06 G-LII 304 Traffic Statistics Analysis-20071205-A-2.0

Internal
Traffic Statistics Analysis
Issue 2.0 www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Reference
31160978-BSC Traffic Statistic

Manual Volume I
31033203-BSS Troubleshooting
Manual
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2

Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
Know the traffic statistics system
structure
Understand some often-used traffic
measurement items
Locate some problems through the
traffic statistics system

Chapter 1 Brief introduction to BSC traffic
statistics
Chapter 2 Locate problem through traffic

analysis
Chapter 3 Case study for traffic statistics

Brief Introduction to BSC Traffic Statistics Item
TCH Congestion Rate

TCH congestion rate (TCH overflow) = Attempted TCH
seizures meeting a TCH blocked state / Attempted TCH
seizures (all) * 100%

SDCCH congestion rate (SDCCH overflow)

SDCCH congestion rate (SDCCH overflow)= times of attempted
seizures meeting an SDCCH blocked state / attempted SDCCH
seizures (all) * 100%

TCH Call Drop Rate

TCH Call Drop Rate = TCH Call Drops / Successful TCH
Seizures (all) *100%
SDCCH Call Drop Rate
SDCCH Call Drop Rate = SDCCH call drops / successful
SDCCH seizures (all) *100%

Handover Success Rate

Inter cell handover success rate= (Successful incoming internal
inter cell handovers + Successful incoming interBSC inter cell
handovers + Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers +
Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers) / (Attempted
incoming internal inter cell handovers+ Attempted incoming
interBSC inter cell handovers + Attempted outgoing internal
inter cell handovers + Attempted outgoing interBSC inter cell
handovers) *100%

Handover Success Rate

Inter cell radio handover success rate= (Successful
incoming internal inter cell handovers + Successful
incoming interBSC inter cell handovers + Successful
outgoing internal inter cell handovers + Successful outgoing
interBSC inter cell handovers) / (Incoming internal inter cell
handovers + Inter BSC incoming cell handovers + Outgoing
internal inter cell handovers + Inter BSC outgoing cell
handovers) * 100%

TCH interference band measurement

The result in each TCH interference band shows the
average number of idle TCH within this interference band in
the statistic period, which reflects the average interference
level.
In urban and suburb area, because of different density of
base station and the frequency reuse pattern, the
acceptable interference level is different.

Receiving level measurement

Receiving level measurement is based on TRX.
The receiving level is divided into 6 bands
Band 0 : -110~-100dBm
Band1 : -100~-95dBm
Band 2 : -95~-90dBm
Band 3 : -90~-80dBm
Band 4 : -80~-70dBm
Band 5 : > -70dBm

statistics
Chapter 2 Locate problem through traffic

analysis

General method for traffic analysis
BSC Measurement Function
High call drop rate High congestion rate Low handover success rate
SDCCH performance
Outgoing handover
Incoming handover
TCH performance
TCH performance
TCH performance
Link Balance
Link balance
Link balance
Alarm data
Alarm data
Alarm data
Call drops

Combine traffic statistics analysis with other optimization

method
Drive test: simulate common subscriber’s behavior.
Analyze objects
Coverage
Quality
Handover
Signaling
Others

Traffic Statistics Analysis-TCH Call Drop
TCH call drop analysis
Cell with high call drop rate
Alarm and Cell performance Call drop measurement Handover

hardware fault statistics measurement
Average uplink level at Outgoing inter cell

Call drop times
TCH call drops handover success rate
Interference Average down link level at

Incoming inter cell
band TCH call drop
handover success rate
Causes of
Average uplink quality at
call drop
TCH call drop Handover
failure and re-establish
Average downlink quality failure
at TCH call drop
Average TA value at
TCH call drop

Call drop types

Edge call drop: low receiving signaling strength, large TA.
Short distance call drop: low receiving signal strength and
small TA.
BQ call drop: high receiving signal strength and poor quality.
Sudden call drop: before call drop, the call is normal then
call drop happened suddenly.

