Chapter 1

Rizal Law and the context of Rizal,s life

R.A. 1425---Rizal Law mandating all public and private schools to include in their curricula courses or
subjects on the life,works and writings of Rizal particularly his Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

Sen. Claro M. Recto -author of Rizal Bill sponsored by the Senate Committee on Education headed by
Jose P. Laurel and supported by the senators

Senators who opposed Bill 438:

1. Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo

2. Decoroso Rosales

3. Mariano Cuenco

R.A. 1425 is a compilation of House Bill 5561 and Senate Bill 438 and was passed by the Third Congress
of the Phils May 17,1956

June 12, 1956 –Pres. Magsaysay signed the R.A. 1425

Sen. Claro M. Recto—filed the Senate Bill 438 to the Senate Committee on Education on April 3, 1956

Sen. Jose P. Laurel –Chairman of the Senate Committee on Education .Rallied behind Laurel and Recto
are the ff: 1. Veteranos de la Revolucion(Spirit of 1896) 2. Alagad ni Rizal 3. Freemasons 4. Knights of
Rizal

Oppositions to the Rizal or Noli-Fili Bill have the following arguments:

1. Fr. Jesus Cavanna- argued that the novels belonged to the past and teaching them would
misrepresent current conditions

2. Jesus Paredes—radio commentator said that Catholics had the right to refuse to read them as it
would endanger thir salvation

3. Sen. Mariano Cuenco argued that Rizal attacked the dogmas,beliefs and practices of the church

Sen. Claro M. Recto—repudiated that the novels have religious motivations

Specific passages in the novels were deemed offensive to the Catholic faith,thus the church argued that
Catholics could read selected passages to comped the Catholics to read the unexpurgated or
uncensored version

According to Recto ,the people who would eliminate the books of Rizal from the schools would blot out
the memory of the hero.
Compulsory reading among students of the unexpurgated versions of the novels in the original bill
authored by Recto was the cause of controversy to some senators.

Se. Jose P. Laurel—filed and authored a substitute bill after knowing that no agreement could be
reached.

Eulogio Rodriguez-senate president during the compromise bill or substitute bill

House bill 5561 -- identical copy of Senate bill 438 authored and filed by Rep. Jacobo Z. Gonzales to the
House of Representatives

House bill 5561 was recommended for approval without amendment by the House Committee on
Education,May 2, 1956

Supporters of Jacobo Gonzales:

1. Rep. Emilio Cortez

2. Mario Bengzon

3. Joaquin Roces

4. Rancap Lagumbay

Opponents of House Bill 5561:

1. Rep. Ramon Durano

2. Jose Nuguid

3. Marciano Lim

4. Manuel Zosa

5. Lucas Paredes

6. Godofredo Ramos

7. Miguel Cuenco

8. Camen Consing

9. Tecla San Andres Ziga

House bill 5561 or Gonzales Bill was also experiencing a deadlock

Senate bill 438—substitute bill authored by Laurel

Rep. Arturo Tolentino—House majority floor leader sponsored an amendment by substitute identical to
Laurel’s substitute bill or compromised bill

Jose Laurel and Jacobo Gonzales entreated the Bureau of Printing not to destroy the printing molds of
Laurel’s substitute bill and requested enough copies

Sen. Laurel refused to adjourn the house of Rep. until the bill was passed on the third reading

Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli and Fili into English and Tagalog

Pres. Fidel Ramos through Memorandum Order No. 247,series of 1994 ordered the Deparment of Educ.,
Culture and Sports and the Commission of Higher Education to immediately and fully implement the law

ChED Order # 3 was issued enforcing strict compliance to Memorandum #247

Ramos renewed and strengthened the teaching of Rizal in preparation for the centennial of Rizal’s death

R.A. 1425 mandates the ff.

1. Re-dedicate the lives of the youth to the ideals of freedom and nationalism

2. Give tribute to the national hero

3. Gain an inspiring source of patriotism

Rizal as a course could led you to the ff.

1. the importance of Rizal’s ideals and teachings

2. encourage the application of learned ideals in the current social and personal problems and issues

3. develop an appreciation and deeper understanding of all that Rizal fought and died for

4. foster the development of the Filipino youth in all aspects of citizenshipS

Chapter II…Rizal’s nineteenth Century Philippines

A. Spanish Colonization of the Philippines

Ferdinand Magellan .. Portuguese explorer who discovered the Philippines March 16, 1521 and naming it Las Islas
de San Lazaro

- Set up friendly relations with some of the local chieftains :

a. Rajah Kolambu- king of Limasawa
b. Rajah Siagu- king of Butuan
c. Rajah Humabon- king of Cebu

Magellan converted some of the natives in Limasawa, Butuan and in Cebu but was killed by the natives of Mactan
name Lapu-lapu who was against foreign rule.

