MAGNETOSTATIC

FIELDS
Electromagnetic Force
The electromagnetic force is given by Lorentz Force Equation (After Dutch
physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853 – 1928))

F  q E  u  B

The Lorentz force equation is quite useful in determining the paths charged
particles will take as they move through electric and magnetic fields. If we also
know the particle mass, m, the force is related to acceleration by the equation
F  ma.

The first term in the Lorentz Force Equation represents the electric force Fe
acting on a charge q within an electric field is given by.

Fe  qE

The electric force is in the direction of the electric field.

Magnetic Force
The second term in the Lorentz Force Equation represents magnetic force
Fm(N) on a moving charge q(C) is given by

Fm  q u  B

where the velocity of the charge is u (m/sec) within a field of magnetic flux
density B (Wb/m2). The units are confirmed by using the equivalences
Wb=(V)(sec) and J=(N)(m)=(C)(V).

The magnetic force is at right angles to the magnetic field.

The magnetic force requires that the charged particle be in motion.

It should be noted that since the magnetic force acts in a direction normal to the
particle velocity, the acceleration is normal to the velocity and the magnitude of
the velocity vector is unaffected.

Since the magnetic force is at right angles to the magnetic field, the work done
by the magnetic field is given by

W   F dL   FdL cos 90  0
 Magnetostatics – Biot-Savart’s Law
Shortly following Oersted’s discovery that currents produce magnetic
fields, Jean Baptiste Biot (1774-1862) and Felix Savart (1791-1841)
arrived at a mathematical relation between the field and current.
The Law of Biot-Savart is

I1dL1  a12
dH 2  (A/m)
4 R 2
12

To get the total field resulting from a current,

you can sum the contributions from each
segment by integrating

IdL  a R
H . (A/m)
4 R 2

Note: The Biot-Savart law is analogous to the Coulomb’s law

equation for the electric field resulting from a differential charge
dQ1a12
dE 2  .
4 R2
12
Magnetostatics – Ampere’s Circuital Law
In electrostatics problems that featured a lot of symmetry we were able to
apply Gauss’s Law to solve for the electric field intensity much more easily
than applying Coulomb’s Law.

Likewise, in magnetostatic problems with sufficient symmetry we can employ

Ampere’s Circuital Law more easily than the Law of Biot-Savart.

Ampere’s Circuital Law says that the integration of H around any closed
path is equal to the net current enclosed by that path.
I enc
 H dL  I enc

The line integral of H around a closed path is termed H

the circulation of H.
Magnetostatics – Magnetic Flux Density
The magnetic flux density, B, related to the magnetic field intensity in free
space by
B  o H

where o is the free space permeability, given in units of henrys per meter, or
o  4 x107 H / m

The units of B are therefore (H)(A)/m2, but it is more instructive to write

webers per meter squared, or Wb/m2, where Wb=(H)(A).

But for brevity, and perhaps to honor a deserving scientist, a tesla , T, equivalent
to a Wb/m2, is the standard unit adopted by the International System of Units.

The amount of magnetic flux, , in webers, from magnetic field passing

through a surface is found in a manner analogous to finding electric flux:

   B dS
Gauss’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Current Law
Gauss’s Law: The net magnetic flux passing through
a closed surface (Gaussian surface) must be zero

 B dS   HdS cos   cos   I  0 I5 I4

Closed
Surface
I 0 I1 I3
Therefore, the algebraic sum of the currents I2
entering any closed surface is zero.
Node
This is analogous to Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)!
Kirchhoff’s Current Law: The algebraic sum
of the currents entering any node is zero.
n

I
i 1
i 0

I
i 1
i I1  I 2  I3  I 4  I5  0
 Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions
Special Case: If the surface current density K = 0, we get
If K = 0
H T1  H T 2  K H T1  H T2
The tangential magnetic field intensity is
continuous across the boundary when the
surface current density is zero.

Important Note:
B
We know that B  o r H (or) H 
o r
Using the above relation, we obtain
BT1 B
H T1  H T2  T2
o 1 o 2
Therefore, we can say that BT1  BT2
The tangential component of the magnetic flux density B is not continuous
across the boundary.
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions
Gauss’s Law for Magnetostatic fields:

 B dS = 0

To find the second boundary condition, we center a Gaussian pillbox

across the interface as shown in Figure.

We can shrink h such that the flux out of the side of the pillbox is
negligible. Then we have

 B dS   B a dSa N   BN 2a N dS ( a N )
N1 N

  BN1  BN 2  S  0.

Normal BC: BN1  BN 2 .

