical process and atom
of one element cannot be transformed to the atoms of other elements.
(But, after the discovery of radioactivity, atom of one element can be transformed into
atoms of another element , such phenomenon is called transmutation.)
3. Atoms of same elements are same in all aspect.
But, isotopes are the atoms of same element with different mass number.
4. Atoms of different elements have different masses and different properties.
But, isobars are the atoms of different elements with equal mass number.
Eg: 18Ar40 and 20Ca40,etc
5. Two or more elements combine in a simple whole number ratio to form a compound
atom (i.e., molecule).
But, in non stoichiometric compounds( bertholite ), the ratio of number of
atoms of elements is not in whole number. Eg: C12H22O11, ZnO0.98
6. The properties of the elements are due to their due to the properties of respective
atoms.
7. The compound atoms( i.e., molecule ) of a compounds are identical.
But, isotopes are the atoms of same element with different mass number, so the
compounds formed by isotopes can’t be identical. Eg: H2O(normal water; by
protium) D2O(heavy water by deuterium), T2O(water having tritium as hydrogen)
HSEB/NEB
1. If 12gm of carbon combines with 4 gm of hydrogen to form 16 gm of
methane gas, which law of stoichiometry is illustrated by these data? State
the law.(2071)
2. A certain element X, forms three different binary compounds with chlorine,
containing 50.68%, 68.95% and 74.75% chlorine respectively. Show that
these data illustrate the law of ……….(2054)
3. A metal forms two different oxides A and B, 3.00gm of A & B contains 0.72
gm and 1.16 gm of oxygen respectively. Which law of stoichiometry is
illustrated by this data.(2054)

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