Computer Fundamentals Lecture

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

What is Computer?

- A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

- A computer is a device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions at speed
millions and even billion of times faster them human beings can.
- Computer is an electronic machine which is use for data processing. The output which comes after
processing data through computer is known as Information.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS:

- Zeroth generation (1642 to 1945)

- First Generation (1945 to 1955)
- Second generation (1955 to 1965)
- Third generation (1966 to 1970)
- Fourth generation (1971 to 1980)
- Fifth generation (1980 to present)

ZEROTH GENERATION (1642 TO 1945)

- Mechanical calculators was developed as computing device.

FIRST GENERATION (1945 TO 1955)

- In 1946 first electronic computer ENAIC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator ) was
developed by Mr. J. Presper Eckert and Mr. John Manuchly at University of Pennsylvania.
- It uses 18,000 vacuum tubes and its cast was $500,000.
- Its weight was 30 tons and occupied a 30 by 50 foot space.
- It produced large amount of heat.
- Its speed was very slow.

SECOND GENERATION (1955 TO 1965)

- In this second generation vacuum tubes was replaced by transistors.

- Speed / performance of this generation computers was improved in comparison to first
generation computers.
- Size, price , and heat produced reduced by using transistors.

THIRD GENERATION (1966 TO 1970)

- In this third generation transistors was replaced by IC’s (Integrated Circuits i.e fabrication of
thousands electronic components on single silicon chip).
- Using this drastic reduction in the size of computers.
- Speed / performance was high in comparison to third generation.
 - Heat produced by computers was reduced.

FOURTH GENERATION (1971 TO 1980)

- In this generation IC’s are replaced by LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuits : more number of
electronic components on silicon chip)
- These are low cast, small size and high performance in comparisons to third generation computers

FIFTH GENERATION (1980 TO PRESENT)

- In this generation LSI are replaced by VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits)
- Size and cost of these computers is very less and performance is very high

A computer can be divided into two main categories:

1. Hardware

2. Software

 Hardware is basically anything that you can touch with your fingers. For computer hardware to
work it must follow a set of instructions that is supplied to it as software.
 Hardware refers to the computer’s physical components,
•

• Computer Case
• CPU (central processing
unit...Pentium chip)
• Monitor
• Keyboard & Mouse
• Disk Drive, Zip Drive, CD-ROM,
DVD,
• Hard Drive
• Memory (RAM)
• Speakers
• Printer
The term software refers to the set of instructions that directs the hardware to accomplish a task.

1. System Software

2. Application Software

3. Utility Software

 SYSTEM SOFTWARE/OPERATING SYSTEM

- System Software is used to control all components of computer and serves as an interface
between user and hardware.
o Control all Components of Computer
o Interface b/w user and Hardware

 APPLICATION SOFTWARE
- Application software is used or design for the specific purpose of the user

Examples:

 MS-WORD
 MS-POWER POINT
 MS-EXCEL
 Acdsee
 Corel Draw
 Paint
 Game
 MS-ACCESS

 UTILITY SOFTWARE
- Utility Software is used to remove any problem or solve a complex situation in computer.

Examples:

 Partition Magic
 Backup utility
 Antivirus Data
 Recovery
 Security Software
 Win Ghost
Bits n Bytes

1. Bit:
- One digit, either 0 or 1

2. Byte:
- any combination of 0 or 1.
- also called an OCTET.

Computer only understand 0 or 1

0 = off

1 = on

INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE

Consists of four parts where each part involves one or more specific components of the computer.

1. Input

2. Processing

3. Output

4. Storage

 Input: A computer receives data via an input device such as the keyboard. Input: A computer
receives data via an input device such as the keyboard.

 Processing: A computer program performs operations on the data to transform it into

information.

 Output: A computer produces the output through an output device such as the monitor to display
the result of the processing operations.

 Storage: A computer stores the result of the processing operations in a storage device such as the
hard disk.

So
- Computer is an Electronic device which can:

1. accept data

2. process it

3. give the result after that processing

4. and also store processed data

PC four major functions are:

 Input data
 Process data
 Output information
 Store data and information

DATA VS. INFORMATION

Data is a representation of a fact or idea

 Number
 Word
 Picture
 Sound
I. Examples of data: 3547, Ahmad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Information is data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful.