Magnetic Force
Example: At a particular instant in time, in a region of space where E = 0 and B
= 3ay Wb/m2, a 2 kg particle of charge 1 C moves with velocity 2ax m/sec.
What is the particle’s acceleration due to the magnetic field?
Given: q= 1 nC, m = 2 kg, u = 2 ax (m/sec), E = 0, B = 3 ay Wb/m2.
Newtons’ Second Law Lorentz Force Equation
F  ma F  q  E  u  B  q u  B
Equating
q 1 m
a uB  2a x  3a y  3a z 2
m 2 sec
C m Wb

 kg m  N m  J  V sec   m
To calculate the units:    
kg sec m
2
 N sec 2  J  C V  Wb  sec 2
Example: A 10. nC charge with velocity 100. m/sec in the z direction enters a
region where the electric field intensity is 800. V/m ax and the magnetic flux
density 12.0 Wb/m2 ay. Determine the force vector acting on the charge.
Given: q= 10 nC, u = 100 az (m/sec), E = 800 ax V/m, B = 12.0 ay Wb/m2.

 V m Wb 
F  q  E  u  B   10 x109 C  800 a x  100 a z 12 2 a y   2  Na x
 m s m 
Magnetic Force
Example: A pair of parallel infinite length lines each carry current I = 2A in the
same direction. Determine the magnitude of the force per unit length between
the two lines if their separation distance is (a) 10 cm, (b)100 cm. Is the force
repulsive or attractive?

Magnetic force between two current elements o I1 I 2 L

F12   ay
when current flow is in the same direction 2 y
F12  o I1 I 2
Magnetic force per unit length  ay
L 2 y
Case (a) y = 10 cm
F12 (4  107 )(2)(2)
 2
ay  8  N/m
L 2 (10  10 )
Case (a) y = 10 cm
F12 (4 107 )(2)(2)
 2
ay  0.8  N/m
L 2 (100 10 )
 Magnetostatics – An Infinite Line current
Example: Consider an infinite length line along the z-axis conducting current I in
the +az direction. We want to find the magnetic field everywhere.

We first inspect the symmetry and see that An infinite length line of current
the field will be independent of z and  and
only dependent on ρ.
So we consider a point a distance r from the line
along the ρ axis.
The Biot-Savart Law
IdL  a R
H
4 R 2

IdL is simply Idzaz, and the vector from the source to the test point is
Ra R   za z   a 
The Biot-Savart Law becomes

Idza z    za z   a  
H  .
 
3
 4 z  2 2 2
Magnetostatics – An Infinite Line current
Pulling the constants to the left of the integral and realizing
that az x az = 0 and az x aρ = a, we have
I  a 
dz
H 
4
 
3
 z2   2 2

The integral can be evaluated using the formula given in Appendix D

dx x
 
x 2
a 2 32
 a2 x2  a2
t t
t    
   t 
 
dz z z t
I    
t
2
z 2 32
  2
 z
2 2
t
 2  2  z2 t
 2 2 t2

  2
      t 
2 2 

 t   t  2t
I   
 2 2  t2    2  2  t2   2  2  t2
   

When the limit t  


2 2 2

dz
I   
z  2
3 2 2

2
 2 2
 
2  t  1 2    1
   
Magnetostatics – An Infinite Line current
An infinite length line of current

I  a 
dz
H 
4
 
3
 z2   2 2


2

dz
Using I  
z  2
3

2 2 2


We find the magnetic field intensity resulting

from an infinite length line of current is Direction: The direction of the
magnetic field can be found using
Ia  1 the right hand rule.
H H a
2 

Magnitude: The magnitude of the

magnetic field is inversely
proportional to radial distance.
 Magnetostatics – A Ring of Current
Example: Let us now consider a ring of current with radius a lying in the x-y
plane with a current I in the +az direction.
The objective is to find an expression for the field at an arbitrary point a
height h on the z-axis.
The Biot-Savart Law
IdL  a R
H
4 R 2
The differential segment dL = ada
The vector drawn from the source to the test point is
R = Ra R  ha z  aa 

Magnitude: R  h2  a 2 Unit Vector: aR   ha z  aa   R

The biot-Savart Law can be written as

2
Iad a   ha z  aa   Ia
2
da   ha z  aa  
H   
  4
h 
3 3
 0 4 h  a2 2 2
 0
2
a 2 2
 Magnetostatics – A Ring of Current
We can further simplify this expression by considering the symmetry of the problem

d a   ha z  aa   d  ha   aa z 
az components add
2 2
Ia Ia
H=
4  
4 
h  h 
3 3
 0
2
a 2 2
 0
2
a 2 2

A particular differential current element will give a field

with an aρ component (from a x az) and an az aρ Components
Cancel
component (from a x –aρ).