Three other expeditions that followed after Magellan:

1. Alvaro de Saavedra-1527- 1529

2. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos - -1542- 1546
3. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – 1564
Villalobos was sent to the Phils in 1542 by Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza of New Spain(Mexico)
- Was attributed for giving the name Cesarea Caroli to Mindanao in honor of King Charles I of Spain who was
also emperor of Germany on Feb. 2, 1543
- Credited for giving the name Las Islas Filipinas after Prince Philip of Asturias who later became King Philip II
of Spain to the island of Samar on May 18, 1543

Miguel Lopez de Legaspi- sent to the Philippines by Viceroy Luis Velasco of Mexico upon the order of King Philip II
who succeeded his father, Charles I.

- Legaspi reached Cebu but but did not land because of the hostility of the people instead went to Limasawa
and then to Bohol and made a blood compact Rajah Sikatuna,king of Limasawa
- From Bohol, Legaspi went again to Cebu and defeated its king,Rajah Tupas,son of Rajah Humabon
- Named Cebu ( 1st Spanish settlement ), “ City of the Most Holy name of Jesus”in honor of the child Jesus,
the image which was discovered by Juan de Camus,one of Legaspi’s men in a Cebuano house which had
escaped the fire,the same image given by Magellan to the wife of Humabon in 1521.
- Became the first governor and captain general of the Philippines
- Proclaimed Manila the capital of of the Spanish Philippines on June 24, 1571 after the defeat and death of
Rajah Soliman on June 3, 1571
- Manila arose as a Spanish city over the ruins of Rajah Soliman’s Muslim kingdom and was given a name
“Distinguished and Ever Loyal City” by King Philip II
Philippines was a captaincy-general administered by the Spanish king through the Vice-royalty of New Spain(Mexico)

The Spanish governor and Captain-general popularly called Governor-general from 1589 ruled with counsel of the
Real Audiencia of Manila

The Propaganda Movement educated the Filipinos to the injustice of the Spanish colonial government.With the
failure of the Propaganda movement, the Katipunan whose primary principle was to overthrow the Spanish rule was
founded.The discovery of the Katipunan led to the Philippine Revolution of 1896

Treaty of Paris- ended the Spanish –American War.America paid Spain the amount of $20,000,000.00.

Political Development:

Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Portugal by crossing from France to Spain and exiled Ferdinand VII,the absolutist king
of the Spanish empire that shaped the idea of nationalism in the Phils.

Spain-mother country of the Filipinos during the Spanish time

Spanish-Cortes was the highest law-making body of Spain.

The Central Revolutionary Junta which established the Cortes ordered its assembly in 1810 and decreed the election
of delegates in the Phils.

Ventura de los Reyes-a 70yr old whealthy merchant of Manila was elected and became one of the signers of the
Cadiz Constitution of 1812

The Constitution of Cadiz of 1812,stipulated that the new Spanish nation was composed of the united Spanish
people all over the world. The Cadiz Constitution was implemented in the Phils. In 1813.

Ferdinand VII returned from exile in May,1814 restoring absolutism and abolished the Cortes,nullified the Constitution
of 1812 and withdraw its effectivity in the Philippines.

2 kinds of Spaniards in the Phils.

1.Penisulares – Spaniards born in Spain

2. Insulares - Spaniards born in the Phils.

Fr. Pedro Pelaez- Spanish mestizo who served as interim archbishop of Manila in 1862-63.

The Spanish revolution of 1868 led to the proclamation of a new Constitution and the coming of the liberal- minded
Carlos Ma. De la Torre to the Phils. In 1869

De la Torre encouraged the nationalists and creoles to participate in the government.

Three martyrs who led the secularization movement:

1. Fr. Jose Burgos

2. Fr. Mariano Gomez
3. Fr. Jacinto Zamora
The creoles or the Manila Spaniards first to suffer martyrdom when they were implicated in the Cavite-
Mutiny of 1872 during the time of Governor Rafael Izquierdo,successor of de la Torre.

