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Performance of Zn-Cu and Al-Cu Electrodes in Seawater Battery at Different

Distance and Surface Area

Article  in  International Journal of Renewable Energy Research · March 2017

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH
A. Susanto et al. ,Vol. 7, No. 1, 2017

Performance of Zn-Cu and Al-Cu Electrodes in

Seawater Battery at Different Distance and Surface
Area

Adi Susanto*‡, Mulyono Sumitro Baskoro**, Sugeng Hari Wisudo***, Mochammad Riyanto****, Fis
Purwangka*****

*Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Jl. Raya Jakarta Km. 4 Pakupatan
Serang Banten Indonesia, 42118; Marine Fisheries Technology, Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Faculty of
Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Agathis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia,
16680
**Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University,
Jl. Agathis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia, 16680

***Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University,
Jl. Agathis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia, 16680

****Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University,
Jl. Agathis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia, 16680

*****Department of Fisheries Resources Utilization, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University,
Jl. Agathis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor Jawa Barat Indonesia, 16680
(adisusanto@untirta.ac.id, baskoro.mul@gmail.com, wisudo1966@gmail.com, fis_tli@yahoo.com)

‡
Corresponding Author; Adi Susanto, 42118, Tel: +62 254 280 330, Fax: +62 254 828 5293, adisusanto@untirta.ac.id

Received: 02.11.2016 Accepted:15.12.2016

Abstract- Seawater battery is one of the green electricity sources to fulfil energy need for electrical equipment, especially in
the coastal area and fishing activity. The application of this technology is still limited because of the high cost in the electrode
production. This study analyzed the performance of Zn-Cu and Al-Cu electrode as cheap material to generate electricity from
sea water in the different distance and surface area. The results shown zinc anode produced higher voltage and current than
aluminium anode with number of 839 mV and 1.75 mA respectively. Increasing of surface area at the same distance was
increase the current output for each material. Distance of electrode was affected to the current density, but it causes fluctuation
at the voltage. Application of zinc anode with higher surface area and short distance generate high voltage and current output
in the salt water battery.
Keywords: Anode, battery, cathode, electricity, seawater.

1. Introduction energy technology can be improved to empower the more

efficient utilization of renewable electricity sources [1].
The sustainable energy is one of the key challenges in Seawater is an important alternative power source to generate
the modern society and the important part of science and low cost and green electricity for several needs. The
technology development. The performance of sustainable development of seawater batteries is conducted to enable the
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH
A. Susanto et al. ,Vol. 7, No. 1, 2017

efficient and the power full technology of saltwater activated

batteries as power sources for underwater instruments
including military device and commercial equipment [2,3].
Previous research is shown the high possibility to
generate electricity from seawater. Magnesium and zinc alloy
in each composition generate current of 50-75 mA with
potential of 0.4-0.6 V and suitable enough to be developed as
seawater battery [2]. Application of hard carbon and Sn-C
nanocomposite electrodes are successfully applied as anode
materials in hybrid-seawater fuel cell, generate highly stable
cycling performance and reversible capacities exceeding 110
m.Ah.g-1 and 300 m.Ah.g-1, respectively [1]. The Mg-6%Al- Fig.1. The experimental set-up
1%Sn alloy obtains the most negative discharge potential of
average -1.611 V with an electric current density of 100 mA
cm-2 [3]. 2.2. Procedure
The electrochemical mechanism of a rechargeable
seawater battery uses seawater as the cathode material. In all experiment, seawater was prepared in same salinity
Sodium is harvested from seawater while charging the (31 psu) of volume 1.0 litre and drop to the experiment tank.
battery and the harvested sodium is discharged with oxygen One side of all electrodes were layered by cellophane tape.
dissolved in the seawater, functioning as oxidants to produce The pair of electrodes put on styrofoam (7.0x8.0) cm at the
electricity. The seawater showed 4.05 V with Cl2 evolution different distance based on experiment set-up. Furthermore,
during charge and the discharge potential was 2.9 V with O2 the electrodes put into the tank and connected with
participation into the discharge reaction [4]. multimeter for one hour to amount voltages and currents in
10 minutes interval [3,7]. Seawater, surface area, and
Meanwhile, application of seawater battery technology distance of electrode combinations were replaced every one
as a commercial product is still limited due to of high cost in hour after the experiment has finished. All experiment was
the electrode material. The common electrode is produced by conducted in 3 times replications to measure the average of
combination of several metals such as magnesium, nickel, current, voltage and current density respectively. The current
stannum or lithium which are expensive and restricted. density was calculated as:
Moreover, the performance of seawater battery to generate
electricity is highly affected by the proper combination of
electrode.
In this study, we analyzed the performance of zinc and
aluminium as anode and copper as cathode to generate
electricity in the same salinity of seawater (31 psu). As an 3. Results and Discussion
anode material, zinc and aluminium are abundant,
environmentally friendly and cheap [5]. Copper is a material 3.1. Voltage
which is commonly used as cathode in galvanic cell because
it has high efficiency and suitable in seawater [6]. Moreover, The results of average voltage using zinc and aluminium
zinc and aluminium also become inert anode and may anode is shown in Table 1. There were significant different
generate high output electricity in seawater battery. of output voltage between zinc and aluminium anode for all
experiment combinations. Voltage with zinc anode was
2. Materials and Methods higher than aluminium anode (p<0.05). The highest voltage
used zinc anode was found at the distance of 2 cm and
2.1. Experimental set-up surface area of 5 cm² by 839 mV. Meanwhile, aluminium
anode has highest voltage at the same distance and surface
The experiment was conducted on July to August 2016 area by 547 mV.
in Fishing Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Increasing of the surface area of zinc anode and
Marine Science Bogor Agricultural University, in the set up aluminium anode was not significantly affected to the
shows in Fig. 1. Four different materials were chosen as voltage output. The farther distance of electrode also caused
electrode. The copper plate used as cathode. The anodes fluctuation of voltage level. It means the distance and surface
consisted of zinc and aluminium plate respectively. The area of electrode was not a main factor to generate high
study used four surfaces area of electrodes (5 cm², 10 cm², 20 voltage from galvanic seawater cell. However, the level of
cm², 30 cm²) and three distances of electrodes (1.0 cm, 2.0 voltage was determined by electrode material [8,9,10],
cm, 3.0 cm). The electrodes were connected with digital especially at the value of negative standard electrode
multimeter (Sanwa Cd 771) to measure voltage and current potential (NSEP). Zinc has a value of NSEP which is more
from the system. negative than aluminium [10]. Zinc also has an energy
density as high as 1,480 W.h.kg-1 in primary zinc–air
batteries [5]. However, aluminium has an energy density of