Taking the field from a differential current element on the

opposite side of the ring, it is apparent that the radial
components cancel while the az components add.
2
Ia 2 a z Ia 2
H  d H az
   
3 3
4 h 2  a 2 2
0 2 h2  a 2 2

H
At h = 0, the center of the loop, this equation reduces to
I
H az
2a
 Magnetostatics – A Solenoid
A solenoid
Solenoids are many turns of insulated wire coiled in the shape
of a cylinder.
Suppose the solenoid has a length h, a radius a, and is made
up of N turns of current carrying wire. For tight wrapping, we
can consider the solenoid to be made up of N loops of current.

To find the magnetic field intensity from a single loop at a point

P along the axis of the solenoid, from we have

The differential amount of field resulting from a differential

amount of current is given by
dIa 2
dH P  az
2 z '  a 
3
2 2 2

The differential amount of current can be considered a function

of the number of loops and the length of the solenoid as
N
dI  Idz '
h
 Magnetostatics – A Solenoid
Fixing the point P where the field is desired, z’ will range
from –z to h-z, or
h z
NIa 2 dz '
H  
2h z '  a 2 2

az
z

h z
NIa 2 dz '

2h   z '  a a .
2 2 z
z

This integral is found from Appendix D, leading to the solution

NI
 hz
 z
H    az
2h   h  z   a2
2
z a 
2 2
 

At the very center of the solenoid (z = h/2), with the assumption that the length is
considerably bigger than the loop radius (h >> a), the equation reduces to
NI
H az
h
Magnetostatics – Ampere’s Circuital Law Application to
Current Sheet
Example: Let us now use Ampere’s Circuital Law to find the magnetic
field intensity resulting from an infinite extent sheet of current.

Let us consider a current sheet with uniform current

density K = Kxax in the z = 0 plane along with a
rectangular Amperian Path of height h and width w.

Amperian Path: In accordance with the right hand

rule, where the thumb of the right hand points in
the direction of the current and the fingers curl in
the direction of the field, we’ll perform the
circulation in the order
a  b  c  d  a.

Ampere’s Circuital Law

 H dL I enc

b c d a

  H dL   H dL   H dL   H dL.
a b c d
 Magnetostatics – Ampere’s Circuital Law
Application to Current Sheet
From symmetry arguments, we know that there is no
Hx component.
b c d a

 H dL  H dL   H dL   H dL   H dL
a b c d

Above the sheet H = Hy(-ay) and below the sheet H = Hyay.

0 w

 H dL   H  -a  dya   H a
w
y y y
0
y y
dya y

 2H y w
w

The current enclosed by the path is just I   K dy  K w

x x
0

Kx
Equating the above two terms gives Hy 
2
1
A general equation for an infinite current sheet: H  K  aN
2
where aN is a normal vector from the sheet current to the test point.
 Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions
Example: The magnetic field intensity is given as H1 = 6ax + 2ay + 3az (A/m)
in a medium with r1 = 6000 that exists for z < 0. We want to find H2 in a
medium with r2 = 3000 for z >0.

Step (a) and (b): The first step is to break H1 into its normal component (a) and
its tangential component (b).
Step (c): With no current at the interface, the tangential component is the same
on both sides of the boundary.
Step (d): Next, we find BN1 by multiplying HN1 by the permeability in medium 1.
Step (e): This normal component B is the same on both sides of the boundary.
Step (f): Then we can find HN2 by dividing BN2 by the permeability of medium 2.
Step (g): The last step is to sum the fields .
Example on Magnetic Circuits
A coils of 200 turns is uniformly wound around a wooden ring
with a mean circumference of 600 mm and area of cross-section
of 500 mm2. If the current flowing into the coil is 4 A, Calculate
(a) the magnetic field strength , (b) flux density dan (c) total flux
turns
N = 200 turns
l = 600 x 10-3 m
A = 500 x 10-6 m2
I = 4A
(a) H = NI/l = 200 x 4 / 600 x 10-3 = 1333 A
(b) B = oH = 4 x 10-7 x 1333 = 0.001675 T = 1675 T
(c) Total Flux  = BA = 1675 x 10-6 x 500 x 10-6
= 0.8375 Wb
Reluctance ( R )
Ohm‘s law I = V/R [A]
Where I =current; V=voltage and R=resistance
And the resistance can be relate to physical parameters as
R =  l /A ohm
Where =resistivity [ohm-meter], l= length in meter and A=area
of cross-section [meter square]
Analogy to the Ohm‘s law
V=NI=H l I= and R=R