Economis Growth:
The economic growth of the 19th century was facilitated by the elimination of the monopoly of galleon trade
Results of the opening of the Suez Canal:
1. Phils. became closer to Europe and Spain
2. Encouraged European travelers to come to the Phils.
3. Exodus of liberal ideas from abroad like liberty, religious freedom,democracy,human rights such as
suffrage, speech,press and to form associations and assemblies

Social development:
Social order of the subjects in the Spanish Phils.:
1. Peninsulares- Spaniards born in Spain
2. Insulares – Spaniards born in the Phils.,also known as Filipinos or creoles
3. Mestizos – born of Spanish and Chinese parents
4. Indios- local inhabitants
Chapter lll—Rizal’s Family, Childhood and Early Education

A. Rizal’s family
June 19, 1861—bday of Rizal
Calamba, Laguna – birthplace
June 22, 1861 –date when Rizal was baptized by Fr. Rufino Collantes

Mercado- original name of the Rizal family adopted by Domingo Lamco,paternal great-great grandfather of
Rizal in 1731.

1849 - Hispanization period

Gov.-general Narciso Claveria hispanized Filipino surnamesRizal’s parents were both educated and
belonged to distinguished families.
Francisco Rizal Mercado – father of Rizal
- An industrious farmer who came from Binan,Laguna
- - model of fathers

Teodora Alonzo y Quintos – mother of Rizal

- Cultured woman born in Sta. Cruz Manila

- - loving and prudent mother

Rizal has one brother and nine sisters. He is the 7th in a family of 11 children

Paciano – the only brother of Rizal

- Acted as the second father of Rizal

B. Rizal’s childhood
Rizal learned alphabet from his mother at age 3
His sister Concepcion died when he was 4yrs old where he experienced shedding tears for the 1st time
At age 5, Rizal show indications to be an artist

Rizal’s mother taught him how to read and write but was also given tutors
Tutors of Rizal :
1. Maestro Celestino
2. Maestro Lucas Padua
Sa Aking Mga Kababata - 1st tagalog poem of Rizal at the age of 8
Mother’s birthday – written by Rizal when he was 9

P. Jacinto – pen name of Rizal in his writing Memoirs of A Student in Manila written in 1879-1880 at
age 17-20
Chapter IV : Rizal’s Higher Education and Life Abroad

June 10,1872, Rizal with his brother Paciano, took the entrance exam in Colegio de San Juan de
Letran but enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila at age 11.
Reasons why Rizal nearly refused admission by the college registrar in Ateneo:
1. late in registration
2. sickly and undersized for his age

Manuel Xerez Burgos- helped Rizal in his admission in Ateneo

Paciano Rizal was the favorite student and confidant of Fr. Burgos at the College of San Jose
Jose Protacio Rizal- name used by Rizal when he was a student in Ateneo

Rizal obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree with an average of “excellent” from the Ateneo Municipal
On March 23, 1877
Rizal also finished his surveying course in Ateneo while a student at the UST taking preparatory course
in law

Rizal finished the course on surveyor and expert assessor on March 21, 1877 and passed the
Surveyor’s exam May 21, 1878 but was not granted license to practice his profession because he was
only 17yo

Poems written by Rizal in Ateneo:

1. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria ( Through Educ. Our Motherland Receives Light),1876
2. Alianza intima la Reliion y la Educacion ( The Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good
Education) in 1876
3. A la Virgen Maria ( To The Virgin Mary),1875
4. Al Nino Jesus ( To the Child Jesus) ,1875
5. Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo ( In Memory Of My Town),1876
6. Un Dialogo Alusivo a la Despidida de lo9s Colegiales( A Farewell Dialogue of the Students),1877S

Poems written by Rizal in UST:

1. A La Juventud Filipina ( To The Filipino Youth)- 1879

2. El Consejo de los Dioses ( The Council of the Gods),1880

May 3, 1882 – date when Rizal departed Manila for Spain after his studies at UST on board the
Salvadora bound for Singapore
Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles- founder of Singapore

Djemnah – French steamer boarded by Rizal from Singapore to Europe

Point de Galle – a seacoast town in Southern Ceylon( Sri Lanka)
Port Said – the Mediterranean terminal of Suez Canal
Suez city- Red Sea Terminal of the Suez Canal
Djemnah- docked at the harbor of Marseilles, France
Sept. 16, 1882- date when Rizal reached Barcelona, Spain
Works of Rizal when he arrived in Barcelona, Spain and published in the Diariong Tagalog:
1. El Amor Patrio – essay of Rizal under the pen name Laong-laan which appeared in the Diariong
Tagalog
2. Los Viajes ( Travels)
3. Revista de Madrid ( Review of Madrid) , an article not published by the Diariong Tagalog due to its
closure of the publication

Universidad Central de Madrid – Where Rizal enrolled in Madrid taking:

1. Philosophy and Letters
2. Medicine

Circulo Hispano-Filipino – society of Spaniards and Filipinos in Madrid where Rizal became a member
Me Piden Versos( They Asked Me for Verses)- Rizal’s poem written in Madrid

Masonic lodges where Rizal became a member:

1. Acaia in Madrid
2. Lodge Solidaridad- Rizal became a master mason

June 21, 1884 at age 23 completed his medical course and was conferred the degree of Licentiate in
Medicine by the Central University of Madrid

Most touching incident of Rizal in Madrid,June 24, 1884:

1. Unable to take breakfast that day
2. Participated in the contest in Greek language and won gold medal in empty stomach
3. Was able to eat his dinner on the same day for he was the guest speaker in a banquet in honor of
Luna and Hidalgo( 2 greatest Filipino painters)
Brindis – toasting speech of Rizal in honor of Luna and Hidalgo

Paintings of Luna and Hidalgo that won 1st and 2nd prize at the National Exposition of Fine Arts in
Madrid:

1. Spoliarium – Luna
2. Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho ( Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace)-
Hidalgo

Rizal finished his course in Philosophy and Letters with a grade of “excellent” and was awarded the
degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June
19,1885 at the age of 24.
 Dr. Louis de Weckert – leading French opthalmologist to whom Rizal worked as an assistant in his
clinic

Dr. Otto Becker- renowned German ophthalmologist to whom Rizal had his special training in his
eye specialization at the University of Heidelberg at age 25

To The Flowers of Heidelberg- poem written by Rizal in Germany

Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt – Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria and an Austrian
Ethnologist who got interest in Phil. Languages

-to whom Rizal wrote his first letter in German

Rizal studied Psychology and History at the University of Leipzig,Germany where he became a friend of
Prof. Friedrich Ratzel

Dr. Feodor Jagor – a German scientist traveler and author of Travels in the Phils.,recommended that Rizal
should be a member of the ff.
1. Anthropological Society
2. Ethnological Society
3. Geographical Society

Dr. Adolph B. Meyer – Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum

Dr. Rudolf Virchow – president of the Anthropological Society of Berlin
Berlin, Germany- where Rizal finished writing the Noli,Feb. 22, 1887 and came off the press March
21,1887.
Felix Hidalgo – to whom Rizal explained the contents and significance of the Noli in His letter

May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin, Germany to see the important cities of Europe
Dresden,Germany- first destination of Rizal and Viola
Leitmerits,Bohemia is now Litomerice, Czechoslovakia = where Rizal met Blumentritt for the first time
From Leitmerits they visited Prague and proceeded to Vienna,capital of Austria-Hungary,Queen of the
Danube

Other cities visited by Rizal and Viola after Vienna:

1. Salzburg
2. Munich
3. Nuremberg
4. Ulm
5. Stuttgart
6. Baden
7. Rheinfall (Cascade of the Rhine)
8. Switzerland
9. Basel
10. Bern
11. Lausanne
12. Geneva (where Rizal and Viola parted ways)
Viola returned to Barcelona while continued his tour to Italy
Cities visited by Rizal in Italy:
1. Turin
2. Milan
3. Venice
4. Florence

Rome- Eternal City and City of the Caesars)

Vatican – city of the Popes and capital of Christendom

Reasons why Rizal decided to return home after five yrs:

1. to operate on his mother’s failing eyesight
2. to serve his people
3. to find out for himself how the Noli and his other writings were affecting the Filipinos and Spaniards in the
Phils
4. to know why Leonor Rivera remained silent
Djemnah – steamer that brought Rizal from Europe to Saigon:

Haifong – steamer that brought Rizal from Saigon to the Phils.

Gov. Gen. Emilio Terrero – the gov. gen. in the Phils.when Rizal returned home after 5yrs

Don Jose Taviel de Andrade- bodyguard assigned by Terrero to Rizal:

2 reasons why Rizal had to leave again the Phils. for the 2nd time:
1. his presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends
2. he could fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause by writing in foreign land

Filipinos who welcomed rizal in Hongkong:

1. Jose Ma. Basa- lawyer who made led a successful life in Hongkong
2. Balbino Mauricio – unfortunate man who led a life of a beggar in Hongkong
3. Manuel Yriarte ( son of Francisco Yriarte,alcalde mayor of Laguna
Rizal also visited Macao on board the steamer, Kui-kiang and returned in Hongkong and was introduced to
Varanda ( Spaniard commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal’s movement in Hongkong

Partisans and promoters of Noli met by Rizal in Hongkong:

1. Lecaroz
2. J.M. Basa

Feb.22, 1888 – Rizal left Hongkong for Japan

Juan Perez Caballero - secretary of the Spanish legation in Japan who invited Rizal to stay in the legation
 Reasons why Rizal accepted the invitation of Caballero:
1. he could economize his living expenses
2.. Nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the Spanish authorities
Belgic – steamer that brought Rizal from Japan to America
New York - city of poor workers

City of Rome - steamer that brought Rizal from New York to Liverpool, England
British Museum- library in Liverpol, England where Rizal spent his time perusing the book of Dr. Antonio Morga.
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
Annotation of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas was the greatest achievement of Rizal in London
Morga was once the gov. gen and head of the Inquisition

Asociacion La Solidaridad( Solidaridad Association )- patriotic society which work in the crusade for reforms in
Barcelona
Rizal was chosen honorary president of the society

Graciano Lopez Jaena – founder of La Solidaridad – patriotic news paper in Barcelona

La Solidaridad – became the organ or periodical of the Propaganda Movement

Aims of Propaganda Movement:

1. to work for political and social reforms
2. to portray the deplorable conditions of the Phils.
3. to oppose the evil forces of reaction and medievalism
4. to advocate liberal ideas of progress
5. to chamnpion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people

Letter To The Young Women of Malolos – written by Rizal in London

Gertrude Beckett – English sweetheart of Rizal

Three societies founded by Rizal in Paris:
1. Kidlat Club – society of temporary nature to bring together the young Filipinos in the French capital
2. Indion Bravos (Brave Indians) – society founded by Rizal for Filipinos to be proud of being a brown race
3. R. D. L.M - the initials of the societies name, Redencion de los Malayos( Redemptions of the Malays)

Publication of the annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos - was the outstanding achievement of Rizal in
Paris written in the Library of the British Museum
Brussels – capital of Belgium where Rizal continued writing his Noli

Gov. Gen Valeriano Weyler – The Butcher

Disappointment of Rizal :
1. Demolition of their house
2. Arrest of his brother in law,brother and sisters
3. Exile of Don Francisco, Paciano,sons’ in law Silvestre Ubando and Antonio Lopez in Mindoro
Whom Rizal almost fought duels in Madrid:
1. Antonio Luna
2. Wenceslao Retana

Biarritz – where Rizal finished his Fili which he began writing it in Calamba

Rival groups of Filipinos in Madrid:

1. Rizalistas – group of Rizal
2. Pilaristas – group of Del Pilar

Ghent, Belgium – where Rizal printed his Fili

Rizal left Europe for the ff. reasons:

1. Political difference with del Pilar
2. To be near the Phils and his family

Kamandagan – descendant of Lakan-dula, last Malayan king of Tondo

o Hero of the third unfinished novel of Rizal

Rizal returned to Hongkog and was welcomed by JM Basa

Rizal planned to moved the landless Filipino families to North Borneo(Sabah), a rich British-owned
island and carved out of its wilderness a” New Calamba”

Constitution and By-laws of the Liga Filipina was the most important writing of Rizal in Hongkong

JM Basa – originally conceived the Liga Filipina

Liga Filipina- society of patriotic Filipinos for civic purposes

Why Rizal returned to the Philippines from Hongkong:

1. To confer with Gove. Eulogio Despujol about his colonization project

2. To establish the Liga Filipina in Manila
3. To prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in the issue of La Solidaridad

Rizal left Hongkong for Manila with his sister, Lucia, carrying a special passport or “safe
Conduct”
A secret case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his followers for “anti-religious” and “anti-
patriotic” agitation”, June 21, 1892
Chapter 5 : Riza’ls Exile, Trial and Death

A. Rizal’s exile

Rizal with his sister Lucia arrived Manila June 26, 1892 and sought audience with Gov.gen Eulogio
Despujol, who agreed to pardon his father but not the rest of the family

Rizal founded the Liga Filipina in the Phils which was an upshot and subsidiary of the Propaganda, aimed to
directly involve patriotic Filipinos to uplift the life of the Filipinos with the society promoting mutual aids

Aims of Liga Filipina:

1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous body
2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity
3. Defense against all violence and injustice
4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce
5. Study and application of reforms

Motto:
One for All

Rizal had series of interviews with Gov.Despujol and was shown by Gov. Despujol some printed leaflets or bundle of
handbills entitled Pobre Frailes(Poor Friars), a satire against the rich Dominican friars who amassed fabulous riches
contrary to their vow of poverty, written by Father Jacinto which was alledgely found in Lucia’s piloow cases

Gaceta de Manila- where Rizal’s arrest and deportation to one of the islands in the south by Gov.Despujol was
published