Edge call drop

Causes
− MS is out of cell’s effective coverage area.
− “Island” phenomenon caused by over shooting or missing
neighbor.
− Isolated site.
Solutions
− Add new site to guarantee the effective continuous coverage.
− Add the necessary neighbor.
− Adjust antenna height and antenna downtilt, use high gain
antenna
− Modify some parameters: “SACCH multi-frames”, “Radio link
timeout counter”, “handover threshold”, “handover statistic time”,
etc..

Short distance call drop

Causes
− Poor coverage caused by complicated terrain or high
dense building.
Solutions
− Increase EIRP.
− Adjust antenna direction and downtilt, make the main
lobe point to high traffic area.
− Adjust parameters related to call drop.

BQ call drop( high signal strength)

Causes
− High transmission bit error rate (BER).
− Uplink or downlink interference.
▪ Interference caused by repeater.
▪ Interference caused by radar or other similar
equipment.
▪ Interference caused by improper frequency planning.
▪ Self-interference caused by BTS.
Solutions
− Try to find the external interference source.
− Optimize frequency planning.
− Adjust antenna system, avoid “island”.
− Solve the problem of transmission quality.

Overall process for call drop analysis

Find out cells with high call drop rate.
Classify the call drop according to the character.
Analyze the cells’ traffic load and total call drop times.
Analyze the call drop measurement function.
Check the interference band.
First of all, we shall know the type of the call drop.

The main causes for call drop

Interference (internal and external).
Poor coverage (coverage hole and island).
Improper handover (neighbor planning and handover
parameter setting).
Unbalanced up-down link (TMA, power amplifier, antenna
direction).
Improper parameter settings ( RLT and SACCH multi-
frames).
Equipment problem (TRX, power amplifier, and TMA).

Interference analysis process
Analyze the appearance period of the interference.
Block TRX in turn and monitor the interference
measurement results.
Calculate the handover caused by poor quality and check
the average receiving quality level for each TRX.
In call drop measurement function, check the average
signal strength and quality of call drops.
Through drive test, check the interference and signal quality.
Use spectrum analyzer to find the interference source.
Dispose equipment fault (such as: TRX self-oscillation,
antenna inter-modulation).
Coverage problem analysis
Traffic items
− In power control measurement function, the average uplink or
downlink signal strength is too low.
− In receiving level measurement function, a lot of low signal
strength records can be found.
− In inter-cell handover measurement function, the average
receiving signal strength is too low when handover is triggered.
− In call drop measurement, the signal strength is too low when call
drop happens, or the TA value is abnormal.
− In undefined adjacent cell measurement function, the potential
neighbor cells with high average signal strength can be find.

Judgment method
− In Power Control measurement
▪ Check whether the average distance between MS and
BTS comply with design.
▪ Check whether the maximum distance between MS and
BTS is abnormal in several continuous periods.
− In outgoing inter-cell handover measurement function
▪ check whether the handover successful rate to some cells
is low.
▪ check the number of unsuccessful handover with
unsuccessful reversion (call drop caused by handover).


Disposing method
− Drive test in the suspected poor coverage area.
− Adjust the following parameters based on the drive test
results
▪ BTS transmitting power
▪ Antenna downtilt and height
▪ RXLEVEL_ACCESS_MIN
− Add site to ensure the continuous coverage.

Improper handover (neighbor planning and handover

parameters）
Disposing method
− Check the handover parameters to see whether there
are improper parameter settings.
− In inter-cell handover measurement function, check
whether there are many unsuccessful outgoing cell
handovers with unsuccessful reversions.
− In undefined adjacent cell measurement function, check
whether the signal strength and the number of
measurement reports for the undefined neighbor cell are
high.

Imbalanced up-down link (tower amplifier, power amplifier, and

antenna directions)
Disposing method
− Analyze “up-down link balance measurement function”
statistics result and confirm whether the uplink and
downlink are balanced.
− In call drop measurement function, analyze the average
receiving signal strength and quality for both the uplink
and downlink.
− In power control measurement function, analyze the
average receiving signal strength for both the uplink and
downlink.

