Lab 1

LAB 1
Objective:
Identify and use the main laboratory instruments for the maintenance of radio receivers.
Prerequisite:
General Introduction about the main operations of the following equipment:
- Multimeter
- Oscilloscope
- Function Generator
- Frequency Counter
- Saw tooth Generator
Practical Works:
1- Study the technical catalogues of the instruments.
2- Measure some parameters using these instruments.
Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope is a type of electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying
signal voltages, usually as a two-dimensional graph using the vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a
function of time, (horizontal or 'x' axis).
Oscilloscopes are used to:
- Observe the exact wave shape of an electrical signal

- Show amplitude of the signal
- Show distortion
- Show the time between two events (such as pulse width, period, or rise time) and relative
timing of two related signals
How It Appears?
The basic oscilloscope is typically divided into four sections: the display, vertical controls,
horizontal controls and trigger controls.
The screen has a reference grid with usually 8 vertical and 10 horizontal divisions.
Working Principle
An electronic beam light up a dot on the screen. Where the dot is depends on horizontal and
vertical. The vertical axis is driven by the input signal while the horizontal one by the internal time
base. Without input signal the dot moves from left to right tracing a flatten horizontal line.
Application:
1- Apply at the vertical input a 10Vpp (peak to peak) triangular wave signal with 25Hz of
repetition frequency.
That means 25 cycles per second so a period is: 1/25 = 0.04 seconds = 40ms.
Setting the gain to 5V/Div and the time base to 10ms/Div

what is traced at every scan on the time axis appears as
depicts this picture:
There is shown a 2 divisions height signal repeated every

4 divisions on X axis.
2- Switch the gain (voltage), consequently changes the

vertically filled divisions (Y axis). Switching instead the
time base, changes the occupied horizontal divisions (X
axis).
So we realize that every signal with any frequency,

voltage and shape can be shown graphically by the oscilloscope just setting it up properly. Within
of course max and min limits reported on selectors.
Peak and peak to peak measurement
As it seems, the peak to peak value indicate the maximum vertical range of a waveform that is the
difference between extreme levels (max positive and max negative). The peak value instead is the
half since it indicates the maximum value from zero. The peak to peak value of triangular wave in
the picture is two divisions. Supposing to have setted a 1V/Div the resulting value is 2 Vpp (peak
to peak) which of course means 1 Vp (peak). This concept applies to every shape of waveform
signal.
How to make measurement easier
To perform measurement the X and Y potentiometers are handy to move the trace so that crosses
exactly a grid's line and that become the starting point to count divisions.
To measure the peak to peak amplitude "V" of that signal move the Y position so that the lower
peak leans on a grid's row. Next move the X position to center an upper peak on the graded vertical
grid's line (the central one). Now it is easily readable the "V" amplitude of 4 divisions and two
fifth. Supposing to have 1 Volt per division the signal
value is 4.4 Vpp.
The same method applies to "X" temporal axis. Move

the trace horizontally to cross a vertical line in a steep
zone of the signal, as steep is as high the reading
accuracy is. Now move the Y position to bring the point at
the graded X axis and read the "T" duration that is three
divisions and three fifth. If time base is 2ms/Div the
period becomes 7.2ms.
Remark: In the example there are on screen two whole periods and more, then is possible to halve
the time base to 1ms/Div so that a period fills the double (in picture the two "T" added together). In
such case the reading has better accuracy, it is easier to read seven divisions and a fifth. Of course
the result will be 7.2ms also in this case.
Multimeter
A multimeter, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that
combines several measurement functions in one unit. A typical multimeter may include features
such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance.
Function Generator
A function generator is a piece of electronic test equipment or software used to generate electrical
waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot.
Function Generators are used in development, testing and repair of electronic equipment, e.g. as a
signal source to test amplifiers, or to introduce an error signal into a control loop.
Practical Implementation:
1- Turn the signal generator on. Set the frequency to 60 Hz. Choose Sine – wave signal.
2- Attach the output of the signal generator to the channel A input of the oscilloscope.
3- Sketch the signal you see on the screen.
4- Change setting of oscilloscope ( volts per division) and observe the difference.
5- Calculate the period, frequency, and the peak-to-peak voltage for each signal, using the
oscilloscope.
Frequency on Dial Vpp Period Measured Frequency
(Hz) (Volts) (Sec.) (Hz)
75
1000
8000
25000
6- Notice percent difference in the set and measured output frequency.

7- Change chosen signal to square wave and sketch it calculating its period and Vpp

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LAB 1

Oscilloscopes are used to:

- Observe the exact wave shape of an electrical signal

Setting the gain to 5V/Div and the time base to 10ms/Div

There is shown a 2 divisions height signal repeated every

2- Switch the gain (voltage), consequently changes the

So we realize that every signal with any frequency,

Peak and peak to peak measurement

How to make measurement easier

The same method applies to "X" temporal axis. Move

Frequency on Dial Vpp Period Measured Frequency

(Hz) (Volts) (Sec.) (Hz)

6- Notice percent difference in the set and measured output frequency.

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