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A. Susanto et al. ,Vol. 7, No. 1, 2017

400 W.h.kg-1 in aluminium-air battery [11]. Application of has the highest current (0.72 mA) was reached at surface area
zinc electrode at seawater galvanic cell has efficient of 30 cm² with the distance of 2 and 3 cm.
performance and produced 0.5-0.6 V for 150 days [12].
The changing of the surface area in the same anode
Zinc was suitable enough to be developed as anode in material was followed by increase of current output as shown
seawater galvanic cell to generate the high voltage level. It in Fig. 2. The high current was reached at the large surface
was reasonable due to zinc is abundant, environmentally area, especially at the short distance. Current in
friendly, and cheap [5], compatible with seawater, easy to be electrochemical seawater cell is closely related to the
obtained and very familiar for the society. Meanwhile, effectiveness of electron flow and it is dependent on how
copper is a material which commonly used as cathode in good is the electro-catalytic property of the anode [13]. The
galvanic cell because it has high efficiency and suitable in short distance of electrode can be produce high current
seawater [6]. Combination of copper cathode and zinc anode because the electron flows between anode and cathode
would be appropriate pair electrode to generate high voltage became efficient process. It was related to the number of
in galvanic seawater cell. internal area resistance per cell. The internal resistance
increases slowly to an asymptotic value as the flow rate
3.2. Current increases, and grows to the largest contribution in distances
of electrodes. Small electrode distances give a significant
The pair of electrode generates a different current based decrease in ohmic resistance and consequently also in the
on material and surface area as presented in Table 2. Zinc total internal resistance [14]. The closer electrode spacing
anode produced a higher current (mA) than aluminium anode would reduce the resistance and significantly increase energy
in all experiment combinations. The highest current using efficiency [15]. Increasing of surface area in the short
zinc anode was found at 30 cm² of surface area and 1 cm of distance will increase the current output to generate
distance as high as 1.75 mA. Moreover, aluminium anode electricity based on needs [16,17].

Table 1. Voltage (mV) using zinc anode and aluminium anode at combination of distance and surface area (number in average
± SE)

Surface area (cm²)

Distance (cm) 5 10 20 30
Zinc anode
1 836.90±0.74 812.10±1.03 832.54±1.54 802.00±1.73
2 839.38±0.86 807.54±1.00 807.31±1.74 821.08±1.32
3 819.76±0.96 812.85±1.66 825.33±1.92 818.51±1.59
Aluminium anode
Distance (cm) 5 10 20 30
1 545.08±1.11 521.23±0.73 519.72±6.39 523.54±1.64
2 547.67±4.62 530.38±0.93 531.00±2.74 507.10±2.25
3 539.85±0.84 530.23±1.18 537.97±2.89 525.69±1.58

Table 2. Current (mA) using zinc anode and aluminium anode at combination of distance and surface area (number in average
± SE)

Surface area (cm²)