II. Examples of information: Roll No. 3547, Name-Ahmad, City-Kuala Lumpur, Country-Malaysia

Data vs. Instruction

A Personal Computer

Devices in INPUT:

 Keyboard
 Webcam
 Mouse
 Mic
 Scanner
 Joystick
 Lightpen
 Optical card reader (OCR)
 Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)
Other examples that is not
 Optical bar code reader (OBR)
stated in our notes.
 Voice recognition devices
 Optical mark reader (OMR)

Devices of OUTPUT:

 Monitor
 Speaker
 Printer
 Headphone
 Sound card
 Screen protector
 GPS location Other examples that
 Plotter is not stated in our
 Video card notes.
 Projector
Enter data to be processed

 Keyboard
 Scanners
 Mouse
 Trackball
 Touchscreen
 Microphone
 Game controller
 Digital camera

System Unit

Cabinet that houses all components

 Motherboard
 CPU
 Memory modules

- A processor present in system unit is the part that is like a computer’s brain.
- A system unit is a personal computer component that houses other devices necessary for the
computer to function.

Display Device

- A display device is a personal computer component that enables users to view the text and
graphical data associated with a computer program.
Input Devices

- An input device is a personal computer component that enables users to enter data or instructions
into a computer.

External Devices

- There are several categories of external devices:

 Microphone
 Digital camera
 Scanner
 Speakers
 Printer
 Network device
 External drive

System Unit Components

- The system unit itself has several important subcomponents, such as:
 System Board
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Memory
 System Bus
 Storage devices

The System Board

- The system board is the personal computer component that acts as the backbone for the entire
computer system.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

- The central processing unit (CPU), sometimes called microprocessor or just processor, is the real
brains of the computer and is where most of the calculations take place.
Memory

- Memory is the personal computer component that comprises the electronic storage areas in the
computer. It can be considered either volatile or non-volatile.

The System Bus

- The system bus is the main communication path between the CPU and memory.

Storage Devices

- A storage device is a system unit component, such as a hard drive, that enables users to save data
for reuse at a later time, even after the personal computer is shut down and restarted.

Power Supplies

- A power supply is an internal computer component that converts AC power from an electrical
outlet to the DC power needed by system components.

Cooling Systems

- Computer systems contain several components that require cooling:

 The computer case
 The CPU
 The power supply
 Some adapter cards
 Some hard disk drives

Adapter Cards

- An adapter card is a printed circuit board that you install into a slot on the computer’s system
board to expand the functionality of the computer.

Riser Cards

- A riser card is a board that plugs in to the system board and provides additional slots for adapter
cards.
Storage Devices

- The various types of storage devices used in personal computers are:

 Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)
 Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
 Optical Drives
 Tape Drives
 Solid State Storage devices

Floppy Disk Drives (FDD)

- FDD is a personal computer storage device that reads data from, and writes data to, removable
disks made of flexible Mylar plastic covered with a magnetic coating and enclosed in a stiff,
protective, plastic case.

Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

- HDD is a personal computer storage device that uses fixed media, which means that the disk is
built into the drive and the drives are not removed from the computer unless you are performing
an upgrade or a repair.

Optical Disks

- An optical disk is a personal computer storage device that stores data optically, rather than
magnetically.

Types of Optical Disks and Drives

- Optical disks and drives come in several types, such as:

 CD-ROM
 CD-R
 CD-RW
 DVD-ROM
 DVD-R
 DVD+R
 DVD+R DL
 DVD-RW
 DVD+RW
 DVD-RAM

Tape Drives

- A tape drive is a personal computer storage device that stores data magnetically on a removable
tape that is enclosed in a tape cartridge.

Solid State Storage

 - Solid state storage is a personal computer storage device that stores data in special types of
memory instead of on disks or tape.

Personal Computer Connection Methods

The various PC connection methods are:

 Ports
 Personal Computer Connections
 Serial Connections
 Parallel Connections
 Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connections
 IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections
 Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections
 Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections
 Serial ATA (SATA) Connections

Ports

- A port is a hardware connection interface on a personal computer that enables devices to be

connected to the computer.

Personal Computer Connection

- A personal computer connection is a means by which a personal computer component is attached

to other components to provide computing capabilities.

Serial Connections

- A serial connection is a personal computer connection that transfers data one bit at a time over a
single wire.

Parallel Connections

- A parallel connection is a personal computer connection that transfers data eight bits at a time
over eight wires and is typically used to connect a printer to a system unit.

USB Connections

- A USB connection is a personal computer connection that enables you to connect multiple
peripherals to a single port with high performance and minimal device configuration.
 Type B connector connects to USB device
 Type A connector connects to USB port on the computer or on a hub

IEEE 1394 and FireWire Connections

- A FireWire connection is a personal computer connection that provides a high-speed interface for
peripheral devices that are designed to use the IEEE 1394 standard.

Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) Connections

 - A SCSI connection is a personal computer connection that connects internal and external
components to the system unit and provides for high-speed data transfer.

Parallel ATA (PATA) Connections

- A PATA connection is a personal computer connection that provides a parallel data channel from
a disk controller to the disk drives.

