Lab 4

Experiment 4. Observing the standing waves pattern.
Objective: To be familiarized with the concept of standing wave. Also measure the frequency of the microwave signal.
Discussion:
• When a sinusoidal voltage source is connected to waveguide, sinusoidal voltage and current waves propagate along
it. Voltage and current values depend on the characteristic impedance of the waveguide and the load impedance.
• If load is matched, there will be no reflected wave. Hence only travelling wave will exist.
• If load is not matched, some power will be reflected from the load. These two waves, travelling in opposite
directions, combine to produce “standing waves” as shown in figure 4.1:
Figure 4.1: Standing wave pattern.
• Amplitudes of maxima and minima depend upon the amplitudes of incident and reflected waves. The ratio of the
maximum to the minimum of the standing wave pattern is called “standing wave ratio (SWR)”.
• The distance between two consecutive minima is half the wavelength.
• The frequency of the signal can be calculated by the following
2
1 1 2
𝑓 = 𝑐 √( ) +( )
𝜆𝑔 2𝑎
Where 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3 × 108 𝑚⁄𝑠.

𝜆𝑔 = 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒.
𝑎 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 22.9 𝑚𝑚
• The distance between the minimum and maximum of standing wave can be measured using a slotted line. Slotted
line is a waveguide with a narrow longitudinal slot in the top wall. A probe is inserted into this slot to sample the
electric field inside the waveguide. A slotted line is shown in figure 4.2:
Figure 4.2: A slotted line and its symbolic representation.

Pre-lab 4
Q1. What does the standing wave pattern represent?

Q2. What is the distance, in terms of wavelengths, between successive minima in a standing wave pattern?
Q3. What causes a maximum on standing waves?
Q4. Explain how to determine a microwave signal’s frequency with a slotted line.
Q5. What physical parameter does a slotted line measure?
Q6. For the standing wave pattern, find the minimum voltage for the following SWR:
a. 1
b. 2
c. Infinity
Assume the maximum voltage is 1 volt.
Equipment:
Gunn oscillator power supply (9501)
SWR meter (9502)
Gunn oscillator (9510)
Slotted line (9520)
Fixed attenuator – 6 dB (9533)
Fixed short circuit
Microwave accessories (9536)
Cables and accessories (9590)
Waveguide supports (9591)
Procedure:
1. Make sure that all power switches are in the “off” position and setup the module as shown in figure 4.3:
Figure 4.3: Module arrangement.
2. Assemble the setup shown in figure 4.4 below:
Figure 4.4: Setup used to plot the standing wave pattern produced by a short circuit.
3. Make the following adjustments on the Gunn oscillator power supply:
Voltage: Min Mode: 1 kHz Meter Range: 10 V
4. Move the slotted line probe to 40 mm position.
5. Make the following adjustments on the SWR meter:
RANGE: 0 dB SCALE: NORMAL GAIN: mid range
BANDWIDTH: 100 Hz CENTRE FREQUENCY: mid position
6. Power up the Gunn oscillator power supply and the SWR meter. Wait 1-2 minutes to allow the power supply to
warm up.
On the Gunn oscillator power supply, adjust the supply voltage to 8.5 V.
7. On the slotted line, slowly move the probe carriage along the waveguide until you encounter a maximum.
8. On the SWR meter, set the BANDWIDTH to 20 Hz and carefully adjust the CENTER FREQUENCY knob so as to
maximize the needle deflection.
9. On the SWR meter, set the GAIN control so that the needle is aligned with the 0 dB (SWR = 1) graduation. This sets
a reference level (𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) = ……………. dB
10. Move the probe carriage along the waveguide of the slotted line and record the position of each minimum and
maximum in Table 4.1 below.
Minimum Maximum Wavelength − 𝜆𝑔
position (mm) Position (mm) (mm)
Min0
Min1 Min1-Min0
Min2 Min2-Min1
Min3 Min3-Min2
Min4 Min4-Min3
Table 4.1: Location of minima and maxima when the load is a fix short circuit.
11. From the position of the minima in the Table 4.1, evaluate the guided wavelength of the microwave signal.
Guided Wavelength (𝜆𝑔 ) = ………… mm.
12. Move the probe towards the Gunn oscillator in steps of 2.0 mm till the end of the slotted line. For each step, record
the position of the probe and the SWR meter voltage reading 𝐸 (expressed in dB) and fill the table 4.2
Location along 𝐸 𝐸(𝑑𝐵)−𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑𝐵)
slotted line 𝐸 (𝑑𝐵) 𝐸(𝑑𝑏) − 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑑𝐵) = 10 20
(mm)
𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
Table 4.2: E/Emax ratio along the slotted line for short circuit load.
13. From the reading’s records in Table 4.2, draw the standing wave pattern i.e. sketch a graph of 𝐸 ⁄𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 against the
distance on slotted line.
14. Turn the VOLTAGE control knob on the Gunn oscillator power supply to the MIN position. Place all power switches
in the “off” position, disassemble the setup.

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Experiment 4. Observing the standing waves pattern.

Figure 4.1: Standing wave pattern.

Where 𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3 × 108 𝑚⁄𝑠.

Figure 4.2: A slotted line and its symbolic representation.

Q1. What does the standing wave pattern represent?

Figure 4.3: Module arrangement.

2. Assemble the setup shown in figure 4.4 below:

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