Balance between uplink and downlink Link balance rank Range of D
Let D= (downlink receiving level − 1 ≤ -15

uplink receiving level) − (MS
2 -14 ~ -10
sensitivity − BTS sensitivity).
Usually the MS sensitivity is - 3 -9 ~ -6
102 dBm and the BTS sensitivity is - 4 -5 ~ -3
108dBm. The formula can be
simplified as 5 -2 ~ 0
− D= downlink receiving level − 6 0
uplink receiving level – 6dB
7 1~2
If D=0, it means uplink and
downlink are balanced 8 3~5
If D>0, it means downlink is better 9 6~9
than uplink
If D<0, it means uplink is better 10 10 ~ 14
than downlink 11 ≥15

Improper radio parameter setting (Radio Link timeout, SACCH

multi-frames)
Judgment method
− In system information data, check the radio link timeout
− In cell property data, check SACCH multi-frames, and
the timer for radio link connection (T3105).

Equipment problem (TRX, power amplifier, tower amplifier, etc.)
Judgment method
− In TCH measure function, many TCH seizure failures due to A
interface problem.
− In call drop measurement function, there are many call drops due to
ground links.
− In TCH measurement function, there are many TCH seizure failures
due to equipment failure.
Disposing method
− Monitor transmission and board alarms (FTC board failure, A
interface PCM synchronization alarm, LAPD link disconnected,
TRX alarm); analyze whether transmission is disconnected or some
boards are faulty.

Traffic Statistics Analysis-SDCCH Call Drop
SDCCH call drop
Refer to TCH call drop analysis.
The cause and mechanism of SDCCH call drop

are almost the same as TCH.

Traffic Statistics Analysis-Handover
Handover analysis
Low Handover Success Rate
Alarm (Clock), Handover Measurement

Hardware Fault Function TCH Measurement Function
Incoming Inter Cell Outgoing Inter Cell Failure Cause of Failure in BSC
Failure
Incoming Inter cell Outgoing Inter cell 1.Illegal Channels

Handover Handover 2.Illegal Carrier
Measurement Function Measurement Function 3.Illegal TA
4.Timer out
5.No available channel
6.Others

Handover failure analysis

Causes of handover failure
− Improper handover parameters.
− Hardware fault (TRX board fault).
− Congestion
− Interference
− Coverage
− Clock fault (Internal clock, external clock)

Handover failure analysis

Disposing method
− Find out the cells with low handover success rate.
− Find the out the cells with high handover failures.
− Compare the incoming cell handover failures and
outgoing cell handover failures.
− Register the task to measure the incoming cell handover
and outgoing cell handover.
− Find out handover failure relation (failure to all the
neighbor cells or part of the neighbor cells).

Improper parameter settings
Disposing method
− Check whether the handover threshold such as TA, BQ and
handover function switch are suitable or not.
− Check whether the successful TCH seizures for handover are
much more than successful TCH seizures for call. If handover
times divided by call times is larger than 3, then it indicates that
there may be ping-pong handover. Check the parameter settings
and adjust them (layer setting, layer handover hysteresis, inter
cell handover hysteresis, PBGT threshold, etc.).
− Check whether the average signal strength is low when the
handover happens. If so, it indicates the edge handover threshold
is too low.

Hardware fault
Problem description
− The target cell has idle channels but when applying for the
channels CH_ACT_NACK or TIMEOUT message appears.
− TCH availability is abnormal.
− If the call drop rate and congestion rate are both high, the
equipment may have some fault.

Hardware fault
Disposing process
− Monitor transmission and board alarms (FTC board failure, A
interface PCM sync alarm, LAPD link disconnected, TRX
alarm).
− Analyze whether the transmission is disconnected or the
boards have some fault (for example: the TRX is damaged).
− Check whether there is clock alarm.

Congestion
Objects needed to be analyzed
− Cells with low incoming handover success rate.
− Neighbor of the cell with low incoming handover success rate.
Locating the problem
− In incoming inter cell handover measurement function, check
whether many handover failures are caused by congestion.
− For low incoming handover success rate, check the cell’s traffic .
− For low outgoing handover success rate, check the neighbor
cell’s traffic.