Serial ATA (SATA) Connections

- A SATA connection is a personal computer connection that provides a serial data channel between the
drive controller and the disk drives.

1.5 Categories of Computer

Personal Computer
 A single-user computer that can perform all input, processing, output and storage operations on
its own.
 Two types of personal computer are desktop computer and workstation.

Notebook Computer
- Portable, small enough to fit on your lap.
-Also called a laptop computer.
-Usually more expensive than a desktop computer with equal capabilities.

Tablet PC
- A computer that is shaped like a slate or notebook.
- Normally fitted with a touch screen for users to enter input through a stylus.

Handheld Computer
- A small computer that can easily be fit in one hand and operated by the other hand.

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

-A small, portable computer built for specific purposes such as for keeping phone directories and
calendars.

Mid-Range Server
 More powerful and larger that a workstation and can support up to 4,000 users at one time.
 Formerly known as minicomputer.

Mainframe Computer
 Very powerful, expensive computer that supports thousands of connected users

Supercomputer
 The fastest, most powerful, most expensive computer.
 Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations.

Review Notes: First Quiz

1. 3 elements of computer system: HARDWARE, SOFTWARE, AND PEOPLEWARE

2. Software used to control all components of computer and serves as an interface between user and
hardware: SYSTEM SOFTWARE
3. Personal computer storage device that uses fixed media which means that the disk is built into the
drive: HARD DISK DIRVE
4. Earliest computing device invented by Chines people: ABACUS
5. Personal computer component that comprises the electronic storage areas in the computer:
MEMORY
6. A riser card is a printed circuit board that you install into a slot on the computer’s system board to
expand the functionality of the computer: FALSE
7. Part of the information processing cycle that receives or accept data: INPUT
8. Third generation computer component was made of: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
9. Hardware refers to the set of instructions that tells the computer what to do: FALSE
10. Defined as the knowledge and ability to use computers and related technology efficiently:
COMPUTER LITERACY
11. The memory is sometimes called microprocessor which is known as the real brain of the computer
and is where most of the calculations take place: FALSE
12. Hardware connection interface on a personal computer that enables devices to be connected to
the computer: PORT
13. Known as the representation of fact or idea such as number, word, picture or sound: DATA
14. An optical disk is a personal computer storage device that stores data optically rather than
magnetically: TRUE
15. Refers to the processed data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful way:
INFORMATION
16. Father of Modern computer: CHARLES BABBAGE
17. Refers to the physical component or the tangible part of the computer system: HARDWARE
18. Refers to the personal computer components that houses other devices necessary for the
computer to function: SYSTEM UNIT
19. Internal computer component that converts AC power from an electrical outlet to the DC power
needed by the system components: POWER SUPPLY
20. Software used to remove any problem or solve a complex situation in computer: UTILITY
21. Four steps in information processing cycle: INPUT, PROCESSING, OUTPUT, AND STORAGE
22. Second generation computers are made up of vacuum tube and the speed and performance is very
slow: FALSE
23. Steps in information processing cycle that performs operation on the data to transform it into
information: PROCESSING
24. Steps in data processing cycle that display information through monitor and print information
through printer: OUTPUT
25. Refers to the machines that performs tasks, such as calculation or electronic communication under
the control of a set of instructions: COMPUTER

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Zeroth Generation – 1642 to 1945

First Generation – 1945 to 1955
Second Generation – 1955 to 1965
Third Generation – 1966 to 1970
Fourth Generation – 1971 to 1980
Fifth Generation – 1980 up to present