Gov. Despujol arrested and deported Rizal to Dapitan

Reason why Rizal was arrested and exiled in Dapitan:

1. During his voluntary exile he published books and proclamations showing his disloyalty to Spain
2. Bundles of handbills entitled Pobres Frailes was found in his packages
3. El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the three martyrs(GOMBURZA)

Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the steamer Cebu which was sailing to Dapitan under the
command of Capt.Delgras
Captain Ricardo Carnicero – was the commandant of Dapitan or Politico-Military gov. of Dapitan

Rizal’s arrest and imprisonment produced indignant commotion among the members of Liga Filipina and
became inactive but was revived and reorganized by A. Bonifacio and Domingo Franco which expressed his
support for the Propaganda but later Liga was dissolved due to disagreements of its members
 Two groups that emerged after the split of its members:
1. Cuerpo de Compromisarios – composed of the conservatives who aimed to continue supporting the La
Solidaridad

2. Katipunan – consisted of the radicals led by Bonifacio

Ultimately, the “Cuerpo” died out while the Katipunan attracted many Filipinos. In such Rizal’s La Liga gave birth to
Bonifacio’s Katipunan on July 7, 1892, the day Rizal was ordered to be deported in Dapitan

Rizal was exiled in Dapitan from July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896.
Fr. Pablo Pastells- Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Phils.
Fr. Antonio Obach – Jesuit parish priest of Dapitan
In Dapitan, he was made to choose whether to live with the Jesuits or with Captain Ricardo Carnicero
The following conditions were laid to Rizal if he chose to live with Jesuits:
1. Rizal publicly retract his errors concerning religion and make statements that were pro-Spanish and against
revolution
2. Rizal performs the church rites and make general confession of his past life
3. Rizal conducts himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a man of religion
Rizal chose to live with Capt. Carnicero
Rizal had a long and scholarly debate on religion with Fr. Pastells in Dapitan and revealed his anti-catholic ideas
acquired in Europe and embitterment at his persecution by the bad friars. Fr. Pastells tried to win back Rizal but in
vain
While in Dapitan Rizal continued to be a Catholic,however Rizal’s Catholicism was a Catholicism of Renan and
Teilhard de Chardin
Rizal’s life in Dapitan was with his members of his family who take turns in visiting him.
Achievements of Rizal in Dapitan proving his versatile genius:
1. architect 12. Mythologist 22. theologian
2. artist 13. nationalist
3. businessman 14. naturalist
4. cartoonist 15. novelist
5. ethnologist 17. Ophthalmic surgeon
6. scientific farmer 18. poet
7. historian 19. propagandist
8. inventor 20. psychologist
9. journalist 21. scientist
10.. linguist 22. sculptor
11. musician 21. Sociologist

Rizal in Dapitan practiced medicine

Pursued scientific studies
Rare Specimens were named after Rizal:
a. Draco rizali( flying dragon
b. apogonia rizali (small beetle)
c. rhacophorus rizali (rare frog)
Continued his artistic works by continuing his painting to the Sister of Charity, modeling a statuette representing a
mother-dog killing the crocodile called “The Mother’s Revenge” ,and other structural works like a bust of
Fr.Guerrero(Atenean professor of Rizal),a statue of a girl called “ The Dapitan Girl”, a woodcarving of Josephine
Bracken, and a bust of St. Paul” which he gave to Fr. Pastells
He widened his knowledge of languages
Languages Rizal knows how to speak:
1. Ilokano 2. Bisayan 3. Subanun 4. Arabic 5. Catalan 6. Chinese 7. English 8. French 9. German 10. Greek
11. Hebrew 12. Italian 13. Japanese 14. Latin 15. Malayan 16. Portuguese 17. Dutch 18. Swedish 19. Russian
20. Sanskrit 21. Spanish 22. Tagalog

Established a shool for boys teaching reading, writing, Spanish and English language,geography,history,
mathematics, industrialwork, nature study, morals and gymnastics
Promted community development projects like waterworks system,draining the marshes to get rid ofmalaria,equipped
the town with lighting system consisted of oil lamps
Invented awooden machine for making bricks
Engaged in farming
He engaged in business with Ramon Carreon( Dapitan merchant)
Rizal was mourning the loss of his son by J. Bracken in the early part of 1896 when in a secret meeting of the
katipunan on May 2, 1896 ,Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emissary of the katipunan to Dapitan to inform Rizal of the
plan of the katipunan to launch a revolution
Reasons why Rizal objected the plan of the katipunan to launch for a bloody revolution:
1. people are not yet ready for a revolution
2. lack of funds, arms and ammunitions

Rizal disapproved Katipunan’s plan to rescue him for he had given his word of honor to the Spanish authorities

Rizal was advised by Blumentritt to volunteer as a military doctor in Cuba and was approved by Blanco.
Rizal’s four-year exile in Dapitan ended on July 31, 1896 and was accompanied by J. Bracken,Narcisa, Angelica, his
three nephews and six pupils,disembarked on board the steamer Espana.

