IGCSE Unit 10 Extraction

Unit 10 – Metals
Physical Properties of ……
Metals Non-Metals
Shiny Dull
Sonorous (Make sound) Non-sonorous
High Melting & boiling point. Except Low Melting & boiling point. Except Br2
Hg is a liquid is a liquid
High Density ( Feel Heavy) Low Density (Feel Light)
Strong Not Strong
Malleable (Changed into sheets) Not Malleable
Ductile (Changed into wires) Not Ductile
Conduct Heat Do not conduct Heat
Conduct Electricity Do not Conduct Electricity (Except.

Graphite)
Metals Alloys
When force is applied, the layers

cannot slide because of different sizes
of metal ions. So alloys are more strong
than metals
When force is applied, the layers can slide.
Eg of Alloys:
Different types of steel

Steel = IRON + CARBON
= IRON + CARBON + Chromium / Nickel
= IRON + CARBON + Manganese
Brass = Copper + Zinc.
Bronze = Copper + Tin
Solder = Zinc + Lead
Amalgam = Mercury + Silver
Write your Notes here:

Reaction of Metals with:
1) Water (or Steam)

2) Air/ Oxygen
3) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
1) Reaction of Metals with water or steam
Metal Reaction with water Reaction

Potassium
Vigorously with cold water
Sodium
Calcium
Less vigorous with cold
water
Magnesium
Slowly with cold water
but Mg + H2O  MgO + H2↑
Vigorous with steam
Zinc Does not react with cold

water but reacts slowly
Iron Fe + H2O Fe2O3 + H2↑
with steam
Lead
Copper
Does not react with cold
Silver water or steam
Gold
2) Reactions of Metals with Air/ Oxygen
Metal Reaction with Air/ Reaction

Oxygen
Potassium Burns vigorously when
Sodium heated gently
Calcium
Magnesium Burns with a bright flame

when heated strongly
Zinc
Burns slowly when heated
Iron strongly
Lead Does not burn, but forms

an oxide when stongly
Copper
heated
Silver
Does not react with air No REACTION
Gold
3) Reaction of Metals with dilute hydrochloric acid
Metal Reaction with Dilute HCl Reaction
Potassium
Reacts explosively with
Sodium dil. HCl
Calcium
Reacts readily with dil.
Magnesium HCl
Zinc
Reacts slowly with dil. HCl
Iron
Lead Reacts slowly with

concentrated HCl
Copper
Does not react with dil.
Silver
HCl
Gold
Metal oxides (of medium reactivity metals) can be reduced by carbon

(Coke).
Metal Reduced by
Coke only
Zn ZnO + C  Zn + CO2
Fe, Pb, Cu Coke or Carbon monoxide
Fe2O3 + C ………………………………..
PbO + C ………………………………..
CuO + C ………………………………..
Fe2O3 + CO ………………………………..
PbO + CO ………………………………..
CuO + CO ………………………………..
Displacement Reactions
A Reaction in which a MORE REACTIVE metal will DISPLACE a LESS REACTIVE metal
from its compound is called a Displacement Reaction.
Eg:
Magnesium + copper sulphate  copper + magnesium sulphate
But, if you drop some copper into magnesium sulphate, NOTHING will happen.
Reaction Prediction Reaction Happens/
(Write down the reaction). No Reaction
Zinc + copper
sulphate
Zinc + lead
nitrate
Copper + lead
nitrate
Copper +
silver nitrate
Action of heat on Hydroxides and Nitrates of metals.
Hydroxides of less reactive metals decompose to metal oxide and water on heating
Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O
Ca(OH)2
Nitrates less reactive metals decompose to metal oxide, releasing clouds of acidic brown
nitrogen dioxide gas as well as oxygen gas when heated gently
2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Pb(NO3)2
The special “Aluminium”
The surface of aluminium metal is covered with a thin layer of oxide (Al2O3) that helps
protect the metal from almost all reactions. So usually
Al does not react with air
Al does not react with water
But, Al reacts with both acids and bases.
Properties: Light, Strong, Excellent conductor of Heat & Electricity, Malleable &
Ductile