 500 B.C
o Abacus
 1614
o John Napier – discovers logarithm using his bones
 1625
o William Oughtred – The Slide Rule
o -Adding and Subtracting
 1642
o Blaise Pascal – Pascal Calculator (Multiplying)
o – Another name: PASCALINE
 1671
o Gottfried Leibniz – Leibnitz’s Calculator (Stepped Reckoner)
 1822
o Charles Babbage – modern computer
o – First Mechanical Computer
 1832 – 1833
o Augusta Ada Byron – First Lady Programmer (upod ni sya ni Charles Babbage)
 1834
o Babbage’s (Analytical & Differential Engine)
 1890
o Herma Hollerith – punch cards
o – this machine was used to record data of US CENSUS
 1924
o IBM was formed
o – INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
 1937
o Alan Turing – FATHER OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
o – British Mathematician who develop the Turing Machine’s called Colossus
 o – Colossus is a machine that process equation to break German codes
 1943
o Howard Aiken – Harvard Professor
o Howard Aiken and IBM develops Mark 1
o Mark 1 – An electromecahnical computer. Developed to calculate ballistics charts for the US
Navy.
o Mark 1 (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator)
o Mark 1 – half as long as a football field and contained 500 miles of wire
o Mark 1 – used electromagnetic signals to move mechanical parts
o Mark 1 – was obsolete by the time it was complete
 1945
o John Von Neuman – developed an electronic computer at the IAS that uses a stored
program concept
 1946
o John P. Eckert Jr. & John W. Mauchly – designs the ENIAC (Vacuum Tubes)
o Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
o The size of a cellphone built with Vacuum Tubes.
o The size of a pager built with Vacuum Tubes.
o The size of a home computer built with Vacuum Tubes.
 1947
o John Bardeen , Walter Brattain, William Shockley and Bell Telephone Laboratories –
invention of the Transistor
 1951
o Grace Murray Hopper – invented the high level language
 1954
o UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer
o The first commercially successful electronic computer
 1958
o Jack Kilby – invented integrated circuits. (Texas Instruments)
 1959 – 1961
o COBOL, ALGOL, LISP, and APL Programming Languages
 1964
o Jon Kenemy – of Dartmouth leads the development of the BASIC programming languages
 1964 – 1973
o PL/1, LOGO, PILOT, FORTH, PASCAL, C, Prolog Programming Languages
 1965
o Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
o Introduced the first minicomputer
o The mini computer – PDP-8
 1970
o Development of UNIX, LSI chips
 1971
 o Dr. Tedd Hoff – the architect of first microprocessor was made the Intel 4004
 1972
o Atari was founded
 1974
o First personal computer – Altair that develop by MITS Inc.
 1975
o Bill Gates and Paul Allen – implemented the BASIC
o They form Microsoft
 1976
o Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak – founder of Apple Computer Inc. to Market Apple II
 1979 – 1980
o ADA, Modula – 2 Programming Languages
 1984
o MS – DOS was released by Microsoft
o Hewlett-Packard – announces the first LaserJet printer for personal computers.
 1985
o Microsoft Windows Launched
 1989
o Tim Berners-Lee – invented the World Wide Web (www)
 1994
o Jim Clark and Marc Andreesen – found Netscape and launch Netscape Navigator 1.0 (a
browser of world wide web [www])
o Linus Torvalds – created the Linux kernel
 1995
o Microsoft Windows 95 Sun Microsystem launches Java
 1997
o Microsoft Releases Internet Explorer 4
o IBM’s Deep Blue – the first computer to beat a reigning World Chess Champion
o Gary Kasprov – in a six chess game match
o Intel Plentium II released
 1998
o Microsoft Windows ‘98
 1999
o Apple Computer introduces iMac
o Intel Plentium III released
 2000
o Official launched of Microsoft Windows 2000
o AMD releases the Athlon 1 GHz
 2001
o Apple releases MacOS X
o Microsoft releases Windows XP
o Release of the ‘X’ Box – Microsoft’s gaming console
 2002
o Intel released Pentium IV
o Microsoft launches its NET strategy
o Digital video cameras, DVD writers, easy-to-use video editing software, and
improvements in storage capabilities allow the average computer to create Hollywood-
like videos with introductions, conclusions, scenes, rearranged, music and voice over.
 2003
o Wireless computers and devices (Ex. Keyboards, mouse, home networks, and public
internet access points) become common place.
o Latest operating systems include support for both the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth
 2004
o Flat-panel LCD monitors overtake bulky CRT monitors
o USB Flash Drives become a cost effective way to transport data and information from one
computer to another
o Apple computer introduces the sleek iMac G5, the new computer’s display device contains
the system unit
o Facebook – online social network available for college students is founded. Registration to
all people. 110 million users with more than billion photos, 20 million of which are
uploaded daily
 2005
o The Mozilla Foundation, the creators of the free open source Firefox browser, predicts
that by the end of 2005 it will have 10% of the browser market primarily at the expense of
Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) security-plagued browser.
o Microsoft unveil Window XP Media Center Edition, 2005 - this operating system allows
user to success the routine capabilities of a Windows XP-based PC while focusing delivering
media content such as music digital photography, music and television
o Microsoft introduces Visual Studio 2005 – the product includes Visual Basic, Visual C#,
Visual J#< Visual C++, and SQL Server. It release for hobbyist students and non-professionals
o Smartphone – overtakes the PDA as the personal mobile device of choice
o YouTube – an online community for video sharing. Includes contents such as home videos,
movie previews, and clips from television shows.
 November 2006 – Google acquires YouTube
o OQO handled computer – is fully-functional Windows XP computer with desktop
capabilities.
 4.9 inches long
 3.4 inches wide
 0.9 inches thick
 Weighing 14 ounces
 Fills the void between bulk and awkwardness of a notebook computer and the
limited capability of a smart phone of PDA
 2006
o Windows VISTA – released
o Intel introduces its Core 2 Duo processor family.
  Boasting record-breaking performance while using less power
 Consist of 5 desktop computer processors
 5 mobiles computer processor
 Desktop includes 291 million transistors, yet uses 40% less power than the Pentium
processor
 2009
o Windows 7 – released
o Intel releases the Core i5 and Core i7 line of processor.
 Offers increased performance for some of the more demanding tasks
 Intel enhances its Core processors family by realizing multi-core processors,
designed to increase the number of instructions that can be processed at a given
time.
 2010
o Apple introduce iPad
o Instagram is launched
o Intel purchases McAfee
o Microsoft releases Internet Explorer 9
o Google+ is made available for invite only
 2012
o Pinterest – is made available to everyone
o Apple iPhone 5 goes on sale
o Apple introduces iOS7
o The deal between Facebook and Instagram for one billion dollars finalized
o Microsoft Windows 8 and Microsoft Surface is released
o Microsoft releases Windows 8.1
 2014
o Satya Nadella – takes over as Microsoft CEO
o Sony – announces it will sell PC business to Japanese investment firm
o Apple iPhone goes on sale

