Revival

Period
Britain
 Architectural
Influences
History
• Revolutionary changes affecting every
aspect of life
• The Industrial Revolution started in
Britain
• Spread to continental Europe and to
North America
• Created a new type of worker- the wage
laborer or proletarian
• Home-based cottage industries were
rendered obsolete by the invention of
the steam engine by Watt in 1785
• Goods could be made more cheaply
• Factories sprouted all over Britain
where coal was available to fuel the
engines, other countries followed suit
Social and Political changes
• Centuries monarchies gave way to democratic
institutions- American Declaration of Independence
(1776) and French Revolution (1789)
• Urbanization and rise in population
• Growth of the bourgeoisie or middle class
Professionals and businessmen
Technological Innovations
• Railways
• Improved drainage and sanitation
• Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
• Lift or elevator * Growth of Communications
• Ship-building and the Suez Canal
• International exhibitions of science and industry
Geology
• Great Britain's complex geology has provided it with a
wide range of geological resources including abundant
supplies of coal, the initial extraction of which powered
the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, the
exploitation of North Sea oil and gas provided further
energy supplies for the nation. Geothermal
energy and onshore oil have also been exploited to a
lesser extent.
• A wide variety of stone has been worked for building and
general construction needs (e.g. sand and gravel) while
other minerals have been mined or quarried for the
chemical industry (e.g. salt), the production of metals
(e.g. copper and tin) or other uses (e.g. china clay).
 Architectural Character
• The need to create an imposing effect- research into old styles
• Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun
• Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic, the
Renaissace, the Baroque
• “age of revivals”- eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles
• “age of innovation”- use of newly available materials
• Form follows Function (Louis Sulivan)
Due to inventions in metallurgy and construction , new
materials became available for building
• Structural iron and cast-iron
• Iron and glass
• Zinc
• Steel
• Reinforced concrete- first used by Auguste Perret
New Building Types:
• Industrial Buildings and Warehouses
• Houses of Parliament
• Railways and Transport Stations
• Museums- Aristocratic Private Collection Arts
• Department Stores
• Hospitals, Public Banks, Fire and Police Stations,
Exhibition Halls
New emerging style:
• The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain
• In the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle Ages
• Led by artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Phillip
Webb and writer John Ruskin
• Furniture, glassware, fabrics, wallpaper, etc.- decorated
with repeating stylized floral patterns
PERIODS IN
BRITAIN
EARLY VICTORIAN PERIOD
(1830 – 1850 AD)
 The period of Queen
Victoria's reign started
in 1837.
 The expansion of
railroads, including
the first railway
 Liverpool and
Manchester
Railway (1830)
 Victorian Architecture
- described as
dollhouse-like, with
curlicue trims, bright
colors, and
GUILDHALL
, SWANSEA
 designed by Sir
Percy Thomas
 finished in
white Portland
stone, and includes
a tall art
deco clock-tower
HIGH VICTORIAN
PERIOD
(1850 – 1870 AD)
 Saltaire was built in 1851 by Sir
Titus Salt, a Victorian model
village located in Shipley
 London Underground - world's first
underground railway, it opened
in January 1863 between
Paddington and Farringdon
ST.
GEORGE'S
HALL,
LIVERPOOL
 Designed by
Harvey
Lonsdale Elmes
 Most
magnificent
Neo-classical in
Britain
 contains
concert halls
and law courts
LATE VICTORIAN PERIOD
(1870 – 1901 AD)
 By this period, people
start to use light and
bright colors
 Exteriors were inspired
by Italianate or
Renaissance style
 Castell Coch (1872)
 by William Burges
 is a 19th-
century Gothic
Revival castle built
above the village
of Tongwynlais in Sout
h Wales
WESTMINSTER
NEW PALACE
(HOUSES OF
PARLIAMENT),
LONDON
 Designed by Sir
Charles Barry
 Non-classical
design, Gothic
detail by Pugin
 First major
public building
of Gothic
Revival
CONTINENTAL EUROPE
PERIODS OF ARCHITECTURAL
INFLUENCES
1 8 5 0 – 1 870 A D
- Comparable to High Victorian in
Britain
- Renaissance and Gothic Revival
- Structural use of Iron

THE VOTIVKIRCHE, VIENNA

1 870 – 1 91 4 A D
- Use of metals was intensified,
especially in exhibitions
- Antique forms instead of
Renaissance
EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE, PARIS
A RT N O U VE A U (1 8 93 – 1 9 0 6 A D)
(French for “NEW STYLE”)
- is an ornamental style of art that flourished between
1890 and 1910 throughout Europe and United States.
- Derived from the “Arts and Crafts Movement” in Britain
- An art free of any historical style
- Deliberate simplification of structural elements in
buildings and interiors, handmade objects and
furniture
- Forms of nature for ornamentation in the façade
- Floral style, freely shaped writhing vegetal forms
FEATURES:
- Asymmetrical shapes
- Extensive use of arches and
curved forms
- Curved glass
- Curving, plant-like embellishments
- Mosaics
- Stained glass
- Japanese motifs

LA SAGRADA FAMILIA, BARCELONA CASA BATLLO, BARCELONA

 ART NOUVEAU
ON DIFFERENT REGIONS
J U GE N DST I L A R CH I TEC T UR E
- Formed by Georg Hirth who was
the editor in chief of one of the
people who formed the
Magazine Muncher Jugend.
- Jugendstil was also another form
of Art Nouveau but they had
slightly different characteristics LEIPZIG,
to their style such as that GERMANY
Jugendstil included
mythological creatures and
religious aspects in its posters
and design work.