Metal Extraction
What is an ore?
An ore is a type of rock that contains minerals with important elements including metals.
The ores are extracted throughmining; these are then refined to extract the valuable
element(s).
An ore is a naturally occurring solid material/rock (got by mining) from which a metal or
valuable mineral can be extracted profitably.
The process of separating (extracting) a metal from its ore is called Extraction.
Iron ore Aluminium ore Lead ore Gold ore

Haemetite Bauxite Galena
EXTRACTION OF IRON from HAEMETITE
Iron is a medium reactive metal, so it is extracted by heating with carbon in a BLAST

FURNACE
Raw Materials:
Haemetite (Fe2O3) Iron ore
Coke (Carbon – C) Fuel & Reducing agent
Cheap & Abundant
Limestone (CaCO3) Conversion of silica into slag
(calcium silicate – CaSiO3)
Slag can be used in the

construction of ROAD & BRICKS
Air (contains O2) Oxygen needed for combustion
This is a continuous process at a very high temperature.

Steel Making: Basic Oxygen Process
The Iron obtained from Blast Furnace, has impurities of C,S,Si and P.
Removal of S Mg Powder is blown in molten

Fe.
↓
Mg + S  MgS
↓
Slag
Removal of C O2 gas is blown into molten

Fe
↓
C + O2  2CO
At this point, other
↓
metals like Ni, Co,
CO gas comes out
Cr, etc can be
added to molten
Removal of Si O2 gas is blown into molten
iron to form
and P Fe
different types of
↓
steel.
Si, P + O2  oxide
↓
oxide + CaO (Quick lime)
↓
Slag
Uses of Stainless Steel (S.S)
 Industries (Chemical Plants)
 Automotive and aerospace parts
 Construction material of buildings

& Bridges
 Surgical instruments & Cutlery

Uses of Mild Steel
 Containers, Automobile bodies, Metro trains
 Ships' superstructures
 Overhead power cables (with a steel core to strengthen them)


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Unit 10 – Metals

Sonorous (Make sound) Non-sonorous

High Density ( Feel Heavy) Low Density (Feel Light)

Strong Not Strong

Malleable (Changed into sheets) Not Malleable

Ductile (Changed into wires) Not Ductile

Conduct Heat Do not conduct Heat

Conduct Electricity Do not Conduct Electricity (Except.

When force is applied, the layers

Different types of steel

Write your Notes here:

1) Water (or Steam)

1) Reaction of Metals with water or steam

Metal Reaction with water Reaction

Zinc Does not react with cold

2) Reactions of Metals with Air/ Oxygen

Metal Reaction with Air/ Reaction

Magnesium Burns with a bright flame

Lead Does not burn, but forms

3) Reaction of Metals with dilute hydrochloric acid

Metal Reaction with Dilute HCl Reaction

Lead Reacts slowly with

Metal oxides (of medium reactivity metals) can be reduced by carbon

Fe, Pb, Cu Coke or Carbon monoxide

Magnesium + copper sulphate  copper + magnesium sulphate

Action of heat on Hydroxides and Nitrates of metals.

Mg(OH)2 MgO + H2O

2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

Write your Notes here:

Iron ore Aluminium ore Lead ore Gold ore

EXTRACTION OF IRON from HAEMETITE

Iron is a medium reactive metal, so it is extracted by heating with carbon in a BLAST

Slag can be used in the

Write your Notes here:

Removal of S Mg Powder is blown in molten

Removal of C O2 gas is blown into molten

 Industries (Chemical Plants)

 Automotive and aerospace parts

 Construction material of buildings

 Surgical instruments & Cutlery

 Containers, Automobile bodies, Metro trains

 Overhead power cables (with a steel core to strengthen them)

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