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Objectives:
At the end of the Chapter, the students will be able to:
 understand fundamental computer concepts
 realize the importance of computer literacy
 know the advantages of electronic data processing systems
 be aware of the limitations and failures of computers
 be knowledgeable of the different classifications of computers
 differentiate the elements of the computer system
  classify computers according to their use

A World of Computers
What is computer literacy ?
Knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses
Computers are everywhere

Uses of Computers
 How we do business – Computerized Operations
 How we communicate – The Internet/ Digital Telecommunication.
 The way we work – Local Area Network
 What we buy – New products designed with the help of a Supercomputer
 How we are entertained – Digital Movies/Sounds
 The way we travel
 What we can do by ourselves – Personal computer software
 Our ability to move around – Cellular Telephones
 Our ability to predict the World Around Us – Learning about Global Warming
 How we learn – Multimedia CD –ROMS
 How we play – Virtual Reality Games

Computer Applications in Society

 Education
 Finance
 Government
 Healthcare
 Science
 Publishing
 Industry
 Four Basic
Functions of
Computer Systems

What is the information processing cycle?

 Input
 Process
 Output
 Storage
 Communication

Milestone in Computer History

Mark 1
An electromechanical computer developed in 1944 by Howard Aiken
Developed to calculate ballistics charts for the US Navy
Was about half as long as a football field and contained 500 miles of wire
Used electromagnetic signals to move mechanical parts Was obsolete by the time it was complete

Famous Quotes about Computers

 “I think there is a world
market for maybe five computers.” –
Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM,
1943
 “Computers in the
future may weigh no more than 1.5
tons.” – Popular Mechanics, 1949
 “There is no reason anyone in the right state of mind will want a computer in their home.” – Ken Olson,
President of Digital Equipment Corp, 1977.
 "So we went to Atari and said, 'Hey, we've got this amazing thing, even built with some of your parts, and what
do you think about funding us? Or we'll give it to you. We just want to do it. Pay our salary, we'll come work for
you' and they said, 'No.' So then we went to Hewlett -Packard, and they said, 'Hey we don't need you. You
haven't got through college yet.'" - Apple Computer Inc. founder Steve Jobs on attempts to get Atari and HP
interested in his and Steve Wozniak's personal computer.

The Microprocessor
A computer chip that contains on it the entire CPU
Mass produced at a very low price
Computers become smaller and cheaper
Intel 4004 – the first computer on a chip, more powerful than the original ENIAC.

THE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER

What is an input device?
 Hardware used to enter
data and instructions.
What is an output device?
 Hardware that conveys
information to one or more people.
What is the system unit?
 Case containing electronic components used to process data.
What is storage?
 Holds data, instructions, and information for future use.
 Storage medium is physical material used for storage.
 Also called secondary storage.

What is an communication device?

 Hardware component that enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions and information.

PERSONAL COMPUTERS
What are the two most popular series of personal computers?
 PC and compatibles use the Windows operating system
 Apple Macintosh uses the Macintosh operating system (Mac OS)

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS
 PERSONAL COMPUTERS
 MIDRANGE SERVERS
 MAINFRAMES
  SUPERCOMPUTERS
 Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices
What are smart phones and smart watches?
 A smart phone is an Internet-enabled telephone that usually provides PDA capabilities.
 A smart watch is an Internet-enabled watch that automatically adjusts to time zone changes and stores personal
information.

EMBEDDED COMPUTERS
 A special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product.

ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS

 Speed
 Accuracy/ Reliability
 Automatic Operation
 Storage
 Communications

DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS

 Violation of Privacy
 Health Risks
 Impact on Labor Force
 Impact on Environment

HARDWARE
 These are equipment involved in the function of a computer. Computer hardware consists of the components
that can be physically handled. Each of the four basic function of a computer system is performed by a specific
hardware component.

WHAT IS INPUT?
 Data or instructions entered into memory of computer.
 Input device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instructions.

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF INPUT?

Data - Unprocessed text, numbers, images, audio, and video.
Instructions - Programs / Commands / User responses

POINTING DEVICES
 Pointing device that fits under palm of hand
Mouse
 Mechanical mouse
 Optical mouse

 What are a touchpad and a pointing stick?

Touchpad is small, flat, rectangular pointing device sensitive to pressure and motion.
Pointing stick is pointing device shaped like pencil eraser positioned between keys on keyboard.

 Stylus and Digital pen

 Looks like a ballpoint pen, but uses pressure to write text and draw lines Used with graphics tablets, flat
electronic boards

 Joystick is vertical lever mounted on a base.

 Wheel is steering-wheel-type input device. Pedal simulates car brakes and accelerator.

INPUT DEVICES
 Mouse
 Trackball

VOICE INPUT
 How does voice recognition work?
 Step 1. A user dictates text into a microphone.
 Step 2. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) translates sound waves into digital measurements
computer can process. Measurements include pitch, volume, silences, and phonemes. Phonemes are
sound units such as aw and guh.
 Step 3. Software compares spoken measurements with those in its database to find a match or list of
possible matches.
 Step 4. To narrow a list down, software presents user with a list of choices or uses a natural language
component to predict most likely match. User may correct any selection made by software.

VIDEO INPUT
 Video conferencing
 Two or more geographically separated people who use network or Internet to transmit audio and video
data

OPTICAL SCANNERS
 Flatbed
 Sheetfed
 Handheld
 Drum

SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES

Optical Reader - Device that uses light source to read characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into
digital data

 Optical character recognition (OCR) reads characters in OCR font

 Optical mark recognition (OMR) reads hand-drawn pencil marks, such as small circles

SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES

 Bar Code Reader - uses laser beams to read bar codes.
 MICR Reader – on receipts
 RFID Reader – on shirts
 Magnetic Stripe Reader – atm cards scanner
 Biometric Devices
 Fingerprint Scanner
 Hand Geometry Scanner
  Face Recognition
 Iris Recognition

BIOMETRICS HAS 2 PARTS:

1) PSYCHOLOGICAL
 Face
 Fingerprint
 Hand
 Iris
 DNA
2) BEHAVIORAL
 Keystroke
 Signature
 Voice

WHAT IS OUTPUT?
 Data that has been processed into a useful form,
 Output device is any hardware component that can convey information to user.

DISPLAY DEVICES
Ex: LCD Monitors, Plasma Monitors, HD TV, Flat-Panel Displays, Cathode Ray Tube Monitors

 What is an LCD monitor?

 Uses liquid crystal display
 Have a small footprint
 Mobile devices that contain LCD displays include Notebook computer, Tablet PC, PDA, and Smart Phone.
 What is an LED monitor/display?
 A flat panel display, which uses an array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for a video display.
 Have a small footprint
 Mobile devices that contain LED displays include Notebook computer, Tablet PC, PDA, and Smart Phone.

Flat-Panel Displays
 What about using multiple LCD monitors?
 Some users position two or more monitors side by side or stacked
 Allows users to run multiple applications simultaneously
 What is resolution?
 Sharpness and clarity of image
 Higher resolution makes image sharper, displays more text on screen, makes some elements smaller
 How do you use an LCD monitor with a video card?
 Plug monitor into Digital Video Interface (DVI) port on computer
 What is a plasma monitor?
 Displays image by applying voltage to layer of gas
 Larger screen size and higher display quality than LCD, but are more expensive

CRT Monitors
 What is a CRT monitor?
  Contains cathode-ray tube (CRT)
 Screen coated with tiny dots of phosphor material
 Each dot consists of a red, blue, and green phosphor
 Common sizes are 15, 17, 19, 21, and 22 inches
 Viewable size is diagonal measurement of actual viewing area

OUTPUT DEVICES
 Data Projector
 Rear Projection Screens
 Smart Boards
 Speakers & Headset
 FAX MACHINE
 MULTI FUNCTION PERIPHERAL

 Printers
 Output device that produces text and graphics on paper
 Result is hard copy, or printout
 Two orientations: portrait and landscape
1) IMPACT PRINTERS - What is a dot-matrix printer?
 Impact printer that produces printed images when tiny wire pins strike ribbon
 Impact printer forms characters by striking mechanism against inked ribbon that contacts paper
2) What is a line printer?
 High-speed impact printer that prints entire line at a time
 Speed measured in lines per minute (lpm)
 Band printer prints fully formed characters using a hammer mechanism
 Shuttle-matrix printer is high-speed printer that works like dot-matrix printer
3) What is a non-impact printer?
 Forms characters and graphics without striking paper
 Ink-jet printer sprays tiny drops of liquid ink onto paper
 Prints in black-andwhite or color on a variety of paper types
4) What is the resolution of a printer?
 Next Sharpness and clarity
 Measured by number of dots per inch (dpi) printer can output
5) What is a photo printer?

