Sheet Two

Chapter Three
The Laws of Motion
1- A certain orthodontist uses a wire brace to align a patient’s crooked tooth as in Figure 2.1.
The tension in the wire is adjusted to have a magnitude of 18.0 N. Find the magnitude of the net
force exerted by the wire on the crooked tooth.

Fig 2.1: Problem 1

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2- A toy rocket engine is securely fastened to a large puck that can glide with negligible friction
over a horizontal surface, taken as the 𝑥𝑦 plane. The 4.00-kg puck has a velocity of 3.00𝑖̂ m/s at
one instant. Eight seconds later, its velocity is (8.00𝑖̂ + 10.00𝑗̂) m/s. Assuming the rocket engine
exerts a constant horizontal force, find (a) the components of the force and (b) its magnitude.

3- The gravitational force exerted on a baseball is 2.21 N down. A pitcher throws the ball
horizontally with velocity 18.0 m/s by uniformly accelerating it along a straight horizontal line for
a time interval of 170 ms. The ball starts from rest. (a) Through what distance does it move before
its release? (b) What are the magnitude and direction of the force the pitcher exerts on the ball?

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4- Figure 2.2 shows a worker poling a boat—a very efficient mode of transportation—across a
shallow lake. He pushes parallel to the length of the light pole, exerting a force of magnitude 240
N on the bottom of the lake. Assume the pole lies in the vertical plane containing the keel of the
boat. At one moment, the pole makes an angle of 35.0° with the vertical and the water exerts a
horizontal drag force of 47.5 N on the boat, opposite to its forward velocity of magnitude 0.857

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m/s. The mass of the boat including its cargo and the worker is 370 kg. (a) The water exerts a
buoyant force vertically upward on the boat. Find the magnitude of this force. (b) Model the
forces as constant over a short interval of time to find the velocity of the boat 0.450 s after the
moment described.

Fig 2.2: Problem 4

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5- The systems shown in Figure 2.3 are in equilibrium. If the spring scales are calibrated in
newtons, what do they read? Ignore the masses of the pulleys and strings and assume the pulleys
and the incline in Figure 2.3d are frictionless.

Fig (3): Problem 5

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6- Assume the three blocks portrayed in Figure 3.4 move on a frictionless surface and a 42-N
force acts as shown on the 3.0-kg block. Determine (a) the acceleration given this system, (b) the
tension in the cord connecting the 3.0-kg and the 1.0-kg blocks, and (c) the force exerted by the
1.0-kg block on the 2.0-kg block.

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 Fig (6): Problem 4

7- A setup similar to the one shown in Figure 3.5 is often used in hospitals to support and apply
a horizontal traction force to an injured leg. (a) Determine the force of tension in the rope
supporting the leg. (b) What is the traction force exerted to the right on the leg?38

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 Fig 3.5: Problem 7

8- A car is stuck in the mud. A tow truck pulls on the car with the arrangement shown in Figure
3.6. The tow cable is under a tension of 2500 N and pulls downward and to the left on the pin at
its upper end. The light pin is held in equilibrium by forces exerted by the two bars A and B. Each

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bar is a strut; that is, each is a bar whose weight is small compared to the forces it exerts and
which exerts forces only through hinge pins at its ends. Each strut exerts a force directed parallel
to its length. Determine the force of tension or compression in each strut. Proceed as follows.
Make a guess as to which way (pushing or pulling) each force acts on the top pin. Draw a free-
body diagram of the pin. Use the condition for equilibrium of the pin to translate the free-body
diagram into equations. From the equations calculate the forces exerted by struts A and B. If you
obtain a positive answer, you correctly guessed the direction of the force. A negative answer
means that the direction should be reversed, but the absolute value correctly gives the magnitude
of the force. If a strut pulls on a pin, it is in tension. If it pushes, the strut is in compression.
Identify whether each strut is in tension or in compression.

Fig 3.6: Problem 8

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9- Consider a large truck carrying a heavy load, such as steel beams. A significant hazard for the
driver is that the load may slide forward, crushing the cab, if the truck stops suddenly in an
accident or even in braking. Assume, for example, that a 10 000-kg load sits on the flatbed of a 20
000-kg truck moving at 12.0 m/s. Assume that the load is not tied down to the truck, but has a
coefficient of friction of 0.500 with the flatbed of the truck. (a) Calculate the minimum stopping
distance for which the load will not slide forward relative to the truck. (b) Is any piece of data
unnecessary for the solution?

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10- Before 1960, people believed that the maximum attainable coefficient of static friction for an
automobile tire on a roadway was 𝜇𝑠 = 1. Around 1962, three companies independently
developed racing tires with coefficients of 1.6. This problem shows that tires have improved
further since then. The shortest time interval in which a piston-engine car initially at rest has
covered a distance of one-quarter mile is about 4.43 s. (a) Assume the car’s rear wheels lift the
front wheels off the pavement as shown in Figure 2.7. What mini-mum value of 𝜇𝑠 is necessary
to achieve the record time? (b) Suppose the driver were able to increase his or her engine power,
keeping other things equal. How would this change affect the elapsed time?