Congestion
Disposing process
− Adjust the cell’s coverage (adjust BTS transmitting
power, RXLEVEL_ACCESS_MIN, RACH access
threshold, and the antenna downtilt and height).
− Adjust parameters (CRO, load handover parameters,
cell priority and handover parameters).
− Expand or adjust TRX configuration between high and
low traffic cells.

Question
The item “radio handover success rate” is the ratio of successful
handovers to handovers. The handovers are counted when sending
or receiving HO_CMD or HO_REQ_RSP in the handover process.
Please write down the possible reasons that can cause the low radio
handover success rate between BSCs.

Answer
There are two kinds of outgoing handovers. One is intra-BSC

handover, and the other is inter-BSC handover.
The possible reasons are list as following. For inter-BSC handover:
If the uplink signal strength of the target cell is low, the MS cannot
access the target cell. Thus the handover fails
If the target cell is a wrong cell which has the same BCCH and
BSIC as the expected target cell, MS will send access request to a
wrong cell. Then MS cannot access. Thus the handover fails.
If the CGI is wrong, MSC will send the handover request with wrong
CGI. Then MS will send access request to a wrong cell. It has the
same effect as the above one.

Traffic Statistics Analysis-TCH Congestion
TCH congestion
Main causes
− Insufficient system capacity
− Interference
− Coverage
− Antenna and feeder problems
− Improper parameter setting (system information
parameters)

Insufficient system capacity or traffic imbalanced
Judgment method
− The traffic is high and is imbalanced between cells.
− There are many channel request rejections due to channel busy.
− Incoming handover measurement shows that there are too many

unsuccessful incoming cell handovers (congestion).
Disposing process
− Expand or adjust the configuration between high and low traffic cells
− Adjust coverage (adjust BTS transmitting power, antenna direction,

downtilt, height, etc.).
− Adjust parameters (CRO, Rx_Lev_Access_Min, load handover parameters,

cell priorities, handover parameters).

Interference (external and internal interference)
Problem description
− Interference brings unacceptable BER which affects the
assignment process.
− Downlink Interference makes MS’s DSC decrease to 0, then
MS reselects to another cell with low signal strength, and this is
a potential reason for TCH seizure failure.
− If TCH seizure failures (including handover) minus attempted
TCH seizures meeting TCH overflow is large, then there may
be some interference.
Disposing process
− Refer to TCH call drop caused by interference.

Antenna and feeder problem

Disposing process
− In cell frequency scan measurement function, check the
measurement results got from main receiving antenna
and diversity receiving antenna.
− In Up-down link balance measurement function, check
the measurement report numbers in each rank.
− Check antenna direction, downtilt and connection.


Check the relevant parameters such as
RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN, CRO, BTS transmitting power,
handover threshold etc..

Coverage
Refer to coverage analysis for TCH call drop rate.

Traffic Statistics Analysis-SDCCH Congestion
SDCCH congestion
Main causes
− Improper parameter settings (system information)
− Insufficient system capacity
− Improper LAC planning
− Interference

Judgment method
− Successful immediate assignments / immediate assignment
transmissions >85%.
− The above formula shows the ratio between number of EST_IND
messages that MS sends to BSC and the immediate assignment
commands that BSC sends to BTS. It indicate whether there are some
improper parameters in the system information.
Disposing process
− Adjust the access parameters (Random access error threshold, RACH
minimum access level, MS Max Retrans, Tx-integer).
− Adjust the location update related parameters (dual-band network
parameters such as CRO, cell reselection hysteresis, T3212).

Insufficient system capacity

Problem description
− Many location updates happen at the border of different
location areas.
− Massive location updates happen simultaneously.
Disposing method
− Properly plan the location area
− Configure more SDCCHs
− Use SDCCH dynamic allocation
− Add more TRX

Improper LAC planning

The border of different location area is the street.
The border of different location area is at the high traffic
area.