 Color printer that produces photo-lab-quality pictures

Step 1. Take photograph with digital camera and store it on media card in the camera.
Step 2. Insert media card into card reader on photo printer.
Step 3. Use menu to select desired image to print, view it on LCD screen, edit if necessary, select size of the print, and
then print image.
Step 4. Remove printed photo from the printer.

6) What is a laser printer?

 High-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer
 Prints text and graphics in very high-quality resolution, ranging from 1,200 to 2,400 dpi
 Typically costs more than ink-jet printer, but is much faster
 7) What is a thermal printer?
 Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper
 Dye-sublimation printer, (also called a digital photo printer) uses heat to transfer dye to specially coated paper
 Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat-sensitive paper
 Dye-sublimation printer, (also called a digital photo printer) uses heat to transfer dye to specially coated paper

8) What is a mobile printer? What is a mobile printer?

 Small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows mobile user to print from notebook computer, Tablet PC,
or PDA while traveling

9) What is a label printer?

 Small printer that prints on adhesive-type material
 Most also print bar codes
 Postage printer has built-in digital scale and prints postage stamps

10)What is a plotter?
 Sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality drawings
 Large-format printer creates photo-realistic-quality color prints

How does an ink-jet printer work?

Step 1. A small resistor heats the ink, causing the ink to boil and form a vapor bubble.
Step 2. The vapor bubble forces the ink through the nozzle
Step 3. Ink drops on
Step 4. As the vapor bubble collapses, fresh ink is drawn into the firing chamber.

POST-TEST 1
1. Invented the world wide web - Tim Berners-Lee
2. Year that Microsoft introduces Visual Studio 2005 - 2005
3. First computing device invented by Chinese people - Abacus
4. Known as the first microprocessor - Intel 4004
5. First modern scientist to develop and build a calculator - Blaise Pascal
6. Year that USB flash drives become a cost-effective way to transport data and information from one
computer to another - 2004
7. He invented the slide rule in 1625 - William Oughtred
8. First large scale electronic general purpose digital computer developed by Dr. John Mauchly and
Presper Echkert. - ENIAC 1
9. Object-oriented programming language that allows users to write one program for a variety of
computer platforms - Java
 10. He invented the integrated circuits in 1958 which lays the foundation for high speed computers and
large capacity memory - Jack Kilby
11. Year that smart phone overtakes the PDA as the personal mobile device - 2005
12. It is the online social network originally available only to college students in the year 2004 -
Facebook
13. Father of computer science who developed the Colossus - Alan Turing
14. High-Level business application language developed by Dr. Grace Hopper - COBOL
15. First LaserJet printer for personal computers was developed by - Hewlett-Packart
16. Build the first apple computer - Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak
17. He is known as the father of the modern computer - Charles Babbage
18. A popular search engine and portal founded by two Standford Ph. D students as a way to keep track
of their personal interests on the internet. - Google
19. First lady programmer worked with Babbage - Augusta Ada Byron
20. Machine that performs tasks under the control of a set of instructions – Computer

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING

Chapter 1 – Acronyms

ASCII -American Standard Code for Information BASIC - Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic
Interchange Instruction Code
ACM- Association of Computing Machinery CAN- Campus Area Network
AI- Artificial Intelligence COBOL- Common Business-Oriented Language
ALGOL- Algorithmic Language CPU- Central Processing Unit
AMD - Advanced Micro Devices DEC- Digital Equipment Corporation
APL- A Programming Language DOS - Disk Operating System
ASCII- American Standard Code for Information EBCDIC- Extended Binary-Coded Decimal
Interchange Interchange Code
ATM- Asynchronous Transfer Mode
EDVAC - Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic LISP- List Processing
Computer LOGO- Logic Oriented Graphic Oriented
ENIAC- Electronic Numeric Integrator and LSI- Large-Scale Integration
Calculator MacOS – Macintosh Operating System
FPD – Flat Panel Display MAN- Metropolitan Area Network
FORTRAN – Formula Translator MITS - Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry
GAN- Global Area Network Systems
HDMI- High-definition Multimedia Interface MS-DOS –Microsoft Disk Operating System
HP – Hewlett Packard OS- Operating System
IBM- International Business Machines PAN- Personal Area Network
ICT- Information and Communication Technology PDA- Personal Digital Assistant
IBM – International Business Machine PILOT- Programmed Inquiry Learning or Teaching
IDI- ICT Development Index RPA- Robotic Process Automation
IAS - Institute for Advanced Study UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer
IE- Internet Explorer UNIX- Uniplexed Information and Computing
IoT- Internet of Things System
IT- Information Technology USB- Universal Serial Bus
ITU- International Telecommunication Union WAN- Wide Area Network
LAN- Local area network Wi-Fi – Wireless Fidelity
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display WWW – World Wide Web
LED -Light-Emitting Diode