Distance (cm) 5 10 20 30
Zinc anode
1 0.28±0.01 0.49±0.07 0.93±0.11 1.75±0.17
2 0.33±0.02 0.61±0.05 1.14±0.11 1.25±0.18
3 0.33±0.02 0.50±0.04 0.91±0.11 1.28±0.14
Aluminium anode
Distance (cm) 5 10 20 30
1 0.19±0.02 0.24±0.05 0.58±0.16 0.65±0.13
2 0.22±0.03 0.29±0.05 0.50±0.14 0.72±0.16
3 0.17±0.02 0.20±0.04 0.48±0.13 0.72±0.17

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The current output with aluminium anode was lower

than zinc anode. There was related to the property of
aluminium which has thermodynamic potential of −1.662V
in neutral (saline) electrolytes and −2.31V in alkaline
electrolytes that is more positive than zinc [22]. It caused the
same electrode combination using aluminium will generate
lower current output than zinc anode. Moreover, the
increasing surface area produced high current output. The
higher surface area of aluminium anode has better performs
in aluminium-air battery with the current density 6 mA cm‫־‬²
[23].

3.3. Current density

Zinc anode has higher current density than aluminium

anode in all experiment as shown in Fig. 3. The maximum
current density reached at distance of 2 cm and surface area 5
cm² with the number 0.067 mA cm‫־‬² and 0.043 mA cm‫־‬² for
Fig. 2. Current output using zinc and aluminium anode zinc and aluminium anode respectively. The different
related to surface increased distance of electrode caused fluctuation of current density. At
the limited surface area, short distance caused fluctuation of
Positive ions are move from the anode to the cathode current densities wherein 1 cm distance has lowest number.
through the electrolyte in electrochemical cell during Moreover, increasing of electrode distance at the higher
discharge. The ability of a cell to produce a given current surface area affected to the decreasing of average current
depends on the area of the electrode [18]. The anode builds densities. It was related to the current distribution at the
up negative charge and the cathode builds up positive charge, electrode area. Increasing the surface area of electrode
creating the cell voltage V(t). Negative electrons flow substance generally decrease the current densities because
through an external load from the anode to the cathode and the current would be distributed equally to the surface area
creating a current in the opposite direction. The sign [8,24,25].
convention for positive current is in the opposite direction of
the electron flow. The current of it cell is proportional to the A long-term test of aluminium anode in different percent
electrode area as an active material. The large area of of NaCl solution and in seawater showed stationary behavior
electrode can accelerate the electrochemical reaction and reached over 400 h. The increasing percent of NaCl and
generate higher current [19]. The larger surface area are seawater salinity generate high voltage and current density at
deliver more current and also has significant effect to the the same surface area [22]. Zinc and aluminium is a common
capacity of electrochemical battery [11,20, 21]. inert metal, which was applied at the commercial battery.
The application of inert electrode to generate electricity in
A linier relationship between current (y) and surface area the salt water battery will increase energy output and made
(x) uses zinc and aluminium anode shows in Table 3. There long life time of cells [26]. The results from this experiment
was strong correlation in all electrode combination with the confirmed about the potential application of zinc and
number of correlation coefficient range 0.9630 to 0.9988. aluminium as an anode to develop the high capacity
Increasing of surface area with the same distance accelerates electrochemical seawater battery. Copper is constantly used
the higher current at zinc anode than aluminium anode. as cathode material due to large amount and easily available.
Moreover, zinc and aluminium have highest output current
Table 3. Linear relationship between surface area and
after magnesium anode [27].
current
The salt water batteries are suitable for special
Distance Correlation applications, such as emergency lighting, reserve power,
Linear Equation
(cm) coefficient (r) long-lasting silent power for communication equipment and
Zinc anode lighting on yachts and other marine objects, lighting for
1 y = 0.0577x - 0.0773 0.9856 camping [22] and fishing lamp for small scale fisheries. The
2 y = 0.0375x + 0.2240 0.9812 batteries application in small scale fisheries are still
3 y = 0.0383x + 0.1335 0.9995 developed through fishing lamp inovation using Light
Aluminium anode Emitting Diode (LED). LED lamp has a high intensity,
1 y = 0.0205x + 0.0826 0.9630 however it has low energy consumption [28,29,30]. The
2 y = 0.0202x + 0.1041 0.9988 combination of LED lamp and salt water batteries are
3 y = 0.0233x + 0.0125 0.9896 expected to become an efficient and effective technology to
develop fishing activity for small scale fisheries.

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A. Susanto et al. ,Vol. 7, No. 1, 2017

0.09
0.08

Current density (mA/ cm²)

0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
5 10 20 30
Surface area (cm²)
Zn anode at Distance of 1 cm Al anode at Distance of 1 cm
Zn anode at Distance of 2 cm Al anode at Distance of 2 cm
Zn anode at Distance of 3 cm Al anode at Distance of 3 cm

Fig. 3. Current density using zinc and aluminium anode related to surface increased

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