Interference
Problem description
− RACH minimum access level is low.
− Interference in the system, which will bring a lot of illusory
SDCCH channel requests.
Disposing process
− Properly set the RACH minimum access level
− Eliminate the interference

statistics
Chapter2 Locate problem through traffic

analysis

Case Study-One (Handover)
Problem description
Handover success rate is always very low because of the
congestion (about 70%)
In the evening of 3rd. Dec, site D located in urban is
expanded from “S2/2/2” to “S3/3/3”. The busy hour
handover success rate does not get improved after
expansion. Sometimes handover success rate is lower than
before. At the same time, lots of subscribers complain
about the network quality.
Refer to busy hour traffic statistics of 3rd. Dec.

Traffic statistics for 24th.Nov
Intra-BSC Intra-BSC
Handover Radio handover incoming handover incoming TCH
Cell failures handover
success rate success rate failures congestion
(no channel available) (others)
D_1 53.41% 90.02% 397 18 47.53%
D_2 49.82% 93.98% 389 2 67.23%
D_3 57.67% 90.06% 314 51 48.31%
C_3 61.25% 91.67% 502 25 40.61%
A_2 78.40% 89.07% 0 33 0
A_3 77.14% 93.80% 0 20 0
F_2 76.36% 76.36% 0 12 0
E_1 66.22% 88.10% 26 63 5.33%
E_2 92.73% 94.44% 0 2 0
E_3 83.25% 91.91% 0 6 0
B_3 83.48% 95.53% 0 5 0.75%
Traffic statistics for 13th.Dec
Intra-BSC Intra-BSC
D_1 49.75% 52.95% 17 246 5.27%
D_2 56.48% 58.56% 1 161 0.58%
D_3 65.92% 66.08% 0 86 22.37%
C_3 60.58% 66.3% 113 166 0.00%
A_2 70.55% 71.71% 0 0 1.06%
A_3 68.02% 68.95% 0 0 0.00%
F_2 60.61% 60.61% 0 13 0.56%
E_1 63% 64.08% 1 55 0.00%
E_2 61.77% 62.69% 0 20 0.00%
E_3 50.3% 50.3% 0 0 0.00%
B_3 78.60% 82.45% 0 11 0.34%
Site location

Analysis
Analyzing the traffic statistics before expansion and after
expansion, we find that before the expansion the handover
failure is caused by congestion and the radio handover
success rate is normal. In Urban area many cells’ radio
handover success rate decreased after expansion, therefore
we conclude that the cause of handover failure after
expansion has been changed.
Analyzing the urban site location diagram, we find lots of cells’
radio handover success rate are low and these cells have
handover relationship with site D. Therefore we can suspect
that the handover problem may be caused by site D.

Analysis
After checking the hardware of site D through maintenance
console, we find the state of TMU board is abnormal and
clock is unstable. Finally we affirm the low handover
success rate is caused by the wrong setting of switches in
TMU board. For sure, the high call drop rate is caused by
handover failures.
The day after processing, the busy hour handover success
rate is higher than 90%. Thus the problem is solved.
Refer to busy hour traffic statistics of 17th. Dec.

Traffic statistics for 17th.Dec
Intra-BSC Intra-BSC
D_1 86.58% 95.90% 47 10 13.00%
D_2 93.09% 96.88% 10 15 3.40%
D_3 95.57% 96.79% 0 10 0.00%
C_3 86.84% 95.94% 80 7 18.26%
A_2 88.43% 91.51% 1 21 0.48%
A_3 92.56% 94.12% 0 6 0.00%
F_2 98.47% 89.47% 0 1 0.00%
E_1 93.69% 95.59% 1 6 1.44%
E_2 93.55% 93.55% 0 2 0.00%
E_3 97.40% 97.45% 0 1 0.00%
B_3 91.80% 96.89% 10 1 7.92%

Conclusion and suggestion

Pay attention to the difference between radio handover
success rate and handover success rate because it can
help us to locate handover problem efficiently.
Handover problem sometimes is accompanied with call
drops and others; it is an important clew for locating and
solving problems.