  weber
Hl
where R
S
 Magnetic circuit with different
materials
l1 l2
RA  and R
1a1  2 a2

l1 l2
R  RA  RB  
1a1  2 a2
For A: area of cross-section = a1
mean length = l1
absolute permeability = 1
For B: area of cross-section = a2
mean length = l2
absolute permeability = 2
Example on Magnetic Circuits
A magnetic circuit made of silicon steel is arranged as in the
Figure. The center limb has a cross-section area of 800mm2 and
each of the side limbs has a cross-sectional area of 500mm2.
Calculate the m.m.f required to produce a flux of 1mWb in the
center limb, assuming the magnetic leakage to be negligible.

340 1mm 340

mm 150 mm
mm
  110 3
  B A B  6
 1.25T
A 800 10
Looking at graph at B=1.25T r =34000

Apply voltage law in loops A and B 340

mm 150
1mm 340
mm
A mm B
m.m.f   AR1   A   B R2  Ra 

1 340 10 3
R1    15915
 r  o A1 34000  4 10 7  500 10 6
150 10 3
R2   4388
34000  4 10  800 10
7 6

110 3
Ra   994718
4 10  800 10
7 6
 Since the circuit is symmetry A =B

m.m.f  R1  2 R2  Ra 

In the center limb , the flux is 1mWb which is equal to 2 

Therefore =0.5mWb

 
m.m. f  0.5 103 15915  1103 4388  994718

 8  999  1007 A
This last problem set will be recorded as your third and last quiz. Please compile your solutions into one
pdf file. You may take a picture on your solutions written on your papers or you may encode it through
any office software. The problem set should be submitted on or before January 6, 2020. Upon submission
your pdf file must be saved in this format “Surname_FirstName.pdf”.

Show your solutions in every problem. Final answers must be in SI(mks) units. Good Luck!

1. A 30 A current is running through a 12 cm long wire placed in between the pole face of a magnet
whose magnetic flux density is 0.9 Tesla. If the wire is inclined at an angle of 60 degrees from the plane
of the magnetic field, what is the force exerted on the wire?

2. The reluctance of a non-magnetic circuit is 12 units. How much flux will be set up surrounded by a coil
600 turns carrying a current of 3000 mA?

3. A solenoid 300mm long is wound with 300 turns, what is the value of its field strength inside the
solenoid, when the coil is carrying a current of 2 A?

4. Calculate the magnetic field intensity to produce a flux density of 10 x 10 -3 T at the center of a long
straight solenoid

5. The relative permeability of a certain silicon steel is 4500. A certain magnetic loop consists of a silicon
steel of 10 cm square, 20 cm long and an air gap of ¼ cm. What is the reluctance of the magnetic circuit

6. A certain laminated steel core has a permeability of 3000. The length is 5cm and the cross -section is
2sq.cm. What is its reluctance?
7. A magnetic circuit consists of silicon steel of 3000 permeability, of 10cm length and a cross -section of
1.5 sq.cm and an air gap of the same cross-section and of 2 cm length. A ½ Ampere current flows
through the 5000-turn coil. What is the field intensity at the air gap?

8. A magnetomotive force is supplied by a current of one ampere through 100 turns. The magnetic circuit
consists of a steel core of 1000 permeability, 10 cm long and 4 sq.cm area and an air gap one cm long.
What is the field intensity at the air gap?

9. A non-magnetic ring having a cross sectional area of 10 cm 2 is uniformly wound with 300 turns of a
given wire. If a current of 1 A is passed through the coil, 2.4 micro weber of flux is generated inside the
ring. Determine the average diameter of the ring.

10. A magnetic circuit consists of silicon steel of 3000 permeability and an air gap. The length of the steel
core is 10cm and the air gap is 2 cm. Both have the same cross-section of 1.5 sq.cm. A current of ½ A
flows through the windings to produce 2351 maxwells flux. How many turns are there in the coil?

11. A toroidal core with a mean circumference of 100cm and a cross-sectional area of 10 cm2 is wound
with 500 turns of wire. What current would be required to generate a flux of 1mWb in the core. Assume
the core has a relative permeability of 800.

12. A small single phase transformer has 10.2 Watts at no load. The core has a volume of 750 cubic cm.
The maximum flux density is 10,000 Gauss and the hysteresis constant of the core is 5 x 10 -4. Using the
Steinmetz law to find the hysteresis, determine the eddy current loss.