Rizal’s Trial:
Rizal left Dapitan on board the steamer Espana sailed towards Dumaguete, Cebu, and Iloilo( Molo,Capiz,Romblon)
Rizal was transferred to the Spanish steamer Castilla by order of Gov. Ramon Blanco.

Aug. 19, 1896 – date when the Katipunan plot was discovered to overthrow the Spanish by means of revolution
Fr. Mariano Gil— Augustinian cura of Tondo who discovered the secrets of the Katipunan
Cry of Balintawak—was raised by Bonifacio Aug. 26, 1896

Reasons why Rizal was worried upon learning of the eruption of the revolution:
1. the violent revolution was premature and would only cause much suffering and loss of life and property
2. would arouse Spanish vengeance against all Filipino patriots

Eight provinces declared Martial law by Gov. Blanco:

1. Manila 2. Bulacan 3. Cavite, 4. Batangas 5. Laguna 6. Pampanga 7. Nueva Ecija 8. Tarlac
Rizal received two identical letters of introduction from Gov. Blanco for the Minister of War and the Minister of
Colonies and a letter addressed to him from all blame for the raging of revolution.
Gov. Blanco advised that Rizal not be advisable to go to Cuba

Rizal was transferred to the steamer Isla de Panay sailing for Barcelona,Spain and arrived Singapore,Sept 7, 1896.
He had been adviced to stay in Singapore to take advantage of the protection of the British law and to save his life
but ignored it for he did not want to break his word of honor to Gov. Blanco. By refusing to break his word of
honor,sealed his own doom because without his knowledge Gov. Blanco was secretly conspiring with the Minister of
War and Minister of Colonies of his destruction.

Rizal on board the Isla de Panay, left Singapore for Barcelona Sept. 8, 1896. Unaware of Gov. Blanco’s order.
Don Juan Utor –Rizal’s co passenger in Isla de Panay who told him that he would be arrested by order of Gov.
Blanco and was shocked of the news that he considered it his greatest injustice

On board Isla de Panay, Rizal arrived in Barcelona and was kept under heavy guard in his cabin for three days by
the Capt. Gen of Barcelona who happened to be Gov. Despujol. He was imprisoned in Fort Montjuich
He was transferred to SS Colon the following day of Oct. 6, 1896 for Philippines to be a prisoner.
Rizal arrived in Manila via SS Colon and was imprisoned in For Santiago

Col. Francisco Olive -,the judge advocate in his initial examinations

Olive ordered Gov. Weyler to execute the evictions of Rizal’s townmates
Olive transmitted Rizal’s records of his case to Gov. Blanco who appointed the Capt. Of the Infantry,Don
Miguel Dominguez as special Judge advocate to institute corresponding action against Rizal but did not do
anything about it and and returned the papers to Gov. Blanco

Blanco transmitted again Rizal,s case to Judge Advocate Gen.,, Nicolas de la Pena and had his
recommendations:
1. Rizal be immediately brought to trial
2. the accused be kept in prison
3. indemnity of Php 1M
4. the accused be defended not by a lawyer but an army officer
Rizal was given the right to chose his defense counsel and chose Don Luis Taviel de Andrade
Rizal’s case was forwarded by Capt. Dominguez to Malacanan Palace and his death sentence was
approved by Gov.Polavieja( successor of Gov Blanco)

Rizal’s court Martial occurred Dec 26,1896 in Cuartel de Espana with seven members of the military court:
1. Lt. Jose Tagores Arjona(President) 6. Capt. Manuel Diaz Escribano
2. Capt. Ricardo Munoz Arias 7. Capt. Fermin Perez Rodriguez
3. Capt. Manuel Reguera
4. Capt. Santiago Izquierdo Osorio
5. Capt. Braulio Rpdriguez Nunez
Dominguez opened the case of Rizal
Lt. Enrique de Alcocer was Rizal’s prosecuting officer who summarized the charges against Rizal
Don Luis Taviel de Andrade Rizal,s defense counsel who was a young lieutenant who risked the
displeasure of his superiors read Rizal,s defense
Crimes accused against Rizal:
1. rebellion
2. illegal associations
Dona Teodora wrote a letter to Gov. Polavieja asking for the pardon of his son
Rizal’s death:
Rizal,s death was read by Capt. Dominguez
Rizal’s last visitors in Fort Santiago before his death:
1.