Chapter II
Electronic Data Processing System

 Electronic Data Processing (EDP) – can refer to the use of automated methods
 To process commercial data
 Computers exist in a wide range of sizes and power.
 The smallest are embedded within the circuitry of appliances, such as televisions and
wristwatches
 These computers are typically reprogrammed for a specific task, such as tuning to a particular
television frequency, delivering doses of medicine, or keeping accurate time.
 They generally are “hard-wired” – that is, their programs are represented as circuits that
cannot be reprogrammed.

Components of computers
 1. Input devices – any hardware components that allows you to enter data and
instructions into computer.
2. Output devices – any hardware components that conveys information to one or more
people.
3. System unit – usually referred to as the Central Processing Unit. The system unit is
the case that contains the electronic components of computers that are process data.
4. Storage devices – storage holds data, instructions, and information for future use. A
computer keeps them on storage media.
5. Communication devices – a hardware components that enables a computer to
sends, transmit and receive data, instructions and information to and from one or more
computers.
Categories of computers

Two types of personal computers

1. Desktop computers
2. Notebook computers

Four popular types of mobile devices

1. Handheld computers – its capable of communicating with other handheld computers
wirelessly and includes a digital pen or a stylus for input
2. PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) – it provides organizer functions.
3. Smartphone – it is an internet-enabled telephone
4. Tablet PC – using a digital pen, it allows to write or draw on the screen and would
issue instructions
5. Smart watch – an internet enabled watch

Categories of computers
1. Mind range server – more powerful and larger than a workstation computer. It
typically supports several hundreds and sometimes up to few thousand connected
computers at the same time.
2. Mainframes – a large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle hundreds of
thousands connected user simultaneously. Every major corporations uses mainframes
for business activities like billing of million of customers, prepare payroll for thousands
of employees, and manage thousands of items in inventory.
3. Supercomputers – the fastest, more powerful computer – and the most expensive.
Capable of processing more than 100 trillion instructions in a single second. Weighs
more than 100 tons, these computers can store more than 20,000 times the data and
information of an average desktop computer.
4. Embedded computers – a special-purpose computer that functions as a component
in a large product.

Advantages of using computers

1. Accuracy – with the computer program narrowly defined, computers are extremely
reliable or even considered 100% accurate
 2. Speed – by now it is a human nature to be resentful if service is not fast. But it is
“computer” nature that provides that fast service
3. Automatic operation – a computer can carry out a sequence of many data processing
operation without human intervention
4. Decision making capability – a computer can perform certain decision instructions
automatically
5. Compact storage – computer systems are able to store tremendous amounts of data,
with can be retrieved quickly and efficiently
6. Communications – most computers today can communicate with other computers,
often wirelessly

Disadvantages of computer
1. Violation of privacy -there are instances that confidential and personal records stored
in a computer is not properly protected
2. Impact on labor force – with hundred of thousand of a new computers’ jobs offer,
skills of millions of employees have been replaced by computers
3. Health risk – prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorders of
the hands, wrist, elbows, eyes, neck and back
4. Impact on environment – computers manufacturing processes and computer waste
are depleting natural resources and polluting the environment.

Computer limitations
1. Dependent on programs and/or instructions
2. Cannot derive meanings from objects
3. Cannot generate information by itself
4. Cannot correct wrong instructions

Computer failures
1. Input errors
2. Errors in instructing a computer
3. The communications gap
4. Improper controls
5. Lack of standards
6. Lack of adequate manufacturer support

Elements of computer
1. Hardware – these are equipment involved in the function of a computer. Computer
hardware consists of the components that can be physically handed. The functions of
these components are typically divided into four main categories: input, processing,
output and storage.
2. Software – these are set of instructions a computer uses to manipulate data such as
word-processing program or a video game, also computer instructions that cause the
hardware-the machines- to do work
3. Peopleware – represents the personnel involved in the function of the compute.
Computer professionals are referred to as those persons involved in system
analysis, maintenance and production, programming and the like. Computer users that
utilize an existing computer using a program are termed as end-users.