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STOICHIOMETRY

The document discusses the five basic laws of chemical combination: law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions, law of gaseous volumes, and Avogadro's law. It also provides examples and exercises to illustrate these laws.

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John Aparici
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43 views3 pages

STOICHIOMETRY

The document discusses the five basic laws of chemical combination: law of conservation of mass, law of definite proportions, law of multiple proportions, law of gaseous volumes, and Avogadro's law. It also provides examples and exercises to illustrate these laws.

Uploaded by

John Aparici
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Laws of chemical combination


2. Mole concept
3. Equivalent concept
4. Elemental Analysis (Finding molecular and empirical formula of compound)
5. Principle of Atom Conservation (POAC)
6 . The Limiting Reagent and The Yield of Product (Percentage Yield)
7. Concentration of solution in different forms:
7.1 weight by weight %(w/w)
7.2 weight by volume %(w/v)
7.3 volume by weight %(v/w)
7.4 volume by volume %(v/v)
8. Concentration terms:
8.1 Molarity
8.2 Molality
8.3 Normality
8.4 Formality
8.5 Mole Mole fraction

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1. Laws of chemical combination

FIVE BASIC LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

(1) Law of Conservation of Mass


-Antoine Lavoisier
- Matter can neither be created nor destroyed
- The mass the of reactant is equal to the mass of the product.

EXERCISE: Prove that the reaction is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Mass.

CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂+ 2H2O

(2) Law of Definite Proportions


-Joseph Proust
-The proportion of elements, regardless of its source, origin or quantity, by weight in a
given compound will always remain exactly the same.

(3) Law of Multiple Proportions


- John Dalton
- This law states that if two elements combine to form more than one compound, the
masses of these elements in the reaction are in the ratio of small whole numbers.

(4) Law of Gaseous Volumes


-Gay Lussac
-This law states that when gases are produced or combine in a chemical reaction, they
do so in simple ratio by volume given that all the gases are at same temperature and
pressure. This law can be considered as another form of law of definite proportions.
The only difference between these two laws of chemical combination is that Gay
Lussac’s Law is stated with respect to VOLUME while law of definite proportions is
stated with respect to MASS.

(5) Avogadro's Law


-Amadeo Avogadro
-This law states that under same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volume
of all the gases contain equal number of molecules. This implies that 2 litres of
hydrogen will have the same number of molecules as 2 litres of oxygen given that both
the gases are at same temperature and pressure.

Avogadro's Equation:
V₁/n₁=V₂/n₂

V = volume of gas (L)


n = amount of gas (moles)

-The specific number of molecules in one gram-mole of a substance, defined as the


molecular weight in grams, is 6.02214076 × 10²³, a quantity called Avogadro’s number,
or the Avogadro constant.
-A gram mole weight is the number of grams of 'entity' present in a mole of that entity.
for example. “The gram mole weight of carbon is 12″ simply means that one mole of
carbon weighs 12 grams.
- Molecular weight is the mass of one molecule of a compound.
- Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a compound

EXERCISE:

2. Problem 1 : One mole of V2O5 contains 5 moles of oxygen atoms, as it is clear from
its formula. What is the % oxygen by weight in V2O5? (Atomic weights are; V – 50.9
g/mol, O – 16 g/mol)
3. Phosphorus forms two compounds with chlorine. In the first compound, 1.000 g of
phosphorus is combined with 3.433 g of chlorine, and in the second, 2.500 g
phosphorus is combined with
14.306 g chlorine. Show that these results are consistent with Dalton’s law of multiple
proportions.

4. 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H20 – If 27 litres of reactants are consumed,


what
volume of nitrogen monoxide is produced at the same temperature and
pressure.

5. A balloon has been filled to a volume of 1.90 L with 0.0920 mol of helium gas. If
0.0210 mol of additional helium is added to the balloon while the temperature and
pressure are held constant, what is the new volume of the balloon?

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REFERENCES:

[1] https://byjus.com/chemistry/laws-of-chemical-combination-for-elements-and-
compounds/

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