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 Fig 2.7: Problem 10

11- A 5.00-kg block is placed on top of a 10.0-kg block (Fig. 2.8). A horizontal force of 45.0 N is
applied to the 10-kg block, and the 5.00-kg block is tied to the wall. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between all moving surfaces is 0.200. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block and

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identify the action–reaction forces between the blocks. (b) Determine the tension in the string and
the magnitude of the acceleration of the 10.0-kg block.

Fig 2.8: Problem 11

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12- The person in Figure 2.9 weighs 170 lb. As seen from the front, each light crutch makes an
angle of 22.0° with the vertical. Half of the person’s weight is supported by the crutches. The
other half is supported by the vertical forces of the ground on the person’s feet. Assuming that the
person is moving with constant velocity and the force exerted by the ground on the crutches acts
along the crutches, determine (a) the smallest possible coefficient of friction between crutches and
ground and (b) the magnitude of the compression force in each crutch.

Fig 2.9: Problem 12

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 Chapter Four
Energy of a System
13- A shopper in a supermarket pushes a cart with a force of 35.0 N directed at an angle of 25.08
below the horizontal. The force is just sufficient to balance various friction forces, so the cart
moves at constant speed. (a) Find the work done by the shopper on the cart as she moves down a
50.0-m-long aisle. (b) The shopper goes down the next aisle, pushing horizontally and
maintaining the same speed as before. If the friction force doesn’t change, would the shopper’s
applied force be larger, smaller, or the same? (c) What about the work done on the cart by the
shopper?

14- A raindrop of mass 3.35 × 10−5 kg falls vertically at constant speed under the influence of
gravity and air resistance. Model the drop as a particle. As it falls 100 m, what is the work done
on the raindrop (a) by the gravitational force and (b) by air resistance?

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15- In 1990, Walter Arfeuille of Belgium lifted a 281.5-kg object through a distance of 17.1 cm
using only his teeth. (a) How much work was done on the object by Arfeuille in this lift, assuming
the object was lifted at constant speed? (b) What total force was exerted on Arfeuille’s teeth
during the lift?

16- The force acting on a particle varies as shown in Figure 2.10. Find the work done by the force
on the particle as it moves (a) from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 8.00 m, (b) from 𝑥 = 8.00 m to 𝑥 =
10.0 m, and (c) from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 10 m.

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 Fig 2.10: Problem 16

17- A particle is subject to a force 𝐹𝑥 that varies with position as shown in Figure 2.11. Find the
work done by the force on the particle as it moves (a) from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 5.00 m, (b) from 𝑥 =
5.00 m to 𝑥 = 10.0 m, and (c) from 𝑥 = 10.0 m to 𝑥 = 15.0 m. (d) What is the total work
done by the force over the distance 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 15.0 m?

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 Fig 2.11: Problem 17

18- In a control system, an accelerometer consists of a 4.70-g object sliding on a calibrated

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19- In an electron microscope, there is an electron gun that contains two charged metallic plates
2.80 cm apart. An electric force accelerates each electron in the beam from rest to 9.60% of the
speed of light over this distance. (a) Determine the kinetic energy of the electron as it leaves the
electron gun. Electrons carry this energy to a phosphorescent viewing screen where the
microscope’s image is formed, making it glow. For an electron passing between the plates in the
electron gun, determine (b) the magnitude of the constant electric force acting on the electron, (c)
the acceleration of the electron, and (d) the time interval the electron spends between the plates.

20- A 1 000-kg roller coaster car is initially at the top of a rise, at point A. It then moves 135 ft, at
an angle of 40.08 below the horizontal, to a lower point B. (a) Choose the car at point B to be the
zero configuration for gravitational potential energy of the roller coaster–Earth system. Find the
potential energy of the system when the car is at points A and B, and the change in potential
energy as the car moves between these points. (b) Repeat part (a), setting the zero configuration
with the car at point A.

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21- A 400-N child is in a swing that is attached to a pair of ropes 2.00 m long. Find the
gravitational potential energy of the child–Earth system relative to the child’s lowest position

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when (a) the ropes are horizontal, (b) the ropes make a 30.08 angle with the vertical, and (c) the
child is at the bottom of the circular arc.

22- Two objects are connected by a light string passing over a light, frictionless pulley as shown
in Figure 2.12. The object of mass m1 is released from rest at height h above the table. Using the
isolated system model, (a) determine the speed of m2 just as m1 hits the table and (b) find the
maximum height above the table to which m2 rises.

Fig 2.12: Problem 22

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23- An electric scooter has a battery capable of supplying 120 Wh of energy. If friction forces and
other losses account for 60.0% of the energy usage, what altitude change can a rider achieve when
driving in hilly terrain if the rider and scooter have a combined weight of 890 N?

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24- A 650-kg elevator starts from rest. It moves upward for 3.00 s with constant acceleration until
it reaches its cruising speed of 1.75 m/s. (a) What is the average power of the elevator motor
during this time interval? (b) How does this power compare with the motor power when the
elevator moves at its cruising speed?

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