Rizal’s letters in his letter to Blumentritt were addressed to the following:

1. brother 2. Family 3. Parents

Rizal’s death march to Bagumbayan was Dec.30,1896 walked calmly with Fr. Estanislao March, Fr.Vilaclara
and Lt. Andrade
Rizal died Dec 30,1896 at age 35s
Chapter 6: Rizal’s Works , Nationalism and Heroism

Rizal’s annotation of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas as the first historical work on the Philippines
by a Filipino and the first history written from the point of view not of the colonizer but of the colonized.By editing
Morga’s Sucesos Rizal wrote his country’s history which would also mean that before that there was no history of the
Philippines written by an Indio or one written from the viewpoint of an indio.

Why Rizal chose Morga’s work than any other historians:

1. Morga’s work was rare
2. Morga was not a religious chronicler but a layman
3. Impartial that it does not include miracles and apparition stories
4. Morga was more understanding to the indios
5. Morga was not only an observer but a major actor in the events he recounts

Classifications of Rizal’s annotation of Morga’s Sucesos:

1. straightforward to strenghthen or correct the original
2. annotations with strong anti-clerical bias

Rizal’s annotated edition of Morga’s Sucesos was written by Rizal in the British Museum and printed by Garnier
Freres and published in Paris

Rizal Reuested Blumentritt to write the Prologue of his annotated edition of Sucesos

Criticisms of Blumentritt in annotating Sucesos:

1. Historian should not impute to the men of the 16th century the broad horizon of ideas that stirs the 19th century
2. Unbosoming against Catholicism

Rizal annotated and published Morga’s Sucesos for it was the best and was accurate in the narration of
events,unbiased judgment and unmarred by childish fantasies

Rizal dedicated his annotated edition To The Filipinos

Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas—Historical Events in the Philippine “Islands

Chapter 7... Noli Me Tangere

Rizal was motivated by Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which portrays the cruelties of American slave-
owners and the conditions of the Negro slaves, to prepare a novel

Noli Me Tangere - a Latin phrase meaning Touch Me Not

Madrid- where Rizal started writing the Noli finishing one-half of the novel and continued writing in Paris and finished
one half of the second half
Berlin, Germany- where Rizal finished writing his Noli in 1886
Berlin is where the Noli was printed by Berliner Buchdrukrei-Action-Gesselschaft and came oof the press,1887
Maximo Viola- savior of Noli

Elias and Salome – missing chapter of Noli

Fernando Canon- Rizal’s,friend and former classmates to whom he wrote that he cannot believe his novel will ever
be published

Noli contains 63 chapters and an epilogue dedicated to his country

Characters of Noli:
1. Ibarra -- Hero of the novel
- young and rich Filipino who had just returned from Europe after seven yrs of study
- only son of Don Rafael Ibarra friend of Capitan Tiago
- fiancée of Maria Clara supposed daughter of Capitan Tiago
2. Padre Damaso - fat Franciscan friar who had been parish priest for 20yrs of San Diego(Calamba)
3. Senor Guevarra – an elderly kind lietenant of the guardia civil
4. Don Tiburcio de Espadana - bogus Spanish physician,lame and henpecked husband of Dona Victorina
5. Maria Clara – childhood sweetheart of Ibarra
7. Padre Salvi – new Franciscan parish priest of San Diego
8. Tasio – wise old man whose ideas were too advanced for his time that he was called “Tasio the Lunatic”
9.Sisa – formerly a rich girl but became poor for marrying a wastrel and a gambler. She lost her two sons,Basilio and
Crispin who were sacristans in the church working for small wage to support their mother who became poor and later
became insane for losing her two sons
Sisa is the most tragic story in the novel
10. Crispin- the youngest who was accused of stealing the money of the priest and was tortured and died in the
convent
11. Aunt Isabel – Capitan Tiago’s cousin who took care of Maria Clara
12. Capitan Basilio – former gobernadorcillo and father of Sinang( friend of Maria Clara
13. alferez – lieutenant of Guardia Civil
14. Dona Victorina –w vain and vulgar native woman who had a hallucination of being a superior Castillan
15. Don Alfonso Linares de Espadana –young Spaiard,cousin of Don Tiburcio who was penniless and jobless in
search of a rich Filipino heiress
Results of Ibarra’s attack to Padre Damaso:
1. his engagement tMaria Clara was broken
2. excommunication

Izal