Case Study-Two (Call drop)
Fault description
When we analyze the traffic statistics, we find that a cell’s
call drop rate in busy hour is large than 2%.
In cell call drop measurement function, we find that the
average uplink level of call drop is 1 (-109dBm), while the
downlink level is 26 (-84dbm). High call drop rate is caused
by imbalance between uplink and downlink.
In up-down link balance measurement function: we find one
TRX is normal, but there may be some problem with the
other one. Result of rank 1 is 0, while that of rank 11 is
5833. It means the downlink is better than uplink.

Analysis
We can exclude the problem of antenna and feeder
because only one of the two TRXs is abnormal. Therefore
we think that the problem may be caused by the uplink
channel of TRX or CDU.
After we change the CDU, the problem is solved.


To find the cause of call drop, we should register the following
useful traffic statistics:
− TCH measurement function
− Call drop measurement function
− Inter cell handover measurement function
− Up-down link balance measurement function
By analyzing the result of the above traffic statistics, we can
locate the cause of the call drop (handover, interference,
coverage etc.) and then register more detailed traffic
measurement tasks.
DT also is a effective method to find call drop problem.

Case Study-three (SDCCH congestion)
Fault description
In the network, the radio link connection success rate is low.
After analyzing the traffic statistics, we find that it caused by
SDCCH congestion and the congestion only exists in a few
sites.
Analyzing traffic statistics we find that in the congested cell,
attempted SDCCH seizures are from 300 to 400 in a
certain hour. The configuration of all the related BTSs is
S1/1/1. Each cell has one SDCCH/8 channel. Normally, it
can deal with 300-400 SDCCH seizures. But it is very
strange that there are dozens of SDCCH congestions in
busy hour.

Case Study-three (SDCCH congestion)
Analysis
Register “SDCCH measurement function” and analyze the result. We
find that most of the SDCCH seizures are used for location update.
After we analyze the site distribution, we find that the congested BTSs
are located at the border of two location areas along the railway. So we
can conclude that SDCCH congestion shall be caused by massive
location updates.
In SDCCH measurement function, we find that most of the location
update happened in a specific 5 minutes. After checking the train
timetable, we find that 4 or 5 trains passed by in this period. When the
trains pass by, a large amount of location updates happen
simultaneously.
After adding more fixed SDCCHs and switching on “Dynamic SDCCH
allocation” function, the problem is solved.

Case Study-three (SDCCH blocking)

For SDCCH congestion, firstly we should register SDCCH
measurement function, and then analyze the traffic
statistics to find the cause of the problem (Location update,
SDCCH handover, call setup etc.).
Then check the parameter settings, interference, location
area planning etc., to do further analysis.
Adding SDCCH channels or enabling dynamic SDCCH
allocation function can solve the congestion caused by
insufficient capacity.
Set the parameter and plan the location area properly to
decrease the SDCCH congestion.

Summary
Summary Traffic statistics system basics

Key traffic measurement items
Traffic statistics analysis method
Some cases

Thank You
www.huawei.com

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Internal

Traffic Statistics Analysis

Issue 2.0 www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

31160978-BSC Traffic Statistic

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Chapter 2 Locate problem through traffic

Chapter 3 Case study for traffic statistics

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TCH Congestion Rate

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SDCCH congestion rate (SDCCH overflow)

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TCH Call Drop Rate

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Handover Success Rate

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Handover Success Rate

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TCH interference band measurement

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Receiving level measurement

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Chapter 2 Locate problem through traffic

Chapter 3 Case study for traffic statistics

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General method for traffic analysis

BSC Measurement Function

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Combine traffic statistics analysis with other optimization

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Cell with high call drop rate

Alarm and Cell performance Call drop measurement Handover

Average uplink level at Outgoing inter cell

Interference Average down link level at

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Call drop types

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Edge call drop

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Short distance call drop

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BQ call drop( high signal strength)

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Overall process for call drop analysis

First of all, we shall know the type of the call drop.

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The main causes for call drop

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Coverage problem analysis

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Improper handover (neighbor planning and handover

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Imbalanced up-down link (tower amplifier, power amplifier, and

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Balance between uplink and downlink Link balance rank Range of D

Let D= (downlink receiving level − 1 ≤ -15