MUNICH, GERMANY
ST I LE L I BERT Y A R CH I TEC T UR E
- Stile Liberty or Stile Floreale are
Italian names for Art Nouveau.
- Particularly in Turin and Milan, an
Italian form of Jugendstil
originated: Art Nouveau mixed
with neo-baroque.
- Pietro Genoglio is the most
famous representative of Art
Nouveau in Turin.

CASA TASCA, TURIN

CASA CAMPANINI, MILAN

MOD ER N I SME A R CH I TEC T UR E
- The term Modernismo, also
called as Catalan Modernism, is
used to refer to Art Nouveau in
Spain.
- Spanish Architect Antoni Gaudi
strove to make architecture an
organic part of nature. His
famous buildings can be seen in
Barcelona.

CASA GALLARDO, MADRID

CASA MILA,BARCELONA
MOD ER N ST Y LE A R CH I TEC T U R E
- Art Nouveau was called Style
Liberty, Liberty Style or Modern
Style in England.
- Aubrey Beardsley had a
personal nouveau style. Inspired
by the Japanese shunga, which
featured erotic art, Beardsley
made dark, erotic drawings.

ROYAL ARCADE, NORWICH

EMERSON CHAMBERS, NEWCASTLE

Antonio
Gaudi’s Works
Sagrada Familia

 The most famous of all Gaudi’s works has been

under construction since 1882. The famed
architect took over the construction of the
Sagrada Familia (Spanish for “Holy Family”) one
year later but he didn’t live to see his
masterpiece completed. In fact, less than one
third of the church was completed by the time of
his death in 1926. It is scheduled to be finally
completed on the 100th anniversary of the
architect’s death in 2026. In 2005, the Sagrada
Familia was declared a World Heritage Site.
Casa mila

 Also known as La Pedrera, Casa Mila is one of the

best examples of the architect’s creativity. A part
of the original UNESCO World Heritage Site of
“Works of Antoni Gaudi” since 1984, the house
was built for Pere Mila i Camps and Roser
Segimon i Artells between 1906 and 1912. Today,
it is home to the Fundacio Catalunya-La Pedrera
which organizes a range of exhibitions and public
activities but the building is also open to the
public for viewing.
Cassa Batllo

 Also referred to as the “House of Bones”

(Catalan: Casa dels ossos), Casa Batllo wasn’t
actually built by the celebrated architect.
However, it was Gaudi who made it one of the
most famous building in Barcelona. In 1904, he
was hired by Joseph Batllo to redesign his home
and make it stand out. In 1906, Gaudi completed
what became one of his most spectacular works,
while Mr. Batllo got exactly what he wanted - an
eye catching building in at the time very trendy
and prestigious part of Barcelona. In 2005, Casa
Batllo became a part of the extended UNESCO
World Heritage Site of “Works of Antoni Gaudi”.
Church of Colonia Güell

 The Church of Colonia Güell is actually a crypt

that was built according to Antonio Gaudi’s
design between 1908 and 1914. The original
plan for the church that was intended for the
workers in Santa Coloma de Cervello was
abandoned because its commissioner, Eusebi
Güell, ran out of money before the Catalan
architect was able to complete it.
Nevertheless, in 2005 UNESCO recognized
the crypt as a World Heritage Site.
Park Güell

 Created between 1900 and 1914 for Catalan

businessman Eusebi Güell, the Park Güell is one
of the most famous and beautiful public parks in
the world even though it was never completed. It
was conceived as a part of a housing
development in Barcelona which, however, was a
failure. The site which features original Gaudi’s
sculptures, mosaics and various structures - all
blending in perfectly with the natural
surroundings - was eventually acquired by the
city of Barcelona and opened to the public. In
1984, it was recognized as a World Heritage Site.
PERIODS IN
AMERICA:
POST COLONIAL (1790 – 1820)

 Neo-Classical Element

There were two basic variants of American Neoclassical

Architecture between 1776 and 1850:

-Federal Style
Federal-style architecture is the name for the classicizing
architecture built in the newly founded United States between
c. 1780 and 1830, and particularly from 1785 to 1815.
 -Greek Revival Style
The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the
late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in
Northern Europe and the United States.
FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820-
1860)

 Eclecticism is a nineteenth and twentieth-

century architectural style in which a single piece
of work incorporates a mixture of elements from
previous historical styles to create something
that is new and original.
 Greek revival style, also Gothic and Egyptian
style.
EXAMPLES
DOMESTIC BUILDINGS
 EDUCATIONAL BUILDING
 CIVIC COMMERCIAL BUILDING
 INDUSTRIAL BUILDING